256:
470:. Persistent pressure from the Mahasabha, who glorified the history of the community, led to official recognition of the Bhumihars as Brahmins in the later Raj censuses. According to Ashwani Kumar, the Bhumihar claim to Brahmin status means that today "unlike other upper castes, guard the local caste hierarchy more zealously for they perpetually feel the pressure of being dislocated and discredited in the topsy-turvy world of caste."
490:. During this period, the Bhumihar associations served as community networks that facilitated access to English education and urban employment. As with the Rajputs, Kayasthas and other high castes of Bihar – and as opposed to the methods used by most lower castes – neither the Mahasabha nor any other formal body exercised power to make and enforce caste rules.
633:, which started attracting tenants and peasants from other castes as well. When the rich Bhumihar landlords stopped supporting Sahajanand's activities, he declared that caste associations were a means to continue their supremacy. He established a caste-agnostic peasants movement, which later evolved into
1480:
Nevertheless, the
Bhumihars in Bihar are certainly not all "casteist" landlords. In the villages, there are Bhumihar landlords, but there are also Bhumihars who are small landowners. Of course, they consider it below their dignity to labor in the fields, especially ploughing the land, and as a result
402:
Among various narratives regarding their origin, composition and varna status, one states that there is an element of a low caste tribe called "Bhuyans" who gained land and assimilated with the
Bhumihars. Many communities do not give them the ritual status of priestly Brahmins, as most of them were
381:
caste. The general categorisation of all the
Bhumihars being landlords is thus not a factually correct idea, as in urban areas latter were found to be engaged in variety of occupation. The upper crust among Bhumihars in urban areas were professionals and bureaucrats but many of them also worked as
1437:
the majority of these high-caste households were small landlords with landholdings that might also qualify them as "middle peasants." Their economic status was very similar to the middle peasant households among the backward-caste (Bania, Yadav, Kurmi, and Koeri). Although the
Maoists identified
369:, according to author Rumela Sen, majority of upper caste households, including those of Bhumihars, had such landholdings which qualified them as "middle peasants". Though there existed few big landholders among them, but vast majority of them had economic status similar to middle peasants of
513:
attempted to popularise the term "Bhumihar
Brahmin", while discarding the term "Babhan". However, the term "Babhan" remained popular in Bihar. The recognised Brahmins did not favour the Bhumihar attempts to claim an equal status, and even stopped going to Bhumihar homes to perform ceremonies.
473:
Besides campaigning for the
Brahmin status, the caste associations also played an important role in general welfare of the community. In 1899, the Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha, with financial aid from a zamindar, established a college at Muzaffarpur. This was accredited to award degrees in the
497:, a leader of the Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha of Patna. During the Balia session of 1914, Sahajanand defended the Brahmin status of the Bhumihars, using quotes from Hindu scriptures to argue that priestly functions do not alone define Brahmins. In 1916, he published a book titled
774:
of Bihar, poverty was highest in
Bhumihar caste. Out of total families of Bhumihars residing in state, 27.58% were poor (The community totally numbered 8,38,447 families, out of which 2,31,211 families were poor). The criteria for determining poverty was a sum of
624:, and the tenant-dominated faction led by Sahajanand Saraswati. Sahajanand came from a zamindar family, which had been reduced to tenant status. He attracted a large number of followers who, as tenants, were exploited by the rich landlords. His support for the
450:
in 1889. Its objective was "to improve moral, social and educational reforms of the community and to represent the wants of the community to the government". The
Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha ("great assembly") was established in 1896. The local
486:(33 per cent) and some other groups. In the first half of the 20th century, the Bhumihars suffered increasing economic hardships due to the steady fragmentation of land rights among heirs and the decline in agricultural prices during the
749:
massacre. The Ranvir Sena which employed
Bhumihar youths emerged as the most dreaded caste army in Bihar. It was named after the 19th century chieftain, Ranvir Chaudhary, who became a cult figure among Bhumihars after taking on powerful
1481:
of their caste loyalty, they are politically on the same side as the big landowners of their caste. In urban areas, Bhumihars can be professionals, teachers, bureaucrats, judges, factory workers, coal miners, and even loading mazdoors.
