385:(DAG) transaction settlement and data integrity layer. It is structured as a string of individual transactions that are interlinked to each other and stored through a network of node participants. The Tangle does not have miners validating transactions, rather, network participants are jointly responsible for transaction validation, and must confirm two transactions already submitted to the network for every one transaction they issue. Transactions can therefore be issued to the network at no cost, facilitating micropayments. To avoid spam, every transaction requires computational resources based on Proof of Work (PoW) algorithms, to find the answer to a simple cryptographic puzzle.
1383:, says "IOTA is not decentralized, even though IOTA makes that claim, because it has a central "coordinator node" that the network needs to operate. If a regulator or a hacker shut down the coordinator node, the network would go down." This was demonstrated during the Trinity attack incident, when the IOTA foundation shutdown the coordinator to prevent further thefts. Following a discovered vulnerability in October 2017, the IOTA foundation transferred potentially compromised funds to addresses under its control, providing a process for users to later apply to the IOTA Foundation in order to reclaim their funds.
3592:
356:
coordinator in the future, using a two-stage network update, termed
Chrysalis for IOTA 1.5 and Coordicide for IOTA 2.0. The Chrysalis update went live on 28 April 2021, and removed its controversial design choices such as ternary encoding and Winternitz one-time signatures, to create an enterprise-ready blockchain solution. In parallel Coordicide is currently developed, to create a distributed network that no longer relies on the coordinator for consensus. A testnet of Coordicide was deployed late 2020, with the aim of releasing a final version in 2021.
3604:
347:. The attacker compromised over 50 IOTA seeds, resulting in the theft of approximately US$ 2 Million worth in IOTA tokens. After receiving reports that hackers were stealing funds from user wallets, the IOTA Foundation shut down the coordinator on 12 February 2020. This had the side-effect of effectively shutting down the entire IOTA cryptocurrency. Users at-risk were given seven days to migrate their potentially compromised seed to a new seed, until 7 March 2020. The coordinator was restarted on 10 March 2020.
3556:
447:, the ability to spend the same money twice in two simultaneous transactions. Bitcoin's solution has been to use Proof of Work (PoW) making it a significant financial burden to have a minted block be rejected for a double spend. IOTA has designed a voting algorithm called Fast Probabilistic Consensus to form a consensus on double spends. Instead of starting from scratch, the IOTA Foundation started with Simple Majority Consensus where the first opinion update is defined by,
365:
411:
special node operated by the IOTA foundation, called the coordinator. The coordinator issues zero value transactions at given time intervals, called milestones. Any transaction, directly or indirectly, referenced by such a milestone is considered valid by the nodes in the network. The coordinator is an authority operated by the IOTA foundation and as such single point of failure for the IOTA network, which makes the network centralized.
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40:
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the participants of the data marketplace, suggesting that "the IOTA Foundation was actively asking publications to use
Microsoft’s name following the data marketplace announcement.". Izabella Kaminska criticized a Jaguar press release: "our interpretation is that it's very unlikely Jaguar will be bringing a smart-wallet-enabled marketplace any time soon."
393:. Authorised parties with the correct decryption key can therefore only follow a datastream from their point of entry. When the owner of the data stream wants to revoke access, it can change the decryption key when publishing a new message. This provides the owner granular controls over the way in which data is exchanged to authorised parties.
1372:
This is a problem in traditional proof-of-work blockchains as well, however, they provide a much greater degree of security through higher fault tolerance and transaction fees. At the beginning, when there is a lower number of participants and incoming transactions, a central coordinator is needed to prevent an attack on the IOTA tangle.
1305:, is a randomized threshold for majority. Randomizing the threshold for majority makes it extremely difficult for adversaries to manipulate the consensus by either making it converge to a specific value or prolonging consensus. Note that FPC is only utilized to form consensus on a transaction during a double spend.
1371:
The security of IOTA's consensus mechanism against double-spending attacks is unclear, as long as the network is immature. Essentially, in the IoT, with heterogeneous devices having varying levels of low computational power, sufficiently strong computational resources will render the tangle insecure.
1367:
IOTA promises to achieve the same benefits that blockchain-based DLTs bring — decentralization, distribution, immutability and trust — but removes the downsides of wasted resources associated with mining as well as transaction costs. However, several of the design features of IOTA are unusual, and it
1358:
Announcements of partners were critically received. In 2017, IOTA released the data marketplace, a pilot for a market where connected sensors or devices can store, sell or purchase data. The data marketplace was received critically by the cryptocurrency community over the extent of the involvement of
388:
IOTA supports both value and data transfers. A second layer protocol provides encryption and authentication of messages, or data streams, transmitted and stored on the Tangle as zero-value transactions. Each message holds a reference to the address of a follow-up message, connecting the messages in a
355:
The IOTA network is currently centralized, a transaction on the network is considered valid if and only if it is referenced by a milestone issued by a node operated by the IOTA foundation called the coordinator. In 2019 the IOTA Foundation announced that it would like to operate the network without a
229:
encoding and quantum proof cryptography were left behind and replaced with established standards. A testnet for a follow-up update called
Coordicide, or IOTA 2.0, was deployed in late 2020, with the aim of releasing a distributed network that no longer relies on the coordinator for consensus in 2021.
