1101:
1396:'s Emmy-Noether programme. Furthermore, internal "soft" money might only be budgeted to pay for younger postdoctoral scientists. Because of the need to chase short-term research contracts, many researchers in the natural sciences apply for more transparent career development opportunities in other countries. In summary, a peer-reviewed demonstration of a successful academic development and an international outlook is considered more than compensation for an habilitation where there is evidence of grant applications, well-cited publications, a network of collaborators, lecturing and organisational experience, and experience of having worked and published abroad.
705:. For example, in Poland until 2018, the statutory time for getting a habilitation (traditionally, although not obligatorily, relying on a book publication) is eight years. Theoretically, if an assistant professor does not succeed in obtaining habilitation in this time, they should be moved to a position of a lecturer, with a much higher teaching load and no research obligations, or even be dismissed. In practice, however, on many occasions schools extend the deadlines for habilitation for most scholars if they do not make it in time, and there is evidence that they are able to finish it in the near future.
882:), a substantial amount of significant publications, the supervision of at least one PhD student from start to graduation, a successful track record securing extramural funding as a principal investigator, as well as a sound, ambitious, and feasible five-year research project. Outstanding postdoctoral researchers who are not yet appointed to a university could also obtain the habilitation if they meet the requirements. The French habilitation committee is constituted by a majority of external and sometimes foreign referees. The French habilitation entitles assistant professors (
1109:
already graduated students or those with the necessary titles to register on the list of professionals and work. Many state exams include the possession of a specific qualification among the requirements. For example, to take the habilitation exam for to become an architect or an engineer, one must have already graduated from a university. However, in order to actually practice the profession it is necessary to register with the relevant professional association and, if the profession is exercised independently, it is necessary to have a
1085:). At the end of the three-year contract the assistant professor must have a valid ASN habilitation in order to become a permanent associate professor; otherwise, he or she is permanently laid off. To prevent this (which may be disastrous to already undermanned Italian departments), it is common practice to award RTDb positions to people already habilitated as associate or full professors, which is in practical contrast with the spirit of the Gelmini-reform.
139:). Initially, habilitation was synonymous with "doctoral qualification". The term became synonymous with "post-doctoral qualification" in Germany in the 19th century "when holding a doctorate seemed no longer sufficient to guarantee a proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation". Afterwards, it became normal in the German university system to write two doctoral theses: the inaugural thesis (
165:
1275:
940:, or other achievements in research and teaching as a post-doctoral researcher. The habilitation in Germany is usually earned after several years of independent research and teaching, either "internally" while working at a university or "externally" as a research and teaching-oriented practitioner. Once the habilitation thesis (
1056:, or ASN). This means that, as a prerequisite for being able to be selected by a university committee to fill these roles, it is necessary to have obtained the scientific qualification for the relative kind of teaching. For STEM fields (so called "bibliometric fields"), the qualifications requires a two-step evaluation:
39:, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation. The degree, sometimes abbreviated
1223:), Litt.D. (Doctor of Letters), LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) and D.D. (Doctor of Divinity) found in the UK, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, which are awarded on the basis of a career of published work. However, higher doctorates from these countries (except Russia) are often not recognized by any
1060:
first a quantitative assessment, as each candidate for and ASN as associate or full professor must have at least two out of these three requirements: having published more papers than most associate or full professors in
Italian universities, having received more citations than most associate or full
1434:
explicitly states that affairs of education are the sole responsibility of the states and declared the law to be invalid in June 2004. In reaction, a new federal law was passed, giving the states more freedom regarding habilitations and junior professors. The junior professor has since been legally
1178:
After the candidate submits the habilitation thesis, a jury composed of five to nine full professors or coordinator researchers first evaluates the submitted documents; the majority needs to approve the candidate's request. If approved, the candidate then needs to defend their thesis in a two-day
1119:
Finally, some habilitations, since their activities cannot be done autonomously, need to be hired in a suitable structure in order to effectively carry out the profession in question. This is for example the case of the education sector: once the qualifying examination has been passed, a public
1108:
In the field of free regulated professions, protected by a professional body (architects, lawyers, engineers, doctors, pharmacists, journalists, etc.), it identifies the state examination, more properly called "state examination for the qualification for the exercise of professions" that allows
735:
While the habilitation ensures the rights of the independent research and the supervision, it is on behalf of the statute of the universities to give those rights also to, e.g., associate professors without habilitation. Currently the major
Austrian universities do that only for master's level
713:
In
Austria, the procedure is currently regulated by national law (Austrian University Act UG2002 §103). The graduation process includes additionally to the sub-commission of the senate (including students representatives for a hearing on the teaching capabilities of the candidate) an external
1392:(the professor heading the research group) since superiors have power to delay the process of completing the habilitation. A further problem comes with funding support for those who wish to pursue a habilitation, where older candidates often feel discriminated against, for example under the
1227:
as being equivalent to the habilitation. In 1999, Russia and
Germany signed a Statement on Mutual Academic Recognition of Russian Academic Degrees and German Academic Qualifications, including the equivalence of the Russian Doctor of Science and the German Habilitation qualification.