628:
also alarmed the landlords, who were loyal to the
British colonial administration. The growing differences between the two factions resulted in a split in the Mahasabha, in 1925-26. Sahajanand established an ashram at
2095:
948:
862:
in the 20th century. Other common traditional Brahmin surnames used by the Bhumihars include Mishra, Chaudhary, Dikshit, Tivan, Pathak, Pande and Upadhyaya. It is also common for Bhumihars to affix
675:
After Shri Krishna Singh's death in 1961, the Bhumihar political hegemony gradually declined. A small number of Bhumihar leaders continued to play a significant role in the state unit of the
1914:
2128:
522:
The Bhumihars were influential in the politics of Bihar since the British days upto earlier decades of post independence India. Noted Bhumihar princely state rulers included
1684:
1128:
2087:
252:
who lost their high position in Hindu society. The Bhumihars themselves dislike these narratives involving "hybridity" or "fallen status", and claim to be pure Brahmins.
1563:
KUMAR, PURUSHOTTAM. “BHUMIHARS STRUGGLE FOR BRAHMIN STATUS (1857-1911).” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 56, Indian History Congress, 1995, pp. 739–41,
1438:
these backward castes as a sympathetic class, some landowning, backward-caste households actually had economic interests in common with the upper-caste farming families.
938:
482:
or Patna. By 1920, 10 per cent of Bhumihars in Bihar were literate, making them one of the few literate castes; in this achievement, however, they were well behind the
1172:
2065:
1879:
2026:
474:
following year and it was a significant development because education in the area was improving rapidly but students desirous of furthering it had to travel to
271:, they had established themselves as the most prominent landholders of the region. Oral legends suggest that along with Muslims and Rajputs, they displaced the
267:
By the 16th century, the Bhumihars controlled vast stretches of land in eastern India, particularly in north Bihar. By the late eighteenth century, along with
912:
1467:
1424:
660:. His tenure saw the rise of a number of influential Bhumihar leaders including Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishnakant Singh, L. P. Shahi, Basawan Sinha, and
679:. These included Ramashray Prasad Singh, Rajo Singh, Ramjatan Sinha, Shyam Sunder Singh Dhiraj and Maha Chandra Singh. The Congress parliamentarians
691:
2446:
625:
664:. Singh also worked for the welfare of the lower castes. He was the first chief minister in India to abolish the zamindari system. He also led
656:, and distributed patronage to other members of his caste. This patronage was extended further, when Shri Krishna Singh became the Premier and
493:
The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha held annual sessions in different parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Among its prominent leaders was
2400:
2378:
2359:
2337:
2315:
2294:
2255:
2208:
2161:
1981:
1947:
1873:
1771:
1678:
1651:
1621:
1594:
1548:
1387:
1333:
1294:
1267:
1240:
1166:
1104:
1011:
981:
826:. The Bhumihars outside Purvanchal-Bihar region may follow the respective local customs and traditions. For example, in Chandipur village of
467:
787:
Being one of the early literate groups of British India, the Bhumihar community produced several prominent literary figures. These include
1906:
366:
1510:
1804:
1300:
1840:
283:
suzerainty over the region gave rise to several small Bhumihar states. For example, the revenue contractors for the Mughal province of
1461:
1418:
582:
718:), Kailashpati Mishra (BJP) and Rajo Singh (Congress). A few Bhumihar leaders also emerged in the political parties dominated by the
1798:
1744:
1717:
1504:
1360:
1065:
1038:
197:
2118:
1668:
501:("Introduction to Bhumihar Brahmins"), which outlined these arguments. He classified Brahmins into two categories – begging (
1736:
Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement
1709:
Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement
1120:
2431:
606:
2059:
767:
2451:
707:
586:
339:
2018:
2441:
1567:
731:
684:
680:
415:(land-owning aristocrats) were Bhumihars. Unlike the Brahmans or Rajputs, the Bhumihars did not participate in the
403:
cultivators during the British Raj. Some of the early censuses of British India categorised Bhumihars of Bihar as
653:
487:
2388:
904:
676:
638:
416:
359:
1451:
438:
to achieve their end. The Bhumihar zamindars and princely state rulers established caste-based associations (
1410:
657:
645:
641:(which was heavily inspired by Kisan Sabha), were identified as Bhumihar-dominated organisations for years.