262:
Following a dispute between IOTA founders David Sønstebø and Sergey
Ivancheglo, Ivancheglo resigned from the board of directors on 23 June 2019. On 10 December 2020 the IOTA Foundation Board of Directors and supervisory board announced that the Foundation officially parted ways with David Sønstebø.
237:
The value transfer protocol IOTA, named after the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, was created in 2015 by David Sønstebø, Dominik
Schiener, Sergey Ivancheglo, and Serguei Popov. Initial development was funded by an online public crowdsale, with the participants buying the IOTA value token with
228:
IOTA has been criticized due to its unusual design, of which it is unclear whether it will work in practice. As a result, IOTA was rewritten from the ground up for a network update called
Chrysalis, or IOTA 1.5, which launched on 28 April 2021. In this update, controversial decisions such as ternary
1346:
Group company) to announce the Eviden
Digital Passport Solution (EDPS), a distributed ledger technology-based service that tracks the life cycle and carbon footprint of automotive batteries (like the origin of the battery, materials used to create it, manufacturing process, usage, repairs, etc.),
410:
IOTA currently requires a majority of honest actors to prevent network attacks. However, as the concept of mining does not exist on the IOTA network, it is unlikely that this requirement will always be met. Therefore, consensus is currently obtained through referencing of transactions issued by a
335:
attempts, which have resulted in the thefts of user tokens and extended periods of downtime. In
January 2018, more than US$ 10 million worth of IOTA tokens were stolen from users that used a malicious online seed-creator, a password that protects their ownership of IOTA tokens. The seed-generator
914:
which is similar to SMC although, the nodes in which their opinions are queries is randomized. They took RMC then augmented it to create FPC by having the threshold of majority be a random number generated from a
Decentralized Random Number Generator (dRNG). For FPC, the first sound is the same,
401:
The IOTA token is a unit of value in the IOTA network. There is a fixed supply of 2,779,530,283,277,761 IOTA tokens in circulation on the IOTA network. IOTA tokens are stored in IOTA wallets protected by an 81-character seed, similar to a password. To access and spend the tokens, IOTA provides a
258:
in Berlin, with the goal to assist in the research and development, education and standardisation of IOTA technology. The IOTA Foundation is a board member of
International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), and founding member of the Trusted IoT Alliance and Mobility Open
310:
reported legal posturing by an IOTA Founder against a security researcher for his involvement in the DCI report, as well as instances of aggressive language levelled against a Forbes contributor and other unnamed journalists covering the DCI report. The Center for Blockchain Technologies at the
1354:
and IOTA Foundation jointly launched the Tangle EE (Enterprise Edition) Working Group. Tangle EE is aimed at enterprise users that can take IOTA technology and enable larger organizations to build applications on top of the project, where the Eclipse Foundation will provide a vendor-neutral
266:
In November 2023, the IOTA Ecosystem DLT Foundation was created in the United Arab Emirates. The purpose of the foundation is to facilitate the growth of IOTA's distributed ledger technology in the Middle East. It was the first crypto-centric organization to be approved by regulators of the
1197:
905:
1333:
testbeds, to establish digital identity, waste management and local trade of energy. In project Alvarium, formed under the Linux Foundation, IOTA is used as an immutable storage and validation mechanism. The privacy centered search engine Xayn uses IOTA as a
1013:
545:
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Additionally, IOTA has seen several network outages as a result of bugs in the coordinator as well as DDoS attacks. Early in the seed generator scam, a DDoS network attack distracted IOTA admins, leaving initial thefts undetected.
1308:
Ultimately, IOTA uses Fast Probabilistic Consensus for consensus and uses Proof of Work as a rate controller. Because IOTA does not use PoW for consensus, its overall network and energy per transaction is extremely small.
2981:
I. Benjamin, S.-O. Chan, R. O'Donnel, O. Tamuz, L.-Y. Tan, Convergence, unanimity and disagreement in majority dynamics on unimodular graphs and random graphs, Stochastic Processes and their Applications 126 (9) (2016)
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scam was the largest fraud in IOTA history to date, with over 85 victims. In January 2019, the UK and German law enforcement agencies arrested a 36-year-old man from Oxford, England believed to be behind the theft.
1022:
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744:
3424:
2560:
2318:
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909:
Although, this model is fragile against malicious attackers which is why the IOTA Foundation decided not to use it. Instead the IOTA Foundation decided to augment the leaderless consensus mechanism called,
253:
In 2017, early IOTA token investors donated 5% of the total token supply for continued development and to endow what became later became the IOTA Foundation. In 2018, the IOTA Foundation was chartered as a
3068:
306:'s Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) reported on potential security flaws with IOTA's former Curl-P-27 hash function. The IOTA Foundation received considerable backlash in their handling of the incident.
