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drag queen. Mashogas are described as "passive" homosexual men who dress up in women's clothing for social or ritual gatherings. More specifically, in
Zanzibar in Makunduchi, the Mwaka Kogwa is a New Year's festival where men and women come together and settle grievances from the past year and welcome the a new harvest season. Central parts of the festivities, which involves thousands of participants and spectators, include healing ceremonies, men hitting each other with banana leaves as a way to get rid of tension, men who performed dances as women, and mashogas as well. The men who were dressed as women in the event weren't necessarily mashogas themselves, which demonstrates the fluidity of gender expression. Challenging gender norms in relation to social organization and colonial gender expectations allowed Africans to still practice a social order in which events like the Mwaka Kogwa thrive and men can engage with femininity in any way they desire. Although mashogas were viewed as a social category, they also participated in professional categories since they were contracted to perform at the women's celebrations in weddings. Furthermore, mashogas would play the pembe, which is considered a woman's instrument, perform women's dances, and despite still being biologically "men" they would permeate spaces that were segregated on the basis of gender and sex. Lastly, during the Islamic holiday, Eid Al Hajj, men would dress up as women despite not being mashogas. This connects back to the Mwaka Kogwa celebration because of the gender fluidity that didn't confine men and women to the rigid colonial gender expectations/norms. Men being able to dress as women without being considered a mashoga highlights how individuals could simply live their lives according to how they desired. Although the presence of mashogas in East Africa during colonial rule might show a tolerance towards gender expression and drag queens, mashogas were mainly recognized in Zanzibar, which is a semi-autonomous coastal region off the coast of Tanzania.
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queens because of its association with gay men and their ability in stepping outside the traditional confines of gender and sexuality. Britain specifically tailored the code to its colonies rather than implementing its own existing laws on colonial subjects, making it much more likely for former
British colonies to remove the codes after independence. Some scholars believe these laws were introduced inadvertently as they were never enforced. However, Uganda adopted its own criminal code based on Australia which enhanced the punishment for same-sex relations. Therefore, other scholars believe there was a distinct intention to criminalize homosexuals among colonial powers. They are argue that written laws criminalizing queer people, even if they're not actively enforced, intend to criminalize queerness, which feeds into greater intolerance of social identities that aren't perceived as "normal".
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this humorous performance, she creates a new model of whiteness that moves her white audience through their power loss and to a hopeful future. She often goes to majority-black areas to allow black audiences to laugh at their oppressors, as the act of drag neutralizes the racist, blundering, and offensive nature of Evita. The queerness of the performance creates an air of confusion and catches people off guard, so Evita can successfully penetrate deep racial issues with humor and ease. This gender performance, though exaggerated, makes Evita seem real and therefore critique how banal apartheid's evil was. Evita played a central part in
179:." The connection between gay rights and the West is encouraged by American evangelical groups that have increased their funding of anti-gay churches in Africa. The laws and the increasing social hostility place drag queens in danger as pastors associate their gender performance with oppressive colonial culture. Politically, African leaders justify the anti-gay policies to international human rights activists by blaming the gay community for HIV transmission, which has swept through Africa. control, as many communities strongly associated the virus with gay men. Therefore, drag performers are often see as threats to community.
98:, in a way for both men and women to be separate, but still share the same overall influence and power. This bicameralism was especially important because it valued both the feminine and masculine mindsets in tandem with one another. In some cases, African queens held more power than their male counterpart. Another important aspect of precolonial society was that African mothers were deeply revered for maintained culture through the upbringing of families, but while still actively participating in the labor force, politics, and other aspects of society.
280:, a drag performer who won the 1st season of the American drag competitive TV show RuPaul's Drag Race, lives in the United States full time. When the artist, whose name off-stage is Nea Marshall Kudi Ngwa, returns to his home country, he does not perform or advertise his drag persona, "go very incognito," to avoid "dangerous or unfortunate" situations. However, when in America, BeBe does virtually meet with gay Cameroonians to offer her support, but her resistance to sexuality labels such as "straight" and "gay" puts her life in danger when back home.