212:
was adopted by the community in the late 19th century to emphasise their claim of belonging to the priestly
620:. Starting in 1914, two factions emerged in the Bhumihar Mahasabha: the landowner-dominated faction led by
2436:
2325:
715:
523:
255:
690:
The Bhumihar influence in Bihar politics declined considerably after electoral defeat of Congress in the
2409:
788:
723:
634:
531:
343:
827:
823:
727:
719:
695:
598:
539:
494:
347:
763:
589:
movements since the 1910s. In 1914 and 1916, the Bhumihars of Pipra and Turkaulia revolted against
120:
2123:
2088:"Bihar caste-based survey report | Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths"
1835:
1540:
Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India
1211:
1194:
Sinha, Gopal Sharan; Sinha, Ramesh Chandra (September 1967). "Exploration in Caste Stereotypes".
943:
880:
800:
796:
792:
661:
351:
741:, a private militia established in 1994. The group has carried out armed operations against the
554:
to take lead in acquisition of political power; they replaced the upper castes, the Bhumihars,
2396:
2374:
2355:
2333:
2311:
2290:
2282:
2270:
2251:
2204:
2157:
2055:
1977:
1971:
1943:
1869:
1794:
1767:
1740:
1734:
1713:
1674:
1647:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1590:
1584:
1544:
1500:
1494:
1457:
1414:
1383:
1356:
1329:
1323:
1290:
1263:
1236:
1230:
1162:
1156:
1100:
1061:
1034:
1007:
977:
703:
669:
567:
408:
171:
73:
65:
2151:
2049:
1937:
1863:
1788:
1538:
1377:
1350:
1286:
Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870
1284:
1257:
1094:
1055:
1028:
509:) – and stated that the Bhumihars were among the non-begging Brahmins. The Bhumihars of
158:
They have traditionally been a land-owning group of eastern India, and controlled some small
17:
2412:, Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi (2011).
1830:
1707:
1203:
1001:
971:
811:
The Bhumihars follow a subset of the Brahmin rituals, and claim to be "tri-karma" Brahmins.
610:
578:
268:
241:
240:
of the Bhumihar community. One legend states that they are the offspring of a union between
180:
167:
128:
2330:
Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (Ideas in Context)
737:
As their power in the electoral politics declined, a number of Bhumihars were attracted to
1571:
746:
566:
in the political circle. By 1990s, there emerged two political blocs in the state, led by
435:
81:
745:
in the region, and has been involved in atrocities against the lower castes, such as the
2415:
839:
770:. The survey revealed several findings about the community. It showed that amongst the
594:
383:
300:
296:
237:
208:("one who seizes or confiscates"), referring to the caste's landowner status. The term
159:
148:
166:
estates in the region in the early 20th century. They played an important role in the
2425:
2347:
835:
771:
590:
535:
510:
332:
292:
280:
276:
260:
136:
2243:
711:
571:
1325:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
442:
s) to form a community network and to advance their claims to Brahmin status. The
2305:
2224:
2198:
2178:
1998:
1761:
1404:
1259:
The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920
973:
Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance, and Environment, 1800-1980
831:
815:
738:
649:
621:
527:
460:
456:
308:
221:
144:
846:
as their primary deity, and are regarded as Brahmins by others in the village.
