497:... calculated to create discontent amongst the colored population,'" based upon Chapter 272 of the Act of 1841, which stated that if any free black "knowingly receive or have in his possession any abolition handbill, pamphlet, newspaper, pictorial representation or other paper of an inflammatory character," which could "create discontent amongst or to stir up to insurrection the people of color of this State, he or she shall be deemed guilt of felony." If convicted, they could be sentenced ten to twenty years in prison. He was sentenced to at least ten years at the Maryland Penitentiary in Baltimore on May 14, 1857. It was very unusual for someone to be convicted by possessing an anti-slavery book. Governors of Maryland were pressed to pardon Green, which did not occur until March 1862. Governor
426:. James ran away with the Dover Eight. At some point, Lavina was separated from the group. One account is that Lavina stayed behind with friends where she would be safe. In the meantime, James went quickly on to Canada. After he arrived, he sent a letter back stating that he arrived safely and asking Lavina to come to Canada. Lavina hid out for several months and made it to Philadelphia, where William Still told that her husband was waiting for her in Canada. In 1857, Lavina traveled north with 24-year-old Ann Johnson who had also been enslaved by Harrington.
330:
stayed in the room, he ran downstairs into the private quarters, where his wife and children were sleeping, to get a pistol. The fugitives followed him to find a warm room. While Green reached for the gun, Predeaux sent "a shovel full of fire" towards the sheriff and Hughes helped resist the law men. The runaways broke a window and escaped through it. They then jumped out the window, falling 12 feet to the ground, and then climbed over a wall around the jail to get to the street.
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Harrington, ran away about 1853 or 1854. In frustration, Harrington then sold his remaining slaves. After her brothers ran away and settled in Canada in 1854, she was sold from a bad situation to worse one with
William Moore and his wife, who were given to "intemperance and carousing". Johnson walked away on her bare feet, wearing a well-worn dress on April 26, 1856. A $ 50 reward was offered in the
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to a place north of Dover. Instead of providing safety and shelter and leading them to the next
Underground Railroad station, he chose to turn the eight in to collect a $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 98,100 in 2023) reward. Otwell contacted James Hollis to help him thwart the plans of the Dover Eight.
352:
Garrett had also been watching out for the group for several nights and found some of them near
Wilmington and brought them to his home. Four were found by two men hired by Garrett and they took them by boat across the Christina River to another Underground Railroad station. James Woolfley and four
348:
Throughout the night, the sheriff with some slave catchers tried to find the runaways. Three of the slave owners were also looking for the group. The lawmen tracked some of the runaways back to the Camden area of Dover, but were unable to get a warrant from magistrates to enter and search the house
397:
Denard Hughes, also known as Daniel Hughes, and Tom
Elliott were from the Pritchard Meredith Farm in Bucktown. Pritchett Meredith had at least 14 enslaved blacks. Hughes described Meredith as "the hardest man around." Mrs. Meredith was temperamental and a heavy drinker. He made it safely to Canada
514:
This was seemingly the last straw for local slaveholders, who had been losing their property to the North at an alarming rate throughout the preceding decade. As far as whites were concerned, there must have been an accomplice or at least someone who had encouraged the bondsmen with radical ideas
492:
was "insurrectionary in intent." James
Wallace, a slaveholder, was Green's defense attorney "vigorously" defended Green and argued against the characterizations of the abolitionist material. He was acquitted of being in possession of "abolition papers of an inflammatory character," but was found
324:
The sheriff ensured that there were several other men to capture them at the Dover jail. At 4:00 in the morning, James Hollis met up with the Dover Eight, who were cold and tired. They were told that Hollis was a friend of runaway slaves. He guided them to the Dover jail. They were led up a dark
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saw iron bars in the moonlight or when a light was lit. They were led to a room where the sheriff intended to hold them. The room did not have a fire, and they left the room. Henry
Predeaux said that he "did not like the looks of the place." When Sheriff Green realized that the runaways had not
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Born about 1833, Ann was a domestic servant and field hand working with a hoe and plow. She was one of five or six people enslaved by Samuel
Harrington. Johnson was a tall, intelligent woman with a chestnut complexion. Harrington was ill-tempered man. Her brothers, who had been enslaved by
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was suspected to have been involved in the incident and
Sheriff Robert Bell searched his house after Green returned from a trip to visit his son in Canada. Among other documents, Bell found a letter from his son Samuel who lived in Canada, a map of Canada, railroad schedules, and the book
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Slave holders on the
Eastern Shore became enraged by the event and even more aware that slaves were determined to seek freedom, which was happening in greater numbers in the late 1850s. Ben Ross had been a suspect as an operative on the Underground Railroad, creating concern that the
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The Dover Eight included two women and six men. Two of the men, Denard Hughes and Tom
Elliott, were from the Pritchard Meredith Farm. The others were Bill Kiah, Emily Kiah, Lavina Woolfley, James Woolfley, Henry Predeaux, and one unknown person.
