Cross-dressing ball - Knowledge (XXG)

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Berliner Dame arrangierten Kostümfest sehen. Das Fest ist nicht öffentlich, sondern gewöhnlich nur denjenigen zugänglich, die einer der Komiteedamen bekannt sind. Eine Teilnehmerin entwirft mir folgende anschauliche Schilderung: »An einem schönen Winterabend fahren von 8 Uhr ab vor einem der ersten Berliner Hotels Wagen auf Wagen vor, denen Damen und Herren in Kostümen aller Länder und Zeiten entsteigen. Hier sieht man einen flotten Couleurstudenten mit mächtigen Renommierschmissen ankommen, dort hilft ein schlanker Rokokoherr seiner Dame galant aus der Equipage. Immer dichter füllen sich die strahlend erleuchteten weiten Räume; jetzt tritt ein dicker Kapuziner ein, vor dem sich ehrfurchtsvoll Zigeuner, Pierrots, Matrosen, Clowns, Bäcker, Landsknechte, schmucke Offiziere, Herren und Damen im Reitanzug, Buren, Japaner und zierliche Geishas neigen. Eine glutäugige Carmen setzt einen Jockey in Brand, ein feuriger Italiener schließt mit einem Schneemann innige Freundschaft. Die in buntesten Farben schillernde fröhliche Schar bietet ein höchst eigenartiges anziehendes Bild. Zuerst stärken sich die Festteilnehmerinnen an blumengeschmückten Tafeln. Die Leiterin in flotter Samtjoppe heißt in kurzer kerniger Rede die Gäste willkommen. Dann werden die Tische fortgeräumt. Die »Donauwellen« erklingen, und begleitet von fröhlichen Tanzweisen, schwingen sich die Paare die Nacht hindurch im Kreise. Aus den Nebensälen hört man helles Lachen, Klingen der Gläser und munteres Singen, nirgends aber – wohin man sieht – werden die Grenzen eines Kostümfestes vornehmer Art überschritten. Kein Mißton trübt die allgemeine Freude, bis die letzten Teilnehmerinnen beim matten Dämmerlicht des kalten Februarmorgens den Ort verlassen, an dem sie sich unter Mitempfindenden wenige Stunden als das träumen durften, was sie innerlich sind.«

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ihrer selbst spottet, schmücken den Gang. An der Garderobe setzt der Nepp ein. ‚Hier ist’s richtig!‘ heißt es auf den Affichen. Eine geheimnisvolle Devise, unter der man sich allerhand vorstellen kann. Alles ist Kulisse, und nur der ganz Weltfremde glaubt an ihre Echtheit. Selbst die echten Transvestiten, die ihre Abart in den Dienst des Geschäftes stellen, werden hier Komödianten. Zwischen den Tänzen, bei denen auch der Normale sich den pikanten Genuss leisten kann, mit einem effeminierten Manne in Frauenkleidern zu tanzen, gibt es Brettldarbietungen. Eine männliche Chanteuse singt mit ihrem schrillen Sopran zweideutige Pariser Chansons. Ein ganz mädchenhafter Revuestar tanzt unter dem Scheinwerferlicht weiblich graziöse Pirouetten. Er ist nackt bis auf die Brustschilde und einen Schamgurt, und selbst diese Nacktheit ist noch täuschend, sie macht den Zuschauern noch Kopfzerbrechen, sie läßt noch Zweifel, ob Mann ob Frau. Eine der entzückendsten und elegantesten Frauen, die im ganzen Saale anwesend sind, ist oft der zierliche Bob, und es gibt Männer genug, die in der Tiefe ihres Herzens bedauern, daß er kein Mädchen ist, daß die Natur sie durch einen Irrtum um eine deliziöse Geliebte betrogen hat.

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verfährt im allgemeinen bei den Urningen nicht so streng wie auf den analogen Urnindenbällen, auf denen jedem »echten Mann« strengstens der Zutritt versagt ist. Am geschmacklosesten und abstoßendsten wirken auf den Bällen der Homosexuellen die ebenfalls nicht vereinzelten Herren, die trotz eines stattlichen Schnurrbartes oder gar Vollbartes »als Weib« kommen. Die schönsten Kostüme werden auf ein Zeichen des Einberufers mit donnerndem Tusch empfangen und von diesem selbst durch den Saal geleitet. Zwischen 12 und 1 Uhr erreicht der Besuch gewöhnlich seinen Höhepunkt. Gegen 2 Uhr findet die Kaffeepause – die Haupteinnahmequelle des Saalinhabers – statt. In wenigen Minuten sind lange Tafeln aufgeschlagen und gedeckt, an denen mehrere hundert Personen Platz nehmen; einige humoristische Gesangsvorträge und Tänze anwesender »Damenimitatoren« würzen die Unterhaltung, dann setzt sich das fröhliche Treiben bis zum frühen Morgen fort.

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strictly as on the analogous urninde balls, on which "real men" are strictly denied access. Most distasteful and repulsive on the balls are the not so infrequent gentlemen that, in spite of coming "as women", keep their stately mustaches or even a full-beard. The most beautiful costumes are greeted by a sign of the ceremony master with a thundering fanfare and guided by him through the hall. Between 12 and 1 o'clock the ball usually reaches its peak. At about 2 o'clock, the coffee break – the main source of income for the owner – takes place. In a few minutes, long tables are installed and layed, with several hundred people sitting at them; some humorous songs and dances of the attendant "lady imitators" season the conversation, then the cheerful activity continues until the early morning.

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Weltstädte etwas ganz Besonderes zu sehen wünschen, werden sie von höheren Beamten als eine der interessantesten Sehenswürdigkeiten gezeigt. In der Hochsaison von Oktober bis Ostern finden diese Bälle in der Woche mehrmals, oft sogar mehrere an einem Abend statt. Trotzdem das Eintrittsgeld selten weniger als 1,50 Mark beträgt, sind diese Veranstaltungen meist gut besucht. Fast stets sind mehrere Geheimpolizisten zugegen, die achtgeben, daß nichts Ungeziemendes vorkommt; soweit ich unterrichtet bin, lag aber noch nie ein Anlaß vor, einzuschreiten. Die Veranstalter haben Ordre, möglichst nur Personen einzulassen, die ihnen als homosexuell bekannt sind.

843:. The windows of the Temperance Hall had mostly been blacked out and so Detective Caminada and his constables had to observe the ball from a neighbouring rooftop. Caminada reported that the ball had begun at 9.00 pm, that dancing had commenced at around 10.00 pm and that every now and then, a couple disappeared into a side room. Just after 1.00 am, mindful that some guests had started to leave, Caminada gained entry to the ball by giving the password "sister" in an effeminate manner to a doorman dressed as a nun. After the door was opened, the police raided the building, and detained all participants. 2071:

10 Uhr abends sind die großen Säle noch fast menschenleer. Erst nach 11 Uhr beginnen sich die Räume zu füllen. Viele Besucher sind im Gesellschafts- oder Straßen-Anzug, sehr viele aber auch kostümiert. Einige erscheinen dicht maskiert in undurchdringlichen Dominos, sie kommen und gehen, ohne daß jemand ahnt, wer sie gewesen sind; andere lüften die Larve um Mitternacht, ein Teil kommt in Phantasiegewändern, ein großer Teil in Damenkleidern, manche in einfachen, andere in sehr kostbaren Toiletten. Ich sah einen Südamerikaner in einer Pariser Robe, deren Preis über 2000 Francs betragen sollte.

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itself, decorate the corridor. At the wardrobe begins the swindle. "Here it's right!" A mysterious motto, that can mean anything. Everything is staged scenery, and only the worldly innocent believe in its authenticity. Even the real transvestites, who put their anomaly at the service of the business, become comedians here. Between the dances, where even the normal man can afford the naughty pleasure of dancing with an effeminate man in female dress, there are cabaret performances. A tomboy chanteuse sings with her shrill soprano voice ambiguous Parisian chansons. A very girlish

1001: 1397: 1644:" sound, and accompany the happy dancing couples, that turn the night away in circles. From the neighboring rooms you can hear clear laughter, the clinking of glasses, and animated singing, but nowhere – wherever you look – are the limits of a fine, elegant fancy-dress ball overstepped. No discordant note tarnishes the general happiness, until the last participants leave the place in the dull crepuscular lights of a cold February morning, where for a few hours they could dream themselves as that what they are inside, among those that share their feelings. 614:, and as if on cue the professionals who are paid to give the viewers a spectacle immediately latch onto one another. They ondulate more than dance, and thrust their pelvises obscenely, shimmying their bosoms and delicately grasping the legs of their trousers, which they raise above their shiny boots with each step forward, all the while winking at the customers. They wear very fine clothing, and some appear to have built up their chests with cotton wadding. Others wear low-cut kimonos, and one of them wears an Oriental costume all in silver 1908: 1603:, most of whom participate in men's clothing. Most homosexual women can be found at the same spot every year on the costume ball a lady from Berlin organizes. The ball is not public, but usually only accessible those that are known to one of the ladies on the committee. One of the participants drafts following portrayal: "On a beautiful winter evening, after 8 p.m., cars and cars drive in front of one of the first hotels in Berlin, where ladies and gentlemen descent in costumes of all countries, and epochs. Here you can see a dashing 1565: 435: 1113: 946: 287:, or queens, tolerated, but watched by the police. By the 1900s, these balls had achieved such a fame in Germany, that people from all around the country, and even foreign tourists, would travel to Berlin to participate. These balls were celebrated in large ballrooms, as the Deutscher Kaiser, in the Lothringer Straße, or the Filarmonía, in the Bernburgstraße, the Dresdner Kasino, in the Dresdner Straße, or the Orpheum, in the Alter Jakobstraße 32. 1693:", the editor of the magazine, had the names and addresses of everyone. For spring, summer, and fall big balls were organized, and there was also a big costume ball for carnival. An important effort was done to keep everything decent, respectable, and contained, and Rolf made sure that no man under 20 was present. This secrecy mentality was no longer acceptable to gays by the mid-1960s, and in 1967 the magazine and its organization disappeared. 866:, affirms that in the 1920s and 30s, cross-dressing balls were being held secretly almost every weekend, gathering 50 to 100 men. And this, in spite of it being illegal, and being a big personal risk for those participating: they didn't just risk prison, if found out, they could lose their livelihood, be isolated socially, and finally suffer a nervous breakdown, or try suicide. In 1933 headlines informed about "Lady Austin's Camp Boys" scandal. 1160:

transvestites. Drag balls celebrated in private establishments, and homes, even though they were somewhat safer, also were often visited by the police. By the 1930s the tension with the police had extended to the balls with official permit, signaling a change in the social mores that finally had the two last grand balls in the season 1930–31 canceled. The balls entered a definitive decadence after the derogation of the

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courts frémissements, et pincent délicatement entre leurs doigts la jambe du pantalon, qu'ils relèvent sur la bottine vernie à chaque pas en avant, en lançant de œillades à la clientèle. Ils sont habillés avec un grand raffinement. Certains semblent s'être rembourrés la poitrine avec l'ouate. D'autres exhibent des kimonos largement décolletés. L'un d'eux porte un costume oriental tout lamé d'argent.