1878:
1257:
1847:
1997:
2804:
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225:. The network currently achieves consensus through a coordinator node, operated by the IOTA Foundation. As the coordinator is a single point of failure, the network is currently centralized.
1786:
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to validate transactions, instead, nodes that issue a new transaction on the network must approve two previous transactions. Transactions can therefore be issued without fees, facilitating
2380:
245:
were raised, corresponding to approximately US$ 500,000 at that time, and the total token supply was distributed pro-rata over the initial investors. The IOTA network went live in 2016.
3130:
1552:
Cao, Bin; Li, Yixin; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Long; Mumtaz, Shahid; Zhou, Zhenyu; Peng, Mugen (10 July 2019). "When Internet of Things Meets Blockchain: Challenges in Distributed Consensus".
1390:
In 2020, the IOTA Foundation announced that it would like to operate the network without a coordinator in the future, but implementation of this is still in an early development phase.
1441:
3223:
1721:
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1909:
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1747:
1487:
920:
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1966:
2693:"Designing a Distributed Ledger Technology System for Interoperable and General Data Protection Regulation–Compliant Health Data Exchange: A Use Case in Blood Glucose Data"
2498:
583:
2991:
Capossele, Angelo, Sebastian MĂĽller, and Andreas Penzkofer. "Robustness and efficiency of leaderless probabilistic consensus protocols within Byzantine infrastructures."
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679:
623:
603:
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2149:
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1839:
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1989:
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2521:
2207:
4713:
3099:
2868:
2442:
80:
3010:
2168:
1713:
4623:
1817:
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2130:
2111:
2057:
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1778:
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was launched. The IOTA Foundation committed ÂŁ1 million to the lab while Imperial College London provided additional funding. The I-Lab focuses on
2635:
Makhdoom, Imran; Abolhasan, Mehran; Abbas, Haider; Ni, Wei (1 January 2019). "Blockchain's adoption in IoT: The challenges, and a way forward".
2372:
1192:{\displaystyle s_{i}(t+1)={\begin{cases}1&\mu _{i}(t+1)>U_{t}\\0&\mu _{i}(t+1)<U_{t}\\s_{i}(t)&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
3122:
4603:
303:
1425:
900:{\displaystyle s_{i}(t+1)={\begin{cases}1&\mu _{i}(t+1)>0.5\\0&\mu _{i}(t+1)<0.5\\s_{i}(t)&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
3596:
3215:
2591:
Ali, Muhammad Salek; Vecchio, Massimo; Pincheira, Miguel; Dolui, Koustabh; Antonelli, Fabio; Rehmani, Mubashir Husain (18 December 2018).
3037:
2266:
259:
Blockchain Initiative (MOBI), to promote blockchain and distributed ledgers in regulatory approaches, the IoT ecosystem and mobility.
4613:
1901:
1479:
1958:
4718:
2490:
1932:
4019:
2751:
1317:
Proof-of-concepts building on IOTA technology are being developed in the automotive and IoT industry by corporations, such as
1204:
3629:
3184:
3477:
2472:
2341:
2080:
1631:
4593:
4024:
4070:
3729:
719:
is the threshold for majority, set by the implementation. After the first round, the successive opinions change at time
117:
2019:
3674:
1668:
Heilman, Ethan; Narula, Neha; Tanzer, Garrett; Lovejoy, James; Colavita, Michael; Virza, Madars; Dryja, Tadge (2019).
3351:
3272:
2829:
1517:
4507:
4144:
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402:
cryptocurrency wallet. A hardware wallet can be used to keep credentials offline while facilitating transactions.
4679:
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4608:
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4263:
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312:
3153:
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severed ties with the IOTA Foundation due to legal threats against security researchers involved in the report.
4691:
4638:
4558:
4278:
3303:
1375:
Critics have opposed the role of the coordinator for being the single source of consensus in the IOTA network.
1677:
4316:
4192:
4177:
3792:
2199:
1339:
279:
268:
3091:
2434:
87:
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4306:
4149:
4134:
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3986:
3945:
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3006:
382:
287:
210:
1809:
4628:
4583:
4243:
4213:
4154:
3966:
3940:
3931:
3684:
3679:
3669:
1399:
1008:{\displaystyle s_{i}(1)={\begin{cases}1&\mu _{i}(1)\geq \tau \\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
540:{\displaystyle s_{i}(1)={\begin{cases}1&\mu _{i}(1)\geq \tau \\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
218:
2049:
3555:
684:
339:
On 26 November 2019 a hacker discovered a vulnerability in a third-party payment service, provided by
4248:
4172:
4139:
4124:
4050:
1571:
1059:
951:
781:
483:
4429:
4182:
4114:
3447:"IOTA launches IoT data marketplace, envisions devices autonomously buying and trading information"
2691:
Hawig, David; Zhou, Chao; Fuhrhop, Sebastian; Fialho, Andre S; Ramachandran, Navin (14 June 2019).
