31:
67:
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51:
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653:
904:
874:
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672:
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216:, and the meat was offered at altars, some of which was consumed by priests and the rest eaten in a mass celebration. The early Hawaiian diet was diverse, and may have included as many as 130 different types of seafood and 230 types of sweet potatoes. Some species of land and sea birds were consumed into extinction. The non-native species may have caused various birds, plants and land snails to go extinct.
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Pigs and dogs were killed by strangulation or by holding their nostrils shut in order to conserve the animal's blood. Meat was prepared by flattening out the whole eviscerated animal and broiling it over hot coals, or it was spitted on sticks. Large pieces of meat, such as fowl, pigs and dogs, would
283:
In ancient Hawai'i, communities divided into sections known as Ahupua'a. These were slices of land that typically stretched from the top of the mountain to the ocean. This division gave each community access to all natural resources the land could provide, and allowed each community to be largely
1032:
The intense heat from the hot rocks cooked food thoroughly—the quantity of food for several days could be cooked at once, taken out and eaten as needed, and the cover replaced to keep the remainder warm. Sweet potatoes, taro, breadfruit and other vegetables were cooked in the
1950:
1970:
708:(dog). All of these animals were introduced to Hawai`i, which prior to Polynesian voyagers did not have any large mammals. Pigs were hunted, while chickens and dogs were raised domestically. Animals were slow cooked primarily in
724:. Due to their lack of non-flammable cooking vessels, steaming and boiling were achieved by heating rocks in fires and placing the hot rocks in bowls of water. Many other foods, such as fruits and most seafood, were eaten raw.
712:, or underground ovens made by burying food with hot rocks and banana wood. They were also often cooked by cutting the animal open, filling its body with hot rocks, and wrapping it in ti, banana, and kalo leaves.
581:(sea urchin) were a large part of the Native Hawaiian diet, as the reef ecosystems surrounding the Hawaiian islands made for an abundant food source. Seafood was largely eaten raw and seasoned with sea salt and
1205:
for tourists, native
Hawaiian cuisine is less common than other ethnic cuisine in parts of Hawaii, but restaurants such as Helena's Hawaiian Food and Ono Hawaiian Foods specialize in traditional Hawaiian food.
609:) is an example of a food endemic to the Hawaiian Islands that was not introduced by the Polynesian voyagers. The uncoiled fronds (fiddles) are eaten boiled. The starchy core of the ferns was considered a
652:
219:
Early
Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew
545:, which are grown in the ground. These varied agricultural needs allowed the Native Hawaiians to have a good level of resistance and resilience to seasonal changes in precipitation.
640:
30:
1189:. When he came back in he stepped on shore and a group of warriors threw spears at him. He had to deflect or parry the spears to prove his worthiness to continue to rule.
66:
96:
Asia. The cuisine consisted of a mix of indigenous plants and animals as well as plants and animals introduced by
Polynesian voyagers, who became the Native Hawaiians.
2296:
284:
self sufficient. This division importantly gave communities access to streams running through the valleys down to the ocean, which allowed for construction of
1255:
4559:
1099:
The
Konohiki, a class of royalty that at this time of year provided the service of tax collector, collected agricultural and aquacultural products such as
671:
777:
cooked with taro leaves in a pot. It has a creamy consistency. Squid is usually cooked with this dish, but chicken is sometimes substituted for the squid.
501:) was another common staple crop that was introduced by the first Polynesians to voyage to Hawai`i. The potato required much less water to cultivate than
4685:
2621:
3821:
2822:
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1275:
147:
believe that these voyagers introduced anywhere from 27 to more than 30 plants to the islands, mainly for food. The most important of them was
137:
had no meat animals except bats and lizards. Various food-producing plants were introduced to the island by the migrating
Polynesian peoples.
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is made with beef, pork, or chicken and salted butterfish wrapped in taro leaves and then ti leaves. It was traditionally prepared in an imu.
4889:
720:
Most cooked foods eaten by Native
Hawaiians, were prepared either through steaming, boiling, or slow cooking in underground ovens known as
1708:
Paul, Robert E.; Ching-Cheng Chen (2003), "Postharvest
Physiology, Handling and Storage of Pineapple", in Bartholomew, Robert E. (ed.),
903:
4257:
2372:
1529:
1128:, stone altars set up at the boundary lines of each community. All war was outlawed to allow unimpeded passage of the image of Lono.