664:
and the country's ministry of education) approve. However, while some subjects make liberal use of this (e.g., the natural sciences in order to employ candidates from countries with different systems and the arts to employ active artists), in other subjects it is rarely done.
1091:
The ASN habilitation was initially valid for four years, but this validity term was extended many times. Currently (2023), due to extreme scarcity of tenure track positions in Italy, the ASN habilitation validity has been recently increased to ten years by government decree.
635:
A habilitation thesis can be either cumulative (based on previous research, be it articles or monographs) or monographical, i.e., a specific, unpublished thesis, which then tends to be very long. While cumulative habilitations are predominant in some fields (such as
875:
corps who are assimilated to full professors by the CNU do not require the French habilitation to supervise PhD students. Depending on the field, the French habilitation requires consistent research from five to ten years after appointment as an assistant professor
647:
The level of scholarship of a habilitation is considerably higher than for a doctoral dissertation in the same academic tradition in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, without direction or guidance of a faculty supervisor. In the
1156:) to reach the top of their specific careers (full professor or coordinator researcher). Both degrees aim to evaluate if the candidate has achieved significant outputs in terms of scientific activity, including activities in postgraduation supervision.
714:
reviewer. Holding a habilitation allows academics to do research and supervise (PhD, MSc, ...) on behalf of this university. As it is an academic degree, this is even valid if the person is not enrolled (or not enrolled anymore) at this institution (
1167:, the thesis is composed by a detailed CV of the achievements obtained after concluding the PhD, a detailed report of an academic course taught at the university (or a proposed course to be taught), and the summary of a lesson to be given. For
1747:"Décret n°84-431 du 6 juin 1984 fixant les dispositions statutaires communes applicables aux enseignants-chercheurs et portant statut particulier du corps des professeurs des universités et du corps des maîtres de conférences. – Legifrance"
1049:
of the research and university teaching system (Italian Law 240 of year 2010 and subsequent modifications) has established the national scientific habilitation for the calls in the role of associate professor and full professor (called
894:). As such, the French habilitation is similar to the promotion to associate professor in North America. In other words, the North American ranks of assistant professor, associate professor, and full professor are equivalent to
1387:
of talented young researchers who think their chances of getting a professorship at a reasonable age to be better abroad and hence move, for example, to the UK or the USA. Many feel overly dependent on their supervising
659:
It is possible to get a professorship without habilitation, if the search committee attests the candidate to have qualifications equaling those of a habilitation and the higher-ranking bodies (the university's
1368:, aimed to abolish the system of the habilitation and replace it with the alternative concept of the junior professor: a researcher should first be employed for up to six years as a "junior professor" (a non-
1071:
then, a specific committee (one for each scientific sub-field) will qualitatively evaluate the scientific CV of the candidates, considering funding, mobility, autonomy of the research, awards won, and so
97:
degree or its equivalent. Achieving this academic degree does not automatically give the scientist a paid position, though many people who apply for the degree already have steady university employment.