986:. Thousands of young men arrived to the city from all continents, converting a small frontier town into an amusement city, where everything was possible. Thanks to the lack of women, and prejudices, men had fun with each other, also dancing. In these balls, the men that took the role of the woman usually wore a handkerchief knotted around their arm, but there were also those that dressed as women. 5798: 873:, in London, after cross-dressing police officers had been watching them dancing, made up, dressed as women, and having sex. Twenty-seven men were arrested, and convicted between 3 and 20 months of jail. Even so, many stood up for their behavior, notoriously Lady Austin, who said "There is nothing wrong . You call us nancies and bum boys but before long our cult will be allowed in the country." 1526: 1747:(Cultuur en Ontspanningscentrum, "Center for Culture and Leisure"), it became independent under the direction of Lou Charité three years after. The COC opened then another dance club, De Shakel ("The Chain Link"). The city was quite accepting of these clubs, and gay men from all around the world traveled there for the opportunity to dance freely with other men. 5809: 4526: 736:, crazy virgins, oriental dancers, sailors, ruffians, or soldiers; theirs names were correspondingly colorful: Duchess of the Bubble, the Infante Eudoxie, the Mauve Mouse; the Dark One, Sweetie Pie, Fréda, the Englishwoman, Mad Maria, the Muse, the Teapot, the She-wolf, Sappho, Wet Cat, Little Piano, Princess of the Marshes, Marguerite if Burgundy, etc. 2207:

trajes de señoras, llevaban pelucas, pechos postizos, aretes, choclos bordados y en las caras tenían pintadas grandes ojeras y chapas de color. Al saberse la noticia en los boulevares, se han dado toda clase de comentarios y se censura la conducta de dichos individuos. No damos a nuestros lectores más detalles por ser en sumo grado asquerosos.

1541:. The photo was taken by the forensic experts of the police that had raided the party being held in a private apartment, after receiving an anonymous tip-off about "antinatural activities" in a house in the Simeon street, number 6. Ninety-eight sailors, soldiers, and civilians were arrested —even though sodomy had been legalized in 1917. 1552:, and socialize with other men. The responsible Justice Commissar justified the raid saying that a public show of homosexual tendencies could endanger "non mature personalities". Even though none of the participants were condemned, the owner of the apartment was accused of running a brothel, according to article 171 of the 1214:

earrings, embroidered slippers, and their faces were painted with highlighted eyes and rosy cheeks. When the news reached the street, all forms of comments were made and the behavior of those individuals was subjected to censure. We refrain from giving our readers further details because they are exceedingly disgusting.

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together celebrating themselves, interacting with their equals, allowed the creation of an extensive network, and an underground of mutual help. The balls were a central piece in the lives of many gays: the gowns were prepared for months before, and whatever happened there, the gossip was discussed for months after.

697:. In Paris, homosexuals were attracted mainly to the Bal Musette de la Montaigne de Sainte-Geneviève, in the number 46 of the Rue Montaigne de Sainte-Geneviève, where you could find gays and lesbians. Later, the big balls for carnival attracted a gay public, as the one celebrated yearly in the Magic-City, in the 310:, these events are usually well visited. Almost always, several secret policemen are present that make sure that nothing disgraceful happens; as far as I am informed, there was never any occasion to intervene. The organizers have the right to admit, if possible, only people who are known to them as homosexual. 587:, hidden from the public, with the Opera Ball in Paris one of the few exceptions. The Opera Ball, celebrated yearly for carnival, allowed some small leeway. The first big public ball that allowed cross-dressing was the Bal Bullier in 1880, in the Avenue de l'Observatoire, followed by the Bal Wagram in 1910. 775:

After the bruising attack outside, here the reception was more restrained, but quite as bitter, inside. All along the balustrade, clusters of people perched, climbed, and packed together to the point of smothering, raised a mocking jeer: two hundred heads with eyes flaming and mouths hurling insults

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star proceeds under the spotlight with female graceful pirouettes. He is naked except for the breast plates and a loincloth, and even this nakedness is deceptive, it still makes the spectators question, it still leaves doubts whether man, or woman. One of the most enchanting and elegant women present

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A dance hall of a larger style, with an extremely elegant audience. Tuxedos and tailcoats, and full evening dresses – this is the normality that comes to observe here. The actors are present in large numbers. Bright posters are already luring at the entrance, and paintings, where the perversity mocks

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Some regular house parties became institutionalized as drag "houses" and "families." The leader, or "mother," often provided not only the opportunity for parties but also instruction and mentoring in the arts of make-up, selecting clothes, lip-synching, portraying a personality, walking, and related

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In 1922 the association Gesellschaftsklub Aleksander e.V. celebrated balls every day, beginning 7 o'clock p.m., with a quality orchestra. In 1927 the Bund für Menschenrecht (BfM) bought the Alexander-Palast, but that same year they changed to the Florida and the Tanz-Palast salon of the Zauberflöte,

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described extensively on October 17, 1899, a gay ball that had taken place in the hotel König von Portugal, where balls were still being celebrated in 1918. The ball season used to begin in October and go until Easter, with a frequency of several balls a week, sometimes two the same day. Hirschfeld,

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Einige der Bälle erfreuen sich eines besonderen Renommées, vor allem der kurz nach Neujahr veranstaltete, auf dem die neuen, vielfach selbst gefertigten Toiletten vorgeführt werden. Als ich diesen Ball im letzten Jahr mit einigen ärztlichen Kollegen besuchte, waren gegen 800 Personen zugegen. Gegen

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entered the city. During the war, the only possibility was to meet in the outskirts of Paris, as gays did on the Christmas Eve of 1935, when hundreds of men traveled 50 km in a bus from Paris to celebrate the traditional dinner. After the war, the only possibility was to travel by train to the

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with fire in her eyes burns a jockey, a passionately hot Italian befriends intimately a snow man. The in brightest colors dazzling, happy multitude offers a unique, attractive tableau. The participating women first strengthen themselves on tables decorated with flowers. The director, in a charming

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On Sunday night, at a house on the fourth block of Calle la Paz, the police burst into a dance attended by 41 unaccompanied men wearing women's clothes. Among those individuals were some of the dandies seen every day on Calle Plateros. They were wearing elegant ladies' dresses, wigs, false breasts,

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So, one day a year, the "faggots", mainly the effeminates, didn't have to hide, had a place where they could feel free, leave behind their apprehension, and embrace fun without fear. In a world where homosexuals were harassed, and despised routinely, the possibility to see several thousands of them

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On January 30, 1933, the nazi party came to power, and on February 23, 1933, the Prussian Interior Minister ordered that all bars "that have abused to promote immorality" be closed. He was referring specially to those "that are frequented by those who pay homage to the anti-natural immorality". On

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By the end of the 1920s, the German society had taken their image of homosexuals from this kind of establishment: decadent, refined, depraved, degenerate, tightly linked to drugs, wild sex, and prostitution. The Bund für Menschenrecht tried to distance gays of this kind of milieu in 1927, but to no

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The innkeepers of uranian taverns, but certainly not just them, organize large urning balls, especially in the course of the winter, that, in their size and type, are a specialty of Berlin. Outstanding strangers, especially foreigners, who want to see something very special in the youngest European

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Par quelques accords fêlés, le pianiste prélude à un shimmy. Les professionnels de l'endroit, payés pour donner le spectacle à la galerie, s'enlacent aussitôt. Ils ondulent plutôt qu'ils ne dansent. Ils se choquent le ventre d'un mouvement obscène, à chaque temps d'arrêt, impriment à leur buste de

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Ein Tanzsaal größeren Stils mit einem äußerst eleganten Publikum. Smokings und Fräcke und große Abendroben – so präsentiert sich die Normalität, die zum Schauen hierher kommt. Die Akteurs sind in großer Zahl vorhanden. Grelle Plakate locken schon am Eingang, und Malereien, in denen die Perversität

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in 1960 when it was discovered that minors —between 18 and 21 years old— had participated. Additionally, the fact that there had been some prostitution going on had disastrous consequences for all the participants, most of them innocent, and ended with three suicides, one man fleeing the city, and

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all danced. In those relaxed and natural days, before the cops took over France, a chevalier could go out in public with a mate of the same sex, without being considered crazy.» On the other hand, Willy presents a completely different aspect of the milieu, "What you see are little delinquents, not

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that did not accept black men. The ball was enormously popular, attracting even white public, but that didn't stop critics, and hecklers. And in spite of there being racial tensions, gender restrictions —two men could only dance together if one of them was dressed as a woman—, and class barriers,

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In the 1920s these balls had already become big social events in the gay and lesbian world, where —mainly men— competed for the best costume. Often, they included a "parade of the fairies", to show the costumes, and the participants with the most spectacular gowns received a prize, in the form of

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Not few seem so feminine in their appearance and movements, that even connoisseurs find it hard to recognize the man. Real women are only very sparse on these balls, only now and then does a uranist bring his landlady, a friend, or... his wife. In the case of the uranist, one does not proceed so

319:, they come and go without anyone knowing who they are; others reveal their faces at midnight, some come in fantastical costumes, a large part in evening gowns, some in simple, others in very elaborate toilets. I saw a South American man in a robe from Paris, its price had to be over 2,000 francs. 314:

Some of the balls were especially well known, particularly those shortly after New Year, on which the new, often self-made dresses are presented. When I visited this ball last year with some medical colleagues, there were about 800 people participating. Around 10 o'clock in the evening, the large

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But Bet would not allow kissing in the bar. There were vice-laws to consider and the liquor license could be at stake. The bar did not have a dance license. There was a custom-made billiard table in the middle of it, no room for dancing. Only on the Queen's birthday (in those days on April 30th)

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In einem der großen Säle, in welchem die Urninge ihre Bälle veranstalten, findet auch fast jede Woche ein analoger Ballabend für Uranierinnen statt, von denen sich ein großer Teil in Herrenkostüm einfindet. Die meisten homosexuellen Frauen auf einem Fleck kann man alljährlich auf einem von einer

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La noche del domingo fue sorprendido por la policía, en una casa accesoria de la 4a. calle de la Paz, un baile que 41 hombres solos verificaban vestidos de mujer. Entre algunos de esos individuos fueron reconocidos los pollos que diariamente se ven pasar por Plateros. Estos vestían elegantísimos

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or railroad workers, it was very difficult to find a woman, and marry. In these groups, men often formed intimate friendships, that sometimes ended in real love stories, that were accepted as a fact of life. It is difficult to know up to what point this was simply due to the lack of women, or if

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The dancing public was of all types, but mainly transvestites and young men of the working class – workers of trade and commerce, workshop apprentices, and servants – for whom the balls were the highest point of their lives: exploited by their employers, and frightened of being discovered by the

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discovered in 1656 a similar case, when Juan Correa, an old man, over 70 years old, confessed that he had been committing the unspeakable vice since his childhood. Correa's house, in the outskirts of the city, had been used as a meeting point to celebrate balls, where many men dressed as women.

