136:
impetus for the opera came from the discovery by playwright
Candace Mui-ngam Chong of "a snippet of a true tale about a wedding dress intended for Ching-ling". It appears that the dress had been made some years before in anticipation of Ching-ling's future wedding, but when Charlie discovered that she had married Sun, he refused to give her the dress and ordered that it be sold by a friend. Recognizing its significance, the friend did not sell it. Chong then wrote the opera's libretto, although "while staying 98% close to historical facts, Ruo states, focuses on the human side of the great man".
282:
furious at Sun for taking his daughter. He has not given his consent to the marriage and, furthermore, he states that Sun is still married to a woman in China. But to everyone's surprise, Lu Mu-zhen enters the room and, although she sings about her misfortune and years of sacrifice, she gives Sun her signed divorce paper, thus setting him free to marry Ching-ling. Charlie is outraged. He renounces his daughter and his association with Sun and the
Revolution. As he leaves, the couple turn towards the clergyman to be married.
588:
score, although through-composed, is a numbers opera at heart; arias, duets, ensembles follow a traditional pattern in what amounts to a brilliantly untraditional context. Granted, its libretto describes a love story with operatic precedents galore. The ecstatic Sun/Ching-ling duet closing the second
149:
When the vocals are accompanied by different orchestras they will reflect different qualities. In my work I like to use the word 'integration'. My goal is not for people to pinpoint 'That part is
Western, that part is Eastern' - for me, that's only the surface. I want to blend and meld the influences
135:
In her essay on the opera, Desirée Mays notes that the relationships which had developed between Sun and
Charlie Soong, his longtime supporter and fundraiser, and the complications which were to arise because of the love-affair (and then marriage) of Ching-ling, Charlie's second daughter, to Sun, the
321:
With Ching-ling beside him, Sun delivers one of his final speeches: "I'll hold fast to my principles and forge forward. I will do all I can. Even death will not deter me", he declares as the people revere Sun as their great leader and "Father of the
Revolution". The triumphal atmosphere is tempered
312:
Mrs. Soong then tells Ching-ling that "Charlie had prepared a wedding gift for you since you were a child and regrets he did not place it in your hands on your wedding day". In an act of reconciliation, Charlie gives Ching-ling the wedding dress that he had made for her. His final speechâa blessing
308:
After Sun's house is attacked one night by Yuan's assassins, the couple is forced to flee and, during their escape, Ching-ling miscarries but eventually she is able to reach her parents' home alone. Charlie is ill and dying but he has forgiven his daughter who assures her father that she is truly in
144:
under the direction of Yan
Huichang leading the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra. The composer chose to create two versions of the opera because, as Kelly Chung Dawson states, "he is interested in experimenting with the ways in which Eastern and Western influences can affect a composition". Huang notes:
299:
Accompanied by his newlywed wife Ching-ling, who is pregnant, Sun gives speeches in various locations in China, gathering supports to overthrow Yuan's rule: "Why does one start a
Revolution?", he asks. "To create a world where all men are equal. If we fail, we will perish together. If I die for the
258:
Sun Yat-sen arrives, having escaped capture by Quin soldiers, and brings with him his wife Lu Mu-zhen who follows at a much slower pace since her feet are bound in the traditional
Chinese manner. Sun quickly becomes the focus of attention and the guests begin to support his cause. However, Charlie
254:
The
Chinese revolutionary, Charlie Soong, is hosting a fundraising event, ostensibly to build a church, but actually it is to generate money for the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, which is led by Sun Yat-sen. Charlie's wife, Ni Gui-zhen, is concerned because of his anti-government stand as well as
215:
There having been no
Beijing performance with Western instruments (plus the above-noted plan which would have possibly cut and modified the score and scoring after that performance), Miyoshi states that what Santa Fe presented was "actually a world premiere, of a newly revised version incorporating
570:
Exuberant use of percussion and his inclusion of Chinese instrumentsâthe sheng mouth organ (which Kuan memorably calls a "Mini Me" version of the Western organ) and other bamboo winds, as well as strings such as the pipaâbuild an exotic atmosphere. The quanzhi, a double-reed pipe, he describes as
526:
Sun was a complicated man - it cannot only be big music, it must also be sensitive music....I don't worry about what is 'Chinese' or 'Western'. I was raised with both musical traditions, with operas from both cultures. I can write what comes naturally; what I feel gives a sense of Sun as a person,
295:
Under Sun's leadership and with the help of Yuan Shi-kai, an ambitious general in the Revolution, the Qing Dynasty is overthrown. Sun becomes provisional president of the new republic, but his power is limited and Yuan betrays him, thus making himself president, a step in becoming the emperor of a