1076:
The successful candidate will then receive his or her ASN habilitation as associate or full professor (or, in some instances, for both) and may thus apply for those vacancies in
Italian universities.
1383:, as well as young researchers, have long demanded the abandonment of the habilitation as they think it to be an unnecessary and time-consuming obstacle in an academic career, contributing to the
936:) within the German university system, it is necessary to have obtained the habilitation (or "habilitation-equivalent achievements"). This can be demonstrated by leading a research group, being a
857:
The award of the French habilitation is a general requirement for being the main supervisor of PhD students and to be eligible for full professor positions. The official eligibility named
1215:
in Russia and some other countries formerly part of the Soviet Union or the
Eastern bloc is equivalent to a habilitation. The cumulative form of the habilitation can be compared to the
93:). The degree conferral is usually accompanied by a public oral defence event (a lecture or a colloquium) with one or more opponents. Habilitation is usually awarded 5–15 years after a
1231:
Furthermore, the position or title of an associate professor (or higher) at a
European Union-based university is systematically translated into or compared to titles such as
1543:
2047:
2009:
1972:
1935:
701:
Although disciplines and countries vary in the typical number of years for obtaining habilitation after getting a doctorate, it usually takes longer than for the
American
1116:
In other cases, especially in the case of health professions or childcare professionals, not protected by a professional nature, the degree itself is a qualifying title.
1179:
public defense. The public defense lasts for two hours each day. On the first day, the curriculum of the candidate is discussed (for both degrees) and in the case of
1144:(Decree of Law 124/99) and is used by doctoral researchers working in institutes outside universities. Legally, they are equivalent and are required for a professor (
2223:
1585:
1471:
1871:
1693:
79:
countries), is often a qualification for full professorship in those countries. In German-speaking countries it allows the degree holder to bear the title
1908:
1679:
1159:
The process to obtain any of the degrees is very similar, with minor changes. Any PhD holder can submit a habilitation thesis to obtain the degree. For
540:
1285:
1079:
The ASN habilitation also allows to compete for three-year tenure-track assistant professorship positions (called RTDb in the
Italian system, for
652:, publication of numerous (sometimes ten or more) research articles is required during the habilitation period of about four to ten years. In the
974:. Only those candidates receiving the highest (or second-highest) grade for their doctoral thesis are encouraged to proceed with a habilitation.
1435:
established in all states, but it is still possible—and encouraged—for an academic career in many subjects in
Germany to pursue a habilitation.
129:
1128:
In the Portuguese legal system, there are two types of habilitation degree. The first is normally given to university professors and is named
1100:
1364:
In 2004, the habilitation was the subject of a major political debate in Germany. The former Federal Minister for Education and Science,
1647:
76:
248:
1256:
Directorate-General for Research, and therefore usually implies the holder of such title has a degree equivalent to habilitation.
1611:
1550:
1187:, the candidate also needs to present the academic course selected. On the second day, the candidate needs to present a lecture (
676:(Latin: 'permission to read', i.e., to lecture) is bestowed. In some areas, such as law, philosophy, theology and sociology, the
1811:
1586:"A guide to documentation on habilitation and professorship procedures at the Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University in Brno"
1962:
1393:
832:(Doctor of Sciences) before the 1950s, formerly awarded by universities in France had a somewhat similar purpose. In 1984, the
1901:
1300:
186:
1426:
against the new law replacing the habilitation with the junior professor. The Court concurred with their argument that the
1343:
229:
977:
A typical procedure after completing the habilitation is that the successful researcher officially receives the so-called
182:
1315:
201:
1791:
Anabin database (in German, click on "Abschlusstypen", then select Länderauswahl "Großbritannien", then "Doctor of/in")
668:
The habilitation is awarded after a public lecture, to be held after the thesis has been accepted, and after which the
1958:
1423:
983:(Latin for "permission for lecturing") for a specific academic subject at universities (sometimes also referred to as
1589:
1322:
208:
2253:
1468:
1701:
2248:
1894:
933:
307:
280:; currently abolished and no longer conferred, but those who have earned the degree earlier will use it for life)
1812:
European Commission Directorate-General for Research on Seniority Grades of Academic Staff, p. 129 and pp. 133ff
2027:
687:
1329:
215:
1746:
1728:
1954:
1113:. These exams are usually organized by the professional orders with the collaboration of area universities.