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William and Emily Kiah appear to have been separated from the group who arrived at William Still's office in Philadelphia. They had a daughter, Mary, who they had to leave behind and may have stayed in Maryland, Delaware, or Pennsylvania.
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Sheriff Green of Dover was alerted that the eight runaways were coming through the area and there were plans to capture them at the jail. The runaways were told that they were being taken into the town of Dover until the following night.
481:, considered a "abolitionist handbill". The book and other materials were believed to have been "calculated to create discontent amongst the colored population". Green became a symbol of free blacks who would help others escape slavery.
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Elliott married Ann Marie Stewart, Tubman's great-niece, around 1864. They had two daughters Nellie and Mary. Following Ann Marie's death by 1880, Elliott married Helen, born in New York. Her parents were born in Canada.
991:"Still, William, Underground Rail Road:A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, Etc.Porter & Coales, Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1872Call Number: 1400, MSA L1117, MSA L1117, Image No: 85"
662:"Still, William, Underground Rail Road:A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, Etc.Porter & Coales, Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1872Call Number: 1400, MSA L1117, MSA L1117, Image No: 84"
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through "the two worst places this side of the Maryland line". Predeaux jumped out the broken window, and found that he was separated from the other runaways. Predeaux traveled on his own to
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Lavina is also said to have stayed back in Cambridge or she went with the Dover Eight and made it to Philadelphia, where she was helped by conductors of the Underground Railroad.
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Her biography at the State of Maryland Archives states that she was a member of the eight runaways who were taken to the Dover Jail, but appears to be an erroneous conclusion.
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551:, with the intention of abolishing slavery. She found a number of men to sign up—including Elliott and Hughes—but they ultimately backed out of the planned insurrection.
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225:. There, they were lured to the Dover jail with the intention of getting the $ 3,000 reward for the eight men. The Dover Eight escaped the jail and made it to Canada.
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Henry Predeaux, also spelled Predo, decided to run away after his slaveholder, district court judge Ara Spence, threatened to sell the 27-year-old to the
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Slaveholders became more vigilant in monitoring enslaved and free blacks. This put Samuel Green, Ben Ross, and Underground Railroad operators in danger.
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Rewards from $ 300 to $ 400 per person were offered for each member of the group, which would be $ 3,000 or more for all of the freedom seekers.
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Confused about which way to go, six of the party traveled back to Camden (in Dover) and caught up with Otwell who promised to take them on to
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357:'s office (in Philadelphia). Still recorded the details of their experiences at Dover and planned for the rest of their journey along the
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Tom Elliott was from Pritchard Meredith's farm. Elliott made it safely to Canada and settled in the black refugee community of
337:, as originally planned. William Brinkley helped the runaways make the 19-mile trek through forest roads on foot from Dover to
381:, where Tubman also lived. Elliott became a good friend of Tubman. He stayed in St. Catharines for a while, and then moved to
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nearly-70-year-old man would be arrested. Hearing the news, Harriet Tubman led her parents to safety in Canada.