272:
Sun is in exile and has been given a home with his friend Umeya and his wife, both of whom offer support for Sun's cause. Also present is Charlie Soong's twenty-year-old daughter Ching-ling, who has recently returned from America and who is a firm supporter of his cause: "Your sacrifice is not for
611:
Wind instruments tend to work in sections, with groups of trombones or flutes or whatever alternating or overlapping in tone blocks that are displaced from each other rhythmically, ultimately to a heavy effect that leaves little room for luminosity. Indeed, rhythm was the score's strong suit, and
186:
The disruption has been felt on a practical level: "They were expecting to have the score tightened and cut in Beijing, with the Western-style orchestra, before resetting it for the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra," said a source involved in the production, referring to the ensemble of native Chinese
556:
In his first opera, Huang Ruo has sought to develop the synthesis of Chinese and Western elements already found in his previous works; his aim is not so much to mix them as to achieve an organic unity, andâto the extent that here he has composed for Western-style operatic voices singing Mandarin
541:
has also developed a system of musical notation to blend traditional Chinese singing seamlessly into modern Western scores. Traditional Chinese opera notation is less specific about rhythm than Western opera, giving performers more improvisation space to emote and riff off a single note. But the
535:
Huang Ruo and Chong have built many bridges to facilitate the merging of two musical worlds. The libretto is sung in Chinese and spoken interludes are in English. The choir of New York singers perform in Mandarin , but the score is rendered in phonetic pinyin. A score for an orchestra of Western
178:
reporter Nick Frisch examined some of the reasons and some of the consequences of the halt in the production, and noted that, although the Hong Kong performances were planned to continue (as did rehearsals in Beijing), another mainland China opera company, the "Guangzhou Opera House, originally
281:
It is the day on which Sun and Ching-ling are to be married. She has run away from home to be with Sun. Although he loves her, he expresses his sorrow at not being able to provide her with a home, but in loving him, she is confident that they will face the world together. Charlie enters and is
83:
until she died in 1981. Writer Lindsley Miyoshi quotes the composer's description of the opera as being "about four kinds of loveâbetween husband and wife or between lovers, friendship, between parents and children, love of country" and he continues by noting that "what I love about opera is
561:
is the scoring for traditional Chinese instruments (Huang Ruo has made two versions, with an alternative for Western orchestra), realised here with subtlety by the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra under the conductor Yan Huichang. Some of the Chinese reviewers are said to have dismissed this as a
542:
scale and complexity of a modern opera requires Western-style staff notation. "In Chinese opera, there is more improvisation in singing, and a more nasal, penetrating sound", Huang Ruo explains, pointing to a section in the score, "A long note is a chance to bring out more emotion".
583:
In his analysis of the music as performed at the premiere, critic John Stege begins by noting that "These performances offer a stunning demonstration of Huang's skill in molding Eastern and Western modalities into a successful theatrical synthesis, and he continues with:
571:"in its own category, unique, a character instrument, very sad, very touchingâand intimate, like a human voice singing, so it pairs well with the voice, and it's not loud. I use it with the orchestra doing a low drone in the background and the voice soaring over it."
154:
The premiere was planned to take place in Beijing in September 2011. It would then have been followed by the premiere by Opera Hong Kong planned for 13 October 2011. However, the Beijing performances were cancelled and, instead, the premiere was given in Hong Kong.
557:
wordsâhe succeeds. His vocal lines are apparently influenced not by traditional Chinese opera but by (local to Hong Kong) Cantonese narrative singing, with one syllable to one note, departing from standard Western vocalism. But the most obvious musical feature of
139:
Huang Ruo planned the work in two versions, the first of which was designed to have a Western orchestra which would have been employed for the Beijing premiere while the second version, which was written for a Chinese orchestra, was planned to premiere at the
163:
Given the collaboration between Opera Hong Kong and New York City Opera's VOX Contemporary American Opera Lab program of new American works in progress, on 14 May 2011 a concert performance of act 1 of the opera was presented at New York University's
602:
unique among all those distressing Western musical chronicles of broken-hearted Asians. Here, unconventionally, a happy ending arrives for the lovers and, one hopes, for the nation. Huang's orchestra plays a major role in, well, orchestrating that
273:
naught!", she exclaims, "You overthrew 2000 years of feudalism". As they talk, the couple clearly become more and more attracted to each other, albeit that there is a 26-year difference in their ages. However, they begin to fall in love.