552:
364:
4233:
4187:
3738:
3709:
3689:
3608:
2964:
2938:
2662:
2522:"Bisq Bitcoin exchange slams on the brakes after exploit of critical security flaw, crypto theft"
1595:
1561:
1351:
1322:
628:
206:
198:
2929:
Popov, Serguei (2021). "FPC-BI: Fast Probabilistic Consensus within Byzantine Infrastructures".
1262:
323:
As a speculative blockchain and cryptocurrency-related technology, IOTA has been the target of
4490:
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2956:
2837:
2775:
2732:
2714:
2614:
1587:
1433:
1376:
1326:
1318:
299:
3033:
4648:
4598:
4578:
4434:
4414:
4384:
4109:
4104:
4085:
3842:
3572:
2948:
2722:
2704:
2652:
2644:
2604:
1579:
1380:
283:
222:
3323:"Tangle EE project joins Eclipse Foundation to bring distributed ledger apps to enterprise"
2402:
4618:
4568:
4379:
3560:
444:
390:
332:
1871:"EU launches blockchain association to accelerate distributed ledger technology adoption"
1575:
213:
to store transactions on its ledger, motivated by a potentially higher scalability over
4444:
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4005:
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3748:
3743:
3714:
3645:
2727:
2692:
722:
664:
608:
588:
202:
17:
2311:"IOTA cryptocurrency: Million dollar credit stolen, no payments possible (translated)"
2131:"How Sharia-Compliant Banking and Digital Identity are Advancing in Kenya and Somalia"
4707:
4497:
3763:
3753:
2968:
2900:"How Next Generation Crypto Investors Are Poised To Win, Even If Their Startups Lose"
1632:"IOTA wants to ditch its most centralized component, but the timeline is still murky"
1599:
432:
307:
142:
2666:
1933:"BMW, GM, Ford and Renault launch blockchain research group for automotive industry"
3900:
3787:
3584:
1335:
1748:"Moneten für Maschinen - Warum Dominik Schiener die Kryptowährung Iota entwickelt"
2797:"Major bitcoin exchanges hit by cyberattacks as record rally makes them a target"
278:
In 2024, the Imperial IOTA Infrastructures Lab (otherwise known as the I-Lab) at
4643:
4532:
4404:
4268:
3507:"IOTA Rose 464% In 2017, But Buyer Beware: Experts Have Major Security Concerns"
2553:"Nach Trinity-Hack: IOTA stellt Migrationstool fĂĽr kompromittierte Seeds bereit"
1347:
making a determination on their sustainability through that collection of data.
73:
3247:"Xayn is privacy-safe, personalized mobile web search powered by on-device AIs"
2952:
2648:
2609:
2593:"Applications of Blockchains in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey"
2592:
4563:
4454:
4399:
4286:
4238:
4164:
3866:
3861:
3659:
3352:"IOTA clarifies it has no formal partnership with Microsoft [UPDATED]"
3154:"IOTA is vulnerable to replay attacks but has no intention of fixing the flaw"
2373:"Europol arrests UK man for stealing €10 million worth of IOTA cryptocurrency"
1583:
1518:"Enter the Tangle, a blockchain designed specially for the Internet of Things"
1330:
369:
214:
3417:"IOTA Foundation Launches Data Marketplace For 'Internet-Of-Things' Industry"
2960:
2841:
2718:
2618:
1810:"Blockchain network IOTA teams up with Microsoft, others on data marketplace"
1591:
1437:
4394:
4296:
4223:
4129:
3981:
2736:
2112:"IOTA launches $ 100 million entity in Abu Dhabi to create digital network"
435:. Like other digital currencies, IOTA's token value has soared and fallen.
3567:
1714:"IOTA still wants to build a better blockchain and get it right this time"
4389:
4369:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4258:
4218:
4197:
4060:
4040:
4034:
4014:
3991:
3961:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3836:
3827:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3704:
3123:"Norway unveils energy-positive building showcasing smart city potential"
2435:"IOTA says bulk of $ 11 million stolen tokens found, hacker worked alone"
428:
328:
324:
255:
2657:
4537:
4502:
4459:
4354:
4329:
4301:
4075:
3817:
3782:
3216:"How open, trusted edge can help improve data sharing and monetization"
242:
2150:"Imperial IOTA Infratructures Lab launches at Imperial College London"
1902:"New alliance advocates the blockchain to improve IoT security, trust"
1670:"Cryptanalysis of Curl-P and Other Attacks on the IOTA Cryptocurrency"
39:
4512:
4439:
4359:
4344:
4291:
4095:
4029:
3921:
3871:
3852:
1480:"A better blockchain: Bitcoin for nothing and transactions for free?"
