60:
1101:, in which Congress and the President are forced to balance the budget every year, has been introduced many times, dating back to the 1930s. No measure passed either body of Congress until 1982, when the Senate took 11 days to consider it and gained the necessary two-thirds majority. The first and only time the House gave two-thirds approval to a balanced budget amendment was in 1995, when Members of the House of Representatives elected in the
708:, a suffragist at the time, stated in her testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage: "Though my coadjutors all believe in universal suffrage, yet I think we should be willing to let you start with spinsters and widows who are householder. Having homes of their own it is fair to suppose that they are industrious, common-sense women, ... women who love their country (having no husbands to love) better than themselves." The
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in which they were proposed. Only a fraction of those actually receive enough support to win
Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Some proposed amendments are introduced over and over again in different sessions of Congress. It is also common for a number of
1204:
motions with regard to the proposed amendment, the last of which was on June 7, 2006, when the motion failed 49 to 48, falling short of the 60 votes required to allow the Senate to proceed to consideration of the proposal and the 67 votes required to send the proposed amendment to the states for
1031:
which ruled that such laws were unconstitutional. During each term of
Congress from 1995 to 2005, the proposed amendment was passed by the House of Representatives, but never by the Senate, coming closest during voting on June 27, 2006, with 66 in support and 34 opposed (one vote
534:
of the
Constitution, recognizing the difference between regular legislation and constitutional matters, intended that it be difficult to change the Constitution; but not so difficult as to render it an inflexible instrument of government, as the amendment mechanism in the
1333:
convoked by the states to amend the
Constitution to a single amendment and requiring Congress to authorize such as a convention. This amendment, sometimes called the "Madison Amendment", would prevent a "runaway convention" from drastically altering or replacing the U.S.
1059:(1969–1971). The House Judiciary Committee voted 28–6 to approve the proposal and was eventually passed by the full House with bipartisan support on September 18, 1969, by a vote of 339 to 70. The Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly
1200:, even at the state level. The last Congressional vote on the proposed amendment occurred in the House of Representatives on July 18, 2006, when the motion failed 236–187, falling short of the 290 votes required for passage in that body. The Senate has voted only on
3036:"Text – H.J.Res.34 - 114th Congress (2015–2016): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States allowing the States to call a limited convention solely for the purposes of considering whether to propose a specific amendment to the Constitution"
1067:, which would have ended the filibuster, received 54 votes to 36 for cloture, failing to receive the then required a two-thirds majority of senators voting. Other proposals were made in 2005, 2009, and 2016, none of which were voted on by committee.
662:
and creating two co-Presidents from the North and the South which would have to concur on all legislation. A similar amendment to eliminate the presidency so as to have two elected officials in its place, was proposed by
Virginia Representative
1084:. A total of 330 proposals using varying texts have been proposed with almost all dying in committee. The only version that reached a formal floor vote, the Hatch–Eagleton Amendment, was rejected by 18 votes in the Senate on June 28, 1983. The
2262:"Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty-second article of amendment, thereby removing the limitation on the number of terms an individual may serve as President. (2013; 113th Congress H.J.Res. 15)"
29:
This article is about proposals to amend the United States
Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress. For the ratified and unratified amendments to the U.S. Constitution which have received the approval of Congress, see
2817:"H.J.Res.54 - 118th Congress: Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States providing that the rights protected and extended by the Constitution are the rights of natural persons only. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
1429:
In response to revived advocacy among progressive activists for expansion of the
Supreme Court beyond the customary nine members (as the Constitution does not specify how many justices should sit on the court), Democratic Representative
1417:
to change the terms of
Representatives from two years to four (with elections to be held in non-presidential years), but then resigned afterward. Proposals for extending the terms of House members date back to a similar proposal by
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3935:
335:
3753:
3791:
1489:
1330:
4160:
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Democrat, in 1928. None were passed by
Congress, although numerous state legislatures passed laws prohibiting interracial marriage before they were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court's 1967
4877:
4892:
2591:
James V. Saturno, "A Balanced Budget
Amendment Constitutional Amendment: Procedural Issues and Legislative History", Congressional Research Service Report for Congress No. 98-671, August 5, 1998.