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Nicht wenige wirken in ihrem Aussehen und ihren Bewegungen so weiblich, daß es selbst Kennern schwer fällt, den Mann zu erkennen. Wirkliche Weiber sind auf diesen Bällen nur ganz spärlich vorhanden, nur dann und wann bringt ein Uranier seine Wirtin, eine Freundin oder – seine Ehefrau mit. Man

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Von einigen Wirten urnischer Lokale, aber durchaus nicht von diesen allein, werden namentlich im Winterhalbjahr große Urningsbälle veranstaltet, die in ihrer Art und Ausdehnung eine Spezialität von Berlin sind. Hervorragenden Fremden, namentlich Ausländern, die in der jüngsten der europäischen

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has also mentioned she was influenced by the ball culture, "how inspired she's been by the whole drag-house circuit in the States, an unsung part of black American culture where working-class gay men channel ultra-glamour in mocked-up catwalk shows. 'I still have that in me', she says of the

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La sociedad en la cual se comienza a bailar tango era mayoritariamente masculina, por la tanto, a la luz pública se bailaba entre parejas de hombres únicamente, ya que la iglesia aplicaba su moralismo y no permitía la unión de un hombre y una mujer en esta clase de baile. El Papa Pío X lo

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Mainly the smaller balls were the objective of police raids, that sometimes arrested those participating. To justify the arrests, they used a law from 1846 that prohibited being in disguise in public, even though it had practically only been used since the change of the century to harass

4741: 889:, "ball societies", mostly groups of young people that tried to rent some premises to organize a ball; but there were also other, more elegant, or pretentious, that rented theaters for their balls. The ball societies exclusively catering to gays appeared shortly after, mainly in 858:

in the UK commissioned Stephen M Hornby and Ric Brady to write a three-part play about the ball as part of the first OUTing The Past festival in 2015 in Manchester. The play was called "A Very Victorian Scandal" and Dr Jeff Evans acted as the Historical Adviser to the writers.

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The situation improved with the reopening of the Bal de la montaigne de Sainte-Geneviève in 1954, organized by Georges Anys, who would keep it open until the 1960s. Possibly the most important ball was the one celebrated every Sunday evening by the magazine and association

1205:), where at that moment a group of 41 men, 22 dressed as men, and 19 as women, were celebrating a ball. The Mexican press mocked cruelly the dancers, even as the government tried to cover up the incident, as many of the participants belonged to the higher echelons of the 752:

dress, wearing a red wig topped by a trembling tiara of paste, the dress low-cut and in the back naked to the waist, revealing the physique of a prize fighter, a man climbed the staircase, twisting adroitly and with meticulous gestures lifting the long train of her

504:, tried to survive for a time working —depending on the source— as a waiter, an employee, or a rent boy in the Eldorado of the Lutherstraße. The ballroom cum cabaret has been mentioned, directly or indirectly, serving as inspiration, in many literary works, as in 1838:

floats, and the balls began to attract spectators, first by the dozens and then by the hundreds, gay and straight alike. People brought liquor with them, sandwiches, buckets of chicken. As the audiences grew, the queens gave them more and more for their money.

897:, as there were no special requirements to create one, and could be established, and broken up very easily. The most important ball society for the "Uranian flock" met at the El Ramillete, in the calle Alvareda, in Madrid, where you could count "over a hundred 909:

society. The balls allowed them to forget their situation for a couple of hours, express themselves with freedom, mingle with their equals, and, with a little luck, meet someone. Other, less fortunate, as was the case for transvestites, effeminate men, and

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world-cities, are shown by higher officials as one of the most interesting sights. During the high season from October to Easter, these balls are held several times a week, often even several a night. Even though the entrance fee is rarely less than 1.50

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Los vagos, rateros y afeminados que han sido enviados a Yucatán, no han sido consignados a los batallones del Ejército que operan en la campaña contra los indígenas mayas, sino a las obras públicas en las poblaciones conquistadas al enemigo común de la

1098:. They wear billowy, ballooning skirt of that picturesque pre-guillotine era thers wear the long, tight-fitting gowns which were a recent vogue still others wear the long, trailing skirts and the constricting corsets of the 1880s—yards of elaborately 913:, neighborhood thugs, without a job, or rejected by their families, they used the balls to find their first time customers. For carnival, huge balls were celebrated, and the boys spend the whole year preparing their costumes for that important day. 410:, addressed mostly to a heterosexual audience, that, now as then, wanted to "satisfy their curiosity, and dared to visit the mysterious and infamous Berlin". Moreck continues, even though he himself was encouraging, and was part of this kind of 1246:

homosexuals for the number 42. The incident and the numbers were spread through press reports, but also through engravings, satires, plays, literature, and paintings; in recent years, they have even appeared on television, in the historical

854:. The men were bound over to keep the peace on two sureties of £25 each, a significant sum. Some were unable to pay it and ended up in prison as a result. All the arrested men had their names, addresses and professions published widely. 379:

that allowed you to actually dance. In the 1920s gay balls reached enormous sizes, with premises filling several ballrooms with some thousands of men. And not just in Berlin, several other cities in Germany organized smaller balls for gays.

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in 1869. There are records of more exclusive balls by the 1880s, where homosexuals – men and women – could be counted in the hundreds, up to 500 same sex couples, that slowly waltzed the night away at the sound of an excellent orchestra.

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The drag queens participating came from all walks of life, and ages, and presented a savage satire of the society, its values, and its traditional hierarchies, with images of exaggerated femininity, and masculinity: countesses dressed in

602:, and numerous short-lived bars catering to gays and lesbians, surviving between police raids, ruinous scandals, and the public's insatiable thirst for new thrills. Many establishments were also known for drug trafficking. Journalist 2170:

In military circles it was not uncommon to organize balls where men would dance with each other, as women could not be part of the military, and very often were not available. There are several short films documenting the fact, as

977:

In this environment, and in the military, is where the stag dances developed, and where men danced with each other, without it having any special meaning. Beemyn talks about the stag dances celebrated in San Francisco during the

552:

informed about the closing of some establishments the day before. Of the over 100 establishments catering to homosexuals in Berlin very few survived, and those would be used to help watch and control the homosexual population.

1585:

In Mexico, on December 4, 1901, shortly after the raid to the Dance of the Forty-One, there was also a police raid of a lesbian ball in Santa María, but the incident had a much smaller social impact than the male equivalent.

3593: 366:

tried to offer some support and activities for gays from lower extraction; so their balls were celebrated on weekends, Saturdays or Sundays, and gathered about 70 men, many without a job, who could pay the low entry price.

1024:

at the end of the 19th century. In the beginning, they were simple parties where men dressed as women, and women dressed as men could go, and where two men could dance with each other. The first recorded drag ball was the

1228:

The derelicts, petty thieves, and effeminates sent to Yucatán are not in the battalions of the Army fighting against the Maya Indians, but have been assigned to public works in the towns retaken from the common enemy of

1732:, in 1949 reopened the bar Fellsenkeller; the bar had a police permit that allowed men to dance together. By the beginning of the 1950s this revival had been thoroughly eliminated, and gay subculture had disappeared. 1093:

On the floor of the hall, in every conceivable sort of fancy dress, men quaver and palpitate in each other's embrace. Many of the "effeminate" are elaborately coiffured, in the powdered head dresses of the period of

569:, and shows a blushing rich man arm in arm with a young woman, herself kissing another man; on the left, what seems two to be men dancing together. The image was published in the number 422 of the anarchist magazine 358:, popular associations of gays and lesbians, dedicated an important part of their effort to socialization and diverse activities for their members such as excursions, visits, sports, and balls. For example, the club 3632: 4053:

almost anything was permitted, even dancing in a bar without a proper license. So the billiard table was disassembled for a day and at Bet van Beeren's Café 't Mandje men danced with men and women with women.

924:("The Bad Life in Barcelona"): "I could not find in the homosexualism of Barcelona the appearance it used to have; the parties where the baptism of homosexuals were celebrated; the very scandalous balls; the 824:. On September 24, 1880, the Chief Constable of Manchester received anonymous information about an event "of an immoral character" that was about to take place in the Temperance Hall of Hulme. The detective 1089:. The planners of these balls became well known: H. Mann in the 1910s, Kackie Mason in the 1920s, and 30s, Phil Black in the 1930s to 60s, were celebrated in many a novel. In 1933 they were described as: 2033:

in Montreal, and the Winter Party in Miami, attract gay men in the thousands, and the ten thousands. In Europe, the biggest circuit party is celebrated in Barcelona, with about 70,000 men participating.

449:

Eldorado became one of the nocturnal cultural centers in Europe. The establishment hosted from bank managers to members of parliament, as well as theater actors and movie stars. Among them, divas like

1866:

skills. Those taught became "drag daughters," who in turn mentored others, creating entire "drag families." Drag houses became the first social support groups in the city's gay and lesbian community .

1662:("The Funny Nine""), created in Berlin in 1924, continued organizing lesbian balls with 200 to 300 women at least until April 1940. It is unknown if the balls, known thanks to the descriptions in the 424:

in the hall is often the dainty Bob, and there are enough men who, in the depths of their hearts, are sorry that he is not a girl, that nature, through an error, has deceived them of a delicate lover.