605:
in 1917, a number of Bhumihar intellectuals joined the protest. These included
466:
These associations made numerous petitions to be classified as Brahmins in the
387:
324:
316:
312:
132:
46:
1030:
Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective
616:
While a section of Bhumihars were landowners, the vast majority belonged to
475:
304:
163:
140:
834:), a section of Bhumihars became the landlords after death of the British
1207:
819:
742:
617:
602:
563:
542:
consolidation in the state of Bihar led the dominant OBC castes like the
483:
479:
412:
288:
249:
97:
1232:
Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar
866:(usually identified with Kshatriyas, especially Rajputs) to their name.
2274:
1564:
1215:
559:
420:
419:
in 1857, but to their dismay, they were classified as belonging to the
320:
245:
213:
175:
85:
2307:
Land and society in India: agrarian relations in colonial North Bihar
875:
859:
855:
751:
555:
404:
77:
69:
776:
299:
in the 1750s and 1760s, before becoming a British dependency. Other
244:
men and Brahmin women, while according to another, they derive from
342:
was largely created through military service. During early days of
885:
863:
699:
665:
652:
emerged as the leader of Bhumihar Mahasabha. He later entered the
630:
551:
547:
543:
447:
378:
374:
370:
355:
328:
284:
254:
152:
124:
117:
61:
609:(or Sinha), Ram Dayalu Singh, Ramnandan Mishra, Shilbhadra Yaji,
2229:. Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii. 1978. p. 64.
843:
272:
577:
The Bhumihars have also played a pioneering role in organising
2352:
Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society
434:
Like many other castes, the Bhumihars followed the process of
2418:, Social Change in Modern India, Orient Longman, Delhi, 1995.
2005:
J.P's most intimate friend was Ganga Sharan Singh, a Bhumihar
1643:
Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar
1158:
Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar
426:
in the ad-hoc census of 1865 and the regular census of 1881.
354:. After his defeat, the Company started recruiting Bhumihar
196:
is of relatively recent origin, first used in the records of
1379:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
295:. They successfully defended their independence against the
1589:. Concept Publishing Company. 1 January 1992. p. 121.
446:("Chief Assembly of Bhumihar Brahmins") was established in
1790:
Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns
1406:
Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed
1096:
Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar
411:. This was considered insulting, especially since several
2180:
Transition from capitalism to socialism and other essays
1499:. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 242.
1003:
Nation, Diaspora, Trans-nation: Reflections from India
574:
respectively, which represented these three castes.
1712:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 6–7, 161, 172–173.
1057:
Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study
91:
55:
45:
40:
1831:"BJP, Cong eye Bhumihars as Rabri drops ministers"
1673:. University of California Press. pp. 83–84.
1635:
1633:
1613:Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956
939:"Bhumihars rooted to the ground in caste politics"
854:In Bihar, the Bhumihars started using the surname
1865:Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922
1150:
1148:
1146:
706:, replaced them in the political circles. In the
236:As with many castes in India, there are numerous
1901:
1899:
1897:
1763:Against the few: struggles of India's rural poor
1202:(1). University of North Carolina Press: 42–47.
2192:
2190:
2153:Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal
1235:. University of California Press. p. 139.
1824:
1822:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1262:. University of California Press. p. 57.
995:
993:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
976:. University of California Press. p. 8.
8:
1088:
1086:
1084:
838:plantation owners. They are now "thoroughly
279:natives of the region. The weakening of the
35:
1939:Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours
1616:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 385.
1610:Kshirasagara, Ramacandra (1 January 1994).
1543:. University of Chicago Press. p. 31.
1328:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
34:
1907:"These days, their poster boys are goons"
1453:India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History
932:
930:
687:also belonged to the Bhumihar community.
51:3,750,886 (2.87% of population of Bihar.)
692:1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
637:. In Bihar, Kisan Sabha, as well as the
896:
417:rebellion against British rule in India
2003:. Impression Publication. p. vi.
1862:Brown, Judith M. (26 September 1974).