272:
3061:"Mobile piggy bank: Jaguar Land Rover's 'earn as you drive' concept"
3614:
2943:
1669:
1566:
4542:
4480:
4464:
4424:
4409:
4364:
4080:
3905:
3773:
2750:
Marcel Rosenbach, Alexander Jung, Frank Dohmen (22 January 2018).
2709:
2231:"University College London (UCL) severs ties with IOTA Foundation"
1426:"Machines That Shop for Themselves Promise to Save Time and Money"
420:
363:
2491:"IOTA cryptocurrency shuts down entire network after wallet hack"
3797:
3719:
1343:
122:
3618:
3092:"Jaguar, NTT team up with tech group on remote access software"
1779:"22-Year-Old Behind $ 5 Billion Crypto Is Just Getting Started"
4485:
4449:
4055:
2342:"2020's worst cryptocurrency breaches, thefts, and exit scams"
2267:"Betrugsmaschen bei Kryptowährungen: Auf einmal ist alles weg"
3386:"Emperor has no clothes, Jaguar crypto press release edition"
1990:"My side of the story about parting ways with David Sønstebø"
343:, integrated in the mobile and desktop wallet managed by the
3034:"Energy Benchmarks for the IOTA Network (Chrysalis Edition)"
1185:
1001:
893:
533:
3478:"Cryptocurrency insecurity: IOTA, BCash and too many more"
2169:"A $ 5 Billion Cryptocurrency Has Enraged Cryptographers"
3185:"Linux Foundation grĂĽndet Data-Privacy-Projekt Alvarium"
2869:"Bitcoin Adds Market Share in Recovery in Crypto Prices"
2465:"Trinity Attack Incident Part 1: Summary and next steps"
1959:"Hacks und Streit unter GrĂĽndern: Was ist bei IOTA los?"
1252:{\displaystyle U_{t}\sim {\textbf {U}}(\beta ,1-\beta )}
3539:
156:
661:
is the percent of all the nodes that have the opinion
3544:
2403:"Oxford man arrested over ÂŁ8.7m cryptocurrency theft"
2167:
Daniel Oberhaus & Jordan Pearson (2 March 2018).
1265:
1207:
1025:
923:
747:
725:
687:
667:
631:
611:
591:
555:
455:
3304:"IOTA & Eviden Launch Digital Passport Solution"
2020:"Sergey Ivancheglo departs from the IOTA Foundation"
1840:"IOTA: Erste Krypto-Stiftung Deutschlands gegrĂĽndet"
298:
On 8 September 2017, researchers Ethan Heilman from
4551:
4525:
4473:
4315:
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4206:
4163:
4094:
4004:
3954:
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3914:
3890:
3851:
3826:
3772:
3762:
3728:
3652:
178:
173:
165:
151:
141:
136:
128:
116:
98:
72:
67:
59:
51:
46:
3007:"Explaining the IOTA Congestion Control Algorithm"
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
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1297:
1251:
1191:
1007:
899:
731:
711:
673:
653:
617:
597:
577:
539:
183:
2265:Marcel Rosenbach, Markus Böhm (30 January 2018).
381:The Tangle is the moniker used to describe IOTAs
27:Open-source distributed ledger and cryptocurrency
2830:"New ways to trade data, New ways to trade data"
2752:"Kryptowährung: Bitcoin geht, Blockchain bleibt"
2050:"IOTA Foundation parts ways with David Sønstebø"
3090:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (30 September 2020).
1342:model. In 2024, IOTA partnered with Eviden (an
2110:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (29 November 2023).
1808:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (28 November 2017).
351:IOTA 1.5 (Chrysalis) and IOTA 2.0 (Coordicide)
3630:
2433:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (30 January 2019).
217:based distributed ledgers. IOTA does not use
8:
2780:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2637:Journal of Network and Computer Applications
238:other digital currencies. Approximately 1300
32:
2597:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
2081:"My departure has been greatly exaggerated"
286:research, sustainable business models, and
4686:
4470:
3769:
3637:
3623:
3615:
1368:is unclear whether they work in practice.
2942:
2726:
2708:
2656:
2608:
1957:Stanley Hunter, John (20 February 2020).
1565:
1284:
1264:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1177:
1160:
1146:
1118:
1099:
1071:
1054:
1030:
1024:
993:
963:
946:
928:
922:
912:Random neighbors majority consensus (RMC)
885:
868:
833:
793:
776:
752:
746:
724:
686:
666:
636:
630:
610:
590:
560:
554:
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478:
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271:. Later in 2024, IOTA was certified as a
2484:
2482:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
443:The crux of cryptocurrencies is to stop
3551:
3500:
3498:
1411:
3379:
3377:
2773:
2630:
2628:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2260:
2258:
2256:
1900:Osborne, Charlie (19 September 2017).
1642:from the original on 24 September 2019
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1478:Anadiotis, George (30 November 2017).