315:

halls are still almost deserted. The rooms begin to fill only after eleven o'clock. Many visitors dress in formal or street suit, but many are costumed. Some appear densely masked in impenetrable

816:

There are at least two instances of cross-dressing balls that have been documented in England. The first one was known through a police raid of a ball celebrated in the Temperance Hall, in the

264:

could not avoid the regular police raids and closing of premises in the 1900s. And not just the premises were being watched by the police, in 1883, the moral police had 4799 "transvestite" and

665:, where workers, drunken sailors, and colonial soldiers gathered to dance. It was not strictly a homosexual milieu, but men could dance together, and one could find a partner for the night. 3928: 398:

No doubt, the most famous was Eldorado, that really was two, one on the Lutherstraße, and a second one in the Motzstraße. Curt Moreck (Konrad Haemmerling) described it in 1931, in his

121:

considers unlikely that such a subculture would appear fully formed, and thinks that it was actually the increase in surveillance and police procedures that brought to the surface an

1578:

Balls for lesbians were also quite common, even though not so much as male ones. Not only were they less in number, but there is less information about them, a problem common to all

1242:

The number 41 (or 42, as it was rumored that Ignacio de la Torre, Porfirio Díaz's son-in-law, had escaped) became part of Mexico's popular culture as a way to refer to homosexuals,

4863: 4133: 4091: 3571: 1449:

At the beginning of the 1910s the tango was discovered by Europeans, and became fashionable in Paris, but as a dance between man and woman, in a more "decent" style, without "

1275: 1466:

According to several testimonies, clandestine cross-dressing balls were very popular among middle and upper class gay men in Buenos Aires in the early-to-mid 20th century.

362:("camaraderie") organized on November 1, 1929, celebrating their anniversary, a Böser-Buben-Ball ("Bad Boys Ball"); the club reached 100 members, and survived until 1933. 4355: 2108:

can be translated as "right", "correct", "good", "adequate", "real", or "authentic". As can be seen in the text that follows, the meaning was not clear in German either.

3191: 4586: 1851:, so that when the coat was thrown open and a two-thousand-watt incandescent lamp suddenly lit, the people in the first few rows were blinded for minutes afterward. 1181: 1582:. On the other hand, in western societies, two women dancing together publicly is still acceptable nowadays, and can be done without any suspicions of lesbianism. 4558: 3017: 2902: 2789: 1794:, Spain, for going out dancing in women's clothes. The press published their photos in drag, and made snide comments for days, calling them all kinds of names. 1498:

became more and more elaborate, and a jury begun to give prizes to the best; these shows evolved into full balls, where only 10% of the dancers were dressed as

1724:

There was a short revival of the gay pre-war scene after the war in Germany. The Walterchens Ballhaus organized drag balls already in 1946, and the parties at

2187:, from about 1914–1918, is a short film of unknown origin, depicting a group of sailors looking, while two play the accordion, and other dance together; or 342:, and the subsequent social upheaval, the balls where prohibited; in 1910 they were allowed again, but they never achieved the splendor of this golden age. 1224:

Even though the raid did not have any legal grounds, and was completely arbitrary, the 41 detained men ended up forcefully conscripted into the military:

561: 4636: 3699: 1721:, the Cespala (Club littéraire et scientifique des pays latins), in the number 9 of the Rue Béranger, reserved exclusively to the members of the club. 2875: 1034:

money. The judges often were personalities from literature, and the show business. It was mainly in the black communities of New York City, Chicago,

1926:, these extensive cross-dressing balls, as they had been celebrated until then, practically disappeared. There are a few notable exceptions, as the 1514:, literally "balls of woman-haters") in Russia before the I World War, specifically in Moscow. These balls, even though they were celebrated in the 846:

The trial showed that some of the revellers were not from Manchester and were regulars of similar balls that were organized in several cities, as

632: 795: 4066: 4247: 383: 4848: 3864: 3770: 3396: 3368: 2483: 2458: 177: 3550: 928:

festivities, the shame of the city". It's very probable that the disappearance of these public balls was due to the application of laws of

3936: 1474:

In Brazil, homosexuality was legalized in 1830, and kept it legal in the new penal code of 1890. But there were many different laws about

916:

At the beginning of the 20th century, all these balls had already disappeared, and were just a memory of the past, as recounts the author

728:, a costume competition, doing the catwalk in front of the most selected people of Paris, that came to walk on the wild side for a night. 3902: 4106: 1424:

The society that begins to dance tango was mainly male, and thus, in public, it was danced by two men only, as the church applied its

544:

started a campaign against the "depraved night of Berlin", and in October of that same year all balls for homosexuals were prohibited.

5642: 4977: 4551: 3957:

Steinle, Karl-Heinz (1997). "Der Kreis - Entwicklungshilfe aus der Schweiz". In Sternweiler, Andreas; Hannesen, Hans Gerhardt (eds.).

3817: 1544:

They had met to celebrate a "transvestite wedding", many dressed in feminine gowns, "Spanish dresses", and "white wigs", to dance the

1152:

these balls became some of the few places where black and white people could socialize, and homosexuals might even find some romance.

371:

in the Kommandantenstraße 72, in Berlin. The BfM balls took place from Tuesdays to Sundays; the entry was free, but you had to pay 50

5047: 4858: 4454: 4426: 4181: 4156: 4019: 3991: 3966: 3642: 3525: 3336: 3143: 3050: 3001: 2959: 2858: 2818: 2740: 2715: 2690: 2662: 2630: 2599: 2569: 2408: 2383: 1144: 223: 698: 1494:, the social mores relaxed, allowing transvestism, and dancing among men —and women—, beginning in the 1930s. The costumes in the 4982: 1161: 240:

Berlin's clandestine gay underground can be followed up to the 18th century, in spite of the persecution gays were suffering. In

3852: 2337: 1689:, that only subscribers could visit. Several elaborate systems were used to secure the anonymity of the participants, and only " 5848: 4631: 4363: 3982:

Stienle, Karl-Heinz (1997). "Homophiles Deutschland - West und Ost". In Sternweiler, Andreas; Hannesen, Hans Gerhardt (eds.).

3787: 3669: 2476:"Causando gran escandalo e murmuraçion". Sexualidad transgresora y su castigo en Gipuzkoa durante los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII 565:

Drawing of a carnival ball about 1909, with the commentary "AU BAL DE LA MI-CARÊME". The drawing was done by Hungarian artist

117:. Scholars like Randolph Trumbach consider it is the moment when gay subculture appears in Europe. On the contrary, historian 5324: 3091: 2536: 2508: 2478:(in Spanish). Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Argitalpen Zerbitzua / Servicio Editorial. 2433: 1616: 767:

Many of the onlookers just went to insult and harass the gay people participating, as Charles Étienne describes in his novel

395:, near the area formed by the Bülowstraße, the Potsdamer Straße, and the Nollendorfplatz, reaching up to the Kurfürstendamm. 2018:, very planned, that can go on for days, and that can draw patrons from a very large territory, even from other countries. 1416:, as a dance, was developed by the end of the 20th century among men, and by men that danced with other men in streets and 4915: 4910: 4544: 4222: 4010:(1997). "Amsterdam - Die schwule Hauptstadt der Nachkriegszeit". In Sternweiler, Andreas; Hannesen, Hans Gerhardt (eds.). 3614: 3242: 1125: 1046: 1000: 3165: 5278: 4853: 3729: 1202: 406:

staged for the morbid fascination of the world metropolis." The program at the Eldorado included loud and racy shows by

391:

In the 1920s and 30s, there were uncountable bars, cafés, and dance halls in Berlin. The most elegant could be found in

3472: 1847:, with a half dozen attendants waving white, glittering palm fronds. Faux fashion models in feathered coats lined with 1766:, where prostitutes, pimps, seamen, gays and lesbians came openly together, allowed the dancing of two men only on the 339: 1556:, a felony that could be punished with up to three years of prison, and confiscation of all, or some of the property. 804: 160:

with racy scenes, where some of the participants were dressed as women, and other as men. His Majesty's High Court in

3413: 4385: 1930:

in Vienna, celebrated yearly since 1992, or the annual Night of a Thousand Gowns in New York City, organized by the

1615:

gentleman helps gallantly his lady out of the equipage. More and more people fill the brightly lit rooms; now a fat

682:; these are the guys who, when they fail to make a buck here, will certainly be found hauling coal or other cargo." 1758:, but at the same time tying to accommodate the need to socialize, and vent for gay men, can be illustrated by the 1533:

In 2013 a photograph (to the right) was published for the first time: it depicts a group of cross-dressed men from

1396: 902: 3707: 3298: 606:

described the atmosphere in the bar "The Petite Chaumière", catering to foreigners looking for strong sensations:

2877:

Einführung in den Jubiläums-Nachdruck von Magnus Hirschfeld, "Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes", 1914

1197:" or "Dance of the Forty-One Faggots". It refers to a police raid on November 18, 1901, during the government of 983: 261: 203:

used as clubs, where gays met regularly to drink, dance and have fun. These taverns are well known thanks to the

5843: 4731: 1564: 1132: 506: 269: 4036:"Café 't Mandje was sinds 1927 het café van de legendarische Bet van Beeren (12 februari 1902 – 16 juli 1967)" 1787: 1269: 5013: 4931: 4884: 4822: 4802: 2836:

Die Matte. Autobiografische Aufzeichnungen. Herausgegeben und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Manfred Herzer

1907: 1878: 1777:, organized by two homosexuals for their friends, became a political scandal of enormous proportions in the 1773:

Another example is the origin of the Balletti Verdi affair ("green ballet"): a series of private parties in

1597:

In a big hall, where the uranians celebrate their balls, every week there is an equivalent evening ball for

1425: 863: 724:. The Bal Wagram offered the opportunity to cross-dress twice a year; at 1 am, the drag queens did the 571: 219: 1272:'s engravings alluding to the affair are famous, and were frequently published alongside satirical verses: 5853: 4936: 4596: 4497: 4471: 4386:"The Imperial Court's 'Night Of A Thousand Gowns' Brings Style And Sass To New York For A Great Gay Cause" 2881: 2007: 1701: 1455:". Historical postcards of the 1920s and 30s also show women dancing tango. But these postcards come from 1261: 1252: 1194: 1143:. The Masquerade and Civic Ball was celebration held every two years, beginning in 1869, organized by the 603: 434: 129: 3438: 2678: 2618: 2557: 2183: 1725: 1706: 5858: 5040: 4894: 2003: 1995: 1931: 1883: 1754:

to resist the pressure of society and the authorities, trying to gain respectability, and acceptance by

1054: 517: 442: 215: 207:'s molly house scandal from 1726, when a police raid discovered that her molly house was a gay brothel. 58: 5762: 4530: 3356: 2148: 1679:

In Switzerland, even with many difficulties, the homosexual movement kept its structures over the war.

