1525:
570:
Song and Yuan. After the Song
Dynasty, the religion was renamed Mingism, and was denounced by the rulers of the time as a "vegetable-eating devil". "The reason for this is that Manichaeism rejects meat and vegetables, but its followers do not eat only vegetables; for them, fruits and vegetables are the most desirable food. The term "serving the devil" is a derogatory term used by those who are hostile to Manichaeism, saying that it serves demons. But in fact, the practice of Manichaeism is very strict. In addition to insisting on vegetarianism, Chen Yuan also pointed out that "Manichaeism is extremely strict with itself, extremely forgiving with others, extremely disciplined with itself, extremely fair with money, and no less than a moral religion. Thus, the religion was quite popular among the people". Manichaeism also attaches great importance to the juxtaposition of scriptures and pictures In the way of missions, the leader Mani not only wrote
452:
88:
485:, came to Chang'an with a statue of the scriptures, and Emperor Taizong sent his chancellor, Fang Xuanling, to the western suburbs to welcome the guest inside. After examining the teachings, Emperor Taizong ordered the construction of a Daqin temple in Yiningfang, which was also known as the Jing religion temple, and began the translation of the scriptures with the help of Fang Xuanling and Wei Zheng. Thereafter, Jingism developed smoothly in China for 150 years, and at one time, "the Dharma flowed through ten provinces and the temples filled a hundred cities". According to the Dzogchen, the Persian monk
1264:
1152:
328:
66:
441:
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47:
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establishment of the Yuan
Dynasty, but it died out again during the Ming Dynasty. There are few artworks of the Jing religion left behind, but there are now paintings of Christ in the Zangjing cave and murals in the Jing temple in Gaochang. In addition, there are tombstones with engravings and decorations by Christians, and bronze medallions (bronze crosses and other shaped robes and decorations).
505:
489:
translated 35 Jing sutras into
Chinese in the 8th century AD. It was not until Emperor Wu Zong of the Tang Dynasty initiated the persecution of Buddhism in Huichang that the Jing religion fell victim and declined rapidly. The second major expansion of the religion into China was not until after the
400:
and Tang dynasties. These Sabao served
Sogdian Zoroastrians, specializing in the management of the Western Hu people living in the Central Plains and their religious activities. This position was especially prevalent amongst the Hua Sogdians. During the Tang dynasty, there was a competition held by
569:
of the Tang
Dynasty in Huichang that Manichaeism was also banned. The religion then moved to the coastal areas of southern China, such as Fujian and Zhejiang, where it was secretly spread among the people and gradually combined with other religions, and remained intact through the Five Dynasties,
476:
is the name given to the
Eastern Christian Church after it was introduced to China. Since its seat was located in the Sassanid Empire of Persia, it was called the Great Qin Church and the Persian Scripture Church when it first entered the Tang Empire, and was eventually named in Chinese
271:, with a population of more than one million, was particularly cosmopolitan, as the city was strongly influenced by foreign cultures. Indian illusionists, Persian dancers, singers, musicians, harem girls, and exotic cuisine could be found in the streets, and
373:, the supreme god of Zoroastrianism. Lin Wush believes that Zoroastrianism was introduced to China in the middle of the 5th century, while Rong Xinjiang, after examining various documents, believes that it was introduced to China in the early 4th century.
282:, which led to their gradual decline. However, their influence was still strong in certain periods of Chinese history. In particular, Manichaeism was transferred to the folk secrets in the later period, blending with Buddhism, Taoism, and folk beliefs. The
564:
established
Manichaeism as the state religion. Relying on the political strength of the Uighurs, the religion began to spread widely in the Central Plains, and a Manichaean monastery, the Great Cloud Temple of Light, was established. It was not until
543:
reign (694), the
Persian Fudodan came to the dynasty with Manichean scriptures. The status of women in Manichaeism is very high, and Wu Zetian may have a good impression of them and treat Manichaeism preferentially. Later, the translated book
927:
959:
384:", Zoroastrianism calls its places of worship "shrines". Zoroastrianism also differs from other religions in that its followers did not preach in China, nor did they translate scriptures, so only the
275:
was a popular activity at the court, where noble women also enjoyed horseback riding. The Tang dynasty’s cosmopolitanism therefore facilitated spread of the three
Persian religions.
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1087:
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by himself. Manichaean artwork, such as manuscript illustrations, painted streamers, wall paintings, and silk scrolls, are brightly colored, gorgeous and dazzling.
