38:
390:
162:
690:
964:
65:
525:
As a highly trained group of diplomatic professionals, they were employed by
Europeans in embassies and consulates, not only translating and interpreting items but often meeting with Ottoman officials without their employer being present. An 18th-century Venetian ambassador described the dragomans as
502:
These men were instrumental in spreading a wide-ranging curiosity about
Islamic culture throughout the Latin parts of Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. The dragomans had scholarly language training in Persian, Arabic and Turkish since they were translators, interpreters, authors and were
453:, took over the position and became a pioneer in translation of Western scientific literature into Turkish, a task for which he had to create an entirely new vocabulary. Following Ishak, the grand dragoman and his staff were Muslims, and the Translation Office (
448:
In 1821 the chief dragoman
Constantine Mourouzi was executed for suspected disloyalty, and his successor, Stavraki Aristarchi, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. With unanswered correspondence accumulating, the chief naval instructor, one
236:) referring to an interpreter of spoken conversation or speeches. The latter is obviously more closely related to the other languages mentioned, though both are derived from the same Semitic root. There has been speculation of a
37:
912:
691:
Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d'études sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman
526:‘the tongue that speaks, the ear that hears, the eye that sees, the hand that gives, the spirit that acts, and on whom the life and success of every negotiation may depend.
494:) would previously have occupied this Ottoman office, a fact which did not prevent many of them from joining conspiracies that aimed to overthrow Turkish rule over the area.
538:
389:
984:
461:
era; this knowledge largely replaced the older ladders of the army, the bureaucracy, and the religious establishment in the mid- and late-19th century.
1038:
1028:
874:
797:
727:
672:
642:
138:
community, who possessed considerable multilingual skills, because Greek trading communities did substantial business in the markets of the
979:
587:
1043:
558:
457:, "Translation Room", in Turkish), with its familiarity with things European, became a new major ladder to influence and power in the
434:
44:(left) was Napoleon's "favourite orientalist adviser and dragoman". He accompanied the Persian envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini at
630:
Friends and rivals in the East: studies in Anglo–Dutch relations in the Levant from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century
161:
992:
464:
The dragomans were exempt from taxation. As many of them were Jewish, in virtue of their proficiency in foreign languages, Jewish
393:
Letter issued by Sultan Ahmed III assigning Nicola Danal Spiro as dragoman to Thomas Funck, Swedish envoyée to the
Ottoman court.
1023:
422:
471:
dealt with the question whether or not these dragomans were exempt also from the internal taxes of the Jewish community.
417:—and some dragomans thus came to play crucial roles in Ottoman politics. The profession tended to be dominated by ethnic
401:, where demand for the mediation provided by dragomans is said to have been created by the resistance on the part of the
822:
750:
Bosworth, C.E. (2012). "Tard̲j̲umān". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
567:
813:
563:
89:
816:
1008:
442:
31:
824:
The latter invalidated a governmental decree that they be taxed, because it contradicted international treaties.
1033:
901:
785:
483:
438:
324:
819:
53:
1018:
607:
602:
571:
426:
41:
919:
Marie de Testa, Antoine
Gautier, "Drogmans et diplomates européens auprès de la Porte Ottomane", in
45:
699:
1013:
546:
57:
870:
835:
793:
723:
717:
668:
638:
628:
592:
575:
205:
194:
139:
514:, in 1647. He was from the French consulate in Egypt. Another, Cosmo of Carbognano, from the
847:
789:
778:
755:
511:
363:
322:; these variants point to a Turkish or Arabic word "turjuman", with different vocalization.
308:
301:
237:
217:
187:
101:
93:
73:
127:. A dragoman had to have a knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and European languages.
695:
534:
282:
275:
225:
179:
97:
520:
The
Principles of Turkish Grammar for The Use of Apostolic Missionaries in Constantinople
154:. To a lesser extent, other communities with international commercial links, notably the
931:
398:
347:
267:
259:
244:
147:
135:
131:
556:
One who created a large
European interest in the history of Islam, with his published
1002:
975:
970:
944:
907:
893:
773:
759:
550:
410:
197:
597:
450:
151:
124:
662:
627:
Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander H. de; Boogert, Maurits H. van den (2000).
414:
379:
109:
836:"Translating Ottoman Justice: Ragusan Dragomans as Interpreters of Ottoman Law"
405:
Ottomans to learn the languages of non-Muslim nations. The office incorporated
362:
In the
Turkish tradition, the dragoman position is recorded in the pre-Ottoman
851:
503:
very open to the material and fashionable intricacies of the
Ottoman culture.