974:
seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced; none were given serious consideration. The most recent attempt was launched by Democratic Representative for New York,
411:
3763:
3647:
3447:
3379:
1449:
278:
124:
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1170: – who have been U.S. citizens for at least twenty years – to become President of the United States or Vice President. It was widely seen as an attempt to make
270:
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4411:
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966:
all expressed support for some sort of repeal. The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, only five years after its ratification. According to the
943:
255:
243:
1469:, which granted presidents immunity for "official acts". The amendment would eliminate all "immunity for crimes a former president committed while in office". On July 25, Representative
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1384:
889:
616:
479:
265:
260:
250:
238:
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2884:"H.J.RES.63: Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to require a two-thirds vote of each House of Congress to increase the statutory limit on the public debt"
753:
216:
3593:
3588:
3557:
3552:
1403:
1052:
901:
709:
228:
223:
201:
196:
3139:"Text – H.J.Res.28 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to protect the voting rights of the citizens of the United States"
3598:
3578:
3562:
1311:
233:
211:
206:
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to establish that "the people retain the right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, and traditions on public property, including schools" was proposed by
4155:
3529:
1483:
1453:
495:
186:
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and "undue or anonymous influence from any person", guaranteeing that electoral districts must be composed of geographically compact and contiguous territory, and designating
4406:
3534:
3498:
539:, which required a unanimous vote of thirteen states for ratification, had proven to be. Therefore, a less stringent process for amending the Constitution was established in
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Various proposals were made by Republican members of Congress to base congressional apportionments on the number of citizens in a state rather than residents following the
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3483:
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The decision of which ratification method will be used for any given amendment is Congress' alone to make, as is the decision to set a ratification deadline. Only for the
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2935:"Text – S.J.Res.6 – 111th Congress (2009–2010): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to United States citizenship"
1438:
filed a proposed amendment in the 116th Congress to limit the Supreme Court membership to nine members maximum. A group of Republican congressmembers including Senators
179:
174:
159:
154:
144:
134:
404:
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passed the bill by a 16–11 vote. On June 4, 1998, the full House voted on the amendment, 224–203 in favor. The vote was 61 short of the required two-thirds majority.
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4058:
3437:
3417:
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1090:
114:
94:
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939:, it failed twice to reach the threshold of two-thirds of voting members necessary for passage, the first time by eight votes and the second time by a single vote.
4821:
4260:
3427:
3422:
3214:
2119:
Lemelin, Bernard Lemelin (Winter 1999). "Opposition to the 22nd Amendment: The National Committee Against Limiting the Presidency and its Activities, 1949–1951".
1671:
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1261:
proposed constitutional amendments barring the government from imposing taxes on refusal to purchase goods and services. The amendment would have invalidated the
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104:
99:
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109:
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84:
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1452:. The amendment's advocates say that it will allow parents' rights to direct the upbringing of their children, protected from federal interference, and the
506:. From 1789 through January 3, 2019, approximately 11,770 measures have been proposed to amend the United States Constitution. Collectively, members of the
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3402:
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1262:
683:
76:
41:
3113:"H.J.Res.115 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to clarify the presidential pardoning power"
3010:"H.J.Res.94 – 115th Congress (2017-2018): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the sixteenth article of amendment"
4115:
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3836:
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776:
531:
347:
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1456:. The Amendment was first proposed during the 110th Congress as House Joint Resolution 97 in July 2008, but no action was taken during that Congress.
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introduced an amendment prohibiting barriers to voting for adult Americans including "undue burden of proof of identity or citizenship", prohibiting
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1300:
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2494:
1842:
4331:
848:
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Amending America: Proposed Amendments to the United States Constitution, 1787 to 2014, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration website
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1197:
701:
671:. Jenkins saw the amendment as a way for both the Northern and the Southern states to be represented equally in the government at a given time.
576:
507:
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2127:(3). University of Toronto Press on behalf of the Canadian Association for American Studies with the support of Carleton University: 133–148.
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3728:
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2211:"Trump suggested his supporters want him to serve more than 2 terms as president, which would violate the 22nd Amendment of the Constitution"
1937:
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1270:
1151:
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was the latter procedure invoked and followed. Upon being properly ratified, an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution.
519:
286:
2607:
4856:
4376:
4170:
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749:
704:. The underlying logic behind this amendment was that these single women did not have husbands to represent their interests via the vote.
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in 1911, due to his belief that it was corrupt as well as useless to the country as a whole. The amendment would have also shielded the
2003:
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825:
359:
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2081:
2045:
1912:
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1611:
1209:
852:
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67:
49:
1867:
Schaffner, Joan (2005). "The Federal Marriage Amendment: To Protect the Sanctity of Marriage or Destroy Constitutional Democracy".
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1473:(D-NY) proposed a constitutional amendment to reverse the ruling, with the support of more than forty other members of Congress.
752:. At the time, Senators were still elected by state legislatures. The year after Berger proposed his amendment, Congress passed
686:. Similar amendments were proposed in 1874, 1896, and 1910 with none passing. The last attempt, in 1954, did not come to a vote.
4200:
4185:
1423:
1315:
1044:
597:
The latter procedure has never been used. To become part of the Constitution, an adopted amendment must be ratified by either:
354:
728:
Constitutional amendment proposals considered in but not approved by Congress during the 20th century included the following:
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and naturalized in 1983) eligible for the presidency and is sometimes nicknamed the "Arnold Amendment" or "Amend for Arnold".