612:
sometimes it injected considerable momentum. By the end, though, it did not sustain a score of this length on its own, unassisted as it was by concomitant strength in harmonic direction or, most regrettably, melodic contour.
121:, who chose to present the North American premiere in July 2014, has stated that he characterizes Huang Ruo's style as "a really original and striking voice", while adding that he sees the opera as "a kind of Chinese
195:
announced that it would present the North American premiere of the work as part of its 2014 summer season. The production was sung in Mandarin and directed by James Robinson, currently artistic director of the
171:
With the fully staged Beijing production in rehearsal later in 2011, "word came down from Communist Party officials in late August: the 30 September world premiere of opera would be postponed indefinitely."
313:
upon Sun (who has arrived at the Soong residence) and Ching-lingâis a meditation on the true meaning of what it is to be a revolutionary. The two men share this spiritual reunion, revolutionaries to the end.
150:
together to create something new, but I don't consciously try to use Eastern and Western elements when I'm composing. I write what I write and whatever comes out will reflect my personality and influences."
322:
by Sun's reiterated reminder that "success and failure are always with us." As the opera ends, a large statue of Sun Yat-Sen is revealed and Ching-ling's wedding dress re-appears, carried by the dancer.
309:
love with Sun Yat-sen. Ashamed, Charlie confesses that he had all but given up his revolutionary dreams, but Sun's indomitable determination and idealism has renewed his confidence.
641:
681:
894:
785:
91:) and commissioned by the Hong Kong government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department and the opera company, the work was also planned in collaboration with
834:
760:
1038:- a revolution in modern Chinese opera: An opera focusing on the father of modern China is bridging East and West right down to the style of musical notation"
1147:
947:
928:
714:
84:
character building", describing the technique as "dimensionalism", while she states that the work "dramatizes what happens when these loves conflict".
655:
1137:
165:
598:
But it's the depth and rich complexity of that score, presenting a deeply felt affair of the heart instead of extravagant exoticism, that makes
546:
Following the Hong Kong premiere, British critic John Allison commented on several aspects of the music in his article in the British magazine
1112:
1097:
187:
instruments that will accompany the Hong Kong premiere. "Instead, we must adapt the score to the new timbre and make cuts at the same time."
1142:
53:
22:
118:
522:
At the time of the May 2011 VOX "preview" presentation of act 1 in New York, Nick Frisch interviewed the composer, who stated that:
910:
103:
891:
782:
1033:
80:
1132:
1122:
575:
She states that this sound will accompany Ching-ling's act 3 aria when she has miscarried and is fleeing the assassins.
197:
827:
753:
75:
The action of the opera focuses not on Sun's political life, but rather, it is a love story involving his second wife
141:
65:
944:
1055:
548:
626:
566:
Additionallyâquoting Huang Ruo as " 'collaging East and West' "âMiyoshi outlines what she describes as his:
607:
In his review, James Keller makes the following observations regarding the orchestration and its effects:
69:
1018:
87:
Originally conceived by Opera Hong Kong (a company founded in 2003 under the artistic direction of tenor
259:
receives a notice from a messenger which advertises that Sun is a wanted man with a bounty on his head.
670:
1117:
209:
872:
807:
92:
1089:
423:
621:
Following the world premiere, a variety of critical evaluations were published. They include:
1093:
205:
107:
802:
237:
In a musical prologue, a wedding dress is wrapped, boxed, and taken on a journey by dancers
76:
35:
1127:
1000:
The words sung in the opera are from one of Sun's actual speeches, in Mays 2014, pp. 48â49
951:
838:
764:
61:
95:'s VOX Contemporary American Opera Lab annual program of new American works in progress.
562:
gimmick, but this colourful soundworld did not distract from the substance of the work.