175:
1088:
If an ASN habilitation application fails, the candidate can apply again, but only after a 12-month hiatus.
2000:
1389:
962:
in German) "has habilitated him- or herself" and receives an extension to his/her doctoral degree, namely
815:
1311:
757:
in Germany) granted to holders of doctorate degrees upon submission of a cumulative thesis followed by a
197:
2061:
1612:"Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Universitätsgesetz 2002, Fassung vom 08.06.2019"
1444:
1175:, the academic course report is replaced by a research proposal or a proposal for advanced PhD studies.
691:
2175:
2131:
2037:
2023:
1981:
1926:
779:
695:
480:), since 1995 no longer conferred, but those who have earned the degree earlier will use it for life
331:
2189:
2166:
2151:
1786:
1431:
1373:
1253:
1863:
301:
2093:
1023:. The status as a PD requires doing some (generally unpaid) teaching in order to keep the title (
71:
2018:
2185:
1949:
1824:
1673:
1419:
1220:
2215:
2171:
2088:
1944:
1376:
in the United States) and so prove his/her suitability for holding a tenured professorship.
1365:
1216:
937:
765:
1853:
1654:
1567:
1037:
In the Italian legal system, habilitations are different types of acts and authorizations.
720:). Appointment to a full professorship with an international finding commission includes a
2210:
2194:
2156:
2141:
2108:
1918:
1475:
1412:
1380:
1336:
970:). The habilitation is thus an additional qualification at a higher level than the German
702:
222:
120:
36:
2180:
2136:
1986:
1876:
1517:
1408:
1046:
726:(UG2002 §98(12)), which is restricted to the time of the appointment (UG2002 §98(13) –
111:
2242:
1854:
A short description of PhD and Habilitation at the Free University of Berlin, Germany
1544:"Habilitationsordnung (Laws and regulations of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)"
1464:
998:
791:
722:
1224:
1003:
683:
640:), they have been, since about a century ago, almost unheard of in others (such as
88:
2161:
1384:
1274:
1212:
164:
124:
1881:
1120:
competition must be won for recruitment in an upper or lower secondary school.
1858:
1404:
1110:
653:
1774:
1763:
2056:
1886:
1629:
1427:
971:
769:
758:
682:, and thus the habilitation, is given only for certain sub-fields (such as
1411:, the habilitation was—and still is—regarded as a valuable instrument of
1400:
637:
1062:
649:
17:
1729:"Arrêté du 7 août 2006 relatif à la formation doctorale. – Legifrance"
1068:
higher than most associate or full professors in Italian universities;
768:. It is still required at a few institutions for admissions as a full
2146:
2113:
2103:
2032:
1872:
Habilitation procedure at the Technical University of Munich, Germany
1369:
1104:
Example of Italian professional qualification: Diploma in Agriculture
661:
1041:
Habilitations for associate and full professorships in universities
1399:
On the other hand, amongst many senior researchers, especially in
1292:
1099:
956:) and all other requirements are completed, the candidate (called
1825:"WDR – Informationen und Nachrichten vom Westdeutschen Rundfunk"
1890:
989:, Latin for "right of teaching"). Someone in possession of the
782:, as well as at the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP).
1268:
656:, a major book publication may be a prerequisite for defense.
641:
158:
145:), completing a course of study, and the habilitation thesis (
94:
1430:(the federal parliament) cannot pass such a law, because the
1716:
Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers
1463:
Arguably one of the earliest German habilitation holders is
764:. It has practically disappeared amongst Brazilian Federal
1877:
Higher Education in Hungary at the Encyclopædia Britannica
626:, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)
423:, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)
271:, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)
1859:
Education in Austria at the European Education Directory
1296:
778:), most notably in the three state universities of the
537:
Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine (
128:"fit, proper, skillful". The degree developed in the
1415:
before giving somebody a tenured position for life.
