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1426:-class super-dreadnoughts, augmented by battlecruisers purchased by Australia and New Zealand. In the same period, Germany laid down only three ships, giving the United Kingdom a superiority of 22 ships to 13. The British resolve, as demonstrated by their construction programme, led the Germans to seek a negotiated end to the arms race. The Admiralty's new target of a 60% lead over Germany was near enough to Tirpitz's goal of cutting the British lead to 50%, but talks foundered on the question on whether to include British colonial battlecruisers in the count, as well as on non-naval matters like the German demands for recognition of ownership of
1030:. Behind this belt were arranged the ship's coal bunkers, to further protect the engineering spaces. In an engagement of this sort, there was also a lesser threat of indirect damage to the vital parts of the ship. A shell which struck above the belt armour and exploded could send fragments flying in all directions. These fragments were dangerous but could be stopped by much thinner armour than what would be necessary to stop an unexploded armour-piercing shell. To protect the innards of the ship from fragments of shells which detonated on the superstructure, much thinner steel armour was applied to the decks of the ship.
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problematic; being low in the hull, they proved liable to flooding, and on several classes, some were removed and plated over. The only sure way to protect a dreadnought from destroyer or torpedo boat attack was to provide a destroyer squadron as an escort. After World War I the secondary armament tended to be mounted in turrets on the upper deck and around the superstructure. This allowed a wide field of fire and good protection without the negative points of casemates. Increasingly through the 1920s and 1930s, the secondary guns were seen as a major part of the anti-aircraft battery, with high-angle,
1787:
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detonate any incoming shells so that crucial internal structures such as turret bases needed only light protection against splinters. This was in spite of the ability to engage the enemy at 20,000 yd (18,000 m), ranges where the shells would descend at angles of up to thirty degrees ("plunging fire") and so could pierce the deck behind the outer plate and strike the internal structures directly. Post-war designs typically had 5 to 6 inches (130 to 150 mm) of deck armour laid across the top of single, much thicker vertical plates to defend against this. The concept of
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487:
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281:
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forward turret and ran to just behind the aft turret. The ends of the citadel were two armoured bulkheads, fore and aft, which stretched between the ends of the armour belt. The "roof" of the citadel was an armoured deck. Within the citadel were the boilers, engines, and the magazines for the main armament. A hit to any of these systems could cripple or destroy the ship. The "floor" of the box was the bottom of the ship's hull, and was unarmoured, although it was, in fact, a "triple bottom".
998:
1071:, both attempts to protect against underwater damage by mines and torpedoes. The purpose of underwater protection was to absorb the force of a detonating mine or torpedo well away from the final watertight hull. This meant an inner bulkhead along the side of the hull, which was generally lightly armoured to capture splinters, separated from the outer hull by one or more compartments. The compartments in between were either left empty, or filled with coal, water or fuel oil.
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navies—the United
Kingdom, Germany, and France. This arrangement gave some armour to a larger part of the ship; for the first dreadnoughts, when high-explosive shellfire was still considered a significant threat, this was useful. It tended to result in the main belt being very short, only protecting a thin strip above the waterline; some navies found that when their dreadnoughts were heavily laden, the armoured belt was entirely submerged. The alternative was an
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ranging difficult. This viewpoint is controversial, as fire control in 1905 was not advanced enough to use the salvo-firing technique where this confusion might be important, and confusion of shell-splashes does not seem to have been a concern of those working on all-big-gun designs. Nevertheless, the likelihood of engagements at longer ranges was important in deciding that the heaviest possible guns should become standard, hence 12-inch rather than 10-inch.
40:
525:
and a speed of 21 kn (24 mph; 39 km/h), which was two or three knots faster than existing battleships. The initial designs intended twelve 12-inch guns, though difficulties in positioning these guns led the chief constructor at one stage to propose a return to four 12-inch guns with sixteen or eighteen of 9.2-inch. After a full evaluation of reports of the action at
Tsushima compiled by an official observer,
1414:—a type for which the Germans had less admiration than Fisher, but which could be built under the authorization for armoured cruisers, rather than for capital ships—these classes gave Germany a total of ten modern capital ships built or building in 1909. The British ships were faster and more powerful than their German equivalents, but a 12:10 ratio fell far short of the 2:1 superiority the Royal Navy wanted to maintain.
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firing of heavy guns in 1910 because of the wear on the barrels. The disadvantages of guns of larger calibre are that guns and turrets must be heavier; and heavier shells, which are fired at lower velocities, require turret designs that allow a larger angle of elevation for the same range. Heavier shells have the advantage of being slowed less by air resistance, retaining more penetrating power at longer ranges.
1998:
831:
517:, had long been an advocate of new technology in the Royal Navy and had recently been convinced of the idea of an all-big-gun battleship. Fisher is often credited as the creator of the dreadnought and the father of the United Kingdom's great dreadnought battleship fleet, an impression he himself did much to reinforce. It has been suggested Fisher's main focus was on the arguably even more revolutionary
1080:
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drawbacks. Initially, there were concerns about the impact of the blast of the raised guns on the lower turret. Raised turrets raised the centre of gravity of the ship, and might reduce the stability of the ship. Nevertheless, this layout made the best of the firepower available from a fixed number of guns, and was eventually adopted generally. The US Navy used superfiring on the
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1060:, torpedo, or collision—then, in theory, only one area would flood and the ship could survive. To make this precaution even more effective, many dreadnoughts had no doors between different underwater sections, so that even a surprise hole below the waterline need not sink the ship. There were still several instances where flooding spread between underwater compartments.