967:
4321:
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2672:
1773:
1532:
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Constitutional amendment proposals considered in but not approved by Congress thus far in the 21st century have included:
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garnered much publicity when he married a white woman, Lucille Cameron. Similar amendments were proposed by Congressman
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366:
293:
2741:
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4885:
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4747:
4742:
4145:
3831:
3796:
3307:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Bold Plan to Reform the Supreme Court and Ensure No President Is Above the Law"
2512:
1446:
proposed an identical amendment a few weeks later, in an entirely separate effort from that of Peterson and Riggleman.
1213:
1056:
17:
2364:
2313:
1746:
611:
State ratifying conventions in three-fourths (presently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period, if any.
1692:
1463:
proposed an amendment, known as the No One Is Above the Law Amendment, to supersede the 2024 Supreme Court decision
4839:
4286:
4255:
4105:
3978:
3743:
3738:
1281:
1185:
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before becoming operative. A proposed amendment may be adopted and sent to the states for ratification by either:
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3698:
3544:
3352:
1380:
1098:
867:
536:
397:
371:
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Constitutional amendment proposals considered in but not approved by Congress during the 19th century included:
59:
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4150:
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3773:
3164:
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1126:
3138:
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have been made since Supreme Court ruled state term limits on federal officials to be unconstitutional in the
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4294:
4220:
4048:
3925:
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1227:
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many Americans believed that personal wealth should be limited to avoid such an issue from happening again.
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4028:
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3112:
1189:
1171:
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The legislatures of three-fourths (presently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period, if any;
564:
515:
503:
310:
3009:
2857:"Rubio Proposes 'Right To Refuse' Constitutional Amendment That Would Invalidate ObamaCare's Mandate Tax"
2816:
693:, proposed in 1875, would have banned public funds from going to religious purposes, in order to prevent
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3894:
3723:
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2339:
1347:
1243:
1231:
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843:
in 1937. This amendment would have heavily reduced America's ability to be involved in war, requiring a
303:
2392:"Playing With Fire: The Proposed Flag Burning Amendment and the Perennial Attack on Freedom of Speech"
551:
Amending the United States Constitution is a two-step process. Proposals to amend it must be properly
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813:
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719:
proposed a constitutional amendment to change the country's name to "the United States of the Earth."
572:
523:
identical resolutions to be offered on issues that have widespread public and congressional support.
511:
429:
2626:
1612:"Amending America: Exhibit Shows How Changes in the Constitution Affect the Way Our Democracy Works"
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1134:
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from taking advantage of such funds. Though it failed to pass, many states adopted such provisions.
679:
675:
568:
1246:. The most recent version of the amendment was introduced in the 118th Congress by Representative
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4180:
4165:
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2136:
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1985:
1665:
1388:
801:
768:
764:
668:
651:
2431:
For a more detailed account of this proposal, see Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972),
1968:
Chatfield, Charles (May 1969). "Pacifists and Their Publics: The Politics of a Peace Movement".
1904:
The Antipolygamy Controversy in U.S. Women's Movements: 1880–1925: A Debate on the American Home
1192:
four times: in 2003, 2004, 2005/2006, and 2008 by multiple members of Congress. It would define
975:
862:
amendment that no person should accumulate more than $ 1 million was proposed by Representative
3063:
The Article V Convention to propose constitutional amendments: contemporary issues for Congress
2037:
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2077:
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1933:
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1902:
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1731:
1727:
1653:
1643:
1419:
1339:
936:
916:
664:
636:
2982:
2183:
1826:
700:
An amendment allowing property-owning unmarried women to vote was proposed by Representative
4488:
4235:
4110:
4038:
4023:
3758:
3703:
3665:
2558:
2159:
2128:
1977:
1435:
1292:
1277:
1048:
1026:
1021:
971:
871:
836:
737:
690:
298:
4773:
4721:
4602:
4561:
4472:
4396:
4300:
4282:
4018:
3988:
3846:
2657:
2549:
Granberg, Donald (June 1985). "The United States Senate Votes to Uphold Roe versus Wade".
1431:
1395:
1247:
951:
924:
905:
897:
882:
821:
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would later establish women's suffrage irrespective of marital status or property in 1920.