1136:
or Decree of Law 239/2007 while the second is named
2203:
2122:
2081:
2074:
2046:
2008:
1999:
1971:
1934:
1925:
189:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1630:"Satzung der Universität Wien » Studienrecht"
1045:Regarding university habilitations, the so-called
1467:(Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652, according to the
1422:with conservative governments, filed suit at the
261:Habilitation qualifications exist or existed in:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1130:
773:
745:
520:
498:, "authorization to supervise research", or ADR)
484:
329:
311:
299:
275:
1549:(in German). ruhr-uni-bochum.de. Archived from
1241:
932:In order to hold the rank of a full professor (
457:
346:
340:
2224:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
1061:professors in Italian universities, having an
529:
1902:
1865:Germany tries to break its Habilitation Habit
1080:
1051:
597:
588:
579:
561:
555:
546:
538:
475:
466:
409:
401:
8:
1588:. Masaryk University in Brno. Archived from
1301:introducing citations to additional sources
1247:
1232:
1024:
1018:
1008:
957:
950:
942:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
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864:
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822:
813:
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752:
621:
612:
606:
570:
511:
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493:
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427:
418:
392:
384:
379:
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320:
290:
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151:), which opens the road to a professorship.
146:
140:
86:
58:
991:
984:
978:
727:
715:
677:
670:
448:
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361:
355:
119:, meaning "to make suitable, to fit", from
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46:
2078:
2005:
1931:
1909:
1895:
1887:
1867:article in the science magazin of the AAAS
1775:https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/534996
927:
698:, etc.); in others, for the entire field.
1082:ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo b
888:) to apply for full professor positions (
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
1291:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1502:History of the Arabic Written Tradition
1456:
1195:) or a proposal of a research project (
1678:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1671:
322:Agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur
130:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
1418:Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, three
1252:(Poland) by institutions such as the
842:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
792:Agrégation § In higher education
623:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
495:autorisation à diriger des recherches
420:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
268:Habilitation à diriger des recherches
7:
1512:
1510:
1379:Many, especially researchers in the
736:students, but not for PhD programs.
187:adding citations to reliable sources
587:Spain (Accreditation of research –
380:
1053:abilitazione scientifica nazionale
468:Abilitazione scientifica nazionale
25:
1001:has the right to carry the title
966:(with the specification, such as
489:), since 2003 no longer conferred
1504:, Volume 1, BRILL, 2016, p. vii.
1284:relies largely or entirely on a
1273:
866:Conseil National des Universités
163:
1963:Certificate of Higher Education
1718:, Blackwell Publishing, p. 208.
1372:position roughly equivalent to
319:Belgium (French-speaking part:
174:needs additional citations for
556:
1:
133:
928:§ History and etymology
132:in the seventeenth century (
1959:Diploma of Higher Education
1814:accessed 26 September 2017.
1491:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
1424:German Constitutional Court
1096:Professional qualifications
918:, respectively, in France.
562:
547:
393:
385:
347:
312:
2270:
1469:Erhard Weigel Gesselschaft
1265:German habilitation debate
925:
915:professeur des universités
891:professeur des universités
812:(State Doctorate), called
789:
729:Habilitation ad positionem
1013:(for women), abbreviated
865:
863:is granted by the French
539:
449:
443:
341:
300:
1714:Alan D. Schrift (2006),
1518:"НИЦ АПМ Минобрнауки РФ"
1474:14 November 2016 at the
717:Habilitation ad personam
1955:Higher National Diploma
1882:Habilitation in Romania
1390:principal investigators
820:(Doctor of Letters) or
751:is a title (similar to
551:, "Doctor of Sciences")
1764:Decree of Law 239/2007
1248:
1242:
1233:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1105:
1081:
1052:
1029:or titular teaching).