1843:from the original on 30 September 2008
951:from the original on 30 September 2008
2248:A Subaltern studies reader, 1986–1995
2150:Nicholas, Ralph W. (1 January 2003).
2131:from the original on 13 February 2009
1917:from the original on 17 December 2014
1687:from the original on 11 November 2014
1283:Bayly, Christopher A. (19 May 1988).
710:, only three Bhumihars were elected:
538:). However, in the latter years, the
7:
2098:from the original on 8 November 2023
2068:from the original on 9 November 2023
1882:from the original on 9 November 2023
1739:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 171.
1565:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158695
1513:from the original on 9 November 2023
1470:from the original on 9 November 2023
1175:from the original on 9 November 2023
1099:. Psychology Press. pp. 51–52.
350:participated in revolts against the
41:Regions with significant populations
2048:S.K. Ghosh; Srikanta Ghosh (2000).
2000:Kayasthas in making of modern Bihar
1936:Sajjad, Mohammad (13 August 2014).
1670:Peasants and Monks in British India
1537:Witsoe, Jeffrey (5 November 2013).
1355:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 76.
1054:Nedumpara, Jose J. (January 2004).
915:from the original on 2 October 2023
200:in 1865. It derives from the words
2267:Indian Studies: past & present
2250:(2nd ed.). South Asia Books.
2183:. Kalamkar Prakashan. p. 165.
1997:Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (2003).
1807:from the original on 11 March 2023
1733:Pandey, Shreedhar Narayan (1975).
1706:Pandey, Shreedhar Narayan (1975).
1161:. Anthem Press. pp. 125–127.
1131:from the original on 3 August 2021
905:"What Bihar caste census data say"
779:6,000 per month as family income.
730:) and Arun Kumar (Samata Dal; now
25:
2117:Ahmad, Faizan (21 January 2008).
1667:Pinch, William R. (19 May 1996).
1427:from the original on 12 July 2022
1322:Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001).
1303:from the original on 4 April 2023
1125:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de
822:Brahmins, and participate in the
198:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
184:has been subject to much debate.
2200:Community And Caste In Tradition
2197:Singh, Virendra Prakash (1992).
2156:. Orient Blackswan. p. 35.
2119:"Hindus participate in Muharram"
2029:from the original on 5 July 2014
1586:Action Sociology and Development
1382:. Orient Blackswan. p. 98.
2371:The Eighteenth Century in India
1289:. CUP Archive. pp. 17–18.
1033:. MD Publications. p. 33.
338:The distinctive Bhumihar caste
2447:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
2395:. Harper Collins. p. 81.
2332:. Cambridge University Press.
2054:. APH Publishing. p. 56.
2017:Kumar, Ashwani (6 June 2012).
1352:The State at War in South Asia
601:against indigo cultivation in
444:Pradhan Bhumihar Brahman Sabha
1:
1976:. Anthem Press. p. 128.
1646:. Anthem Press. p. 210.
768:2022 Bihar caste-based survey
18:Draft:List of Bhumihar Babhan
1829:Singh, Abhay (6 July 2004).
1793:. India: SAGE Publications.
708:1999 Indian general election
348:Raja of Banaras, Cheyt singh
307:ruled by Bhumihars included
2373:. Oxford University Press.
2354:. Oxford University Press.
2289:. Oxford University Press.
2203:. Commonwealth Publishers.
2019:"No gentlemen in this army"
1868:. CUP Archive. p. 55.
970:Freitag, Sandra B. (1992).
358:in large numbers until the
238:myths regarding the origins
2468:
1000:Jain, Ravindra K. (2012).
732:Rashtriya Lok Samata Party
685:Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
681:Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)
613:and Sahajanand Saraswati.
346:in India, Bhumihars under
216:class. The alternate name
2389:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli
1942:. Routledge. p. 22.
937:Kumar (25 January 2005).