479:
367:
252:
574:
in 1754 as "The
Oriental Academy" to train young diplomats to represent the
491:
406:
155:
143:
120:
64:
487:
475:
468:
458:
293:
209:
49:
17:
465:
351:
343:
Consequently, the plural, in English, is "dragomans" (not "dragomen").
166:
116:
77:
515:
418:
383:
113:
105:
240:
origin of the term (Salonen, p. 12; Rabin, pp. 134–136).
969:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
542:
507:
402:
388:
354:, indicates that one of his ancestors might have been a dragoman.
160:
63:
36:
243:
During the Middle Ages the word entered European languages: in
378:
In Ottoman records, the first imperial dragoman recorded was
370:
when two dragomans and two translator clerks were appointed.
441:. But this dominance changed in 1821 with the start of the
232:)—referring to a translator of written texts—and מתורגמן (
529:
There was huge success from the published translation of
947:. 1952. Alte Substrat- und Kulturwörter im Arabischen.
865:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
898:
From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East
913:
Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453–1924
995:– Interpreter at the Crossroads of East & West
777:
869:. Princeton University Press. pp. 245–247.
539:Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel
537:(1646–1715). He was attached to the embassy of
397:The position took particular prominence in the
923:, vol. lxxi, Les Éditions ISIS, Istanbul, 2003
937:Rabin, Chaim. 1963. Hittite Words in Hebrew.
719:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
8:
988:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
409:as well as linguistic duties—namely, in the
711:
709:
821:; Responsa Tzror haKesef, no. 10, p. 59b.
667:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
570:(the academy was initially established by
165:Dragoman Joseph Shaar. Temple of Jupiter,
867:"Europe and the Islamic World: A History"
815:; Responsa Nishmat Hayyim, no. 7, p. 20b
812:e.g. Responsa Dvar Moshe, no. 48, p. 48d
92:, translator, and official guide between
818:; Responsa Ro'ei Yisrael, no. 5, p. 20b
350:, the first post-Communist President of
619:
134:, Dragomans were mainly members of the
274:. Later European variants include the
27:Arab interpreter of Eurasian languages
722:. Taylor & Francis. p. 550.
7:
656:
654:
506:The first French translation of the
588:Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)
437:) of the Sultan, and his successor
429:, the official interpreter for the
296:French, and in modern French it is
228:makes a distinction between מתרגם (
80:, lady and dragoman in foreground."
928:Istanbul et les langues Orientales
559:Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches
482:rule (roughly 1711–1821) over the
25:
549:, and a French ambassador to the
366:during the 13th-century reign of
1039:Government of the Ottoman Empire
962:
916:, London, 1995. pp. 133–162
760:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1179
1029:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
910:, "Viziers and Dragomans," in
716:Mona Baker (9 December 2008).
474:It became customary that most
421:, including the first Ottoman
212:(Classical Ethiopic) as ትርጓም (
1:
664:The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922
566:of Austria, a student at the
518:embassy, published in Latin:
423:Dragoman of the Sublime Porte
386:in 1479 to deliver a treaty.
568:Diplomatic Academy of Vienna
904:, London and New York, 2004
564:Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall
545:who was a councilor to the
1060:
934:, Paris and Montreal, 1997
930:, Varia Turca, vol. xxxi,
694:(in French). Vol. 1.
70:The Crescent and the Cross
56:. Detail of a painting by
29:
1044:Turkish words and phrases
852:10.1163/15685195-00214p03
661:Quataert, Donald (2005).
443:Greek War of Independence
52:on 27 April 1807 for the
32:Dragoman (disambiguation)
332:as well as the variants
104:-speaking countries and
76:entitled "Encampment at
985:Encyclopædia Britannica
926:Frédéric Hitzel (ed.),
902:Oxford University Press
840:Islamic Law and Society
834:Zecevic, Selma (2014).
786:Oxford University Press
754:(2nd ed.). Brill.
531:Thousand And One Nights
484:Danubian Principalities
439:Alexander Mavrocordatos
752:Encyclopaedia of Islam
688:Young, George (1905).
394:
174:Etymology and variants
170:
123:, vice-consulates and
81:
61:
54:Treaty of Finckenstein
633:. BRILL. pp. 230
608:Dragoman of the Fleet
603:Dragoman of the Porte
572:Empress Maria Theresa
392:
374:In the Ottoman Empire
164:
67:
40:
1024:History of West Asia
427:Panagiotis Nikousios
325:Webster's Dictionary
208:as "targumannu," in
193:. Deriving from the
182:the word is ترجمان (
30:For other uses, see
415:Christian countries
346:The family name of
46:Finckenstein Palace
547:Parlement of Paris
395:
171:
158:, were recruited.