1025:
1019:
1009:
992:
985:
979:
958:
951:
943:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
885:maîtres de conférences
884:
878:
872:Directeur de Recherche
871:
859:
849:
841:
834:
823:
814:
807:
799:
774:
753:
746:
728:
716:
678:
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622:
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571:
530:
521:
512:
506:
494:
485:
476:
467:
458:
434:
428:
419:
410:
402:
372:dr. med./scient./phil.
371:
362:
356:
330:
321:
291:
285:
276:
267:
147:
141:
123:
115:
87:
59:
47:
2062:Candidate of Sciences
1698:Universität Innsbruck
1445:Postdoctoral research
1234:Universitätsprofessor
1219:, such as the D.Sc. (
1103:
897:maître de conférences
879:maître de conférences
692:philosophy of science
274:Armenia, Azerbaijan (
142:Inauguraldissertation
102:History and etymology
2132:Academic certificate
2024:Postgraduate diploma
1489:Sociology in Austria
1297:improve this article
968:Dr. rer. nat. habil.
944:Habilitationsschrift
838:was replaced by the
826:Doctorat ès sciences
696:practical philosophy
453:), abolished in 1983
183:improve this article
148:Habilitationsschrift
110:is derived from the
2167:Professional degree
1556:on 14 October 2009.
1432:German constitution
1374:assistant professor
1254:European Commission
1150:) or a researcher (
816:Doctorat ès lettres
513:doktor habilitowany
75:in Russia and some
60:Doktor habilitowany
27:Postdoctoral degree
2094:Doctor of Sciences
1831:. 27 February 2016
1751:legifrance.gouv.fr
1733:legifrance.gouv.fr
1500:Carl Brockelmann,
1207:Equivalent degrees
1106:
869:(CNU). Members of
804:(State Doctor) or
780:state of São Paulo
283:Austria (formerly
72:Doctor of Sciences
48:Doctor habilitatus
2254:Higher doctorates
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2186:Specialist degree
2070:
2069:
2038:Engineer's degree
1995:
1994:
1982:Bachelor's degree
1950:Foundation degree
1787:"Anabin database"
1574:. 30 August 2006.
1568:"PhD and Postdoc"
1487:Christian Fleck,
1362:
1361:
1347:
1221:Doctor of Science
1217:higher doctorates
1213:Doctor of Science
775:professor titular
259:
258:
251:
233:
37:university degree
16:(Redirected from
2261:
2249:Academic degrees
2172:Graduate diploma
2089:Higher doctorate
2079:
2006:
1945:Associate degree
1932:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1700:. Archived from
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1653:. Archived from
1652:
1644:
1638:
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1564:
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1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1461:
1381:natural sciences
1366:Edelgard Bulmahn
1357:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1305:
1277:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1243:førsteamanuensis
1236:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1173:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1084:
1055:
1028:
1022:
1012:
995:
988:
982:
961:
954:
946:
938:junior professor
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
874:
868:
867:
862:
852:
844:
837:
830:
828:
827:
819:
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802:
777:
756:
749:
731:
719:
681:
674:
625:
616:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
559:
558:
550:
544:
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533:
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470:
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452:
451:
446:
445:
437:
431:
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413:
405:
396:
388:
383:
382:
374:
365:
359:
354:Czech Republic (
350:
344:
343:
335:
324:
315:
305:
304:
294:
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279:
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191:
167:
159:
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144:
138:
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118:
92:
62:
50:
21:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2211:Honorary degree
2199:
2195:Terminal degree
2157:Magister degree
2142:External degree
2124:
2118:
2066:
2042:
2019:Master's degree
1991:
1967:
1921:
1919:academic degree
1915:
1850:
1848:Further reading
1845:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1704:on 6 June 2014.