1419:
1417:
1415:
31:
4604:Decentralized autonomous organization
3362:from the original on 18 December 2019
3345:
3343:
2824:
2822:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2501:from the original on 26 February 2020
2309:Kannenberg, Axel (27 February 2020).
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1528:from the original on 27 February 2020
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
7:
4674:
3283:from the original on 21 January 2021
3226:from the original on 25 January 2020
3195:from the original on 25 January 2020
3164:from the original on 22 January 2021
3133:from the original on 3 December 2019
3102:from the original on 3 November 2020
3071:from the original on 1 February 2020
2848:from the original on 15 January 2020
2697:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2532:from the original on 23 January 2021
2340:Osborne, Charlie (7 December 2020).
2277:from the original on 9 November 2020
2079:Sønstebø, David (23 December 2020).
2060:from the original on 18 January 2021
2030:from the original on 22 January 2021
1988:Come-from-Beyond (3 February 2020).
1741:
1739:
1680:from the original on 15 January 2020
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
3457:from the original on 7 January 2020
3032:Ramachandran, Navin (14 May 2021).
2879:from the original on 1 January 2020
2383:from the original on 8 January 2020
2352:from the original on 7 January 2021
2000:from the original on 8 January 2021
1223:
3517:from the original on 7 August 2019
3396:from the original on 10 March 2020
3384:Kaminska, Izabella (28 May 2019).
3245:Lomas, Natasha (8 December 2020).
3214:Agelini, Chris (23 January 2020).
3183:Bantle, Ulrich (31 October 2019).
3005:Sanders, William (19 March 2021).
2762:from the original on 19 March 2020
2471:. 21 February 2020. Archived from
2445:from the original on 13 March 2020
1850:from the original on 7 August 2019
1746:Riesbeck, Peter (15 August 2020).
1724:from the original on 13 April 2021
1444:from the original on 28 April 2021
439:Fast Probabilistic Consensus (FPC)
25:
4614:Distributed ledger technology law
3427:from the original on 21 June 2018
3273:"Suchmaschine mit Tinder-Prinzip"
3121:O'Brien, Chris (30 August 2019).
2563:from the original on 5 March 2020
2551:Kannenberg, Axel (2 March 2020).
2321:from the original on 4 March 2020
1789:from the original on 7 March 2018
1758:from the original on 2 March 2021
4714:Currencies without ISO 4217 code
4685:
4673:
4662:
4661:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3505:Kauflin, Jeff (3 January 2018).
3321:Miller, Ron (11 February 2020).
3040:from the original on 19 May 2021
3013:from the original on 19 May 2021
2898:Smith, Oliver (16 August 2018).
2807:from the original on 14 May 2019
2198:Kelly, Jemima (25 August 2018).
2179:from the original on 18 May 2019
2091:from the original on 4 July 2022
1969:from the original on 4 July 2022
1912:from the original on 4 July 2022
1881:from the original on 4 July 2022
1490:from the original on 1 July 2022
1424:Morenne, Benoit (7 April 2021).
712:{\displaystyle \tau \in (0.5,1]}
368:Diagram comparing a traditional
38:
3271:VoĂź, Oliver (9 December 2020).
2993:arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.08787
2910:from the original on 7 May 2020
2241:from the original on 6 May 2019
2210:from the original on 5 May 2019
2148:Johnson, Oliver (4 July 2024).
2129:Yaqub, Aamer (12 August 2024).
1869:O'Brien, Chris (3 April 2019).
1846:(in German). 15 November 2017.
1820:from the original on 5 May 2020
423:IOTA units (1,000,000 IOTA) on
79:Popov, Serguei (3 April 2016).
3302:Nolan, Stella (12 July 2024).
2795:Cheng, Evelyn (14 June 2017).
1777:Kahl, Stephan (7 March 2018).
1292:
1272:
1246:
1228:
1172:
1166:
1136:
1124:
1089:
1077:
1048:
1036:
975:
969:
940:
934:
880:
874:
851:
839:
811:
799:
770:
758:
706:
694:
648:
642:
572:
566:
507:
501:
472:
466:
1:
3597:Free and open-source software
3476:Evans, Jon (10 August 2018).
578:{\displaystyle s_{i}(\cdot )}
431:, and listed under the MIOTA
123:https://github.com/iotaledger
3059:O'Grady, Sean (3 May 2019).
2867:Kharif, Olga (14 May 2019).
302:and Neha Nerula et al. from
294:DCI vulnerability disclosure
290:based on IOTA's technology.
81:"April 3, 2016. Version 0.6"
3675:Cryptographic hash function
1329:. IOTA is a participant in
1017:For success rounds though,
654:{\displaystyle \mu _{i}(1)}
389:data stream, and providing
4735:
2953:10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.09.002
2649:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.10.019
2610:10.1109/COMST.2018.2886932
1931:Russel, Jon (2 May 2018).