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488:. Unable to find direct evidence of Green's involvement in the Underground Railroad, Goldsborough argued that
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253:. It was also dangerous to share "even a hint of abolitionist sentiment." The Dover Eight carried
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Charles F. Goldsborough prosecuted the case against Green in a two-week trial in a court of
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1131:"Samuel Green: The African American Underground Railroad agent who helped Harriet Tubman"
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area around March 8, 1857. They were helped along the way by a number of people from the
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conductor who was trusted by Harriet Tubman. For $ 8, Otwell was to take the group from
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Once Otwell had delivered the runaways to Brinkley, his whereabouts have been unknown.
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Lavina Woolfley and her husband James Woolfley, were owned by Samuel Harrington of
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William Kiah was enslaved by Benjamin G. Tubman and Emily belonged to Ann Craig.
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414:. It is unknown what happened to Predeaux after the escape from the Dover jail.
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guilty of the felony charge of possessing "a certain abolition pamphlet called
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221:, except for Thomas Otwell, who turned them in once they had made it north to
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refers to a group of eight black people who escaped their slaveholders of the
345:'s house. It is not known what happened to the eighth person in the group.
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Advertisement of a $ 600 reward for the capture of two of the Dover Eight,
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pardoned Green under the condition that he left the state within 60 days.
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When the Dover Eight decided to run away, they were given directions by
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due to insufficient evidence. Two of the runaways headed north.
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Still, William (1872). "Two Female Passengers from Maryland".
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A number of people helped the Dover Eight along their way. In
1931:
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
1630:
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
439:. She and Lavina Woolfley made it to Philadelphia along the
305:, at Poplar Neck. Ross hid the eight runaways in his cabin.
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The event made for a legendary story among abolitionists.
385:, where Tubman, who had been sick in Canada, settled.
1088:. Porter & Coates, Publishers. pp. 164–165.
2003:
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1647:Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center
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477:. Green was arrested on April 4, 1857, for having
2109:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
2014:The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War
1658:The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War
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1406:British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel
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312:, they met up with Thomas Otwell, a free black
1899:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park
1635:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park
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936:Archives of Maryland – Biographical Series
869:Larson, Katherine Clifford (Spring 2003).
817:Archives of Maryland – Biographical Series
776:Archives of Maryland – Biographical Series
704:Archives of Maryland – Biographical Series
398:and settled in black refugee community of
1501:Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children
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16:Slaves who escaped from Maryland in 1857
1921:Harriet Tubman National Historical Park
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145:. The riskiest legs were through these
2046:Minty: A Story of Young Harriet Tubman
1476:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
534:
200:, followed by points north along the
7:
1156:"Harriet Tubman Interpretative Plan"
1936:Salem Chapel National Historic Site
878:University of New Hampshire, Durham
543:to join a contingent of troops for
137:The Dover Eight's journey began in
1652:Underground Railroad Bicycle Route
1443:The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case
1384:List of Underground Railroad sites
1050:"Lavina Woolfley MSA SC 5496-8125"
535:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
361:. They continued north to Canada.
270:
257:and pistols for their protection.