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because it borrowed a lot of
Buddhist terminology and was judged to be "an evil opinion and a false claim of Buddhism that could confuse the people. After the
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516:" and "MIK III 6283", the top is painted with the bright virgin and the seated statue of Jesus, and the lower part is the statue of the Manichean elect.
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830:"Explore the integration of Zoroastrian customs and Chinese festival customs from the Dunhuang "Sai Zuo" in the Late Tang and Five Dynasties"
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481:. According to the Daqin Jinghuism Popular China Tablet, in the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's reign (635), a great deity of Daqin,
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741:"Minxiapu Small Mountain Village, Minxiapu Village, Minxiapu Village, Relics of Mingjiao in "Evening to Slay the Dragon""
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361:, Chen Yuan argues that Zoroastrianism was first introduced to China during the Southern Liang period of the
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145:. They were recognized and protected under Tang rule, helping them to prosper in China at a time when
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687:"Zhonggu huahua xianjiao kaoshu [A Study of Sinicized Zoroastrianism in Medieval China]"
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894:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: Taiwan Christian Literature and Art Publishing House.
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The Perpetual Way: A Study of the History and Documents of Christianity in the Tang Dynasty
413:, Zoroastrianism was also targeted, eventually disappearing in China after the fall of the
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also spread to China during the Tang Dynasty. According to Chinese Muslim tradition,
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Lin Wushu (2005). "The Social Trend of Sanyi Religion in the Five Tang Dynasty".
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917:"The cultural exchange story of the Nestorian bronze medal in the Yuan Dynasty"
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2015:
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728:. Nakako Library (in Japanese). Tokyo: Central Koonunsha. pp. 371–386.
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in the 3rd century AD and has always been regarded as a door of Christian
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in 1279. In modern-day China, Zoroastrian art is primarily unearthed from
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The three Persian religions were persecuted in the 9th century during the
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who keep these Ming-style books on mantras and religious rituals. Thus,
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263:(639). Thereafter, the Tang Dynasty prospered until the Kaiyuan era of
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period, while Christianity and Manichaeism were both introduced to the
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2282:: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery
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Zoroastrianism was first introduced to China during the early
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in the early 6th century A.D. Hu Tian, the god worshipped by
153:. The three religious movements identified by the term were
539:
According to "The Buddhist history", In the first year of
392:, practiced it. According an unearthed epitaph written in
137:), as a medieval Chinese concept, referred to a group of
376:
Unlike some other religions, which generally call their
949:"The Bronze Cross unveils the Nestorian civilization"
292:, discovered in 2008, was probably written during the
125:
341:, is a paper idol used in the Zoroastrian religion.
135: "Three Foreign Religions of the Tang Dynasty"
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604:was sent to China to meet Tang Gaozong, located in
296:. In the modern day, there are special masters in
396:, a "Sabao" official position existed during the
359:The Introduction of Fire Zoroastrianism to China
259:, Koji Wentai, in the 13th year of the Zhenguan
74:, dated to the 9th century, associated with the
345:Zoroastrianism, which originated in modern-day
27:Iranian religions that spread to Tang-era China
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567:the persecution of Buddhism by Emperor Wuzong
527:religion that originated in the territory of
230:
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211:
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98:, dated to the 13th century, associated with
35:
8:
2175:Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village
464:and the flying pattern on the Tang Dynasty
2373:
2312:
2298:
2290:
1466:
1452:
1444:
1141:
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1119:
1013:"Middle Ancient Sanyi Religion Dialectics"
650:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2156:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259
2151:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368
2146:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979
2141:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974
2136:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959
503:
326:
2261:Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang
1088:"Mingjiao: Manichaeism rooted in China"
716:
173:The "three Persian religions" include:
2203:Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation
592:In addition to the Persian religions,
95:Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation
2813:Foreign relations of the Tang dynasty
2185:Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918
2180:Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286
7:
2123:Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work
726:History of the World 4 Tang and Indo
1847:Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism
1658:Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism
131:
1676:Sogdian-language Manichaean letter
25:
1406:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1015:. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
608:Tang Dynasty The construction of
2767:
2766:
1735:Two Principles and Three Moments
1523:
1433:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
1262:
1150:
531:. It was created by the Persian
450:
439:
407:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
349:, was the state religion of the
280:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
86:
64:
45:
962:from the original on 2020-08-17
930:from the original on 2020-08-17
870:from the original on 2016-07-29
840:from the original on 2020-08-17
810:from the original on 2018-12-22
781:from the original on 2020-08-17
751:from the original on 2020-04-18
622:Zoroastrianism-related articles
241:Northern and Southern dynasties
2210:Veneration of the Tree of Life
1542:Seven treatises of Manichaeism
1188:Chinese salvationist religions
257:attack on the King of Gaochang
72:Painting of a Christian figure
1:
639:Christianity-related articles
588:Islam during the Tang dynasty
18:Draft:Three Persian religions
2818:History of religion in China
2793:Religion in the Tang dynasty
2191:Painting of the Buddha Jesus
2162:Mani's Community Established
1683:Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts
1401:Freedom of religion in China
915:Chen, Tianhui (2015-09-05).