694:
655:
640:
453:
3263:"Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law"
2834:
2290:
1588:
3353:
GovTrack: Track constitutional amendment proposals introduced in the 115th U.S. Congress
3347:
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4674:
4638:
4582:
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4366:
3311:
2830:
2030:
1470:
1322:
1258:
1167:
928:
844:
796:
792:
1591:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. August 15, 2016
1350:
introduced an amendment prohibiting the President of the United States from issuing a
589:
A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the
448:
4907:
4816:
4737:
4695:
4664:
4592:
4514:
4386:
4356:
4272:
4175:
3886:
3841:
2772:"The 2004 Campaign: The Marriage Issues; Conservatives Press Ahead on Anti-Gay Issue"
2682:
2578:
2261:
2154:
2140:
2066:
998:
994:
955:
817:
756:
mandating popular election of Senators which was duly ratified by the several states.
741:
3357:
2157:(January 18, 1989). "President Reagan Says He Will Fight to Repeal 22nd Amendment".
851:. Public support for the amendment was very robust through the 1930s, a period when
1235:
963:
959:
878:
863:
859:
840:
3285:"Biden calls for term limits, enforceable ethics rules for Supreme Court justices"
3236:"Senate Republicans offer constitutional amendment to block Supreme Court packing"
3215:"Peterson, Riggleman introduce amendment to permanently set size of Supreme Court"
1748:
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship
1280:
introduced an amendment requiring a two-thirds majority for Congress to raise the
647:, would have prohibited any person involved in a duel from holding federal office.
820:
Republican, on January 24, 1914, and supported by former U.S. Senator from Utah,
4768:
4648:
3327:"Ranking Member Morelle Introduced Constitutional Amendment to Prevent Immunity"
1443:
1358:
1254:
1239:
1155:
1076:
990:
436:
1718:
Goldstein, Jared (February 26, 2017). "How the Constitution Became Christian".
1536:
4493:
4277:
3071:
2763:
2164:
2068:
The Bricker Amendment Controversy: A Test of Eisenhower's Political Leadership
1800:"Statement before the U.S. Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage – April 2, 1888"
1657:
1410:
1307:
1060:
829:
527:
441:
1373:
unable to be altered by the government. The amendment was proposed after the
4401:
1888:
Tell the Court I Love My Wife: Race, Marriage, and Law – An American History
1460:
3189:
2242:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress
2132:
1637:
1287:
Various proposals have been made for a constitutional amendment abolishing
1020:
was first proposed in 1995 to give Congress the power to make acts such as
931:
by prohibiting treaties from violating the U.S. Constitution and limiting
678:, first proposed in February 1863, would have added acknowledgment of the
2736:
2677:
1642:(1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York. pp. 63–64.
1439:
1009:, proposed the amendment in the House on May 8, 1997. In March 1998, the
809:
788:
650:
Shortly before his death during the congressional debates leading to the
2570:
2314:"Republicans in Congress Renew Push for Vote on School Prayer Amendment"
1387:. Many key aspects of the amendment were incorporated into the proposed
4436:
3866:
2909:"The Social Contract – Case for Correction By Constitutional Amendment"
2562:
1989:
1843:"U.S. Senate: House Member Introduces Resolution to Abolish the Senate"
1201:
1178:
1109:. That was also the last time the House held a floor or committee vote.
1064:
3061:
2237:"Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change"
997:
in 1962, 1973, 1979, 1982, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 2006. Representative
514:
typically propose around 200 amendments during each two-year term of
2004:"Five 'unusual' amendments that never made it into the Constitution"
1981:
1486:
including both the ratified amendments and the unratified amendments
3165:"12 other Constitutional amendments that won't happen anytime soon"
1492:, the alternative processes whereby the Constitution may be altered
1490:
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
526:
Since 1789, Congress has sent 33 constitutional amendments to the
1299:. President Donald Trump endorsed a similar proposal during the
1159:
920:
745:
658:
proposed constitutional amendments requiring an equal number of
644:
632:
3361:
2958:"Repealing Birthright Citizenship: The Unintended Consequences"
2608:"Considering a Balanced Budget Amendment: Lessons from History"
2032:
Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade
2168:
1619:
Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration
667:
in 1860 shortly before sectional tensions escalated into the
1450:
Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution
1406:, prohibiting unfree labor from being used as a punishment.
1422:
for 4-year terms, renewable in presidential years, in his
1024:
illegal, seeking to supersede the 1990 Supreme Court case
1955:
Roger Nash Baldwin and the American Civil Liberties Union
1129:, an amendment first proposed in 1996, would introduce a
1039:
was the closest the United States has come to passing an
2627:"Why Members of the US Congress Do Not Face Term Limits"
1385:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
2287:"Sen. Byrd introduces amendment allowing school prayer"
1094:(2022), leaving individual states to regulate abortion.