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1690:Freedom: The Underground Railroad
1593:Songs of the Underground Railroad
1524:Abolitionism in the United States
1021:"James Woolfley MSA SC 5496–8123"
772:"Henry Predeaux MSA SC 5496–7978"
1599:The Underground Railroad Records
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727:"Benjamin Ross MSA SC 5496–8445"
700:"Daniel Hughes MSA SC 5496–7980"
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1401:Underground Railroad in Indiana
967:"Tom Elliott, MSA SC 5496-1080"
932:"Harriet Ross MSA SC 5496–8444"
813:"Sam Green , MSA SC 3520-13785"
495: 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'
2104:History of slavery in Maryland
1911:Harriet Tubman Memorial Garden
1107:"Ann Johnson MSA SC 5496–8124"
289:they received assistance from
1:
539:Harriet Tubman asked the new
1737:Slavery in the United States
1573:Reverse Underground Railroad
1437:Kentucky raid in Cass County
2094:Underground Railroad people
486:Dorchester County, Maryland
277:. The ad was placed in the
249:, after the passing of the
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1539:African-American opponents
1422:Emeline and Samuel Hawkins
1111:State of Maryland Archives
251:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
159:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2089:1857 in the United States
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1489:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
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1085:The Underground Rail Road
871:"Asanti Daughter of Zion"
622:"Pritchett Meredith Farm"
418:Lavina and James Woolfley
325:flight of stairs and the
192:to get to Wilmington, 7)
2114:Fugitive American slaves
2099:Abolitionism in Maryland
1722:The Underground Railroad
907:"Excitement in Delaware"
1985:Harriet Tubman Memorial
1972:Harriet Tubman Memorial
1623:Harriet Tubman Memorial
995:Maryland State Archives
913:. 1857-03-20. p. 2
666:Maryland State Archives
400:St. Catharines, Ontario
379:St. Catharines, Ontario
188:, 6) some went through
1813:Raid on Combahee Ferry
526:
523:, Archives of Maryland
521:Samuel Green biography
447:Emily and William Kiah
282:
281:newspaper by March 11.
164:The route provided by
2038:The Quest for Freedom
1959:Harriet Tubman Square
1916:Harriet Tubman Museum
1682:The Quest for Freedom
1347:Charles Turner Torrey
1342:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1307:Harriet Forten Purvis
1135:The Weekly Challenger
549:raid on Harpers Ferry
475:Harriet Beecher Stowe
464:Reverend Samuel Green
459:Trial of Samuel Green
291:Reverend Samuel Green
268:
245:, those south of the
2030:A Woman Called Moses
2022:A Woman Called Moses
1859:Nelson Charles Davis
1796:Underground Railroad
1666:A Woman Called Moses
1534:opponents of slavery
1507:Thirteenth Amendment
1469:Joshua Glover rescue
1282:Laura Smith Haviland
1211:Underground Railroad
1163:Dorchester, Maryland
626:Harriet Tubman Byway
441:Underground Railroad
359:Underground Railroad
314:Underground Railroad
219:Underground Railroad
202:Underground Railroad
1926:Harriet Tubman Park
1674:Roots of Resistance
1556:Fugitive slave laws
1302:William Cooper Nell
880:. pp. 268–269.
505:Other repercussions
424:Cambridge, Maryland
149:. They crossed the
2062:The Good Lord Bird
1954:Harriet Tubman Day
1871:Harriet "Rit" Ross
1677:(1989 documentary)
1337:Calvin Ellis Stowe
1257:Frederick Douglass
1252:Richard Dillingham
1165:. pp. 124–125
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215:Bucktown, Maryland
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2065:(2020 miniseries)
2033:(1978 miniseries)
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1741:Slavery in Canada
1725:(2021 miniseries)
1693:(2013 board game)
1669:(1978 miniseries)
1462:Uncle Tom's Cabin
499:Augustus Bradford
490:Uncle Tom's Cabin
479:Uncle Tom's Cabin
470:Uncle Tom's Cabin
318:Milford, Delaware
297:, they contacted
182:Milford, Delaware
141:and then through
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1709:(2016 TV series)
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1698:The North Star
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515:about freedom.