1553: 1062: 387:

The Eldorado of the Motzstraße, in Berlin, 1932. The sign includes their motto: "Hier ist's Richtig!".

5209: 4817: 4664: 2030: 1887: 1759: 1082: 1066: 979: 882: 466: 3043: 3037: 1112: 199:

By the end of the 17th century, there was a completely developed gay subculture in London, with the

5812: 5782: 5568: 5424: 5266: 4941: 4757: 4646: 4616: 4255: 3546: 2735:(in German). Leipzig: Verlag Moderne Stadtführer, Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 180 f. 1963: 1778: 1755: 1710: 1697: 1604: 1070: 1026: 870: 670: 566: 533: 454: 292: 193: 122: 4442: 3135: 2918:"Ein Photo von Stalins Ohrläppchen Auszüge aus dem Buch "Die Deutschen und ich" von Sefton Delmer" 2173: 945: 831:

Of the 47 men that congregated, all wore fancy dress costumes, 22 as women; a pair was dressed as

662: 77:

and Paris, even though they could be found in many big cities in Europe and the Americas, such as

5288: 5273: 5194: 5149: 5096: 4946: 4659: 4328: 4293: 3011: 2896: 2783: 1803: 1751: 1491: 855: 800: 678:

too carefully washed but heavily made up, with caps on their heads and sporting brightly colored

583:

In France, until the end of the 19th century, gays and lesbians met usually in private homes and

284: 192:, when even those closest to the king could dress as women. On the other hand, in France, during 46: 5669: 1895: 1894:

dancing style, developed in the ball culture, imitating the movements of models on the catwalk.

1640:

velvet jacket, welcomes the guests in a short, sharp speech. Then, the tables are cleared. The "

1405: 737: 717: 2810: 2804: 2282:

means "green", and it was considered the color of gays; it was the color of the carnation that

917: 5720: 5603: 5254: 5111: 4807: 4601: 4450: 4422: 4177: 4152: 4127: 4085: 4015: 3987: 3962: 3870: 3860: 3766: 3762: 3638: 3608: 3565: 3521: 3392: 3364: 3332: 3139: 3087: 3046: 2997: 2955: 2854: 2814: 2736: 2711: 2686: 2658: 2626: 2595: 2565: 2532: 2504: 2479: 2454: 2429: 2404: 2379: 1975: 1121: 954: 705: 512: 478: 257: 3270: 1743:: the biggest gay dance hall in Europe was DOK (De Odeon Kelder), initially belonging to the 590:

After World War I, Paris became one of the nightlife centers in Europe, with focal points in

579:("The little young men"), dedicated to the decadent aristocrats, and the effeminate kept men. 5822: 5593: 5542: 5319: 5106: 5033: 4762: 4626: 3127: 1844: 1827: 1572: 1475: 1198: 1095: 1005: 932:, and the consequent withdrawal of the homosexual life into private residencies, and clubs. 929: 840: 666: 615: 595: 501: 470: 450: 253: 102: 54: 3825: 2655:

Eldorado. Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin 1850–1950. Geschichte, Alltag und Kultur

2592:

Eldorado. Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin 1850–1950. Geschichte, Alltag und Kultur

1709:, Yvelines, an establishment owned by a lesbian, "la Colonelle", that had been part of the 1490:" behavior that were used to control, and repress homosexuals. But once a year, during the 222:(1866–1911) dressed as woman. Teschenberg, a cross-dresser, was one of the founders of the 5752: 5500: 5446: 4962: 4832: 4581: 4340: 4305: 2375: 2368: 1969: 1919: 1579: 1479: 1413: 1148: 1136: 1099: 1013: 828:

was dispatched with police constables to observe the ball and make any necessary arrests.

825: 541: 249: 70: 5347: 3128: 1957:. Discotheques, and their music soon became favorites of gay men, who found in its songs 974:

precisely this kind of life attracted those men that preferred the company of other men.

704:

In time, the "Carnaval interlope" in Magic-City became a big event, visited by prominent

3517: 3511: 3130:

A history of homosexuality in Europe. Volume I & II. Berlin, London, Paris 1919–1939

2010:

to big masses of gay men. By the end of the decade, and the beginning of the 1990s, the

5802: 5742: 5681: 5468: 5390: 5293: 5249: 5189: 5184: 5154: 5091: 4797: 4708: 4669: 4567: 4198: 2952:

Politik vor und hinter den Kulissen. Erfahrungen eines Diplomaten zwischen Ost und West

2275: 1923: 1537:

that were celebrating a drag party on February 15, 1921, during the first years of the

1086: 1074: 584: 485: 462: 184:, even though in the Valencian case there are evidences of a subculture and a possible 98: 50: 3878: 2917: 5837: 5674: 5637: 5610: 5586: 5441: 5436: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5261: 5144: 5101: 4726: 4674: 4654: 4606: 4414: 4321:

Identity and Self-Presentation in the House/Ball Culture: A Primer for Social Workers

4111: 3079: 2345: 2308: 2022: 2011: 1911:

The Imperial Court of New York's annual Night of a Thousand Gowns Coronation Ball in

1891: 1861:

Soon the balls were divided in "houses", or "families", led by a charismatic figure.

1744: 1538: 1522:") subculture, a hyper-masculine group of homosexuals, also accepted cross-dressers. 1401: 1021: 489: 245: 118: 110: 1830:

herself might have thought twice about. Word spread around Harlem that a retinue of

1786:

against gays in Italy covered the whole land. As late as 1973, in the last years of

5777: 5737: 5732: 5659: 5647: 5510: 5473: 5385: 5244: 5002: 4889: 4812: 4621: 4591: 3795: 3677: 3513:

Gay New York. Gender, urban culture, and the making of the gay male world 1890–1940

2026: 1912: 1807: 1774: 1608: 1495: 1483: 1243: 1117: 1078: 1050: 970: 925: 599: 458: 403: 307: 3361:"Los Invisibles": una historia de la homosexualidad masculina en España, 1850-1939 1822:

in basement taverns. In a burst of liberated zeal they rented big places like the

901:

with elegant suits, and rich jewelry". In Barcelona, later, during the regency of

701:, 180, inaugurated in 1920, and active until the prohibition on February 6, 1934. 669:

described one of the dens as a place where " workmen, prostitutes, society women,

89: 4035: 5694: 5623: 5576: 5532: 5527: 5505: 5478: 5461: 5429: 5407: 5380: 5357: 5176: 5139: 5121: 5116: 4972: 4699: 2501:

Inquisición y represión sexual en Valencia: historia de los sodomitas, 1565-1785

2342:

glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture

2312: 2283: 1946: 1942: 1835: 1429: 1391: 1058: 1039: 995: 836: 713: 693:, flourished in Paris after the I World War, and even in other French cities as 392: 351: 316: 265: 204: 200: 161: 78: 4226: 3986:(in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel. pp. 195–196, 200. 3216: 5797: 5772: 5747: 5495: 5488: 5456: 5362: 5352: 5329: 5214: 4879: 4611: 4007: 2189: 1984: 1958: 1935: 1831: 1823: 1783: 1767: 1690: 1624: 1525: 1499: 1428:, and did not allow the union of a man and a woman in this type of dance The 1248: 1206: 1017: 966: 851: 832: 821: 721: 709: 674: 591: 525: 521: 493: 474: 407: 376: 185: 141: 66: 61:

was allowed. By the 1900s, the balls had become important cultural events for

3874: 3736: 3634:

Transvestism, Masculinity, and Latin American Literature: Genders Share Flesh

2426:

Au nom du sexe : inquisition et répression sexuelle en Aragon, 1560-1700

5767: 5757: 5664: 5598: 5581: 5547: 5204: 5199: 5166: 5159: 4779: 3480: 2991: 2401:

Quemando Mariposas. Sodomía e Imperio en Andalucía y México, siglos XVI-XVII

1954: 1950: 1927: 1840: 1763: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1681: 1534: 1487: 1165: 1035: 894: 733: 173: 157: 114: 3761:(paperback). Colección Andanzas (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: 1876:

The ballroom community is still active, as has been documented in the film

1686: 4525: 3961:(in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel. pp. 241–242. 168:

Several studies have not found similar phenomena in the judicial cases in

49:

that were celebrated mainly in the first third of the 20th century, where

17: 5727: 5520: 5419: 5283: 5231: 5060: 4772: 4767: 4681: 3192:"LGBT History Source Guide Launch: Manchester's Drag Ball, Mon 22 August" 2708:

Invertito – Jahrbuch für die Geschichte der Homosexualitäten, 5. Jahrgang

1818:

heights undreamed of by the little gangs of white men parading around in

1519: 1257: 658: 529: 189: 181: 5025: 4286:

Gender/Racial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture

3927:

Dobler, Jens (2003). Boxhammer, Ingeborg; Leidinger, Christiane (eds.).

301:(1904; "Berlín's Third Sex"), described the balls in following fashion: 256:, made the life of gays extremely difficult. In fact, the activities of 5715: 5412: 5239: 5131: 5082: 4827: 4736: 4174:

Redada de violetas. Represión de los homosexuales durante el franquismo

1718: 1700:, all balls were prohibited, a situation that did not change after the 1666:

files, continued throughout the war years; fact is, the track is lost.

1663: 1620: 1599: 1456: 1417: 1190: 1042:

where these balls took place, sometimes bringing in white party-goers.

749: 679: 372: 272:" could be handed out to cross-dressers in cases considered "medical". 241: 106: 62: 3851:

Healey, Dan (October 2013). Sapper, Manfred; Weichsel, Volker (eds.).