530:
for ratification. Of these, 27 have been ratified. The
3086:"Constitutional amendments in U.S. rarely go anywhere"
18:
Draft:List of Proposed Ammendments to the US Consition
4914:
Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
2625:
B. S., Texas A&M University; Facebook, Facebook.
635:
Ban Amendment, proposed in 1838 after Representative
1639:
Accidental Presidents: Eight Men Who Changed America
1484:
List of amendments to the United States Constitution
1454:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
1088:
ruling was later overturned by the Supreme Court in
32:
List of amendments to the United States Constitution
4830:
4802:
4782:
4761:
4730:
4704:
4683:
4657:
4621:
4570:
4539:
4523:
4502:
4481:
4460:
4444:
4435:
4314:
3944:
3809:
3689:
3646:
3571:
3543:
3522:
3459:
3446:
3395:
2791:"How Citizens United changed politics, in 7 charts"
2460:"House Approves Direct Election of The President".
908:, from 1935 to 1938, followed by attempt to outlaw
4811:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
2289:. Associated Press. April 30, 2006. Archived from
2065:
2029:
1226:prohibits the federal government from restricting
970:, over the ensuing half-century (through 2008) 54
1391:, which passed the U.S. House of Representatives.
2495:"Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting"
2396:Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development
1043:. The amendment would have replaced the current
832:, which permitted multiple marriages until 1890.
4822:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
2488:
2486:
1693:"10 Weirdest Failed Constitutional Amendments"
1402:to repeal the penal exception clause from the
1219:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
927:, would have limited the federal government's
779:nationwide. This was spurred when black boxer
3373:
1778:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 241.
1511:"Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution"
1074:, first proposed in 1973, would overturn the
855:was the prevailing mood in the United States.
473:
8:
2671:Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (October 24, 2003).
1091:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2601:
2599:
2597:
2415:"Senate Rejects Flag Desecration Amendment"
1804:Archives of Women's Political Communication
1751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
1564:. Morrow, Georgia: Clayton State University
1212:have been introduced in Congress since the
744:House of Representatives' legislation from
593:of two thirds (presently 34) of the states.
4441:
3456:
3452:
3380:
3366:
3358:
3190:"Congressman Eliot Engel: Election Reform"
2513:"Abortion Amendment Voted by Senate Panel"
1932:. University of Michigan. pp. 17–18.
1930:Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy
1670:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1267:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
502:are introduced during each session of the
480:
466:
36:
2732:"Foreign-Born President Amendment Sought"
1133:blocking members of Congress from adding
812:amendment was proposed by Representative
4878:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
3034:Culberson, John Abney (March 17, 2015).
2433:The Politics of Electoral College Reform
1907:. New York: Routledge. pp. 243–44.
1583:
1581:
1579:
1513:. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate
1415:Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution
2064:Tananbaum, Duane (September 19, 1988).
2036:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1890:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 133–135.
1562:"Constitution Day: Proposed Amendments"
1502:
380:
324:
123:
66:
48:
2730:Associated Press (November 30, 2004).
2705:"'Amend for Arnold' campaign launched"
2653:
2643:
2312:Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 16, 1996).
1663:
1556:
1554:
1310:introduced an amendment repealing the
1063:. On September 17, 1970, a motion for
518:. Most, however, never get out of the
2861:U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio
2797:from the original on January 24, 2017
2551:Population Research and Policy Review
2493:Weaver, Warren (September 18, 1970).
2445:"House Unit Votes To Drop Electors".
2235:Neale, Thomas H. (October 19, 2009).
2072:. Cornell University Press. pp.
1886:Wallenstein, Peter (March 24, 2015).
1152:Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment
1041:Electoral College abolition amendment
1007:Oklahoma's 5th congressional district
944:repeal of the Twenty-second Amendment
7:
4857:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
3273:from the original on August 1, 2024.
3137:Engel, Eliot L. (January 31, 2017).
2789:Cillizza, Chris (January 22, 2014).
2184:"Clinton: I Would've Won Third Term"
1970:Midwest Journal of Political Science
1828:Pantocracy; Or, The Reign of Justice
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1610:Blackerby, Christine (Winter 2015).
1269:requiring legal persons to purchase
1224:First Amendment's free speech clause
4919:United States history-related lists
4845:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
4372:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
3295:from the original on July 31, 2024.
2532:"Full Senate Gets Abortion Measure"
2519:. Associated Press. March 26, 1983.
2475:"Senate Debating Direct Election".
2338:Van Biema, David (April 27, 1998).
2121:Canadian Review of American Studies
1162:), would repeal the Constitution's
1154:, proposed in July 2003 by Senator
4924:Lists of United States legislation
3936:Drafting and ratification timeline
3681:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2933:Vitter, David (January 16, 2009).
1589:"Constitutional Amendment Process"
1210:campaign finance reform amendments
1119:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
336:Drafting and ratification timeline
25:
3389:Constitution of the United States
3331:Committee on House Administration
2882:Willis, Derek (August 12, 2015).