1692:
1691:
1687:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:"Archived copy"
1646:
1645:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1592:on 26 July 2020
1584:
1583:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1476:Wayback Machine
1462:
1458:
1453:
1441:
1413:quality control
1409:social sciences
1358:
1352:
1349:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1278:
1267:
1262:
1209:
1126:
1098:
1043:
1035:
972:doctoral degree
948:, often simply
930:
924:
835:Doctorat d'État
825:
824:
808:Doctorat d'État
794:
788:
742:
711:
703:academic tenure
633:
255:
244:
238:
235:
192:
190:
180:
168:
157:
136:
121:Classical Latin
104:
35:is the highest
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2181:Higher diploma
2178:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Artist diploma
2134:
2128:
2126:
2125:classification
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1987:Honours degree
1984:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1816:
1804:
1793:. 24 July 2009
1778:
1767:
1756:
1738:
1720:
1707:
1685:
1660:on 6 June 2014
1639:
1621:
1603:
1577:
1559:
1535:
1522:russianenic.ru
1506:
1493:
1480:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1360:
1359:
1312:"Habilitation"
1295:. Please help
1281:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1208:
1205:
1125:
1122:
1097:
1094:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1047:Gelmini reform
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1010:Privatdozentin
923:
920:
800:Docteur d'État
796:The degree of
787:
784:
747:Livre-docência
741:
738:
710:
707:
632:
629:
628:
627:
618:
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
552:
535:
526:
517:
502:
499:
490:
481:
472:
463:
454:
439:
424:
415:
398:
376:
367:
352:
337:
332:Livre-docência
326:
317:
296:
281:
272:
257:
256:
198:"Habilitation"
171:
169:
162:
156:
153:
112:Medieval Latin
103:
100:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2266:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Diplom degree
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Undergraduate
1924:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:"Legal basis"
1689:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:Erhard Weigel
1460:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314: –
1313:
1309:
1308:Find sources:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1286:single source
1282:This section
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1246:(Norway), or
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:(for men) or
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:professorship
996:
994:
993:Venia legendi
987:
986:Venia docendi
981:
980:Venia legendi
975:
973:
969:
965:
960:
959:Habilitand/in
955:
953:
947:
945:
939:
935:
929:
921:
919:
916:
910:
909:qualification
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
873:
861:
860:qualification
855:
853:
851:
845:
843:
836:
831:
829:
818:
817:
811:
809:
803:
801:
793:
785:
783:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
761:
755:
750:
748:
739:
737:
733:
730:
725:
724:
723:venia docendi
718:
708:
706:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
675:
673:
672:venia legendi
666:
663:
657:
655:
651:
645:
643:
639:
630:
624:
619:
615:
609:
605:Switzerland (
604:
600:
595:
591:
586:
582:
577:
573:
568:
564:
553:
549:
542:
536:
532:
527:
523:
518:
514:
508:
503:
500:
496:
491:
487:
482:
478:
473:
471:, since 2012)
469:
464:
460:
455:
440:
436:
430:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
373:
368:
364:
358:
353:
349:
338:
334:
333:
327:
325:, until 2010)
323:
318:
314:
309:
303:
297:
293:
287:
282:
278:
273:
269:
264:
263:
262:
253:
250:
242:
231:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200: –
199:
195:
194:Find sources:
188:
184:
178:
177:
172:This article
170:
166:
161:
160:
154:
152:
149:
143:
131:
127:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
101:
99:
96:
91:
90:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
67:
61:
56:
55:
49:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2216:
2099:Habilitation
2098:
2082:Postdoctoral
2001:Postgraduate
1864:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1807:
1797:13 September
1795:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1770:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:the original
1697:
1688:
1662:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1642:
1634:univie.ac.at
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1580:
1572:fu-berlin.de
1571:
1562:
1551:the original
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1524:(in Russian)
1521:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1459:
1417:
1398:
1378:
1363:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1283:
1237:
1230:
1225:German state
1210:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1044:
1036:
1014:
1004:Privatdozent
1002:
990:
976:
967:
963:
952:Habilitation
949:
941:
931:
903:habilitation
856:
850:habilitation
847:
839:
821:
805:
797:
795:
759:
754:Habilitation
744:
743:
734:
721:
712:
700:
684:criminal law
669:
667:
658:
646:
634:
492:Luxembourg (
406:
389:
313:Doktar navuk
302:Доктар навук
260:
245:
236:
226:
219:
212:
205:
193:
181:Please help
176:verification
173:
108:habilitation
107:
105:
89:Privatdozent
81:
80:
70:
65:
64:
53:
52:
41:
40:
33:Habilitation
32:
31:
29:
2176:certificate
2162:Microdegree
2123:No dominant
2028:certificate
1385:brain drain
1249:Doktor hab.