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becoming economically disadvantaged, being denied from education, labor, politics, etc. was the result of masculinity and men being uplifted. Since most aspects of society were being centered around men and making them superior, women and their femininity was found increasingly at odds. The strict
Western mindsets regarding gender was imposed on Africans because it was considered to make them moral and appropriate. Even the terms "men" and "women", which categorize individuals based on anatomy, aren't used in the same capacity in
73:. The performance aspect of drag combines the gender and sexual fluidity that drag is based on into a uniquely subversive relationship that challenges the traditional norms upheld by society. Even as drag queens are on stage performing, they are breaking down the preconceived understandings of gender and gender expression that the audience might have. By embracing femininity, drag queens step outside the traditional gender binary and the social constructions of gender that significantly shaped how drag is perceived.
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superior. The familial structure is also contrast to the typical
Western nuclear family structure that is more linear and closed off. Instead, precolonial African families looked towards the immediate family, but also the extended family as a way to determine identities and inheritance. Instead of viewing gender as a binary and imposing differences between men and women, like in the West, precolonial families viewed the genders through an equilibrium of both status and authority.
146:. Within Bantu speaking languages, in order to consider someone anatomically a "female", that individual was achieve certain things, like having a first child, becoming a grandmother, or completing important ceremonies. The Western understanding of gender posed a rigidity that disregarded women's social positions/status and instead confined them to specified gender expectations that was now purely based on one's anatomy.
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challenge this strict binary and its subsequent criminalization of queer people. Their performances navigate various intersectionalities of gender, sexuality, and race that are legacies of colonialism. Because of the association of drag with queerness, as well as its inherent challenge of the gendered social structure, drag performances are innately political and often dangerous.
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it's more fluid and it evolves from how individuals in a society as a collective understand behaviors/norms that then become associated with sanctions. There is no record of same-sex relationships and fluid gender expressions being punished under oral law, but they were also not encouraged, creating a passive tolerance of queerness, but didn't persecute it either.
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kings also face backlash for challenging gender roles as they are interpreted as challenging men's monopoly on economic power by embracing masculinity. Especially in countries like Malawi, Mali, and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo that have increasing disputes over land, a family's property is traditionally passed to the eldest son.
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Even under colonial rule, Africans still engaged with gender fluidity and continued to step outside of the traditional gender binary that was enforced. In particular on the East
African coast and within Swahili speaking societies, there are "mashogas", which are considered the English equivalent of a
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Since Zambia has maintained anti-gay laws, drag queens have not had the opportunity to have the same presence. Zambia continues to operate from the rigid colonial laws that criminalized homosexuality and allowed for the intolerance of LGBTQ+ people to flourish. This has contributed to the modern day
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African mothers and motherhood influenced gender within their own families, but also the community at large, which solidified their rights in the domestic sphere and beyond. Essentially, just because women were women did not mean that they were inferior, nor did men being men make them automatically
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intolerance that subjects queer individuals to hate crimes, severe discrimination, and overall marginalization. Because the queer community is criminalized, and there is a strong connection between the queer and drag communities, drag queens aren't able to perform as freely as they might otherwise.
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Because drag is often interpreted as a visual expression of queerness, there are less drag queens who perform in countries like
Cameroon with strict anti-queer laws. People who come out or are suspecting of being gay can be and are criminally punished. Many gay Cameroonians live in fear of state or
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Scholars have cited different reasons for the new passages and/or enforcement of these laws. Many believe it is backlash to the growing international gay rights movement, especially from religious communities. Other believe it is a reaction to
Western influences as many conservative African figures
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Modern anti-gay laws are inherited from colonial law. For example, the modern anti-sodomy laws in
Namibia have their origins in the colonial period and even after independence in 1990, the anti-sodomy laws remained, which has contributed to generations of anti-queer attitudes and intolerance in the
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Gender expression often extends to sexual relations, and same-sex relations in Africa were common and not normally stigmatized nor criminalized, as documented by the
Portuguese in modern-day Congo and Angola. Same-sex relations between women were very common, and some societies treated even treated
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community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, women have joined the once all-men group since the 1980s. Members of the group follow a specific dress code and compete against each other for the best catwalk. While the men dress the formal attire inspired by colonial dress to retake their power
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While drag queens are much more common than drag kings, there are still women who participate in masculine drag performances. The majority of the anti-gay, and by association anti-drag, sentiments are targeted at men who embrace femininity, resisting the gender roles which devalue femininity. Drag