4359:
1615:
1594:
690:
Certain foods were eaten primarily by the royalty and nobility. These were also sometimes consumed by common people. These include
4920:
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2449:
2437:
1025:, ginger or banana leaves are put into the pit, covered with wet leaves, mats and a layer of earth. Water may be added through a
1562:
884:
450:
the shoot or sucker which grows from the kalo corm. As young shoots grow from the corm, so people too grow from their family.
2708:
896:
circa 1870. Dickson was a pioneering photographer on the islands who captured some of the earliest images of
Hawaiian people
50:
4534:
4519:
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2141:
853:
is another
Hawaiian pudding similar to Kulolo, with grated sweet potato or breadfruit mixed with coconut cream and baked.
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The
Hawaiian people had no money or other similar medium of exchange. The goods were offered on the altars of Lono at
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is the Hawaiian word for a meal and can also be used to refer to a party or feast. One tradition that includes
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Pollock, Nancy J. (Apr 1986), "Food Classification in Three Pacific Societies: Fiji, Hawaii, and Tahiti",
1159:
1135:, a long pole with a strip of tapa and other embellishments attached) was carried by the priests. At each
43:
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617:. It was prepared by peeling the young fronds or placing the entire trunk with the starchy center in an
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feast was held. When a woman was to have her first child, her husband started raising a pig for the
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On the Road of the Winds: an Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact
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2181:
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417:
403:
770:
121:. Nonetheless, when they arrived, few edible plants were indigenous to Hawaiʻi aside from a few
251:). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise
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2011:
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The New Cuisine of Hawaii: Recipes from the Twelve Celebrated Chefs of Hawaii Regional Cuisine
1816:
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1732:
1713:
1694:
1621:
1554:
1381:
1245:
1089:
316:
533:) was the last of the three staple crops that were introduced to Hawai`i by the Polynesians.
387:(taboo) of separating the genders for meals. This kapu was abolished in 1819 at the death of
17:
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4707:
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1601:
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969:
893:
505:, so it was important in regions that lacked sufficient precipitation for construction of
166:
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59:
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1198:
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822:
489:. Additionally, the leaves are also utilized as wrappings for other foods for steaming.
209:
186:
118:
93:
1019:, and when the rocks are glowing hot, the embers are removed and the foods wrapped in
4914:
4771:
4692:
4624:
4524:
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2626:
2538:
2444:
1927:
1223:
1174:, canoe races, relays, and swimming), singing, and feasting. In the third phase, the
1148:
1131:
The festival proceeded in a clockwise circle around the island as the image of Lono (
1038:
1008:
756:
392:
144:
85:
1986:
1326:
4849:
4786:
4594:
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3217:
3212:
3162:
2064:
Some Fruits of Hawaii: Their Composition, Nutritive Value and Use in Tested Recipes
965:
838:
800:
796:
774:
498:
473:) was the primary staple food in the Native Hawaiian diet. The tubers are grown in
388:
360:
319:, kava) is a traditional food among Hawaiians. Breadfruit, sweet potato, kava, and
162:
157:
made from it—was the main staple of the Hawaiian diet, and it is still much loved.
126:
74:
into poi. Taro plants can be seen growing in the background below the banana leaves
2330:
2026:
1831:
1648:
The Island Plate: 150 Years of Recipes and Food Lore from the Honolulu Advertiser
785:(pronounced how-pee-ah) is a flan like dessert made with coconut milk and ground
4879:
4837:
4469:
4262:
3502:
2326:
1729:
Tradewinds & Coconuts: A Reminiscence & Recipes from the Pacific Islands
1237:
1062:
944:
741:(pronounced po-ee) is made from cooked, mashed, and sometimes lightly fermented
614:
610:
301:
2306:
2149:
1115:
and mats. Some offerings were in the form of forest products such as feathers.
1213:
981:
736:
622:
530:
248:
178:
153:
55:
39:
1151:
who caused things to grow and who gave plenty and prosperity to the islands.
1124:—temples—in each district around the island. Offerings also were made at the
1011:
and other rocks that do not split when heated to a high temperature, such as
4670:
4091:
936:
786:
759:(pronounced po-keh) is a raw marinated fish or other seafood salad (such as
373:
194:
170:
114:
89:
1197:
Native Hawaiian dishes have evolved and been integrated into contemporary
4761:
1770:
1746:
1078:
1046:
1003:
998:
994:
932:
760:
205:
140:
857:
646:
Fish were caught in near-shore reefs and tidepools using spears and nets
477:, terraced mud patches often utilizing spring-fed or stream irrigation.