1240:(Germany),
1199:habilitação
1171:habilitação
1153:habilitação
1140:habilitação
846:(or French
762:examination
548:Doktor nauk
541:Доктор наук
483:Lithuania (
137: 1652
2243:Categories
2152:Licentiate
1917:Levels of
1835:12 October
1451:References
1405:humanities
1353:March 2021
1323:newspapers
1111:VAT number
1026:Titellehre
1020:Priv.-Doz.
997:but not a
964:Dr. habil.
926:See also:
790:See also:
654:humanities
614:Dr. habil.
578:Slovenia (
569:Slovakia (
519:Portugal (
486:Dr. habil.
477:Dr. habil.
459:Dr. habil.
435:Dr. habil.
429:Priv.-Doz.
339:Bulgaria (
292:Priv.-Doz.
286:Univ.-Doz.
277:Habil. dr.
209:newspapers
155:Prevalence
116:habilitare
2217:Ad eundem
2188:/
2174:/
2057:Doctorate
2026:/
1961:/
1957:/
1616:bka.gv.at
1428:Bundestag
1293:talk page
1191:agregação
1183:agregação
1163:agregação
1147:agregação
1132:agregação
900:, French
770:professor
760:viva voce
688:civil law
620:Tunisia (
531:abilitare
528:Romania (
522:Agregação
456:Hungary (
426:Germany (
400:Finland (
369:Denmark (
298:Belarus (
265:Algeria (
106:The term
42:Dr. habil
2204:Unearned
1674:cite web
1596:17 April
1472:Archived
1439:See also
1407:and the
1401:medicine
1124:Portugal
650:sciences
638:medicine
596:Sweden (
590:Agregado
554:Serbia (
504:Poland (
474:Latvia (
450:υφηγητής
444:υφηγεσία
441:Greece (
417:France (
403:Dosentti
394:Al-Azhar
386:Ālimiyya
381:العالمية
328:Brazil (
239:May 2024
2190:diploma
2050:level 8
2012:level 7
1975:level 6
1938:level 5
1528:2 March
1370:tenured
1337:scholar
922:Germany
709:Austria
631:Process
611:and/or
507:dr hab.
501:Moldova
465:Italy (
432:and/or
378:Egypt (
308:Łacinka
223:scholar
125:habilis
54:Dr hab.
18:Dr.hab.
2219:degree
2147:Laurea
2114:Fellow
2109:Tenure
2104:Docent
1829:wdr.de
1664:4 June
1420:states
1403:, the
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1260:Debate
1066:-index
912:, and
786:France
740:Brazil
662:senate
599:Docent
581:Docent
572:Docent
563:Docent
557:Доцент
411:Docent
363:docent
348:Docent
342:Доцент
289:, now
225:
218:
211:
204:
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63:), or
2075:Other
2048:ISCED
2010:ISCED
1973:ISCED
1936:ISCED
1658:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1547:(PDF)
1344:JSTOR
1330:books
1033:Italy
690:, or
679:venia
230:JSTOR
216:books
85:(for
66:D.Sc.
1837:2016
1799:2018
1680:link
1666:2014
1598:2013
1530:2021
1316:news
1238:(W2)
1211:The
766:HEIs
357:doc.
202:news
1394:DFG
1299:by
1203:).
1072:on.
1017:or
854:).
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644:).
642:law
185:by
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1676:}}
1672:{{
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1015:PD
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1341:·
1334:·
1327:·
1320:·
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227:·
220:·
213:·
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