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Many drag artists use their performance to reject beliefs in their communities that they interpret as homophobic, transphobic, racist, and otherwise oppressive. Some use ethnic and indigenous practices to address their communities. Belinda Qaqamba Ka-Fassie intertwines her cathartic pageantry with
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allows Africans to challenge gender roles. There were many different expressions of masculinity and femininity in pre-colonial Africa. Colonial powers introduced written laws that enforced rigid gender roles that devalued women and femininity. African drag performers, specifically drag queens, now
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woman who formerly served as a government overseer of the apartheid structure but embraced the new government after her daughter marries and has children with a black man. She is an imperfect and blundering woman struggling to know her place as a white woman without structural racism, and through
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There were no written laws in Africa before colonization, but there were complex and enforced social laws across the continent that governed sexual relations. as the majority of African societies placed high value on reproduction and lineage. Oral law can be distinguished from written law because
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and varying African identities. Drag allows for the fusion of identities that otherwise wouldn't have been allowed to coexist. An African person is still African even if they do drag and they're queer. The notion of being "un-African" affects African drag queens, but the nature of drag encourages
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in modern-day Uganda, dressed and acted in a way that modern societies may label as "drag" or "transgender." It is important to note that these terms did not exist back then and are therefore not accurately descriptive of the gender expressions of these men because the men did not often live the
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Colonial powers introduced written criminal legal codes to Africa, many of which criminalized same-sex relationships. These written laws were more rigid and pose long term effects that shapes society's attitudes towards different social identities. This in turn inherently affected drag and drag
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took away the respect and status given to women, which made them to be treated with less importance than their male counterpart. Even more so, women were stripped away of their economic independence by being targeted by gendered financial constraints like heavy taxation and bride wealth. Women
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were men who took on the communal roles done by women because they were mediums for female spirits, but they still married women and had children. It was also common for men to act as women in dance performances, even when the purpose and physicality of the dance was highly erotic and sensual.
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between sexuality and gender. More specifically, drag queens actively change the ways in which gender, gender expectations, and masculinity/femininity are viewed and understood by society. As the understanding of drag and drag queens grow, there is more acceptance for the queer community and
310:, push back against the colonial devaluing of women and its persistence in modern Congolese society. However, because these performances are done within an existing, accepted culture, the women are not seen as prominent threats to social structure like other drag kings.
243:, uses drag to describe her disappointment with the oppression she faces in South Arica and the inaction by the government to address her community's needs. Many of these artists distinguish their drag from Western conceptions because their experiences in
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identity, wearing cultural garments traditionally worn by one gender. Her drag is a protest of the homophobia and racism that permeate South Africa society, as well as the lack of understanding and language to describe queerness in Xhosa communities.
199:, many of its contemporary drag artists features themes of race and gender in their performances. Drag artists were prominent in the South African public's transition from apartheid to the new government in the early 1990s, specifically the artist
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country. Many anti-gay laws that stigmatize visual expressions of queerness like drag have been revitalized or recently more enforced. However, some countries have chosen to continuing enforcing the colonial-era laws and others have not.
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Colonial rule, along with the laws imposed during that time, proved to be consequential for the shifting the gender dynamics between men and women along with the overall understanding associated with both.
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because it conditions how individuals express themselves. In addition to challenging the traditional understanding of gender, scholars also note that drag enables queer men to step outside the confines of
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marginalized individuals who fall outside the scope of heteronormativity and the gender binary. Drag is especially important within African societies since it has been used as a method to explore
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that dictate the behaviors that are appropriate/necessary for men and women. Scholars note that drag steps outside of the confines of the gender binary and allows for the fluidity of
227:" in an African setting in light of apartheid othering black bodies. Cohen's performances are interventions and interactions with specific audiences to visualize whiteness's legacy.
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Drag kings are often perceived as women who threaten this system. However, drag kings have found areas to perform that their communities deem acceptable. For instance, amongst the
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Steven Cohen also uses drag to comment of South Africa's existing racism. Their eccentric, outlandish, and often disgusting performances portrays whiteness as monstrous and "
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that put the performers in danger of imprisonment and/or violence. However, getting inspiration from other African countries like South Africa and Western drag shows like
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have made the public more open to accepting drag as a form of entertainment, though this acceptance is usually only concentrated in urban centers and is not widespread.