379:
Men did all of the cooking, and food for women was cooked in a separate
4766:
4464:
4384:
2381:
2185:
1378:
No Na Mamo: Traditional and Contemporary Hawaiian Beliefs and Practices
1185:
At the end of the Makahiki festival, the chief would go off shore in a
1171:
1167:
1163:
1012:
973:
866:
815:
or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed
807:
618:
586:
365:
340:
328:
324:
293:
264:
240:
190:
4832:
1231:
1351:
1026:
931:
feast that was celebrated for the birth of a child. Besides the pig,
829:
812:
781:
749:
572:
232:
182:
2177:
1092:. Makahiki includes a first phase of spiritual cleansing and making
435:(Taro), the first-born son of the parents who begat the human race.
680:(Breadfruit) were another starchy staple food in the Hawaiian diet.
4776:
4198:
1750:
1186:
1120:
1055:
1016:
883:
872:
856:
817:
789:. Cornstarch has become a widespread substitute for the arrowroot.
729:
332:
65:
49:
29:
1652:
4810:
4781:
4454:
1182:
and taken out to sea where it was set adrift as a gift to Lono.
1155:
1112:
1104:
1085:
834:
742:
470:
383:; afterwards men and women ate meals separately per the ancient
351:
336:
256:
224:
201:
148:
125:
and fruits that grew at higher elevations. Fish, shellfish, and
122:
71:
35:
2354:
767:
nut oil and in more recent times with soy sauce and sesame oil.
415:
was eaten in times of food scarcity. It and the now endangered
4803:
1830:
HRHAS, (Honolulu Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society) (1850),
1651:, Waipahu, Hawaiʻi: Island Heritage Publishing, archived from
1100:
989:
843:
399:
continues for special occasions and is popular with tourists.
2062:
Miller, Cary D.; Bazore, Katherine; Robbins, Ruth C. (2002),
1836:, vol. 1, Honolulu, HI: Henry M. Whitney, pp. 45–46
133:
were easy to catch and eggs from nests were also eaten. Most
2120:
2081:
Miller, Sally M.; Latham, A.J.H; Flynn, Dennis Owen (1998),
833:(pronounced ku-lo-lo) is a pudding dessert made from grated
537:
fruits grow on trees, unlike the previous two staple crops,
292:
agriculture. In the spaces where the streams met the ocean,
2350:
1813:
We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans
212:, and introduced them to the islands. Pigs were raised for
1952:
The Food of Paradise: Exploring Hawaii's Culinary Heritage
549:
is a starchy fruit and can be prepared in similar ways to
481:
are typically steamed and eaten in chunks or pounded into
42:
pounder dated from the 18th century or earlier. (From the
795:(pronounced ko-ele pa-lao) is a dessert made from cooked
88:
that predate contact with Europeans and immigration from
1595:
Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia
948:, was not used until 1856, replacing the Hawaiian words
939:, seaweed, and taro leaves were required for the feast.
1833:
Transactions of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society
589:). This preparation gave birth to the now popular dish
431:. It is shared and is connected to the concept because
745:. It is the starch staple of the native Hawaiian diet.
1523:"Hoʻihoʻi Kulana Wahi pana - Restoring Sacred Places"
763:
or octopus poke). It is made with sea salt, seaweed,
442:/taro, so much so that the Hawaiian term for family,
327:) are associated with the four major Hawaiian gods:
4754:
4721:
4658:
4490:
4403:
4084:
2537:
2388:
2025:MacCaughey, Vaughan (1918), Shreve, Forrest (ed.),
1053:with hot rocks inserted in the abdominal cavities.
984:, or spitted over a fire during ceremonial feasts.
2083:Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim
1686:
376:) which was used as both a sweet and a medicine.
2008:Rough Riders: Hawaii's Paniolo and Their Stories
1775:Sam Choy & the Makaha Sons' A Hawaiian Lū'au
1604:, Volume 1 edited by Daniel S. Murphree page 271
960:came from the name of a food always served at a
821:nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with
427:There is no fighting when eating from a bowl of
2100:Nenes, Michael F. (2007), "Cuisine of Hawaii",
1493:
1491:
1403:"About Hawaiian Foods and Ancient Food Customs"
1041:was salted and dried before being put into the
517:, including steaming, boiling, or cooked in an
2366:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1380:. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai`i Press.
1143:) the caretakers of that community presented
1088:(referred to as the sweet potato god) of the
1060:Procession offering gifts to Lono during the
173:, the first settlers from Polynesia, brought
8:
2295:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2027:"The Native Bananas of the Hawaiian Islands"
1410:ScholarSpace, University of Hawai'i at Manoa
1256:List of regional dishes of the United States
1066:protocol presentation of a Makahiki festival
200:Ancient Polynesians sailed the Pacific with
1573:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1528:. Kamehameha Investment Corporation. 2008.