783:Influence in other fields
654:Bihar Legislative Council
644:After Sahajanand gave up
499:Bhumihar Brahmin Parichay
463:(1900) and Saran (1908).
407:, the lowest of the four
220:has been described as an
96:
60:
2304:Ram, Bindeshwar (1998).
1450:Bernard D'Mello (2018).
1006:. Routledge. p. 4.
758:Socio-economic condition
677:Indian National Congress
639:Communist Party of India
626:non-cooperation movement
390:and even load carriers (
360:Indian Rebellion of 1857
287:declared themselves the
2326:Bayly, Christopher Alan
2287:Rethinking India's Past
2226:Asian Studies at Hawaii
1970:Kumar, Ashwani (2006).
1640:Kumar, Ashwani (2008).
1496:Social Ferment in India
1411:Oxford University Press
1349:Barua, Pradeep (2005).
1256:Yang, Anand A. (1989).
1229:Yang, Anand A. (1998).
1155:Kumar, Ashwani (2008).
1093:Das, Arvind N. (1982).
818:trace their lineage to
658:Chief Minister of Bihar
455:s included the ones at
367:post independence India
178:status, although their
2432:Social groups of Bihar
2393:The Hindu View of Life
2265:Maitra, R. K. (1959).
1570:8 October 2021 at the
807:Customs and traditions
766:published the data of
524:Harendra Kishore Singh
459:(1899), Patna (1899),
453:Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha
264:
108:, also locally called
2410:Radha Kumud Mukherjee
2369:Alavi, Seema (2007).
2177:Gupta, N. L. (1974).
1376:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
789:Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
724:Akhilesh Prasad Singh
635:All India Kisan Sabha
532:Vibhuti Narayan Singh
258:
2310:. Orient Blackswan.
1760:Sinha, Arun (1991).
1027:Jha, Makhan (1997).
828:Murshidabad district
824:Muharram processions
495:Sahajanand Saraswati
394:or the labourers).
2452:Agricultural castes
1403:Rumela Sen (2021).
764:Government of Bihar
518:Political influence
505:) and non-begging (
37:
2124:The Times of India
1973:Community Warriors
1911:The Economic Times
1836:The Times of India
1787:Kumar, S. (2018).
1493:George, A (2016).
1413:. pp. 48–49.
1208:10.1093/sf/46.1.42
944:The Times of India
881:Kushwaha (surname)
814:Some Bhumihars in
801:Gopal Singh Nepali
797:Rambriksh Benipuri
793:Rahul Sankrityayan
662:Kailashpati Mishra
607:Shri Krishna Singh
591:indigo cultivation
468:1901 census report
352:East India Company
265:
2442:Hindu communities
2402:978-81-7223-845-2
2380:978-0-19-569201-3
2361:978-0-19-565125-6
2339:978-1-10-760147-5
2317:978-81-250-0643-5
2296:978-0-19-569787-2
2257:978-0-19-565230-7
2210:978-81-7169-242-2
2163:978-81-8028-006-1
1983:978-0-85728-684-0
1949:978-1-317-55982-5
1913:. 16 March 2004.
1875:978-0-521-09873-1
1773:978-0-86232-718-7
1680:978-0-520-91630-2
1653:978-1-84331-709-8
1623:978-81-85880-43-3
1596:978-81-7022-726-7
1550:978-0-226-06350-8
1389:978-81-7824-109-8
1335:978-0-521-79842-6
1296:978-0-521-31054-3
1269:978-0-520-05711-1
1242:978-0-520-91996-9
1168:978-1-84331-709-8
1121:"MW Cologne Scan"
1106:978-0-7146-3216-2
1013:978-1-136-70414-7
983:978-0-52008-094-2
722:. These included
704:Lalu Prasad Yadav
670:Baidyanath Temple
568:Lalu Prasad Yadav
344:British expansion
172:politics of Bihar
168:peasant movements
103:
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123:mainly found in
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694:. The backward
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646:caste politics
595:Mahatma Gandhi
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269:Bihari Rajputs
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1766:. Zed Books.