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Other artists use drag to challenge the international belief that South Africa is an inclusive society for LGBT+ people. Sharika Mabika, a transgender refugee from
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Most pre-colonial African societies had a gender binary, but they did not devalue women and femininity. As a point of departure, politics were structured
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The majority of drag performers in Kenya meet and perform secretly because drag is often a visible expression of queerness. Kenya has incredibly strict
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Jjuuko, Adrian; Tabengwa, Monica (2018). "Expanded criminalisation of consensual same-sex relations in Africa: contextualising recent developments".
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communal retaliation at their identity. As a result, many Cameroon drag artists feel more comfortable performing in other countries. For example,
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263:, several gay centers have begun holding public drag shows to celebrate their culture. The popularity of RuPaul and Kenyan drag stars like
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and engage with the opposite gender in ways that are typically frowned upon. Drag is affected by the gender binary along with the various
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41:. Besides putting on a show with makeup, wigs, and other feminine items, drag is an art form that attempts to challenge the traditional
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348:""It Has No Color, It Has No Gender, It's Gender Bending": Gender and Sexuality Fluidity and Subversiveness in Drag Performance"
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767:"A Queer Transition: Whiteness in the Prismatic, Post-Apartheid Drag Performances of Pieter-Dirk Uys and Steven Cohen"
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468:"The Dynamics of Gender Roles and Cultural Determinants of African Women's Desire to Participate in Modern Politics"
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630:"Silent, Spoken, Written, and Enforced: The Role of Law in the Construction of the Post-Colonial Queerphobic State"
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699:"Mwaka Kogwa, the Tanzanian festival where men fight to settle grudges as women sing seductive songs"
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996:"'Eating the Property': Gender Roles and Economic Change in Urban Malawi, Blantyre-Limbe, 1907-1953"
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inherently ties their performances to their identities as impoverished, black South Africans.
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Nelson Mandela in 1994, forming the "Rainbow Coalition" with the help of Evita Bezuidenhout
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that separates men and women. The gender binary between men and women has been enforced by
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580:. London: University of London Press, Institute of Commonwealth Studies. pp. 63–96.
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Envisioning Global LGBT Rights: (Neo)colonialism, Neoliberalism, Resistance, and Hope
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men as women if they wanted to marry another man. These men, as documented among the
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921:"Drag Race Royalty; Bebe Zahara Benet talks about returning to Cameroon this year"
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869:"'I saw myself in RuPaul': how Drag Race inspired LGBTQ+ Kenyans to find freedom"
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406:"Ad/Dressing the Nation: Drag and Authenticity in Post-Apartheid South Africa"
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Because of South Africa's colonial history and its former structures of
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The fluidity of drag is especially important because it highlights the
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814:"PHOTOS: Drag Queens In South Africa Embrace Queerness And Tradition"
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895:"First Muslim drag queen on "RuPaul's Drag Race" hails from Kenya"
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Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities
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Zanzibar Town, where the Mwaka Kogwa annual celebration is held.
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1035:"Strutting with La Sape: Tariq Zaidi captures the extraordinary"
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1061:"Meet the fearless female drag kings of conservative Africa"
728:"African Antisodomy Laws as Unwanted Colonial Inheritances"
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Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will; Epprecht, Marc (2021).
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When drag queens perform they're able to showcase their
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203:as the character Evita Bezuidenhout. "Evita" is an
111:lifestyle modern labels imply. For instance, the
1693:To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar
1547:The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert
346:Egner, Justine; Maloney, Patricia (2016-07-02).
128:Colonial laws and attitudes on gender expression
86:them to live their authentic lives and stories.
520:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
472:Journal of Global Engagement and Transformation
674:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
33:typically perform in front of audiences doing
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1097:
812:Olwage, Lee-Ann; Ingber, Sasha (2019-09-20).
320:Colonial roots of gender inequality in Africa
306:from their European "masters", the women, or
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1684:St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold
1529:Trixie and Katya's Guide to Modern Womanhood
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947:"Being BeBe Review: The Queen of Cameroon"
726:Currier, Ashley; Gogul, Keeley B. (2020).
1278:La Femme Magnifique International Pageant
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175:and describe the laws as protection of "
90:Gender expression in pre-colonial Africa
1561:Cherry Valentine: Gypsy Queen and Proud
331:
528:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.259
2146:Cross-dressing in film and television
945:Mullen, Patrick (November 30, 2021).
893:Kiunguyu, Kylie (February 27, 2019).
862:
860:
858:
839:"Secret lives of Kenya's drag queens"
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7:
1231:Grand Ducal Council of San Francisco
1059:Froelich, Paula (January 25, 2020).