1298:{\displaystyle \beta \in }
425:digital currency exchanges
4657:
4634:Initial exchange offering
4609:Decentralized application
4589:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
1674:Cryptology ePrint Archive
1584:10.1109/MNET.2019.1900002
1350:On 11 February 2020, the
1313:Applications and testbeds
313:University College London
37:
4639:List of cryptocurrencies
4526:Crypto service companies
4317:Cryptocurrency exchanges
3356:Hard Fork | The Next Web
3350:Mix (12 December 2017).
3158:Hard Fork | The Next Web
3152:Mix (21 February 2018).
2235:Hard Fork | The Next Web
1636:Hard Fork | The Next Web
207:Internet of things (IoT)
4719:Cryptocurrency projects
585:is the opinion of node
280:Imperial College London
269:Abu Dhabi Global Market
18:Draft:IOTA (technology)
4574:Complementary currency
3680:Decentralized exchange
3665:Cryptocurrency tumbler
1355:governance framework.
1299:
1253:
1193:
1009:
901:
733:
713:
675:
655:
619:
599:
579:
541:
383:directed acyclic graph
373:
288:translational research
211:directed acyclic graph
4629:Initial coin offering
4584:Cryptocurrency bubble
4115:Basic Attention Token
3685:Decentralized finance
3670:Cryptocurrency wallet
2229:Mix (28 April 2018).
2200:"FUD, inglorious FUD"
1752:Frankfurter Rundschau
1400:Nano (cryptocurrency)
1300:
1254:
1194:
1010:
902:
734:
714:
676:
656:
620:
600:
580:
542:
367:
169:2,779,530,283,277,761
104:; 8 years ago
4624:Environmental impact
4594:Cryptocurrency scams
3453:. 28 November 2017.
3415:Ponciano, Jonathan.
2154:www.med-technews.com
2056:. 10 December 2020.
2054:IOTA Foundation Blog
2024:IOTA Foundation Blog
1263:
1205:
1023:
921:
745:
723:
685:
665:
629:
609:
589:
553:
453:
275:-compliant company.
4279:Inactive currencies
2204:ftalphaville.ft.com
1712:Anadiotis, George.
1630:Mix (28 May 2019).
1576:2019arXiv190506022C
1430:Wall Street Journal
1338:for its aggregated
34:
3739:Proof of authority
3710:Non-fungible token
3690:Distributed ledger
2520:Osborne, Charlie.
2489:Cimpanu, Catalin.
2371:Cimpanu, Catalin.
2135:www.halaltimes.com
1352:Eclipse Foundation
1323:STMicroelectronics
1295:
1249:
1189:
1184:
1005:
1000:
897:
892:
729:
709:
671:
651:
615:
595:
575:
537:
532:
419:IOTA is traded in
374:
199:distributed ledger
197:is an open-source
93:on 14 August 2020.
4701:
4700:
4521:
4520:
4000:
3999:
3700:Lightning Network
2836:. 28 March 2018.
2409:. 23 January 2019
1516:McKendrick, Joe.
1377:Polychain Capital
1319:Jaguar Land Rover
1225:
1180:
996:
888:
739:to the function,
732:{\displaystyle t}
674:{\displaystyle 1}
618:{\displaystyle 1}
598:{\displaystyle i}
528:
300:Boston University
223:microtransactions
205:designed for the
192:
191:
102:11 July 2016
16:(Redirected from
4726:
4689:
4688:
4677:
4676:
4665:
4664:
4649:Virtual currency
4599:Digital currency
4579:Crypto-anarchism
4471:
4224:HBAR (Hashgraph)
4207:Other currencies
3843:Ethereum Classic
3770:
3646:Cryptocurrencies
3639:
3632:
3625:
3616:
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3605:
3595:
3594:
3593:
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3558:
3550:
3540:Official website
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2712:
2688:
2671:
2670:
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2632:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2603:(2): 1676–1717.
2588:
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2100:
2098:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:. 26 July 2019.
2016:
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1451:
1449:
1421:
1381:Olaf Carlson-Wee
1304:
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464:
406:Coordinator node
284:circular economy
241:
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185:
161:
158:
112:
110:
105:
94:
92:
86:. Archived from
85:
42:
35:
21:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4653:
4619:Double-spending
4569:Blockchain game
4547:
4517:
4469:
4311:
4273:
4202:
4159:
4090:
3996:
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3177:
3167:
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3146:
3136:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3065:The Independent
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3031:
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3026:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2986:
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2976:
2928:
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2849:
2828:
2827:
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2794:
2793:
2789:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2690:
2689:
2674:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2590:
2589:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2475:on 10 May 2021.