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1456:. NYU Press.
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2199:
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2133:. Retrieved
2122:
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2100:. Retrieved
2091:
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2070:. Retrieved
2050:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2022:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1972:
1938:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1910:
1886:21 September
1884:. Retrieved
1864:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1834:
1809:. Retrieved
1789:
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1689:. Retrieved
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1559:
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1515:. Retrieved
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1429:. Retrieved
1405:
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1371:
1351:
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1324:
1317:
1307:21 September
1305:. Retrieved
1285:
1278:
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1231:
1224:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1179:21 September
1177:. Retrieved
1157:
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1095:
1071:. Retrieved
1056:
1049:
1029:
1022:
1002:
972:
965:
953:. Retrieved
942:
917:. Retrieved
908:
899:
853:
813:
810:
786:
761:
736:
712:C. P. Thakur
698:castes like
689:
674:
643:
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587:independence
576:
572:Nitish Kumar
521:
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502:
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398:Varna status
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179:
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113:
109:
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104:
32:Ethnic group
29:
2033:11 November
1921:11 November
1847:11 November
1691:11 November
832:West Bengal
816:Muzaffarpur
754:Zamindars.
739:Ranvir Sena
650:Ganesh Dutt
622:Ganesh Dutt
597:launched a
457:Muzaffarpur
388:coal miners
319:, Tamukhi,
228:(Brahmin).
222:apabhramsha
145:Bundelkhand
2426:Categories
2275:B0000CRX5I
2102:9 November
2061:8176481602
892:References
599:satyagraha
325:Mahishadal
147:region of
135:region of
133:Purvanchal
47:East India
2092:The Hindu
2023:The Hindu
1060:. Anmol.
919:2 October
762:In 2023,
702:, led by
526:(Raja of
484:Kayasthas
476:Bhagalpur
413:zamindars
333:Maheshpur
250:Buddhists
192:The word
188:Etymology
164:zamindari
141:Jharkhand
56:Languages
2391:(2009).
2350:(2008).
2328:(2011).
2285:(2009).
2246:(2000).
2129:Archived
2096:Archived
2066:Archived
2027:Archived
1915:Archived
1880:Archived
1841:Archived
1811:11 March
1805:Archived
1685:Archived
1568:Archived
1517:18 March
1511:Archived
1468:Archived
1425:Archived
1301:Archived
1173:Archived
1135:3 August
1129:Archived
949:Archived
913:Archived
870:See also
820:Husseini
618:tenantry
603:Motihari
564:Kayastha
480:Calcutta
392:Mazdoors
377:and the
340:identity
305:fiefdoms
289:Maharaja
263:in 1870s
194:bhūmihār
110:Bhuinhar
106:Bhumihar
98:Hinduism
92:Religion
74:Maithili
66:Bhojpuri
36:Bhumihar
2135:5 April
1431:12 July
1216:2575319
1073:12 July
955:5 April
840:Bengali
593:. When
583:leftist
579:peasant
560:Brahmin
556:Rajputs
536:Benares
528:Bettiah
507:ayachak
405:Shudras
321:Sheohar
293:Benares
246:Brahman
232:History
226:brāhmaṇ
214:Brahmin
176:Brahmin
129:Mithila
116:, is a
86:Bundeli
82:Bajjika
70:Magadhi
2399:
2377:
2358:
2336:
2314:
2293:
2273:
2254:
2207:
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2072:23 May
2058:
1980:
1946:
1872:
1797:
1770:
1743:
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1503:
1474:27 May
1460:
1417:
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1359:
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1293:
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1214:
1165:
1103:
1064:
1037:
1010:
980:
876:Sharma
860:Pandit
856:Sharma
836:indigo
752:Rajput
743:Naxals
666:Dalits
530:) and
503:yachak
421:third
409:varnas
356:sepoys
317:Hathwa
313:Tekari
309:Bettia
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