973:"Zambia Shackled by Homophobic Laws"
765:Sizemore-Barber, April (June 2016).
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3283:History of LGBT animated characters
2706:Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora
1522:Of Drag Kings and the Wheel of Fate
1000:Canadian Journal of African Studies
971:Mphande, Juliet (25 October 2013).
867:Johnson, Sarah (January 11, 2022).
14:
919:Sadi, Emmanuel (August 3, 2018).
634:Cornell International Law Journal
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3317:
3273:Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history
3268:Transgender Oral History Project
2179:
2178:
1033:Kembrey, Melanie (May 3, 2019).
837:Macleod, Rod (August 10, 2018).
404:Spruill, Jennifer (2004-04-20).
3278:List of LGBTQ awareness periods
2825:Sexual orientation and medicine
1351:Everybody's Talking About Jamie
1298:San Francisco Drag King Contest
1205:Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
514:Saidi, Christine (2020-10-27).
466:Okrah, Kwadwo A. (2017-12-31).
628:McNamarah, Chan (2018-04-01).
66:social constructions of gender
1:
1649:The Rocky Horror Picture Show
1554:The Bitch Who Stole Christmas
516:"Women in Precolonial Africa"
364:10.1080/00918369.2015.1116345
2646:List of years in LGBT rights
1780:The Boulet Brothers' Dragula
2558:at Brigham Young University
1700:Trixie Mattel: Moving Parts
1670:Blue Murder at St Trinian's
1663:The Belles of St. Trinian's
115:, or the man-woman, of the
3367:
591:Hunt, Lynn (May 1, 2002).
3313:
2174:
2073:The Trixie and Katya Show
1431:The Fabulous Wonder Twins
1306:
1039:The Sydney Morning Herald
732:Women's Studies Quarterly
29:As a point of departure,
2701:South Asian and diaspora
2101:Vanjie: 24 Hours of Love
1575:Huluween Dragstravaganza
1362:RuPaul's Drag Race Live!
410:Journal of Homosexuality
352:Journal of Homosexuality
25:Drag as a performing art
3249:GLBT Historical Society
3031:Spanish Second Republic
1773:The American Music Show
597:Perspectives on History
3351:LGBT culture in Africa
3011:Medieval Islamic world
1328:A Drag Queen Christmas
1241:International Drag Day
951:Point of View Magazine
192:
154:
3041:Democratic transition
1994:Queen of the Universe
1936:Drag Queens of London
1589:From Russia with Hate
1333:Drag Queen Story Hour
1311:Battle of the Seasons
422:10.1300/J082v46n03_06
265:Mercedes Iman Diamond
212:campaigns before the
190:
171:link gay rights with
152:
3346:Drag (entertainment)
2835:in the United States
2711:African and diaspora
1957:God Shave the Queens
1628:Over the Garden Wall
1189:Drag Isn't Dangerous
994:Power, Joey (1995).
783:10.1353/tj.2016.0040
593:"Against Presentism"
173:cultural imperialism
3262:Transgender History
3056:Zapatero government
3046:González government
2141:Cross-dressing ball
2015:RuPaul's Drag Race
1707:Victor and Victoria
983:on 27 October 2013.
3244:LGBT History Month
2879:Conversion therapy
2518:Dominican Republic
1441:Great Garlic Girls
1210:Tennessee drag ban
1022:– via JSTOR.
801:– via JSTOR.
261:RuPaul's Drag Race
193:
155:
51:gender stereotypes
3333:
3332:
3255:Queers in History
3232:
3231:
3076:
3075:
2860:
2859:
2830:Same-sex marriage
2625:
2624:
2194:
2193:
2124:
2123:
2008:Queens on the Run
1483:Stephanie's Child
1446:Hinge and Bracket
1387:
1386:
1316:Best in Drag Show
899:This is Africa.me
681:978-1-4384-8411-2
537:978-0-19-027773-4
278:Bebe Zahara Benet
162:Contemporary drag
78:intersectionality
71:heteronormativity
55:gender expression
3358:
3321:
3320:
3223:
3143:
3121:
3051:Aznar government
3019:
3005:
2993:
2904:
2869:
2636:
2543:before Stonewall
2449:
2239:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2182:
2181:
2043:Secret Celebrity
1766:AJ and the Queen
1656:Some Like It Hot
1635:Paris Is Burning
1582:Hurricane Bianca
1511:
1498:Trixie and Katya
1456:The Kinsey Sicks
1436:Frock Destroyers
1288:Miss Gay America
1283:Miss Continental
1266:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
991:
985:
984:
979:. Archived from
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
925:The Rustin Times
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
864:
853:
852:
850:
849:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
809:
803:
802:
762:
756:
755:
738:(1/2): 103–121.