82:
62:
1009:Diplomats by role
949:Studia Orientalia
921:Analecta Isisiana
876:978-0-691-14705-5
799:978-0-06-051605-5
729:978-0-415-36930-5
674:978-0-521-83910-5
644:978-90-04-11854-6
593:List of dragomans
498:Western dragomans
413:'s relation with
140:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
1051:
989:
968:
966:
965:
881:
880:
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855:
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783:
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740:
738:
736:
713:
704:
703:
685:
679:
678:
658:
649:
648:
624:
553:, 1670 to 1679.
435:Imperial Council
382:who was sent to
364:Sultanate of Rum
204:, it appears in
74:Elliot Warburton
21:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
999:
998:
978:, ed. (1911). "
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780:What Went Wrong
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696:Clarendon Press
687:
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58:François Mulard
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1041:
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1034:Ottoman titles
1031:
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1021:
1016:
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1001:
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997:
996:
990:
976:Chisholm, Hugh
957:
956:External links
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945:Salonen, Armas
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846:(4): 388–418.
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522:(Rome 1794).
499:
496:
399:Ottoman Empire
375:
372:
359:
356:
348:Franjo Tudjman
328:of 1828 lists
260:Medieval Latin
245:Middle English
175:
172:
148:Atlantic Ocean
132:Ottoman Empire
42:Amédée Jaubert
26:
24:
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512:André du Ryer
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455:Tercüme Odası
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136:Ottoman Greek
133:
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125:trading posts
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48:to meet with
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1019:Court titles
993:The Dragoman
983:
948:
938:
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839:
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735:22 September
733:. Retrieved
718:
689:
683:
663:
634:
629:
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598:Reis Effendi
557:
555:
530:
528:
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519:
510:was done by
505:
501:
473:
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454:
451:Ishak Efendi
447:
430:
396:
377:
361:
345:
342:
340:in English.
337:
333:
329:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
297:
289:
285:
278:
271:
270:δραγομάνος,
268:Middle Greek
263:
255:
248:
242:
233:
229:
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213:
201:
190:
183:
177:
152:Indian Ocean
129:
85:
83:
69:
941:32.113–139.
932:L'Harmattan
788:. pp.
380:Lutfi Pasha
279:trutzelmann
272:dragoumanos
264:dragumannus
110:Middle East
90:interpreter
68:Plate from
1003:Categories
939:Orientalia
888:References
698:. p.
480:Phanariote
407:diplomatic
368:Keykubad I
307:, and the
305:turcimanno
290:truchement
253:Old French
234:meturgeman
216:), and in
150:, and the
121:consulates
1014:Dragomans
578:abroad).
492:Wallachia
476:hospodars
320:truchimán
292:(in post-
286:trucheman
222:targemana
156:Armenians
144:Black Sea
117:embassies
18:Dragomans
980:Dragoman
776:(2002).
582:See also
543:Parisian
488:Moldavia
469:responsa
466:Halakhic
459:Tanzimat
338:truchman
330:dragoman
316:trujimán
312:trujamán
294:Tanzimat
256:drugeman
230:metargem
214:t-r-gw-m
206:Akkadian
191:tercüman
184:tarjumān
114:European
106:polities
86:dragoman
50:Napoleon
973::
951:xvii.2.
478:of the
358:History
352:Croatia
334:drogman
309:Spanish
302:Italian
300:), the
298:drogman
266:, from
258:, from
251:, from
249:dragman
238:Hittite
218:Aramaic
202:t-r-g-m
195:Semitic
188:Turkish
167:Baalbek
130:In the
108:of the
102:Persian
100:-, and
94:Turkish
88:was an
78:Baalbec
967:
873:
796:
726:
671:
641:
516:Naples
419:Greeks
403:Muslim
384:Venice
283:French
281:, the
276:German
226:Hebrew
186:), in
180:Arabic
169:, 1891
146:, the
142:, the
98:Arabic
790:44–45
614:Notes
533:, by
508:Quran
431:Divan
411:Porte
210:Ge'ez
200:root
871:ISBN
794:ISBN
737:2012
724:ISBN
669:ISBN
639:ISBN
562:was
541:, a
490:and
336:and
318:and
112:and
982:".
848:doi
756:doi
700:244
445:.
288:or
262:as
247:as
220:as
178:In
96:-,
72:by
1005::
900:,
896:,
844:21
842:.
838:.
792:.
784:.
708:^
653:^
637:.
635:ff
425:,
314:,
224:.
119:,
84:A
879:.
854:.
850::
802:.
762:.
758::
739:.
702:.
677:.
647:.
486:(
433:(
60:.
34:.
20:)
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