888:Wu, Changxing (2015-06-01).
828:Zhao Hongjuan (2018-10-10).
661:Manichaeism-related articles
512:Manichaean painted banners "
367:Empress Ling of Northern Wei
304:has been transformed into a
2823:Church of the East in China
860:"Zoroastrian (Zarathustra)"
800:"Zoroastrianism (Zorodian)"
724:Zukamoto Yoshitaka (1974).
466:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
431:Church of the East in China
331:The 10th century painting "
251:. The second Tang emperor,
225:
206:
183:
126:
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2232:Manichaean (Unicode block)
1720:Zarathustra in Manichaeism
1521:
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1725:The Buddha in Manichaeism
1643:Dunhuang Manichaean texts
1421:Ghosts in Chinese culture
1416:Regional Religious System
1260:
739:Pu Bo, ed. (2010-04-26).
231:
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121:
36:
2461:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1165:Major religions in China
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1050:
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950:
918:
771:"Fujian Mingji deceased"
672:Cao'an Manichaean Temple
645:Mogao Christian painting
2652:Three Persian religions
2116:Diagram of the Universe
1841:Three Persian religions
1671:Turpan Manichaean texts
1427:Three Persian religions
1334:Mongolian folk religion
986:Encyclopedia Britannica
685:Zhang, Xiaogui (2011).
114:three Persian religions
76:Persian Church in China
33:Three Persian religions
1750:Xroshtag and Padvaxtag
1183:Folk ritual ministries
769:Kameyou (2014-12-20).
517:
411:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
409:in the mid-800s under
342:
151:early Muslim conquests
2756:Fire temples in India
2419:Scripture and worship
1653:Manichaean Compendium
1613:Manichaean Psalm Book
1558:The Book of Mysteries
1173:Chinese folk religion
546:Manichaean Compendium
507:
330:
2751:Fire temples in Iran
2538:Accounts and legends
2268:The Secret of Heaven
2254:The Gardens of Light
1872:Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri
1730:Jesus in Manichaeism
1638:Medinet Madi library
363:Northern Wei dynasty
127:Táng-dài sān yí jiào
100:Manichaeism in China
2808:Chinese Manichaeism
2625:History and culture
2466:Udvada Atash Behram
1938:Chinese Manichaeism
1710:Father of Greatness
1608:Fundamental Epistle
1411:Irreligion in China
1339:Qiang folk religion
1178:Ancestor veneration
864:religion.moi.gov.tw
612:is related to him.
602:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
558:An Lushan Rebellion
500:Chinese Manichaeism
306:Chinese folk belief
302:Xiapu Manichaeanism
149:was falling to the
2555:Book of Arda Viraf
2484:Cypress of Kashmar
2064:Flying Road Pagoda
2052:Puxi Fushou Palace
1745:Messenger of Light
1715:Prince of Darkness
1633:Cologne Mani-Codex
1570:Psalms and Prayers
1566:The Book of Giants
1324:Miao folk religion
1220:Theravada Buddhism
1095:zsdh.library.sh.cn
518:
351:Achaemenid Empire
343:
201:Church of the East
2798:Religion in China
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2227:Manichaean script
2197:Sealstone of Mani
1441:
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1349:Yao folk religion
1157:Religion in China
901:978-986-6131-29-5
378:places of worship
139:Iranian religions
56:, the founder of
16:(Redirected from
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2735:in United States
2471:Adur Burzen-Mihr
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2109:Book of Pictures
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1897:Uyghur Khaganate
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1857:Sergius-Tychicus
1618:Psalms of Thomas
1577:Book of Pictures
1550:Treasure of Life
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1314:Manchu shamanism
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1210:Chinese Buddhism
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1097:. Archived from
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1046:Zhiqing (1269).
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574:, but also drew
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548:" was banned by
529:Sassanian Empire
460:Rubbings of the
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285:Xiapu Manuscript
265:Emperor Xuanzong
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1075:. Vol. 19.
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1029:(801). "卷四十".