192:
1106:
1059:(London), on opera.co.uk. (Review of the Hong Kong production). Retrieved 2 July 2013
1050:
898:
892:
Government of Hong Kong, Cultural Section; information on the opera and its premiere
789:
442:
783:
Government of Hong Kong, Cultural Section; information on the opera and its premiere
591:
255:
his deception, but Charlie expresses his firm support for Sun and the Revolution.
106:(an office he held from 1 January 1912) and which was the culmination of the 1911
98:
For Huang Ruo, the opera became the means of celebrating the 100th anniversary of
21:
357:
201:
99:
843:
769:
715:"Candace Chong: The playwright who draws inspiration from a complicated world"
212:. Some members of the cast came from the premiere performances in Hong Kong.
88:
79:, a revered figure in modern Chinese history who became vice-president of the
123:
57:
268:
Scene 1: Yokohama, Japan, after the 1913 Revolution. The home of the Umeyas
717:(Background on Candace Chong) on scmp.com/magazines. Retrieved 5 June 2014
461:
407:
385:
182:
Frisch also commented on the musical consequences of the cancellation:
110:, the revolution which ended 2,000 years of Imperial rule when Emperor
114:, known as the Last Emperor of China, abdicated on 12 February 1912.
43:
68:. The libretto was written by established playwright and translator
366:
179:
scheduled to present the opera on Dec. 9, has withdrawn as well."
111:
963:
Mays 2014, pp. 46â49: Outline of the synopsis and details from
589:
act recalls MimĂ and Rodolpho's scene concluding act one of
847:, Vol. 78, No. 12, June 2014. p. 15. Retrieved 8 June 2014
773:, Vol. 78, No. 12, June 2014. p. 14. Retrieved 8 June 2014
954:, 28 June 2013 on santafeopera.org. Retrieved 2 July 2013
879:, 13 May 2011 on chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2 July 2013
117:
In terms of the music, Santa Fe Opera's general director,
1040:, 25 July 2011 on travel.cnn.com. Retrieved 2 July 2013
979:
Keller July 27, 2014, in "Critical evaluations" section.
1068:
Stege July 30, 2014, in "Critical evaluations" section
56:
in three acts by the New York-based American composer
536:
instruments was rounded out with Chinese percussion.
277:
Scene 2: Japan, 1915: The garden of the Umeyas' home
250:
Before the 1911 revolution: Soong's home in Shanghai
102:being elected as provisional president of the new
913:on opera.broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2 July 2013
911:"New York City Opera Announces 2011 Vox Line-up"
204:and costumes were designed by James Schuette (a
8:
996:
994:
362:Leader of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance
1051:"Articles and Reviews: Hong Kong and Macau"
660:in the American Premiere at Santa Fe Opera"
317:Scene 3: A podium: Sun addresses the people
60:who was born in China and is a graduate of
1028:
1026:
923:
921:
919:
527:and the feelings of the people around him.
191:In August 2012 with the composer present,
975:
973:
656:"A Revolutionary Who Cannot Be Silenced:
867:
865:
727:
725:
723:
651:, July 27, 2014 on santafenewmexican.com
329:
208:recipient for design), with lighting by
20:
887:
885:
822:
820:
818:
816:
706:
291:Scene 1: China: The presidential palace
216:both Western and Chinese instruments."
166:Skirball Center for the Performing Arts
855:
853:
686:dramatic, but not entirely convincing"
579:The music as performed at the premiere
935:, 11 Oct 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2013
739:
737:
381:Charlie's daughter; Sun's second wife
7:
671:"A Brilliant Sun: Worth the journey"
300:Revolution, it will be worthwhile."
54:Chinese-language western-style opera
1148:Cultural depictions of Sun Yat-sen
929:"Opera Ends; Some Cite Censorship"
531:Frisch continues to explain that:
72:. It is her first opera libretto.
14:
967:and The Santa Fe Opera's website.
810:, tells the story of Puyi's life.