1441:
395:. The ancient practice of cooking with the
288:, irrigated mud patches that were used for
2373:
2359:
2351:
2253:Schindler, Roana; Schindler, Gene (1981),
1710:The Pineapple: Botany, Production and Uses
1154:The second phase of celebration includes:
2204:, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press,
1689:A Concise History of the Hawaiian Islands
1007:. A pit is dug into earth and lined with
1482:
1429:
2125:, Honolulu, Hawaii: Mutual Publishing,
1755:, Honolulu, Hawaii: Mutual Publishing,
1509:
1470:
1458:
1266:
899:
636:
189:. Settlers from Polynesia also brought
2288:
1193:Legacy of traditional Hawaiian cuisine
1084:New Year festival in honor of the god
923:On important occasions, a traditional
633:is the food, it is the food of death).
4560:Historical North Indian and Pakistani
2142:"Poke: Hawai'i's "Numbah One" Choice"
2047:, Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press,
1932:Fat: the Anthropology of an Obsession
1870:, Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press,
1614:Benson, Sara; Kennedy, Scott (2009).
7:
4865:
1752:Sam Choy's Poke: Hawaiʻi's Soul Food
1497:
1158:dancing, sports (boxing, wrestling,
4885:
2066:, University Press of the Pacific,
1926:Kulick, Don; Meneley, Anne (2005),
733:, pig cooked underground in an imu.
513:can be prepared in similar ways to
2140:Piianaia, Nancy (September 2007),
1911:, University of California Press,
1535:from the original on June 12, 2010
1356:National Tropical Botanical Garden
1331:National Tropical Botanical Garden
1139:(each community also is called an
987:Hawaiian earth ovens, known as an
847:, having a fudge-like consistency.
665:, the staple of the Hawaiian Diet.
407:wood was used to make food bowls.
25:
2221:A Hundred Years of Island Cooking
942:The modern name for such feasts,
773:(pronounced Loo-ow) is made with
686:Royal and celebratory ingredients
661:(taro patches) were used to grow
565:(fish) and other seafood such as
438:Hawaiians identify strongly with
4894:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4843:
4831:
2276:, University Press of Virginia,
1991:, University Press of Kentucky,
1712:, CABI Publishing, p. 253,
1230:
1216:
902:
670:
651:
639:
308:Culinary and cultural traditions
4895:
2219:Rea, Pat; Ting, Regina (1991),
1842:Henderson, Janice Wald (1994),
919:Festivals and special occasions
109:The date of the arrival on the
4550:Historical Indian subcontinent
2335:, W. W. Norton & Company,
2010:, Island Heritage Publishing,
1867:The Works of the People of Old
1667:Adams, Wanda A. (2007-11-28),
1327:"Uala - Hawaiian Sweet Potato"
1276:"Ahupua'a, Fishponds and Lo'i"
877:An 1899 photo of a man making
151:. For centuries, taro—and the
62:dated to between 1860 and 1870
1:
1669:"Cheers to cooking with beer"
1617:Honolulu, Waikiki & O'ahu
1325:DeMotta, Mike (8 June 2021).
964:, young taro tops baked with
18:Draft:Native Hawaiian cuisine
2272:Schwabe, Calvin, W. (1979),
1885:Kane, Herb Kawainui (1998),
1815:, Harvard University Press,
346:Popular condiments included
27:Traditional Hawaiian cuisine
4734:List of historical cuisines
4570:History of alcoholic drinks
2587:Lowcountry (South Carolina)
2232:Salama, Toni (2007-12-02),
1957:University of Hawaiʻi Press
1846:, New York: Villard Books,
1811:Gabaccia, Donna R. (2000),
1376:Chun, Malcolm Naea (2011).
1178:(tax canoe)was loaded with
627:He hāpuʻu ka ʻai he ai make
446:, is derived from the word
4942:
4021:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
1727:Brennan, Jennifer (2000),
1575:University of Hawaii Press
4826:
2225:Hawaiian Electric Company
2102:American Regional Cuisine
1792:Corum, Ann Kondo (2000),
421:are known in Hawaiian as
129:are abundant in Hawai’i.