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2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
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2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Chinvat Bridge
2567:
2562:
2560:Book of Jamasp
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Khordeh Avesta
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Airyaman ishya
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Amesha Spentas
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2328:Primary topics
2325:
2324:
2321:Zoroastrianism
2319:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2220:Writing system
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2169:Mani's Parents
2165:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:See of Babylon
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
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1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
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1768:
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1752:
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1732:
1727:
1722:
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1712:
1706:
1704:
1698:
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1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1594:Extracanonical
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1546:Gospel of Mani
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:Inner Mongolia
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
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1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:Roman Catholic
1234:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1078:
1058:
1038:
1018:
1003:
972:
958:. 2015-06-15.
940:
907:
900:
880:
850:
820:
804:chiculture.net
791:
761:
731:
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
697:(3): 437–438.
680:
677:
675:
674:
669:
667:Manichaean art
663:
662:
658:
657:
652:
647:
641:
640:
636:
635:
633:Sogdian Daēnās
630:
624:
623:
619:
617:
614:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
562:Uyghur Khanate
498:Main article:
495:
492:
459:
458:
449:
448:
447:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
357:. In his book
334:Sogdian Daēnās
323:Zoroastrianism
321:Main article:
318:
317:Zoroastrianism
315:
313:
310:
245:Central Plains
237:
236:
217:
194:
178:Zoroastrianism
170:
167:
159:Persian Church
155:Zoroastrianism
92:
85:
84:
70:
63:
62:
58:Zoroastrianism
51:
44:
43:
42:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2835:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2790:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:in Azerbaijan
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
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2581:
2578:
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2573:
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2568:
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2553:
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2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Adur Gushnasp
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
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2326:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
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2292:
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2276:
2270:
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2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
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2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:Birth of Mani
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2076:Leshan Temple
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Cangnan Stele
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
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1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:New Testament
1601:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
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1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
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1392:
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1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
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1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
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1327:
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1312:
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1307:
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1300:
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1274:
1270:
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1250:
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1240:
1238:
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1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1104:on 2018-12-30
1100:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1004:
993:on 2013-06-03
992:
988:
987:
982:
981:"Manichaeism"
976:
973:
961:
957:
953:
944:
941:
929:
925:
921:
919:元代景教銅牌的文化交流故事
911:
908:
903:
897:
893:
892:
884:
881:
869:
865:
861:
854:
851:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
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801:
795:
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772:
765:
762:
750:
746:
742:
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732:
727:
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710:
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688:
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664:
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642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
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615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:
511:
508:10th century
506:
501:
493:
491:
488:
484:
480:
475:
467:
463:
453:
442:
432:
424:
422:
420:
419:Sogdian Tombs
416:
412:
408:
405:. During the
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
336:
335:
329:
324:
316:
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227:
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199:
195:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:
174:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Sassanid Iran
144:
140:
128:
119:
115:
105:
101:
97:
96:
89:
81:
77:
73:
67:
59:
55:
48:
19:
2771:
2651:
2575:Frashokereti
2524:Atash Behram
2514:The Revayats
2475:Adur Farnbag
2456:Fire Temples
2446:Yenghe hatam
2441:Ahuna Vairya
2410:Angra Mainyu
2279:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2208:
2201:
2189:
2167:
2160:
2130:Icon of Mani
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
1988:Commandments
1953:Organisation
1840:
1839:
1805:Shad Ohrmazd
1755:
1689:Moni Guangfo
1687:
1582:
1575:
1554:The Epistles
1426:
1425:
1279:Baháʼí Faith
1227:Christianity
1195:Confucianism
1106:. Retrieved
1099:the original
1094:
1081:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1021:
1012:
1006:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
984:
975:
964:. Retrieved
955:
951:銅十字 揭開景教千年文明
943:
932:. Retrieved
923:
910:
890:
883:
872:. Retrieved
863:
853:
842:. Retrieved
833:
823:
812:. Retrieved
803:
794:
783:. Retrieved
774:
764:
753:. Retrieved
744:
734:
725:
719:
694:
690:
591:
572:Seven Canons
554:Tang Dynasty
519:
514:MIK III 6286
478:
473:
472:
425:Christianity
415:Song dynasty
401:Sogdians in
375:
358:
344:
332:
298:Xiapu County
294:Ming dynasty
283:
277:
249:Tang dynasty
238:
223:
204:
181:
172:
113:
111:
104:Yuan dynasty
93:
80:Tang dynasty
54:Zarathushtra
2730:in Pakistan
2688:Persecution
2647:Khurramites
2355:Persia/Iran
2340:Zarathustra
2335:Ahura Mazda
2079: [
2067: [
2055: [
1995:Three Seals
1892:Persecution
1867:Amr ibn Adi
1852:Bögü Qaghan
1628:Xuastvanift
1584:Shabuhragan
1505:Zarathustra
1475:Manichaeism
1319:Manichaeism
1086:Lin Wushu.