692:, July 31, 2014 on dallasnews.com
677:, July 30, 2014 on sfreporter.com
927:Frisch, Nick (11 October 2011),
743:Huang Ruo, in Miyoshi, pp. 14â15
64:'s Conservatory as well as the
1138:Operas set in the 20th century
666:, July 27, 2014 on nytimes.com
631:Triumphs in American Premiere"
48:
1:
873:"A fresh look at Sun Yat-sen"
654:Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim,
635:San Francisco Classical Voice
1113:Chinese western-style operas
806:, the 1987 film directed by
304:Scene 2: The Soong residence
198:Opera Theatre of Saint Louis
1143:Operas based on real people
637:, July 26, 2014 on sfcv.org
1164:
1032:Frisch, Nick (July 2011),
511:Yoni Rose; Patrick Guetti
352:(Conductor: Carolyn Kuan)
343:(Conductor: Yan Huichang)
225:Place: Shanghai, Yokohama,
200:. The scenic designer was
81:People's Republic of China
25:Sun and Ching-ling in 1917
142:Hong Kong Cultural Center
66:Juilliard School of Music
39:
649:The Santa Fe New Mexican
457:A Japanese friend of Sun
339:Hong Kong Premiere Cast,
945:"2014 Season Announced"
832:bows at Santa Fe Opera"
758:bows at Santa Fe Opera"
690:The Dallas Morning News
348:American Premiere Cast,
1019:Santa Fe Opera website
70:Candace Mui-ngam Chong
26:
901:Retrieved 2 July 2013
828:"An Epic Life Sings:
792:Retrieved 2 July 2013
754:"An Epic Life Sings:
24:
871:Kelly Chung Dawson,
642:"East meets West in
617:Critical evaluations
438:Charlie Soong's Wife
210:Christopher Akerlind
1133:Operas set in China
1123:Operas by Huang Ruo
1086:Opera Unveiled 2014
1009:in Mays 2014, p. 49
988:In Mays 2014, p. 47
826:Miyoshi, Lindsley,
808:Bernardo Bertolucci
752:Miyoshi, Lindsley,
450:Mary Ann McCormick
346:Revised Version and
159:Performance history
131:Composition history
93:New York City Opera
1090:The Santa Fe Opera
950:2020-11-22 at the
837:2020-11-22 at the
763:2020-11-22 at the
664:The New York Times
486:Katherine Carroll
379:Soong Ching-ling,
228:Time: 1911 to 1918
193:The Santa Fe Opera
176:The New York Times
27:
16:Opera by Huang Ruo
1098:978-1-4675-9964-1
675:Santa Fe Reporter
515:
514:
494:non-singing role
206:Helen Hayes Award
108:Xinhai Revolution
104:Republic of China
1155:
1088:, Santa Fe, NM:
1080:Mays, Desirée, "
1069:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
989:
986:
980:
977:
968:
961:
955:
942:
936:
925:
914:
908:
902:
889:
880:
869:
860:
859:Mays 2014, p. 45
857:
848:
824:
811:
803:The Last Emperor
799:
793:
780:
774:
750:
744:
741:
732:
731:Mays 2014, p. 49
729:
718:
711:
680:Scott Cantrell,
400:Sun's first wife
393:Corinne Winters
330:
77:Soong Ching-Ling
50:
49:ZhĆngshÄn YĂŹxiÄn
41:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1103:
1102:
1082:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
1072:
1067:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1036:Dr. Sun Yat Sen
1031:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
983:
978:
971:
962:
958:
952:Wayback Machine
943:
939:
926:
917:
909:
905:
890:
883:
870:
863:
858:
851:
839:Wayback Machine
830:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
825:
814:
800:
796:
781:
777:
765:Wayback Machine
756:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
751:
747:
742:
735:
730:
721:
712:
708:
699:
684:Dr. Sun Yat-Sen
658:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
644:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
629:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
619:
600:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
581:
520:
436:Ni Kwei-Tseng,
431:Gong Dong-Jian
419:a revolutionary
417:Charlie Soong,
351:
349:
347:
342:
341:13 October 2011
340:
328:
288:
265:
247:
235:
222:
161:
133:
62:Oberlin College
31:Dr. Sun Yat-sen
17:
12:
11:
5:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1049:John Allison,
1042:
1022:
1011:
1002:
990:
981:
969:
965:Opera Unveiled
956:
937:
933:New York Times
915:
903:
897:2013-04-12 at
881:
861:
849:
812:
794:
788:2013-04-12 at
775:
745:
733:
719:
713:Janice Leung,
705:
698:
695:
694:
693:
678:
667:
652:
640:James Keller,
638:
618:
615:
614:
613:
605:
604:
596:
580:
577:
573:
572:
564:
563:
544:
543:
538:
537:
529:
528:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
507:
505:
501:
500:
498:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:mezzo-soprano
478:
471:
470:
467:
464:
459:
452:
451:
448:
445:
440:
433:
432:
429:
428:Gong Dongjian
426:
421:
414:
413:
412:Rebecca Witty
410:
405:
402:
395:
394:
391:
388:
383:
376:
375:
374:Joseph Dennis
372:
369:
364:
354:
353:
344:
337:
334:
327:
324:
287:
284:
264:
261:
246:
243:
242:
241:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
221:
218:
189:
188:
160:
157:
152:
151:
132:
129:
119:Charles MacKay
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1160:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
976:
974:
970:
966:
960:
957:
953:
949:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
899:archive.today
896:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:
840:
836:
833:
831:
823:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
798:
795:
791:
790:archive.today
787:
784:
779:
776:
772:
771:
766:
762:
759:
757:
749:
746:
740:
738:
734:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
710:
707:
704:
703:
696:
691:
687:
685:
679:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
659:
653:
650:
646:
645:
639:
636:
632:
630:
625:Rodney Punt,
624:
623:
622:
616:
610:
609:
608:
601:
597:
594:
593:
587:
586:
585:
578:
576:
569:
568:
567:
560:
555:
554:
553:
551:
550:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:
525:
524:
523:
517:
510:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
477:
473:
472:
469:Chen Ye Yuan
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
454:
453:
449:
446:
444:
443:mezzo-soprano
441:
439:
435:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
415:
411:
409:
406:
403:
401:
397:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
378:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
359:
356:
355:
345:
338:
335:
332:
331:
325:
323:
319:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
301:
297:
296:new dynasty.
293:
292:
285:
283:
279:
278:
274:
270:
269:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:
244:
240:
239:
238:
232:
227:
224:
223:
219:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
185:
184:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
167:
158:
156:
148:
147:
146:
143:
137:
130:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
85:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
37:
33:
32:
23:
19:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1014:
1005:
984:
964:
959:
940:
932:
906:
876:
842:
829:
801:
797:
778:
768:
755:
748:
709:
701:
700:
689:
683:
674:
669:John Stege,
663:
657:
648:
643:
634:
628:
620:
606:
599:
590:
582:
574:
565:
558:
547:
545:
530:
521:
491:Ms Ariyoshi
476:Umeya's wife
475:
474:Mrs. Umeya,
466:Yuan Chenye
456:
437:
418:
399:
398:Lu Mu-zhen,
380:
361:
350:26 July 2014
320:
316:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
280:
276:
275:
271:
267:
266:
257:
253:
249:
248:
236:
214:
190:
181:
175:
174:
170:
162:
153:
138:
134:
122:
116:
97:
86:
74:
52:) is a 2011
47:
30:
29:
28:
18:
1118:2011 operas
877:China Daily
483:Liang Ning
455:Mr. Umeya,
447:Yang Guang
371:Warren Mok
358:Sun Yat-sen
336:Voice type
202:Allen Moyer
100:Sun Yat-sen
1107:Categories
844:Opera News
770:Opera News
697:References
504:Assassins
89:Warren Mok
592:La bohĂšme
390:Yao Hong
124:bel canto
58:Huang Ruo
948:Archived
895:Archived
835:Archived
786:Archived
761:Archived
497:Lisa Lu
462:baritone
404:soprano
233:Prologue
220:Synopsis
1075:Sources
603:action.
559:Dr. Sun
408:Yuki Ip
386:soprano
36:Chinese
1128:Operas
1096:
46::
44:pinyin
38::
1056:Opera
702:Notes
595:.....
549:Opera
518:Music
367:tenor
333:Role
326:Roles
286:Act 3
263:Act 2
245:Act 1
1094:ISBN
424:bass
112:Puyi
40:äžć±±éžä»
1084:",
1109::
1092:.
1053:,
1025:^
993:^
972:^
931:,
918:^
884:^
875:,
864:^
852:^
841:,
815:^
767:,
736:^
722:^
688:,
673:,
662:,
647:,
633:,
552::
360:,
168:.
127:.
42:;
1034:"
682:"
627:"
34:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