723:
714:
713:
711:
710:
703:Face2Face Africa
695:
686:
685:
665:
650:
649:
625:
608:
607:
605:
603:
588:
582:
581:
573:
548:
547:
545:
544:
511:
498:
497:
487:
463:
450:
449:
401:
392:
391:
343:
216:and interviewed
210:get-out-the-vote
16:The practice of
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3309:
3228:
3217:
3191:
3168:
3137:
3115:
3099:
3072:
3036:Francoist Spain
3013:
2999:
2987:
2971:
2950:
2946:Medieval Europe
2893:
2889:Same-sex unions
2856:
2803:
2787:Catholic Church
2770:
2715:
2689:
2621:
2590:
2564:
2491:
2443:
2344:
2268:
2230:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2170:
2161:Red dress party
2151:Gender variance
2120:
1950:Generation Drag
1794:Canada's a Drag
1753:
1721:
1714:Victor/Victoria
1619:Too Outrageous!
1534:
1502:
1488:Sugar and Spice
1416:Boulet Brothers
1383:
1378:Wild Side Story
1302:
1255:
1214:
1169:
1115:
1110:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1027:
993:
992:
988:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
892:
891:
887:
877:
875:
866:
865:
856:
847:
845:
836:
835:
831:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
771:Theatre Journal
764:
763:
759:
725:
724:
717:
708:
706:
697:
696:
689:
682:
667:
666:
653:
627:
626:
611:
601:
599:
590:
589:
585:
575:
574:
551:
542:
540:
538:
513:
512:
501:
485:10.52553/10002f
465:
464:
453:
416:(3–4): 91–111.
403:
402:
395:
345:
344:
333:
328:
316:
295:
286:
273:
253:
201:Pieter-Dirk Uys
185:
164:
144:Bantu languages
130:
92:
27:
12:
11:
5:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3197:Cross-dressing
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3152:United Kingdom
3149:
3144:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2929:Ancient Greece
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
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2838:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2747:United Kingdom
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2658:Firsts by year
2655:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
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2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:United Kingdom
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Czech Republic
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Cross-dressing
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2059:Sketchy Queens
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1787:Call Me Mother
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1605:Mrs. Doubtfire
1601:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
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1525:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:Cissie and Ada
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1367:Werq the World
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:Mrs. Doubtfire
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1293:Miss'd America
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1183:Drag in Africa
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1051:
1025:
1012:10.2307/485781
986:
963:
937:
911:
885:
854:
829:
804:
777:(2): 191–211.
757:
715:
687:
680:
651:
640:(2): 495–532.
609:
583:
549:
536:
499:
451:
393:
358:(7): 875–903.
330:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
315:
312:
294:
291:
285:
282:
272:
269:
252:
249:
218:Nelson Mandela
184:
181:
163:
160:
129:
126:
91:
88:
26:
23:
18:drag in Africa
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3363:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3187:United States
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3162:legal history
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:United States
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:United States
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:United States
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2967:United States
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:in militaries
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Ancient Egypt
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Homosexuality
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2764:New York City
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:United States
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:South African
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:South America
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:United States
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:North America
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
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2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:LGBTQ history
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Gender bender
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:Tongue Thai'd
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:House of Drag
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:Dragnificent!
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:Dancing Queen
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:Drag Is Magic
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
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1068:. Retrieved
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981:the original
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873:The Guardian
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47:gender norms
39:comedy skits
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3105:Transgender
3082:Bisexuality
3014: [
3000: [
2988: [
2852:Transgender
2586:New Zealand
2470:Switzerland
2444: [
2411:Netherlands
2325:South Korea
2108:Werking Mom
2066:Super Drags
1899:Philippines
1892:Netherlands
1829:Drag Latina
1612:Outrageous!