4640:Scottish royal household
4585:History of vegetarianism
2823:Central African Republic
2305:Shintani, Terry (1999),
2119:Philpotts, Kaui (2004),
1645:Adams, Wanda A. (2006),
1015:. A fire is built with
603:, (Hawaiian tree fern) (
105:Voyagers and canoe foods
4921:Native Hawaiian cuisine
2234:"A little Hilo history"
1949:Laudan, Rachel (1996),
1794:Ethnic Foods of Hawaiʻi
1677:The Honolulu Advertiser
1442:Pukui & Elbert 1986
1251:List of Hawaiian dishes
1096:offerings to the gods.
1077:is the four-month-long
980:be typically cooked in
716:Dishes and preparations
169:were also planted. The
79:Native Hawaiian cuisine
4565:History of agriculture
2257:, Dover Publications,
2122:Great Chefs of Hawaiʻi
2006:Loomis, Ilima (2006),
1985:Long, Lucy M. (2003),
1571:in Hawaiian Dictionary
1160:Hawaiian lava sledding
1067:
1029:tube to create steam.
897:
881:
870:
799:mashed and mixed with
75:
63:
58:dealer. Photograph by
47:
44:Honolulu Museum of Art
4535:Early modern European
4263:Indigenous Australian
3822:São Tomé and Príncipe
2709:Bosnian-Herzegovinian
2274:Unmentionable Cuisine
1905:Kirch, Patrick Vinton
1777:, Mutual Publishing,
1773:; Cook, Lynn (2003),
1685:Barnes, Phil (1999),
1147:to the Lono image, a
1059:
1045:. Chickens, pigs and
887:
876:
860:
185:later introduced the
69:
53:
33:
4698:Molecular gastronomy
4630:Pre-contact Hawaiian
4540:Historical Argentine
4426:Mangalorean Catholic
2607:Pacific Northwestern
2045:Hawaiian Antiquities
2043:Malo, David (2005),
1693:, Petroglyph Press,
1483:Choy & Cook 2003
1430:Choy & Cook 2003
4555:Historical Japanese
4390:Transylvanian Saxon
4258:Indigenous American
2202:Hawaiian Dictionary
1512:, pp. 271–273.
1037:, as well as fish.
1001:in a method called
841:that's baked in an
412:Cyanea angustifolia
214:religious sacrifice
4926:Polynesian cuisine
4635:Korean royal court
4580:History of seafood
4545:Historical Chinese
4520:Antebellum America
4360:Pennsylvania Dutch
2972:Equatorial Guinean
2942:Dominican Republic
2194:Pukui, Mary Kawena
1889:, Kawainui Press,
1862:Kamakau, Samuel M.
1796:, The Bess Press,
1600:2016-05-22 at the
1559:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
1352:"About Breadfruit"
1068:
1049:were put into the
929:ʻahaʻaina mawaewae
898:
882:
871:
606:Cibotium menziesii
459:Staple ingredients
418:Cyanea platyphylla
404:Thespesia populnea
76:
64:
48:
4908:
4907:
4650:Thirteen Colonies
4510:Ancient Israelite
3710:Papua New Guinean
2508:Intercontinental
2342:978-0-393-30220-2
2332:Hawaii: A History
2318:978-0-671-02666-0
2283:978-0-8139-1162-5
2264:978-0-486-24185-2
2255:Hawaiian Cookbook
2239:The Seattle Times
2211:978-0-8248-0703-0
2198:Elbert, Samuel H.
2132:978-1-56647-595-2
2111:978-0-471-68294-3
2092:978-0-415-14819-1
2073:978-1-4102-0347-2
2054:978-0-910240-15-4
2017:978-1-59700-017-8
1998:978-0-8131-2292-2
1966:978-0-8248-1778-7
1941:978-1-58542-386-6
1928:"Spam in History"
1918:978-0-520-23461-1
1896:978-0-943357-03-4
1877:978-0-910240-18-5
1853:978-0-679-42529-8
1822:978-0-674-00190-9
1803:978-1-57306-117-9
1784:978-1-56647-573-0
1762:978-1-56647-253-1
1738:978-962-593-819-6
1719:978-0-85199-503-8
1700:978-0-912180-56-4
1627:978-1-74104-865-0
1620:. Lonely Planet.
1555:Mary Kawena Pukui
1432:, pp. 12–13.
1387:978-0-8248-3624-5
1246:Cuisine of Hawaii
1090:Hawaiian religion
888:Hawaiians eating
811:is a traditional
521:with other foods.