1072:Tang Huiyao
1048:Fózǔ tǒngjì
858:Cai Yijia.
628:Xianshenlou
541:Wu Zetian's
521:Manichaeism
494:Manichaeism
390:Han Chinese
371:Ahura Mazda
247:during the
220:Manichaeism
163:Manichaeism
102:during the
78:during the
2787:Categories
2693:in Armenia
2585:Hamistagan
2436:Ashem Vohu
2350:Vohu Manah
2241:In fiction
2093:Visual art
2026:Repentance
2021:Evangelism
2000:Pañcavidyā
1943:Miqlāsiyya
1877:Lü Shinang
1830:Hegemonius
1825:Aphthonius
1596:literature
1562:Pragmateia
1254:Falun Gong
1232:Protestant
1108:2018-12-29
997:2018-12-22
966:2018-12-22
934:2018-12-22
874:2018-12-22
844:2018-12-23
814:2018-12-22
785:2018-12-22
755:2018-12-22
745:China News
711:References
582:Supplement
388:, not the
169:Background
143:Tang China
2681:Adherents
2662:Festivals
2642:Mazdakism
2637:Zurvanism
2550:Bundahišn
2360:Faravahar
2248:Ming Cult
2040:Buildings
2016:Eucharist
1974:Presbyter
1965:Patriarch
1790:Mar Sisin
1663:Irk Bitig
1623:Kephalaia
1534:Scripture
1500:Sakyamuni
1491:(Founder)
1375:Northeast
1365:Hong Kong
1358:By region
1299:Dongbaism
1284:Benzhuism
956:pentoy.hk
703:0021-0862
606:Guangzhou
600:'s uncle
386:Hu people
255:, led an
226:míng-jiào
207:jǐng-jiào
198:Christian
184:xiān-jiào
2773:Category
2703:in India
2667:Marriage
2657:Calendar
2580:Xrafstar
2499:Visperad
2494:Vendidad
1961:Archegos
1928:Denawars
1887:Lin Deng
1800:Mar Adda
1795:Mar Zaku
1785:Mar Ammo
1780:Apostles
1762:Asrestar
1702:Theology
1648:Xiabuzan
1510:Narayana
1482:Prophets
1304:Hinduism
1242:Orthodox
1205:Buddhism
1069:(961).
1032:Tongdian
960:Archived
928:Archived
868:Archived
838:Archived
808:Archived
779:Archived
749:Archived
616:See also
598:Muhammad
510:Gaochang
487:Jingjing
479:Jingjiao
474:Jingjiao
403:Dunhuang
353:and the
339:Dunhuang
337:", from
312:Overview
269:Chang'an
2725:in Iraq
2720:in Iran
2611:Kashmar
2545:Dēnkard
2519:Ab-Zohr
2395:Yazatas
2365:Avestan
2031:Fasting
2009:Rituals
1980:Hearers
1968:Apostle
1820:Agapius
1815:Faustus
1772:History
1394:Related
1344:Sikhism
1309:Judaism
1289:Bimoism
1067:Wang Pu
834:cssn.cn
576:Arzhang
525:Gnostic
394:Sogdian
382:temples
132:transl.
118:Chinese
2713:Parsis
2672:Burial
2632:Parsis
2599:Cities
2590:Duzakh
2504:Yashts
2431:Gathas
2426:Avesta
2405:Daevas
2400:Ahuras
2047:Cao'an
1971:Bishop
1933:Astati
1907:Qianku
1835:Marcus
1756:Archon
1740:Gnosis
1200:Taoism
1027:Du You
898:
701:
537:heresy
483:Alopen
369:, was
161:, and
157:, the
120::
2744:Lists
2708:Irani
2606:Balkh
2489:Yasna
2280:Notes
2083:]
2071:]
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1977:Elect
1916:Sects
1495:Jesus
1385:Tibet
1370:Macau
1249:Islam
1102:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
594:Islam
523:is a
122:唐代三夷教
37:唐代三夷教
2616:Yazd
2529:Magi
2345:Asha
1810:Mihr
1515:Seth
1489:Mani
1052:佛祖同纪
896:ISBN
699:ISSN
533:Mani
347:Iran
273:polo
196:The
112:The
1294:Bon
552:of
398:Sui
288:of
261:era
2789::
2081:zh
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