506:
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437:American Eagle
431:
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406:Henry Predeaux
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343:Thomas Garrett
303:Harriet Tubman
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2025:(1976 novel)
2020:
2012:
1993:
1984:
1971:
1806:
1801:Tilly Escape
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
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1598:
1544:publications
1529:Abolitionism
1495:Tilly Escape
1482:
1474:
1460:
1455:Jerry Rescue
1428:
1327:Gerrit Smith
1287:David Hudson
1167:. Retrieved
1162:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1137:. 2016-03-03
1134:
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1084:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
999:. Retrieved
997:. p. 73
994:
985:
974:. Retrieved
970:
939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
915:. Retrieved
910:
877:
820:. Retrieved
816:
779:. Retrieved
775:
734:. Retrieved
730:
707:. Retrieved
703:
670:. Retrieved
665:
630:. Retrieved
628:. 2016-12-08
625:
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243:slave states
236:
232:
210:
208:
198:Philadelphia
147:slave states
51:Philadelphia
2057:(2019 film)
2049:(1996 book)
2041:(1992 film)
2017:(1932 book)
1892:and museums
1853:John Tubman
1807:Dover Eight
1717:(2019 film)
1706:Underground
1701:(2016 film)
1685:(1992 film)
1661:(1932 book)
1602:(1872 book)
1581:lawn jockey
1483:Dover Eight
1479:(1856 book)
1465:(1852 book)
1317:John Rankin
1297:Peg Leg Joe
1247:Levi Coffin
430:Ann Johnson
373:Tom Elliott
368:Biographies
275:Tom Elliott
229:Preparation
211:Dover Eight
178:Poplar Neck
101:Poplar Neck
2083:Categories
2004:Literature
1830:Birthplace
1735:See also:
1237:Owen Brown
1232:John Brown
1169:2021-06-14
1141:2021-06-15
1116:2021-06-16
1059:2021-06-14
1030:2021-06-14
1001:2021-06-14
976:2021-06-13
941:2021-06-14
917:2021-06-15
822:2021-06-13
781:2021-06-13
736:2021-06-14
709:2021-06-12
672:2021-06-14
632:2021-06-12
593:References
545:John Brown
473:(1852) by
412:Deep South
293:. Once in
204:to Canada.
194:Wilmington
155:free state
61:Wilmington
1861:(husband)
1855:(husband)
1823:Locations
2006:and film
1974:(Boston)
1873:(mother)
1867:(father)
1865:Ben Ross
1625:(Boston)
1577:Signals
1431:incident
1394:churches
518:—
310:Delaware
299:Ben Ross
170:Bucktown
143:Delaware
139:Maryland
121:Bucktown
2054:Harriet
1945:Homages
1714:Harriet
1610:Related
255:cudgels
168:was 1)
153:into a
91:Milford
46:50miles
1964:statue
1882:Legacy
1845:Family
1815:(1863)
1809:(1857)
1803:(1856)
1789:Events
1568:Quilts
1517:Topics
1509:(1865)
1503:(1859)
1497:(1856)
1491:(1858)
1485:(1857)
1471:(1854)
1457:(1851)
1451:(1851)
1445:(1849)
1439:(1847)
1433:(1848)
1415:Events
1389:houses
1376:Places
1219:People
339:Smyrna
261:Flight
196:to 8)
190:Smyrna
71:Smyrna
1890:Parks
1835:Grave
1429:Pearl
1159:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
555:Notes
186:Dover
184:, 5)
180:, 4)
176:, 3)
172:, 2)
81:Dover
1739:and
1561:1850
273:and
209:The
44:75km
1992:SS
547:'s
308:In
157:at
2085::
1161:.
1133:.
1109:.
1094:^
1068:^
1052:.
1039:^
1023:.
1010:^
993:.
969:.
950:^
934:.
909:.
886:^
876:.
831:^
815:.
790:^
774:.
745:^
729:.
718:^
702:.
681:^
664:.
641:^
624:.
601:^
443:.
1774:e
1767:t
1760:v
1203:e
1196:t
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739:.
712:.
675:.
635:.
161:.
126:1
116:2
106:3
96:4
86:5
76:6
66:7
56:8
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