2463:
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2412:
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2197:
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2192:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2116:www.reuters.com
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2078:
2077:
2073:
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2048:
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829:
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789:
787:
777:
748:
743:
742:
721:
720:
683:
682:
663:
662:
632:
627:
626:
625:. The function
607:
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550:
531:
530:
523:
517:
516:
491:
489:
479:
456:
451:
450:
441:
417:
408:
399:
391:forward secrecy
379:
372:with a "tangle"
362:
360:Characteristics
353:
345:IOTA Foundation
321:
296:
251:
249:IOTA foundation
239:
235:
182:
155:
118:Code repository
108:
106:
103:
99:Initial release
90:
83:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
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4553:
4552:Related topics
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4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4006:Proof of stake
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Nervos Network
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3767:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3749:Proof of stake
3746:
3744:Proof of space
3741:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:Smart contract
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3534:External links
3532:
3529:
3528:
3494:
3468:
3438:
3407:
3373:
3339:
3313:
3308:evmagazine.com
3294:
3263:
3237:
3206:
3175:
3144:
3113:
3082:
3051:
3024:
2997:
2984:
2974:
2921:
2890:
2859:
2818:
2787:
2756:www.spiegel.de
2742:
2672:
2624:
2574:
2543:
2512:
2478:
2456:
2420:
2394:
2363:
2332:
2288:
2271:www.spiegel.de
2252:
2221:
2190:
2159:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2071:
2041:
2011:
1980:
1949:
1923:
1892:
1861:
1831:
1800:
1769:
1735:
1691:
1653:
1605:
1560:(6): 133–139.
1539:
1501:
1455:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1364:
1361:
1314:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1002:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
945:
942:
939:
936:
931:
927:
894:
884:
882:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
836:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
796:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
780:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
755:
751:
728:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
670:
650:
647:
644:
639:
635:
614:
594:
574:
571:
568:
563:
559:
534:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
498:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
482:
477:
474:
471:
468:
463:
459:
440:
437:
416:
413:
407:
404:
398:
395:
378:
375:
361:
358:
352:
349:
320:
317:
295:
292:
250:
247:
234:
231:
203:cryptocurrency
190:
189:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
153:
152:Block explorer
149:
148:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
100:
96:
95:
76:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:LocalBitcoins
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:ItBit (Paxos)
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:RandomX-based
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3764:Proof of work
3761:
3755:
3754:Proof of work
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3395:
3391:
3390:FT Alphaville
3387:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3194:
3191:(in German).
3190:
3189:Linux-Magazin
3186:
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:The Economist
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2761:
2758:(in German).
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2710:10.2196/13665
2706:
2703:(6): e13665.
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2559:(in German).
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2273:(in German).
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1965:(in German).
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1757:
1754:(in German).
1753:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
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1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1015:
988:
981:
978:
972:
964:
960:
954:
948:
943:
937:
929:
925:
916:
913:
907:
877:
869:
865:
857:
854:
848:
845:
842:
834:
830:
824:
817:
814:
808:
805:
802:
794:
790:
784:
778:
773:
767:
764:
761:
753:
749:
740:
726:
703:
700:
697:
691:
688:
668:
645:
637:
633:
612:
592:
569:
561:
557:
547:
520:
513:
510:
504:
496:
492:
486:
480:
475:
469:
461:
457:
448:
446:
445:double spends
438:
436:
434:
433:ticker symbol
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
405:
403:
396:
394:
392:
386:
384:
376:
371:
366:
359:
357:
350:
348:
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
309:
308:FT Alphaville
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
264:
260:
257:
248:
246:
244:
232:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
187:
181:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
150:
146:
144:
143:Hash function
140:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
101:
97:
89:
82:
77:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:Denominations
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4690:
4678:
4666:
4543:Initiative Q
3971:
3901:Bitcoin Gold
3793:Counterparty
3788:Bitcoin Cash
3519:. Retrieved
3510:
3485:. Retrieved
3481:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3420:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3389:
3364:. Retrieved
3355:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:
3316:
3307:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3277:Tagesspiegel
3276:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3188:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3095:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3064:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3000:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2872:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2833:
2809:. Retrieved
2800:
2790:
2764:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2700:
2696:
2658:10453/130183
2640:
2636:
2600:
2596:
2565:. Retrieved
2557:heise online
2556:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2525:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2494:
2473:the original
2468:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2438:
2411:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2315:heise online
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3609:Numismatics
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3332:29 February
3220:VentureBeat
3127:VentureBeat
2643:: 251–279.
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3400:1 February
3366:15 January
3327:TechCrunch
3251:TechCrunch
3230:25 January
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3137:17 January
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2982:2719-2733.
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3573:Economics
3287:3 January
3256:3 January
3168:3 January
3106:3 January
2969:198179629
2961:0743-7315
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2719:1438-8871
2619:1553-877X
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2034:3 January
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4041:Gridcoin
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3992:Vertcoin
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2350:Archived
2319:Archived
2275:Archived
2239:Archived
2208:Archived
2177:Archived
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1967:Archived
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4302:OneCoin
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4025:Cardano
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3774:SHA-256
3547:Portals
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2995:(2019).
2728:6595943
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1963:Capital
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