317:Piper methysticum
16:(Redirected from
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4729:List of cuisines
4575:History of bread
4500:Ancient Egyptian
4477:Ritual slaughter
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113:of the earliest
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1887:Ancient Hawaii
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1166:marksmanship,
1109:sweet potatoes
1009:volcanic rocks
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145:archaeologists
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86:Hawaiian foods
81:refers to the
46:'s collection)
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4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Ancient Roman
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Ancient Greek
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:Goan Catholic
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Crimean Tatar
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:South African
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Saudi Arabian
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Luxembourgish
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Uttar Pradesh
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Maharashtrian
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Chhattisgarhi
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:East Timorese
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Midwestern US
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Mediterranean
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2152:on 2016-03-03
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:, Routledge,
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1973:on 2016-08-22
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1679:, pp. 3E
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1655:on 2020-02-23
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1580:September 21,
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1539:September 21,
1531:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1500:, p. 53.
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1485:, p. 16.
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1415:September 30,
1411:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1336:September 30,
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1310:September 29,
1306:
1305:Bishop Museum
1302:
1296:
1293:
1285:September 30,
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1224:Hawaii portal
1214:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:. Apart from
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:fertility god
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Saltwater eel
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
985:
983:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
912:
909:Men pounding
905:
900:
895:
891:
886:
880:
875:
868:
864:
859:
852:
849:
846:
845:
840:
836:
832:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
809:
805:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
766:
762:
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
740:
739:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
725:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
706:
701:
700:
695:
694:
685:
679:
673:
668:
664:
660:
654:
649:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
569:
564:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
463:
462:
458:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
406:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:baking banana
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
73:
68:
61:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4703:Note by Note
4681:New American
4629:
4370:Pontic Greek
4251:South Indian
4246:North Indian
3917:Extremaduran
3807:Saint Lucian
3481:South Korean
3476:North Korean
3340:Palembangese
3268:Uttarakhandi
2754:Saint Helena
2744:Gibraltarian
2612:Puerto Rican
2331:
2307:
2273:
2254:
2243:, retrieved
2237:
2220:
2201:
2169:
2165:
2154:, retrieved
2150:the original
2145:
2121:
2101:
2082:
2063:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2007:
1987:
1975:, retrieved
1971:the original
1951:
1931:
1908:
1886:
1866:
1843:
1832:
1812:
1793:
1774:
1751:
1731:, Periplus,
1728:
1709:
1688:
1672:
1657:, retrieved
1653:the original
1647:
1638:Bibliography
1616:
1609:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1570:
1564:
1563:"lookup of
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1517:
1510:Brennan 2000
1505:
1478:
1471:Brennan 2000
1466:
1459:Schwabe 1979
1437:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1396:
1377:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1269:
1202:
1196:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1111:, dry fish,