2530:Roberts, Steven (April 4, 1983).
1413:introduced an amendment to amend
1363:foreign interference in elections
1325:introduced an amendment altering
912:after his first proposals failed.
791:Democrat, in 1871 and by Senator
3792:Convention to propose amendments
3163:Wolf, Z. Byron (November 2018).
2956:Fix, Michael (August 21, 2015).
2606:Istook, Ernest (July 14, 2011).
2479:. September 9, 1970. p. 10.
2464:. September 19, 1969. p. 1.
1112:Various proposed amendments for
896:were proposed by Representative
888:Multiple attempts to repeal the
447:
435:
423:
58:
1745:Lash, Kurt T. (April 7, 2014).
1424:1966 State of the Union Address
1398:introduced an amendment in the
881:was proposed by Representative
839:was proposed by Representative
763:was proposed by Representative
736:was proposed by Representative
639:killed another Representative,
4407:Separation of church and state
3008:King, Steve (April 21, 2017).
2413:Staff Writer (June 28, 2006).
2340:"Spiriting Prayer Into School"
1434:and Republican Representative
968:Congressional Research Service
125:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
3911:Virginia Ratifying Convention
3111:Green, Al (August 17, 2017).
2028:Critchlow, Donald T. (2005).
1825:Cowdon, James Seldon (1892).
1055:. It was proposed during the
1053:French presidential elections
4872:National Constitution Center
4670:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
3969:Assemble and Petition Clause
3261:Biden, Joe (July 29, 2024).
2449:. April 30, 1969. p. 1.
2163:(Interview). Interviewed by
2008:National Constitution Center
1533:"C-SPAN's Capitol Questions"
1379:case overruled parts of the
866:in 1933. In the wake of the
828:. Utah was dominated by the
761:anti-miscegenation amendment
732:An amendment abolishing the
684:Preamble to the Constitution
660:slave states and free states
4743:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
3797:State ratifying conventions
3734:Equal Opportunity to Govern
3729:Electoral College abolition
3656:Congressional Apportionment
1869:GW Law Faculty Publications
1214:United States Supreme Court
1188:has been introduced in the
950:for presidents. Presidents
826:National Reform Association
391:Preamble and Articles I–VII
287:Congressional Apportionment
4945:
2837:. House of Representatives
2390:Pieper, Troy (June 1996).
1772:Kleber, John, ed. (1992).
1301:2016 presidential election
1222:ruling declaring that the
1186:Federal Marriage Amendment
1080:court ruling and prohibit
1018:Flag Desecration Amendment
870:and the beginnings of the
500:United States Constitution
28:
4196:Privileges and Immunities
4009:Congressional enforcement
3931:Rhode Island ratification
3822:Articles of Confederation
3787:
3764:Parental Rights amendment
3455:
1775:The Kentucky Encyclopedia
1381:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1114:congressional term limits
1099:balanced budget amendment
1011:House Judiciary Committee
537:Articles of Confederation
372:Reconstruction Amendments
4427:Unitary executive theory
4201:Privileges or Immunities
3916:New York Circular Letter
3906:Massachusetts Compromise
2937:. United States Congress
2673:"The 'Arnold Amendment'"
2557:(2). Springer: 115–131.
2173:Retrieved June 14, 2015.
1228:independent expenditures
1127:single subject amendment
520:Congressional committees
430:United States portal
40:This article is part of
4347:Dormant Commerce Clause
4191:Presidential succession
3926:Fayetteville Convention
3921:Hillsborough Convention
3857:Three-fifths Compromise
3837:Philadelphia Convention
3827:Mount Vernon Conference
3714:Campaign finance reform
1928:Ole R., Holsti (2004).
1823:Read the amendment in:
1376:Shelby County v. Holder
1295:as a deterrent against
987:School Prayer Amendment
935:. Opposed by President
4510:William Samuel Johnson
4382:Nondelegation doctrine
3954:Admission to the Union
3901:Anti-Federalist Papers
3852:Connecticut Compromise
3117:United States Congress
3014:United States Congress
2133:10.3138/CRAS-029-03-06
2100:. Ohio History Central
1901:Iversen, Joan (1997).
1466:Trump v. United States
1289:birthright citizenship
1232:nonprofit corporations
1230:for communications by
1190:United States Congress
1166:clause, thus allowing
978:, in 2013, during the
919:, proposed in 1951 by
877:An amendment to limit
706:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
565:United States Congress
504:United States Congress
4717:Richard Dobbs Spaight
4186:Presidential Electors
4161:Original Jurisdiction
4101:Full Faith and Credit
3974:Assistance of Counsel
3895:The Federalist Papers
3724:Crittenden Compromise
2778:. The New York Times.