1468:Queentastic
1411:The B-Girlz
1251:Trannyshack
1236:Hot Peaches
1200:Pansy Craze
1165:AFAB queens
1139:Drag queens
1120:Performers
139:Colonialism
113:murumekadzi
96:bicamerally
31:drag queens
3340:Categories
2997:immigrants
2907:Pre-modern
2815:Journalism
2752:Manchester
2487:Yugoslavia
2280:Bangladesh
2235:By regions
2115:We're Here
2029:Down Under
1920:The Switch
1822:Drag Heals
1801:Cover Girl
1758:Television
1734:Are a Drag
1406:After Dark
1322:Death Drop
1195:Drag panic
1127:Drag kings
977:Cape Times
848:2022-03-27
823:2022-03-27
709:2022-05-02
543:2022-04-26
326:References
293:Drag kings
177:Africanism
62:femininity
3113:Argentina
2939:pederasty
2782:Christian
2775:Religious
2639:By period
2631:Timelines
2602:Argentina
2576:Australia
2320:Singapore
2022:All Stars
1836:Drag Race
1748:Drag Trap
1642:The Queen
1568:Drag Kids
1270:Pageantry
1070:April 25,
1044:April 29,
956:April 22,
930:April 22,
904:April 29,
878:April 30,
799:148486145
744:0732-1562
646:0010-8812
602:April 23,
494:2572-455X
430:0091-8369
372:0091-8369
245:townships
205:Afrikaner
197:apartheid
37:or other
35:lip syncs
3324:Category
3174:Intersex
2977:Lesbians
2865:By topic
2842:Intersex
2820:Policing
2727:Canadian
2669:Century
2548:violence
2523:Honduras
2480:violence
2441:violence
2426:Portugal
2335:Thailand
2315:Pakistan
2185:Category
1927:Thailand
1815:Drag Den
1478:She-Dick
1372:Wigstock
1246:Tranimal
1152:Exóticos
843:BBC News
791:26367395
752:26979204
446:22222827
438:15132485
388:27271823
380:26549494
314:See also
308:sapeuses
271:Cameroon
241:Zimbabwe
3237:Related
3182:Surgery
3130:Finland
3095:Erasure
3068:Erasure
2955:Gay men
2872:General
2847:Asexual
2808:Topical
2732:Germany
2569:Oceania
2528:Jamaica
2503:Bahamas
2431:Romania
2396:Ireland
2391:Hungary
2381:Germany
2371:Finland
2366:Denmark
2356:Belgium
2129:Related
1871:Germany
1843:Belgium
1219:Culture
1175:History
303:La Sape
3215:France
3210:Africa
3135:France
3125:Brazil
3027:Spain
2985:France
2799:Mormon
2794:Jewish
2742:Turkey
2720:Region
2694:Ethnic
2607:Brazil
2553:places
2533:Mexico
2508:Canada
2465:Sweden
2455:Serbia
2436:Russia
2421:Poland
2416:Norway
2406:Latvia
2386:Greece
2376:France
2349:Europe
2340:Turkey
2330:Taiwan
2305:Israel
2264:Uganda
2242:Africa
2094:UNHhhh
2036:Drag U
2001:Queens
1913:Sweden
1885:Mexico
1864:France
1857:Canada
1850:Brazil
1493:Toxice
1473:Sestre
1393:Groups
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2663:2010s
2651:table
2612:Chile
2581:Nauru
2460:Spain
2448:]
2401:Italy
2310:Nepal
2290:India
2285:China
2259:Sudan
2254:Niger
2249:Kenya
1906:Spain
1878:Italy
1726:Music
1514:Books
1507:Media
1261:Shows
1016:JSTOR
795:S2CID
787:JSTOR
748:JSTOR
478:(2).
442:S2CID
384:S2CID
251:Kenya
233:Xhosa
225:other
108:Langi
3205:Drag
2683:21st
2678:20th
2673:19th
2617:Peru
2513:Cuba
2300:Iraq
2295:Iran
2273:Asia
1987:Pose
1598:Kiki
1539:Film
1158:list
1144:list
1132:list
1113:Drag
1072:2022
1046:2022
958:2022
932:2022
906:2022
880:2022
740:ISSN
676:ISBN
642:ISSN
604:2022
532:ISBN
490:ISSN
434:PMID
426:ISSN
376:PMID
368:ISSN
231:her
1426:DWV
1008:doi
818:NPR
779:doi
524:doi
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418:doi
360:doi
220:.
49:or
3342::
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2446:ru
2050:UK
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