2993:

Liebe, Forschung, Lehre: Der Kunsthistoriker Christian Adolf Isermeyer

2776:

Nur ein Paar Augen sein. Jeanne Mammen – eine Künstlerin in ihrer Zeit

957:, there were many towns where women were few and far between. So, for 869:

The affair began when 60 men were detained in a private ball room, in

5686: 5537: 5515: 5375: 4967: 4690: 4014:(in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel. p. 210. 2135: 1811: 1791: 1636: 1632: 1612: 1549: 1460: 1433: 1201:, on a private home, situated in the calle de la Paz (nowadays calle 1140: 958: 898: 890: 694: 611: 411: 169: 74: 3596:(in Spanish). Isla ternura. Archived from the original on 2013-04-30 3042:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuchverlag. pp. 2529:

Le goût de monsieur : l'homosexualité masculine au XVIIe siècle

2181:, with Brazilian, U.S., French, and Japanese sailors participating; 3853:"Beredtes Schweigen. Zur Geschichte der Homosexualität in Russland" 2653:

Theis, Wolfgang; Sternweiler, Andreas (1984). Berlin Museum (ed.).

2590:

Theis, Wolfgang; Sternweiler, Andreas (1984). Berlin Museum (ed.).

5654: 5056: 4447:

Para entendernos. Diccionario de cultura homosexual, gay y lésbica

1999: 1906: 1848: 1819: 1641: 1563: 1545: 1524: 1451: 1395: 1274: 1180: 1111: 999: 962: 944: 847: 817: 809: 794: 631: 560: 497: 433: 420: 402:("Guide through the 'dissolute' Berlin"), as "an establishment of 382: 214: 88: 4536: 4472:"El 80% de los 70.000 asistentes al Circuit han sido extranjeros" 1279:

Engraving from Guadalupe Posada illustrating the poem to the left

244:, Paragraph 143 of the penal code, and later the introduction of 5615: 5483: 5339: 2681:(1997). Sternweiler, Andreas; Hannesen, Hans Gerhardhea (eds.). 2015: 1988: 1628: 45:

were (depending on the place, time, and type) public or private

5029: 4540: 3414:"Queens and queers: The rise of drag ball culture in the 1920s" 2274:" means literally ballet, and is the name given at the time to 1012:

Drag balls in the United States can trace their origins to the

3553:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05 2880:(in German). Berlin – New York. p. V-XXXI. Archived from 2138:", a new dance style that scandalized the society at the time. 1282: 1185:

Drawing of the Dance of the Forty-One Faggots, Mexico, c. 1901

4688: 4319:

Rowan, Diana; Long, Dennis D.; Johnson, Darrin (April 2013).

2621:(1997). Sternweiler, Andreas; Hannesen, Hans Gerhard (eds.). 2560:(1997). Sternweiler, Andreas; Hannesen, Hans Gerhard (eds.). 1147:, an afro-American association independent of other American 953:

During the 19th century, in the United States, mainly in the

3418:

National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

2657:(in German). Berlin: Fröhlich und Kaufmann. pp. 65–73. 2594:(in German). Berlín: Fröhlich und Kaufmann. pp. 60–61. 2002:, London, and Paris; one of its most iconic clubs being the 275:

It is thus surprising that, beginning mid 19th century, the

3243:"A very Victorian Scandal- The Hulme Fancy Dress Ball Raid" 2685:(in German). Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel. pp. 126–128. 1941:

By the mid-1970s, initially in New York City, appeared the

905:, the biggest number of gay dancers met at the Liceo Rius. 3857:

Osteuropa. Spektralanalyse. Homosexualität und Ihre Feinde

2625:(in German). Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel. pp. 95–104. 1168:, where cross-dressing was allowed, disappearing with it. 1049:, and police protection, and security, in places like the 776:

a Greek chorus of poisonous epithets, ridicule, and slurs

4449:(in Spanish). Barcelona: la tempestad. pp. 239–240. 4149:

El látigo y la pluma. Homosexuales en la España de Franco

2710:(in German). MännerschwarmSkript Verlag. pp. 50–52. 2564:(in German). Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel. pp. 70–74. 188:. In Spain, cross-dressing was socially only allowed for 136:" from the beginning of the 17 century. About 1620, the " 4408: 4406: 1826:

on 160 West 129th Street, and they turned up in dresses

1529:

Members of a clandestine gay group in Petrograd, in 1921

1193:

at the turn of the twentieth century was the so-called "

148:, the gay Lisbon. These itinerant celebrations, called " 2451:

Sodomites catalans. Història i vida (segles XIII-XVIII)

2313:"The Gay Subculture in Early Eighteenth-Century London" 1882:(1990). It has had a notable influence, mainly through 1102:

material, frou-frouing behind them, when space permits.

354:

the first mass movements for homosexuals appeared. The

196:'s reign, no ball was complete without cross-dressers. 4777: 4706: 4679: 4115:(in Italian). Archived from the original on 2008-05-08 4073:(in Italian). Archived from the original on 2008-05-08 4176:. Madrid: La esfera de los libros. pp. 262–265. 3929:"Lesbische Berliner Subkultur im Nationalsozialismus" 3903:"Петроград, 1921 год: полицейский рейд на "гей-клуб"" 3626: 3624: 2531:(in French). Montblanc: H & O. pp. 195–196. 2219:

Translation by Sifuentes-Jáuregui from original text:

2134:

The author is describing the usual way to dance the "

1834:

was putting together outfits bigger and grander than

1770:, once a year, as it did not have a dancing license. 1135:—also known as "Faggots Ball" or "Fairies Ball"—, in 4225:. Rainbow History Project. 2000–2007. Archived from 1685:, a gay magazine, organized weekly club evenings in 5708: 5567: 5560: 5338: 5230: 5223: 5175: 5130: 5081: 5074: 4955: 4924: 4903: 4872: 4841: 4790: 4750: 4719: 4645: 4574: 3387:Beemyn, Brett Genny (2007). Aldrich, Robert (ed.). 3166:"Detective Caminada and the cross dressing ball..." 2278:involving minors, from similar heterosexual cases; 1949:, and disc jockeys, in close relationship with the 1934:, but in general they have been substituted by the 1802:In the U.S., cross-dressing balls evolved into the 1627:, smart officers, ladies and gents in riding gear, 1047:

Manhattan, these balls got to have official permits

982:, in 1849, similar to frontier celebrations called 528:. The atmosphere has been captured in paintings by 2874:Haeberle, E. J. (1984). Gruyter, Walter de (ed.). 2367: 2241:proscribió, el Káiser lo prohibió a sus oficiales. 2193:, that shows a group of sailors dancing on a ship. 1713:, and had enough contacts to keep her place open. 3897: 3895: 3391:(in German). Hamburg: Murmann. pp. 158–159. 2177:, from 1922, that shows a ball celebrated on HMS 1459:in Paris, and have a particularly masculine, and 132:in Lisbon preserve information of the so-called " 4132:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4090:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3570:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3327:Fuentes, Pablo (1999). Navarro, Francesc (ed.). 3292: 3290: 1728:'s were one of the centers of gay nightlife. In 4587:Bibliography of works on wartime cross-dressing 3663: 3661: 3264: 3262: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 2254: 2237: 2220: 2203: 2152: 2118: 2084: 2067: 2050: 1863: 1816: 1595: 1422: 1226: 1211: 1209:society. The list of names was never revealed. 1091: 808:on the week of the raid at Temperance Hall, in 773: 746: 637: 608: 416: 303: 3331:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Bauprés. p. 15. 3086:(in French). Paris: Larousse. pp. 55–56. 2979:(in German). Fretz & Wasmuth. p. 180. 2006:in New York City. These clubs usually offered 1899:'confidence and the fire you see on stage '". 1116:A drag ball from the 1920s, celebrated in the 657:In the 1920s, there were several balls in the 65:and lesbians, even attracting tourists. Their 5041: 4697: 4552: 3363:(in Spanish). Granada: Comares. p. 263. 3329:homo. tod@ la historia. El cambio finisecular 3186: 3184: 2683:Goodbye to Berlin? 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung 2623:Goodbye to Berlin? 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung 2562:Goodbye to Berlin? 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung 125:that had not been visible up to that moment. 8: 4419:Dictionnaire des cultures gays et lesbiennes 3541: 3539: 3537: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3084:Dictionnaire des cultures gays et lesbiennes 2154: 1675:From the World War II to Stonewall in Europe 5069:Sorted by occasions, purposes or attributes 2954:(in German). Düsseldorf: Econ. p. 24. 2769: 2767: 1164:in 1933, with the libertine culture of the 744:, describes "Didine" in following fashion: 93:"Molly" or "macaroni" from the 18th century 5564: 5227: 5078: 5048: 5034: 5026: 4637:Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries 4559: 4545: 4537: 4067:"I Balletti verdi, storia di uno scandalo" 4012:Goodbye Berlin? 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung 3984:Goodbye Berlin? 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung 3959:Goodbye Berlin? 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3382: 3380: 3350: 3348: 3016:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2853:(in German). Das Neue Berlin. p. 63. 2838:(in German). Hamburg: MännerschwarmSkript. 2788:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2613: 2611: 2014:appear: big, outdoors parties, similar to 1379:—translation by Sifuentes-Jáuregui (2002) 252:, with other laws for public scandal, and 4720:Contemporary organizations and gatherings 4421:(in French). Larousse. pp. 154–155. 4223:"The Rainbow History Project: Drag in DC" 4107:"Balletti verdi uno scandalo omosessuale" 3846: 3844: 3842: 3594:"Los "cuarenta y uno", cien años después" 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2403:(in Spanish). Laertes. pp. 189–192. 2303: 2301: 2190:male soldiers dancing together during WWI 1814:, and in Washington, D.C., in the 1960s. 1266:Los cuarenta y uno. Novela crítico-social 3134:. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 2806:Marlene My Friend: An Intimate Biography 2522: 2520: 1593:(1904), talks also about lesbian balls: 439:Dance scene (dancing people in Eldorado) 2370:Tríbades galantes, fanchonos militantes 2297: 2042: 27:Cross-dressing and homosexuality events 4336: 4326: 4301: 4291: 4125: 4083: 3606: 3563: 3271:"Pride and prejudice in the gay 1920s" 3009: 2894: 2781: 881:Mid 19th century, during the reign of 720:, that handed over awards to the best 3757:Demaría, Gonzalo (February 6, 2020). 2733:Führer durch das "lasterhafte" Berlin 2104:, can be translated in several ways; 1782:many losing their jobs. A subsequent 1658:Later in Germany, the "bowling club" 651:A proper outfit is strictly enforced. 400:Führer durch das „lasterhafte" Berlin 7: 5808: 4151:. Madrid: Oberon. pp. 223–225. 3516:. Nueva York: Basic Books. pp. 2253:Own translation from original text: 1994:The mid-1980s saw the appearance of 484:The co-founder and commander of the 268:woman under vigilance, even though " 140:", the baroque equivalent of modern 4498:"El lado gay de la marca Barcelona" 2202:Own translation from original text: 1922:, and the appearance of the modern 1890:" video, where the dancers use the 661:area; these occurred mainly in the 4978:List of transgender-related topics 3592:Hernández Cabrera, Miguel (2002). 3437:Fleeson, Lucinda (June 27, 2007). 2503:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Laertes. 2474:Álvarez Urcelay, Milagros (2012). 1131:The most famous drag ball was the 97:By the end of the 17th century, a 25: 4496:Baquero, Camilo S. (2013-08-08). 4470:Baquero, Camilo S. (2013-08-19). 4356:""Alles pailletti" am Tuntenball" 4323:. Vol. 25. pp. 178–196. 4288:. Vol. 37. pp. 365–386. 4065:Bolognini, Stefano (March 2001). 3700:"El Tango nació para ser bailado" 3631:Sifuentes-Jáuregui, Ben. (2002). 2990:Andreas Sternweiler, ed. (1998). 2428:(in French). París: L'Harmattan. 1998:, with centers in New York City, 1189:In Mexico, the country's biggest 1145:Grand United Order of Odd Fellows 1004:A drag ball at a private home in 949:Cowboy stag dance from about 1910 610:The pianist gives a prelude to a 224:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee 5818: 5817: 5807: 5796: 5008: 5007: 4996: 4983:List of transgender publications 4524: 2778:(in German). Berlin. p. 67. 1510:There are reports of gay balls ( 1443:El Tango nació para ser bailado. 4273:. University of Illinois Press. 4105:Scalise, Daniele (2001-05-16). 3933:Online-Projekt Lesbengeschichte 2453:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Base. 2374:(in Portuguese). GLS. pp. 2366:Torrão Filho, Almilcar (2000). 2236:Own translation from original: 2117:Own translation from original: 2083:Own translation from original: 2066:Own translation from original: 2049:Own translation from original: 2021:Some circuit parties, like the 1762:: a small den in gay-accepting 642:The Gentlemen are requested to: 414:tourism with his travel guide: 144:, organized big parties in the 4384:Wong, Curtis M. (2015-04-19). 3269:Branigan, Tania (2004-07-03). 3164:Buckley, Angela (2014-06-24). 1764:Amsterdam's Red-Light District 645:1° No dancing with the hat on. 540:avail. In 1932 the chancellor 101:is documented in Europe, with 1: 4916:Social construction of gender 4911:Causes of gender incongruence 3412:Stabbe, Oliver (2016-03-30). 3039:Homosexualität in der NS-Zeit 2996:. Lebensgeschichten. Berlin. 2975:Gisevius, Hans Bernd (1946). 2916:Delmer, Sefton (1962-10-31). 1619:enters, to whom bow gypsies, 1349:were dancing with much gusto. 4689: 4632:Trousers as women's clothing 4271:Global Circuits of Blackness 4254:. 2006-09-03. Archived from 4071:Stefano Bolognini's Web Page 3735:(in Spanish). Archived from 3706:(in Spanish). Archived from 3637:. Springer. pp. 32–34. 3471:Weems, Mickey (2011-12-08). 3241:Barlow, Nigel (2015-02-02). 2449:Riera i Sans, Jaume (2014). 1436:outlawed it to his officers. 1351:The others with their suits, 1335:It has only been a few days 785:; translation Tamagne (2006) 762:; translation Tamagne (2006) 4778: 4707: 4680: 4362:(in German). Archived from 4354:Müller, Nina (2014-02-22). 3935:(in German). Archived from 3698:Hernández Berrío, Juliana. 3355:Vázquez García, Francisco; 3299:"A London Drag Ball, 1930s" 3297:Transpontine (2008-05-27). 1981:So many men, so little time 1790:, ten men were arrested in 1623:, sailors, clowns, bakers, 1569:Two women dancing the waltz 1359:Dressed in taffeta and silk 1345:half of whom were disguised 1341:a grand and peculiar dance. 1332:very Pretty and Coquettish. 1309:La otra mitad con su traje, 862:Dr. Matt Houlbrook, of the 805:The Illustrated Police News 5875: 4284:Bailey, Marlon M. (2011). 4269:Bailey, Marlon M. (2010). 4248:"Beyoncé Knowles: Queen B" 3126:Tamagne, Florence (2006). 2849:Kisch, Egon Erwin (1998). 2336:Rapp, Linda (2010-05-18). 2151:(2006) from the original: 1843:on her barge, all in gold 1651:Berlins Drittes Geschlecht 1591:Berlins drittes Geschlecht 1441:Juliana Hernández Berrío: 1389: 1357:the famous little faggots. 1353:that is, masculine attire, 1295:Que en la calle de la Paz, 1219:Contemporary press report. 993: 331:Berlins Drittes Geschlecht 299:Berlins drittes Geschlecht 5791: 5633: 5403: 5371: 5067: 4991: 3613:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3510:Chauncey, George (1994). 3024:„Ein schwuler Emigrant " 2933:; extracts from the book 2834:Cordan, Wolfgang (2003). 2774:Lütgens, Annelie (1991). 2706:Raber, Ralf Jörg (2003). 2499:Carrasco, Rafael (1985). 2424:Fernandez, André (2003). 1945:, with the corresponding 1705:Bal de la Chervrière, in 1631:, Japanese, and delicate 1321:Con pelucas bien peinadas 1307:Bailaban como el que más. 1133:Masquerade and Civic Ball 984:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous 922:La mala vida en Barcelona 492:, was also a patron, and 453:, often with her husband 262:first homosexual movement 4732:Kottankulangara Festival 4172:Arnalte, Arturo (2003). 4147:Omeda, Fernando (2004). 3909:(in Russian). 2013-09-19 3303:History is made at night 2950:Allardt, Helmut (1979). 2399:Garza, Federico (2002). 1924:LGBT liberation movement 1589:Hirschfeld, in his book 1400:Several men dancing the 1301:Cuarenta y un lagartijos 1290:muy chulos y coquetones. 1288:Aqui están los maricones 1264:published a book titled 1107:op. cit. Chauncey (1994) 507:Mr Norris Changes Trains 338:As a consequence of the 4932:Lists of cross-dressers 4823:Hip and buttock padding 4803:Female urination device 3730:"Ellas bailan solas..." 2924:(in German). p. 46 2527:Godard, Didier (2002). 1871:Rainbow History Project 1512:baly zhenonenavistnikov 1323:Y moviéndose con chic. 1317:Vestidos de raso y seda 1311:Es decir de masculinos, 1305:De simpáticas muchachas 1299:Un gran baile singular. 1297:Los gendarmes atisbaron 1293:Hace aún muy pocos días 864:University of Liverpool 648:2° No dancing together. 577:Les p'tits jeun' hommes 340:Harden–Eulenburg affair 220:Hermann von Teschenberg 5849:Cross-dressing culture 4937:Wartime cross-dressers 4849:In film and television 4698: 4040:Café ’t Mandje webpage 3217:"Our Hidden Histories" 3082:, ed. (2003). "Bals". 2756:Sachse, Peter (1927). 2317:Rick Norton's Web Page 2261: 2244: 2227: 2210: 2161: 2155: 2125: 2091: 2074: 2057: 2008:electronic dance music 1915: 1874: 1859: 1810:, that started in the 1739:became something of a 1696:In France, during the 1656: 1575: 1530: 1447: 1409: 1363:with well-coiffed wigs 1337:that on La Paz street, 1328: 1315:A los famosos jotitos. 1286: 1280: 1240: 1222: 1195:Dance of the Forty-One 1186: 1177:Dance of the Forty-One 1128: 1110: 1009: 950: 813: 788: 765: 748:Stuffed into a yellow 654: 653: 636:A sign from the 1920s. 630: 580: 520:, or the memories of 481:was well known there. 446: 432: 388: 336: 227: 130:Portuguese Inquisition 94: 4895:Transvestic fetishism 4413:Thévenin, P. (2003). 4197:Cunningham, Michael. 3728:Mariñas, J. Alberto. 3169:The Virtual Victorian 3036:Grau, Günter (1993). 2937:Die Deutschen und ich 2731:Moreck, Curt (1931). 2100:The original German, 1932:Imperial Court System 1910: 1788:Franco's dictatorship 1750:The struggles of the 1567: 1528: 1399: 1339:the police came upon 1278: 1270:José Guadalupe Posada 1256:, first broadcast by 1184: 1115: 1055:Madison Square Garden 1008:, Oregon in the 1900s 1003: 994:Further information: 948: 798: 635: 564: 518:Christopher Isherwood 443:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 437: 386: 283:came to be, balls of 218: 109:, parties and balls, 92: 5210:Political houseparty 4818:Cleavage enhancement 4533:at Wikimedia Commons 3859:(in German): 11–14. 2977:Bis zum Bittern Ende 2803:Bret, David (1996). 2679:Sternweiler, Andreas 2619:Sternweiler, Andreas 2558:Sternweiler, Andreas 2031:Black and Blue Party 1404:on the banks of the 1361:in the latest style, 1330:Here are the Faggots 1313:Gozaban al estrechar 1303:Disfrazados la mitad 1262:Eduardo A. Castrejón 760:Notre-Dame-de-Lesbos 742:Notre-Dame-de-Lesbos 572:L'Assiette au Beurre 465:, and writers, like 211:Cross-dressing balls 134:danças dos fanchonos 128:The archives of the 35:cross-dressing balls 5783:Serpentine streamer 5569:Western dress codes 5267:Film awards seasons 4942:List of drag queens 4758:Crossplay (cosplay) 4660:Theatrical travesti 4647:Cross-gender acting 4617:Cross dressing ball 3668:Murray, Stephen O. 2102:Hier ist's richtig! 