1098:
1093:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1020:
1002:
988:
986:
978:
966:coconut milk
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
928:
924:
922:
910:
889:
878:
865:showing its
862:
850:
842:
839:coconut milk
828:
816:
806:
801:coconut milk
797:sweet potato
793:Ko'ele palau
792:
780:
775:coconut milk
764:
748:
737:
728:
721:
719:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
691:
689:
677:
662:
658:
630:
626:
621:or volcanic
604:
599:
598:
590:
582:
577:
576:
567:
566:
561:
560:
554:
550:
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499:Sweet potato
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389:Kamehameha I
384:
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108:
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4890:WikiProject
4470:Kosher food
3852:Singaporean
3842:Seychellois
3817:Sammarinese
3700:Palestinian
3660:New Zealand
3630:Montenegrin
3600:Mauritanian
3595:Marshallese
3407:Piedmontese
3335:Minangkabau
3305:Gorontalese
3086:Heptanesean
3002:Kapampangan
2925:Greenlandic
2801:Cameroonian
2669:Bangladeshi
2659:Azerbaijani
2617:Southern US
2602:New Mexican
2597:New English
2572:Californian
2389:Continental
2308:Hawaii Diet
1955:, Seattle:
1934:, Tarcher,
1565:waʻa ʻauhau
1238:Food portal
1176:waʻa ʻauhau
982:earth ovens
956:. The name
869:consistency
623:steam vents
613:or used as
611:famine food
600:Hāpuʻu ʻiʻi
454:Ingredients
302:aquaculture
83:traditional
54:A Hawaiian
4915:Categories
4713:Vegetarian
4492:Historical
4236:Indonesian
4184:Indonesian
4154:Australian
4076:Zimbabwean
4056:Vietnamese
4051:Venezuelan
3939:Sri Lankan
3907:Cantabrian
3882:Andalusian
3832:Senegalese
3812:Salvadoran
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3730:Portuguese
3715:Paraguayan
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3665:Nicaraguan
3640:Mozambican
3620:Monégasque
3573:Sarawakian
3548:Macedonian
3538:Lithuanian
3402:Neapolitan
3275:Indonesian
3233:Rajasthani
3208:Meghalayan
3183:Jharkhandi
3138:Arunachali
3093:Guatemalan
3024:La Réunion
2957:Ecuadorian
2932:Djiboutian
2679:Belarusian
2649:Australian
2577:Floribbean
2245:2007-11-13
2156:2007-11-13
1977:2020-04-15
1659:2014-05-19
1361:October 1,
1262:References
993:, combine
935:, shrimp,
861:A bowl of
629:" (If the
531:Breadfruit
393:Ka'ahumanu
354:), ground
298:fish ponds
249:breadfruit
181:) and the
179:breadfruit
171:Marquesans
115:Polynesian
4792:sociology
4671:Fast food
4666:Classique
4530:Byzantine
4431:Mennonite
4416:Christian
4404:Religious
4365:Peranakan
4313:Sephardic
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3456:Jordanian
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2781:Burkinabé
2776:Bulgarian
2729:Anguillia
2719:Brazilian
2699:Bhutanese
2674:Barbadian
2639:Argentine
2460:Levantine
2450:Caucasian
2423:Caribbean
2311:, Atria,
2166:Ethnology
2104:, Wiley,
1771:Choy, Sam
1747:Choy, Sam
1498:Kane 1998
962:ʻahaʻaina
950:ʻahaʻaina
925:ʻahaʻaina
837:corm and
787:arrowroot
659:Lo`i Kalo
507:lo`i kalo
475:lo`i kalo
374:sugarcane
356:kukui nut
294:estuaries
195:sugarcane
183:Tahitians
141:Botanists
94:Southeast
70:Pounding
4880:Cookbook
4860:Category
4762:Cookbook
4744:Prepared
4708:Nouvelle
4686:Eurasian
4615:Medieval
4411:Buddhist
4345:Ossetian
4330:Livonian
4308:Moroccan
4293:Bukharan
4283:American
4221:Hazaragi
4199:Peruvian
4174:Filipino
4169:Canadian
4149:American
4119:Assyrian
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4001:Tunisian
3996:Togolese
3944:Sudanese
3922:Galician
3902:Canarian
3892:Balearic
3887:Asturian
3740:Romanian
3720:Peruvian
3675:Nigerian
3655:Nepalese
3645:Namibian
3635:Moroccan
3615:Moldovan
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3523:Liberian
3513:Lebanese
3449:Okinawan
3444:Japanese
3439:Jamaican
3427:Venetian
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3397:Lucanian
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3320:Madurese
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3285:Balinese
3280:Acehnese
3203:Manipuri
3178:Kashmiri
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3168:Gujarati
3143:Assamese
3113:Honduran
3076:Epirotic
3061:Ghanaian
3051:Georgian
3041:Gabonese
3019:Corsican
2997:Filipino
2982:Estonian
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2962:Egyptian
2895:Croatian
2878:Xinjiang
2863:Shandong
2858:Macanese
2806:Canadian
2771:Bruneian
2759:Scottish
2714:Botswana
2704:Bolivian
2694:Beninese
2689:Belizean
2664:Bahraini
2654:Austrian
2644:Armenian
2582:Hawaiian
2567:American
2562:Algerian
2557:Albanian
2544:regional
2539:National
2504:Oceanian
2477:European
2418:Americas
2382:Cuisines
2329:(1984),
2291:citation
2200:(1986),
1907:(2001),
1864:(1992),
1749:(1999),
1598:Archived
1561:(2003).