2768:Kirkpatrick, David D.
1953:Robert C., Cottrell.
1636:Cohen, Jared (2019).
1175:Arnold Schwarzenegger
1107:Contract with America
1103:Republican Revolution
1037:Bayh–Celler amendment
777:interracial marriages
494:Hundreds of proposed
412:Unratified Amendments
279:Unratified Amendments
68:Preamble and Articles
4886:A More Perfect Union
4862:Constitution Gardens
4783:Convention Secretary
4445:Convention President
4417:Symmetric federalism
4412:Separation of powers
4146:Necessary and Proper
4141:Natural-born citizen
4086:Freedom of the Press
4024:Copyright and Patent
4014:Contingent Elections
3832:Annapolis Convention
1720:Hastings Law Journal
1404:Thirteenth Amendment
1168:naturalized citizens
1164:natural born citizen
1072:Human Life Amendment
933:executive agreements
900:, introducer of the
775:, in 1912 to forbid
710:Nineteenth Amendment
52:of the United States
4893:Worldwide influence
4634:Gunning Bedford Jr.
4362:Executive privilege
4342:Criminal sentencing
4265:Title of Nobility (
4256:Taxing and Spending
4156:Oath or Affirmation
4116:House Apportionment
3979:Case or Controversy
3862:Committee of Detail
3754:"Liberty" amendment
3719:Christian amendment
3267:The Washington Post
3090:Pew Research Center
2987:transcripts.cnn.com
2962:migrationpolicy.org
2913:The Social Contract
2793:. Washington Post.
2744:on October 23, 2017
2711:. November 18, 2004
2685:on October 23, 2017
2612:Heritage Foundation
2419:The Washington Post
2365:"Votes in Congress"
2293:on January 25, 2009
2209:Einbinder, Nicole.
2098:"Bricker Amendment"
1331:national convention
1314:and abolishing the
1312:Sixteenth Amendment
1297:illegal immigration
1257:and Representative
1172:California Governor
1131:single-subject rule
929:treaty-making power
906:alcoholic beverages
904:originally banning
845:national referendum
676:Christian Amendment
569:two-thirds majority
454:Politics portal
405:Amendments XI–XXVII
4929:Lists of proposals
4547:William Livingston
4531:Alexander Hamilton
4337:Criminal procedure
4332:Constitutional law
4267:Foreign Emoluments
4231:State of the Union
4216:Self-Incrimination
4206:Recess appointment
3999:Compulsory Process
3661:Titles of Nobility
3242:. October 19, 2020
2776:The New York Times
2656:has generic name (
2563:10.1007/BF00127547
2536:The New York Times
2517:The New York Times
2499:The New York Times
2477:The New York Times
2462:The New York Times
2447:The New York Times
2369:The New York Times
2318:The New York Times
2190:. December 7, 2000
2052:bricker amendment.
1389:For the People Act
1316:federal income tax
1263:individual mandate
849:declaration of war
802:Loving v. Virginia
765:Seaborn Roddenbery
669:American Civil War
652:Compromise of 1850
579:deem it necessary;
316:D.C. Voting Rights
294:Titles of Nobility
4901:
4900:
4867:Constitution Week
4852:Independence Mall
4840:National Archives
4798:
4797:
4613:Gouverneur Morris
4598:Thomas Fitzsimons
4578:Benjamin Franklin
4452:George Washington
4352:Enumerated powers
4327:Concurrent powers
4322:Balance of powers
4151:No Religious Test
4091:Freedom of Speech
3882:Independence Hall
3805:
3804:
3709:Bricker amendment
3642:
3641:
3291:. July 29, 2024.
3060:Neale, Thomas H.
2835:"Right to Refuse"
1939:978-0-472-03011-8
1699:. August 26, 2016
1649:978-1-5011-0982-9
1420:Lyndon B. Johnson
1343:decision in 2016.
1340:Evenwel v. Abbott
1293:foreign nationals
1198:same-sex marriage
1122:decision in 1995.
1045:Electoral College
972:joint resolutions
937:Dwight Eisenhower
917:Bricker Amendment
879:investment income
868:Wall Street Crash
814:Frederick Gillett
769:Southern Democrat
746:presidential veto
490:
489:
16:(Redirected from
4936:
4748:Charles Pinckney
4557:William Paterson
4489:Nathaniel Gorham
4442:
4221:Speech or Debate
4049:Equal Protection
3759:Ludlow amendment
3744:Flag Desecration
3739:Federal Marriage
3704:Blaine amendment
3666:Corwin Amendment
3457:
3453:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3335:
3334:
3333:. July 25, 2024.
3323:
3317:
3316:
3315:. July 29, 2024.