1996:clubbing subculture 1779:Province of Brescia 1698:occupation of Paris 1653:(1904), "Kapitel 3" 1649:Magnus Hirschfeld, 1253:El vuelo del águila 1071:The Harlem Alhambra 1027:Hamilton Lodge Ball 955:Great West Frontier 887:sociedades de baile 871:Holland Park Avenue 699:rue de l'Université 548:March 4, 1933, the 346:The Weimar Republic 333:(1904), "Kapitel 3" 329:Magnus Hirschfeld, 293:Berliner Morgenpost 156:", used to include 123:underground culture 81:and New York City. 5803:Society portal 5763:New Year's glasses 5274:Religious festival 5195:Housewarming party 5097:Bachelorette party 4947:List of drag kings 4864:In animated series 4859:In music and opera 4791:Passing techniques 4199:"The Slap of Love" 3357:Cleminson, Richard 2809:. Robson. p. 2286:wore on his lapel. 2174:Jacks 'the Dasant' 1983:, in spite of the 1916: 1856:Michael Cunningham 1804:ballroom community 1752:homophile movement 1605:fraternity student 1576: 1531: 1452:cortes y quebradas 1410: 1319:Al último figurín, 1281: 1237:, 25 November 1901 1187: 1129: 1010: 951: 911:chulitos de barrio 856:LGBT History Month 814: 799:Front page of the 726:pont aux travestis 655: 581: 447: 441:(1910), sketch by 429:Curt Moreck (1931) 389: 228: 95: 5831: 5830: 5721:Balloon modelling 5704: 5703: 5604:Black lounge suit 5556: 5555: 5399: 5398: 5112:Wedding reception 5023: 5022: 4808:Packing (phallus) 4751:Subcultural slang 4602:Womanless wedding 4529:Media related to 3866:978-3-8305-3180-7 3772:978-950-49-6968-6 3763:Editorial Planeta 3549:(November 2001). 3547:Monsiváis, Carlos 3398:978-3-938017-81-4 3389:Gleich und anders 3370:978-84-9836-783-6 2935:Gruyter, Walter. 2851:Briefe an Jarmila 2485:978-84-9860-734-5 2460:978-84-15711-85-8 2149:Florence Tamaigne 1953:—see for example 1670:Later development 1607:with a prominent 1554:Soviet penal code 1432:banished it, the 1383: 1382: 1343:Forty-one lizards 1260:in 1994. In 1906 1122:Greenwich Village 839:, and another as 783:Le Bal des folles 781:Charles Étienne, 769:Le Bal des folles 758:Charles Étienne, 627:(1927), p.173-174 625:Le troisième sexe 550:Berliner Tagblatt 513:Goodbye to Berlin 479:Magnus Hirschfeld 356:Freundschaftsbund 290:For example, the 258:Magnus Hirschfeld 250:German penal code 59:same-sex partners 16:(Redirected from 5866: 5821: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5565: 5543:Stop light party 5425:Children's party 5320:Harvest festival 5228: 5107:Engagement party 5079: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5027: 5011: 5010: 5003:LGBTQ portal 5001: 5000: 4999: 4956:Related articles 4873:Sexual practices 4783: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4538: 4528: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3877:. Archived from 3848: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3824:. Archived from 3818:"Rio de Janeiro" 3816:Green, James N. 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3794:. Archived from 3786:Green, James N. 3783: 3777: 3776: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3704:Medellín Cultura 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3676:. Archived from 3665: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3551:"La Gran Redada" 3543: 3532: 3531: 3507: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3479:. Archived from 3468: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3443:Chicago Magazine 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3324: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3247:About Manchester 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3161: 3150: 3149: 3133: 3123: 3098: 3097: 3076: 3057: 3056: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3007: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2758:Berliner Journal 2753: 2747: 2746: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2587: 2576: 2575: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2373: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2344:. Archived from 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2305: 2287: 2268: 2262: 2251: 2245: 2234: 2228: 2217: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2184:Interned Sailors 2168: 2162: 2159: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2098: 2092: 2081: 2075: 2064: 2058: 2047: 1964:It's raining men 1879:Paris Is Burning 1872: 1857: 1828:Madame Pompadour 1768:Queen's Birthday 1707:L'Étang-la-Ville 1660:Die lustige Neun 1654: 1573:Toulouse Lautrec 1516:zhenonenavistnik 1476:public indecency 1445: 1365:and moving with 1283: 1238: 1220: 1149:fraternal orders 1108: 1096:Madame Pompadour 1063:Manhattan Casino 930:public indecency 841:Romeo and Juliet 786: 763: 628: 502:Gruppenführer SA 471:Egon Erwin Kisch 451:Marlene Dietrich 430: 334: 254:child protection 55:ballroom dancing 21: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5844:Dance festivals 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5795: 5787: 5753:Groucho glasses 5700: 5629: 5552: 5501:Hurricane party 5447:Masqerade party 5395: 5367: 5334: 5219: 5171: 5126: 5070: 5063: 5054: 5024: 5019: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4963:Gender variance 4951: 4920: 4899: 4868: 4837: 4833:Gaff (clothing) 4786: 4746: 4715: 4641: 4582:History of drag 4570: 4565: 4521: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4367: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4325: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4290: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4252:The Independent 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4045: 4043: 4042:. 4 August 2015 4034: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3850: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3579: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3535: 3528: 3509: 3508: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3470: 3469: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3153: 3146: 3125: 3124: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3077: 3060: 3053: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3008: 3004: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2780: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2633: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2579: 2572: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2349: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2276:sexual scandals 2269: 2265: 2252: 2248: 2235: 2231: 2218: 2214: 2201: 2197: 2169: 2165: 2147:Translation by 2146: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2116: 2112: 2099: 2095: 2082: 2078: 2065: 2061: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2012:circuit parties 1987:of some of the 1920:Stonewall riots 1905: 1903:After Stonewall 1873: 1870: 1858: 1855: 1800: 1735:After the war, 1677: 1672: 1655: 1648: 1611:, there a slim 1580:lesbian history 1562: 1508: 1472: 1446: 1440: 1414:Argentine tango 1406:Río de la Plata 1394: 1388: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1355:enjoyed hugging 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1239: 1233: 1221: 1218: 1203:Ezequiel Montes 1179: 1174: 1137:Upper Manhattan 1126:Lower Manhattan 1109: 1106: 1083:New Star Casino 1067:Rockland Palace 1022:costume parties 1014:debutante balls 998: 992: 943: 938: 903:Maria Christina 885:, appeared the 879: 826:Jerome Caminada 793: 787: 780: 764: 757: 740:, in his novel 738:Charles Étienne 718:Joséphine Baker 691:bal de invertis 629: 622: 585:literary salons 559: 542:Franz von Papen 498:nazi politician 467:Wolfgang Cordan 461:, singers like 431: 428: 348: 335: 328: 320: 311: 238: 233: 213: 87: 71:interwar period 69:was during the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5872: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5805: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5682:Cocktail dress 5679: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5471: 5469:Crayfish party 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5391:Tailgate party 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5255:New Year's Eve 5252: 5250:Mischief Night 5247: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5224:Public parties 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190:Cocktail party 5187: 5185:Family reunion 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5155:Debutante ball 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5092:Bachelor party 5088: 5086: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5005: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4798:Breast binding 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4672: 4670:Pantomime dame 4667: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4568:Cross-dressing 4566: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4520: 4519:External links 4517: 4515: 4514: 4488: 4462: 4455: 4434: 4427: 4415:Eribon, Didier 4402: 4376: 4360:Kleine Zeitung 4346: 4311: 4276: 4261: 4258:on 2007-10-01. 4239: 4214: 4189: 4182: 4164: 4157: 4139: 4097: 4057: 4027: 4020: 3999: 3992: 3974: 3967: 3949: 3919: 3891: 3865: 3838: 3808: 3778: 3771: 3765:. p. 12. 3749: 3720: 3690: 3657: 3643: 3620: 3577: 3533: 3526: 3493: 3454: 3439:"The Gay '30s" 3429: 3404: 3397: 3376: 3369: 3344: 3337: 3314: 3286: 3258: 3233: 3208: 3180: 3151: 3144: 3099: 3092: 3080:Eribon, Didier 3058: 3051: 3028: 3002: 2982: 2967: 2960: 2942: 2908: 2866: 2859: 2841: 2826: 2819: 2795: 2763: 2748: 2741: 2723: 2716: 2698: 2691: 2670: 2663: 2638: 2631: 2607: 2600: 2577: 2570: 2544: 2537: 2516: 2509: 2491: 2484: 2466: 2459: 2441: 2434: 2416: 2409: 2391: 2384: 2358: 2328: 2311:(2008-06-15). 2309:Norton, Rictor 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2263: 2246: 2229: 2212: 2195: 2163: 2140: 2127: 2110: 2093: 2076: 2059: 2041: 2039: 2036: 1976:I'm coming out 1904: 1901: 1868: 1853: 1799: 1796: 1760:Café 't Mandje 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1646: 1642:Danubian waves 1561: 1558: 1507: 1504: 1471: 1468: 1438: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1326: 1231: 1216: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1104: 1087:Italian Harlem 1075:Savoy Ballroom 1065:(later called 1018:quadroon balls 991: 988: 942: 939: 937: 934: 878: 875: 792: 789: 778: 755: 685:The so-called 620: 558: 555: 463:Claire Waldoff 426: 347: 344: 326: 237: 234: 232: 229: 212: 209: 178:Basque Country 111:cross-dressers 99:gay subculture 86: 83: 51:cross-dressing 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5871: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:LGBTQ history 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5638:Wedding dress 5636: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5587:Morning dress 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442:Costume party 5440: 5438: 5437:Class reunion 5435: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Social season 5323: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5303:Food festival 5301: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262:Arts festival 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5177:House parties 5174: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145:State banquet 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:Bridal shower 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5016: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4854:In literature 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727:Fantasia Fair 4725: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4675:Principal boy 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Breeches role 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Rebecca riots 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4456:84-7948-959-6 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443:Mira, Alberto 4438: 4435: 4430: 4428:2-03-505164-9 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4366:on 2014-11-02 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4229:on 2014-06-14 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4183:84-9734-150-3 4179: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4158:84-96052-68-0 4154: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4021:3-86149-062-5 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3993:3-86149-062-5 3989: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3968:3-86149-062-5 3964: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3939:on 2012-01-13 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3881:on 2016-08-22 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3828:on 2014-10-26 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3798:on 2014-10-26 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3739:on 2010-06-18 3738: 3734: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3710:on 2014-08-01 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3691: 3680:on 2015-07-01 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3646: 3644:9780230107281 3640: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3527:0-465-02621-4 3523: 3519: 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