1530:Archived
1210:See also
1180:hoʻokupu
1145:hoʻokupu
1141:ahupuaʻa
1137:ahupuaʻa
1133:Akua Loa
1094:hoʻokupu
1079:Makahiki
1063:hoʻokupu
999:steaming
995:roasting
761:ahi poke
615:pig feed
279:Ahupua'a
206:chickens
191:coconuts
4900:Outline
4870:Commons
4787:history
4767:Cooking
4755:Related
4625:Peasant
4620:Ottoman
4590:Hittite
4465:Kashrut
4448:Chinese
4443:Islamic
4355:Pashtun
4325:Kurdish
4303:Mizrahi
4231:English
4159:British
4144:Chinese
4124:Balochi
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4006:Turkish
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3912:Catalan
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3802:Rwandan
3765:Cossack
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3745:Russian
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3568:Sabahan
3518:Lesotho
3508:Latvian
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3488:Kosovan
3434:Ivorian
3392:Lombard
3382:Apulian
3372:Italian
3367:Israeli
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3258:Tripuri
3228:Punjabi
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3108:Haitian
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3046:Gambian
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3009:Finnish
2967:Emirati
2920:Faroese
2905:Cypriot
2873:Tibetan
2868:Sichuan
2843:Beijing
2838:Chinese
2833:Chilean
2828:Chadian
2811:Acadian
2786:Burmese
2739:English
2724:British
2684:Belgian
2634:Angolan
2492:Eastern
2487:Central
2455:Central
2396:African
2186:3773663
1172:surfing
1168:bowling
1164:javelin
1013:granite
974:octopus
970:chicken
913:in 1890
867:viscous
808:Inamona
696:(pig),
587:seaweed
573:limpets
368:), and
366:seaweed
348:paʻakai
341:Kanaloa
325:octopus
273:poi dog
267:), and
265:chicken
243:), and
241:coconut
100:History
4676:Fusion
4659:Styles
4645:Soviet
4610:Mughal
4605:Muisca
4395:Yup'ik
4385:Tejano
4375:Romani
4318:Syrian
4278:Jewish
4226:Indian
4211:Gagauz
4179:Indian
4134:Buryat
4129:Berber
4085:Ethnic
4066:Yemeni
3964:Syrian
3897:Basque
3867:Somali
3857:Slovak
3790:Udmurt
3735:Qatari
3725:Polish
3680:Niuean
3585:Malian
3528:Libyan
3498:Kyrgyz
3471:Korean
3466:Kenyan
3461:Kazakh
3300:Betawi
3290:Banjar
3243:Sindhi
3193:Kerala
3153:Bihari
3133:Andhra
3128:Indian
3071:Cretan
3056:German
3014:French
2992:Fijian
2915:Danish
2552:Afghan
2512:Global
2482:Balkan
2339:
2315:
2280:
2261:
2208:
2184:
2129:
2108:
2089:
2070:
2051:
2037:: 1–12
2014:
1995:
1963:
1938:
1915:
1893:
1874:
1850:
1819:
1800:
1781:
1759:
1735:
1716:
1697:
1624:
1384:
1075:paʻina
1071:Paʻina
1027:bamboo
1017:embers
954:pāʻina
933:mullet
830:Kulolo
813:relish
782:Haupia
750:Laulau
631:hāpuʻu
575:) and
483:pa`iai
444:ʻohana
233:banana
208:, and
165:) and
4777:Drink
4722:Lists
4693:Haute
4600:Mayan
4525:Aztec
4438:Hindu
4350:Parsi
4340:Malay
4268:Inuit
4139:Cajun
4041:Uzbek
3974:Tajik
3959:Swiss
3949:Swazi
3795:Yamal
3785:Tatar
3780:Sakha
3690:Omani
3670:Niger
3412:Roman
3362:Irish
3357:Iraqi
3295:Batak
3248:Tamil
3066:Greek
2947:Dutch
2910:Czech
2900:Cuban
2764:Welsh
2627:Texan
2465:South
2445:Asian
2433:South
2428:North
2401:North
2182:JSTOR
1673:Taste
1533:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1203:lūʻau
1187:canoe
1121:heiau
1004:kālua
958:lūʻau
945:lūʻau
851:Piele
818:kukui
771:Lūʻau
765:kukui
730:Kalua
705:`Ilio
693:Pua`a
568:Opihi
551:`Uala
543:`uala
511:`Uala
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448:ʻohā,
433:Hāloa
423:hāhā.
269:ʻīlio
253:puaʻa
229:maiʻa
159:ʻUala
123:ferns
38:rock
4811:Meal
4799:Diet
4782:Food
4595:Inca
4482:Sikh
4460:Jain
4455:Ital
4380:Sámi
4102:Arab
4097:Ainu
3991:Thai
3770:Komi
3310:Indo
3223:Odia
3218:Naga
3213:Mizo
3163:Goan
2497:list
2470:list
2438:list
2411:list
2406:West
2337:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2297:link
2278:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1582:2010
1541:2010
1417:2021
1382:ISBN
1363:2021
1338:2021
1312:2021
1287:2021
1156:hula
1113:kapa
1105:taro
1101:pigs
1086:Lono
1047:dogs
997:and
968:and
952:and
937:crab
835:taro
757:Poke
743:taro
678:`Ulu
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