3303:
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3149:
3143:www.congress.gov
3134:
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3108:
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3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:. April 12, 2018
3082:
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3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3040:www.congress.gov
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2786:
2780:
2779:
2770:(July 9, 2004).
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2740:. Archived from
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2681:. Archived from
2668:
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2221:
2215:Business Insider
2206:
2200:
2199:
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2180:
2174:
2172:
2160:NBC Nightly News
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1544:
1535:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1436:Denver Riggleman
1383:and in light of
1371:national holiday
1291:for children of
1278:Randy Neugebauer
1271:health insurance
1049:two-round system
1027:Texas v. Johnson
946:would eliminate
872:Great Depression
837:Ludlow Amendment
797:South Carolinian
691:Blaine Amendment
547:Amending process
482:
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468:
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4790:William Jackson
4778:
4774:Abraham Baldwin
4757:
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4722:Hugh Williamson
4700:
4679:
4653:
4644:Richard Bassett
4617:
4603:Jared Ingersoll
4566:
4562:Jonathan Dayton
4535:
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4498:
4477:
4473:Nicholas Gilman
4456:
4431:
4397:Reserved powers
4377:Judicial review
4310:
4106:General Welfare
4029:Double Jeopardy
3940:
3867:List of Framers
3847:New Jersey Plan
3801:
3783:
3779:Victims' Rights
3699:Balanced budget
3685:
3638:
3567:
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2831:Palazzo, Steven
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1432:Collin Peterson
1409:Representative
1396:Cedric Richmond
1394:Representative
1357:Representative
1354:for themselves.
1346:Representative
1321:Representative
1306:Representative
1276:Representative
1248:Pramila Jayapal
1144:
1047:with a simpler
952:Harry S. Truman
925:John W. Bricker
898:Morris Sheppard
883:J. Buell Snyder
847:to confirm any
822:Frank J. Cannon
750:judicial review
726:
717:Lucas M. Miller
715:Representative
656:John C. Calhoun
641:Jonathan Cilley
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4906:
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4771:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4731:South Carolina
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:William Blount
4708:
4706:
4705:North Carolina
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4675:Daniel Carroll
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:John Dickinson
4636:
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4623:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
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4583:Thomas Mifflin
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:David Brearley
4549:
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4422:Taxation power
4419:
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4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Implied powers
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4315:Interpretation
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Recommendation
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:Fugitive Slave
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4064:Excessive Bail
4061:
4056:
4051:
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4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
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3986:
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3976:
3971:
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3964:Appropriations
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3776:
3774:Single subject
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3545:Reconstruction
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3511:
3506:
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3461:Bill of Rights
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3405:
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3342:External links
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3318:
3312:whitehouse.gov
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2863:. June 4, 2013
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2722:
2709:www.sfgate.com
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2371:. June 7, 1998
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2201:
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2155:Reagan, Ronald
2146:
2111:
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2046:
2020:
1995:
1976:(2): 298–312.
1960:
1957:. p. 236.
1945:
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1920:
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1878:
1859:
1847:www.senate.gov
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1539:on May 9, 2008
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1471:Joseph Morelle
1457:
1447:
1427:
1407:
1400:116th Congress
1392:
1355:
1344:
1335:
1323:John Culberson
1319:
1304:
1285:
1274:
1259:Steven Palazzo
1251:
1206:
1182:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1110:
1105:voted for the
1095:
1068:
1051:modeled after
1033:
1014:
983:
980:113th Congress
940:
913:
902:18th Amendment
890:21st Amendment
886:
875:
856:
833:
806:
793:Coleman Blease
757:
725:
722:
721:
720:
713:
698:
687:
672:
665:Albert Jenkins
648:
637:William Graves
624:
621:
617:21st amendment
613:
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602:
595:
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442:Law portal
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407:
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398:Amendments I–X
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369:
367:Bill of Rights
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4843:
4842:
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4829:
4823:
4820:
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4817:Jacob Shallus
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
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4772:
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4766:
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4760:
4754:
4753:Pierce Butler
4751:
4749:
4746:
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4741:
4739:
4738:John Rutledge
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
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4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4696:James Madison
4694:
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4682:
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4665:James McHenry
4663:
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4609:
4606:
4604:
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4593:George Clymer
4591:
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4588:Robert Morris
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4515:Roger Sherman
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4482:Massachusetts
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4461:New Hampshire
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4387:Plenary power
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4357:Equal footing
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4279:
4278:Trial by Jury
4276:
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4131:Ineligibility
4129:
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4126:Import-Export
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4081:Free Exercise
4079:
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4071:
4070:Ex Post Facto
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4065:
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4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Establishment
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4004:Confrontation
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3887:Syng inkstand
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3769:School Prayer
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1831:. p. 51.
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