1038:, developed by the US Navy. The armour belt was tall and thick, but no side protection at all was provided to the ends of the ship or the upper decks. The armoured deck was also thickened. The "all-or-nothing" system provided more effective protection against the very-long-range engagements of dreadnought fleets and was adopted outside the US Navy after World War I.
1457:, was to break with the policies of the past and to make an arrangement with France. The French would assume responsibility for checking Italy and Austria-Hungary in the Mediterranean, while the British would protect the north coast of France. In spite of some opposition from British politicians, the Royal Navy organised itself on this basis in 1912.
2472:, designed in 1916. Jutland finally persuaded the Admiralty that lightly armoured battlecruisers were too vulnerable, and therefore the final design of the Admirals incorporated much-increased armour, increasing displacement to 42,000 tons. The initiative in creating the new arms race lay with the Japanese and United States navies. The United States
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attacking destroyer. Destroyers, in contrast to torpedo boats, were expected to attack as part of a general fleet engagement, so it was necessary for the secondary armament to be protected against shell splinters from heavy guns, and the blast of the main armament. This philosophy of secondary armament was adopted by the German navy from the start;
552:-class ships. Detailed plans for these were worked out in July–November 1905, and approved by the Board of Construction on 23 November 1905. Building was slow; specifications for bidders were issued on 21 March 1906, the contracts awarded on 21 July 1906 and the two ships were laid down in December 1906, after the completion of the
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for the battle fleet was that, with the exception of the United States, every major navy would have to import its oil. As a result, some navies adopted 'dual-firing' boilers which could use coal sprayed with oil; British ships so equipped, which included dreadnoughts, could even use oil alone at up to 60% power.
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Additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. A mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12-inch guns is not the range that will suit the 9.2-inch or 6-inch guns, although the distance of the target is the same." First
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The major naval powers avoided the cripplingly expensive expansion programmes by negotiating the
Washington Naval Treaty in 1922. The Treaty laid out a list of ships, including most of the older dreadnoughts and almost all the newer ships under construction, which were to be scrapped or otherwise put
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In spite of the lull in battleship building during the World War, the years 1919–1922 saw the threat of a renewed naval arms race between the United
Kingdom, Japan, and the US. The Battle of Jutland exerted a huge influence over the designs produced in this period. The first ships which fit into this
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taught the dangers of long-range fire to
European navies. Important features of the standard battleships were "all or nothing" armour and "raft" construction—based on a design philosophy which held that only those parts of the ship worth giving the thickest possible protection were worth armouring at
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Within a few years, the principal threat was from the destroyer—larger, more heavily armed, and harder to destroy than the torpedo boat. Since the risk from destroyers was very serious, it was considered that one shell from a battleship's secondary armament should sink (rather than merely damage) any
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s and other early
American dreadnoughts were similarly equipped. At this stage, torpedo boats were expected to attack separately from any fleet actions. Therefore, there was no need to armour the secondary gun armament, or to protect the crews from the blast effects of the main guns. In this context,
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Different navies approached the issue of calibre in different ways. The German navy, for instance, generally used a lighter calibre than the equivalent
British ships, e.g. 12-inch calibre when the British standard was 13.5-inch (343 mm). Because German metallurgy was superior, the German 12-inch
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Initially, all dreadnoughts had two guns to a turret. One solution to the problem of turret layout was to put three or even four guns in each turret. Fewer turrets meant the ship could be shorter, or could devote more space to machinery. On the other hand, it meant that in the event of an enemy shell
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The bulk of a dreadnought's armour was concentrated around the "armoured citadel". This was a box, with four armoured walls and an armoured roof, around the most important parts of the ship. The sides of the citadel were the "armoured belt" of the ship, which started on the hull just in front of the
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would be made with torpedoes. In practice, torpedoes fired from battleships scored very few hits, and there was a risk that a stored torpedo would cause a dangerous explosion if hit by enemy fire. And in fact, the only documented instance of one battleship successfully torpedoing another came during
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The replacement of the 6-or-8-inch (152 or 203 mm) guns with weapons of 9.2-or-10-inch (234 or 254 mm) calibre improved the striking power of a battleship, particularly at longer ranges. Uniform heavy-gun armament offered many other advantages. One advantage was logistical simplicity. When
416:, submitted an alternative drawing showing an armament of twelve 12-inch guns, but the Admiralty was not prepared to accept this. Part of the rationale for the decision to retain mixed-calibre guns was the need to begin the building of the ships quickly because of the tense situation produced by the
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An evolutionary step was to reduce the quick-firing secondary battery and substitute additional heavy guns, typically 9.2-to-10-inch (234 to 254 mm). Ships designed in this way have been described as 'all-big-gun mixed-calibre' or later 'semi-dreadnoughts'. Semi-dreadnought ships had many heavy
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For the German part, the High Seas Fleet determined not to engage the
British without the assistance of submarines, and since submarines were more needed for commerce raiding, the fleet stayed in port for much of the remainder of the war. Other theatres showed the role of small craft in damaging or
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had changed to reduce the risk of U-boat attack. Jutland was the only major clash of dreadnought battleship fleets in history, and the German plan for the battle relied on U-boat attacks on the
British fleet; and the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower was effected by the
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The first generation of dreadnoughts used coal to fire the boilers which fed steam to the turbines. Coal had been in use since the first steam warships. One advantage of coal was that it is quite inert (in lump form) and thus could be used as part of the ship's protection scheme. Coal also had many
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The design of the dreadnought changed to meet new challenges. For example, armour schemes were changed to reflect the greater risk of plunging shells from long-range gunfire, and the increasing threat from armour-piercing bombs dropped by aircraft. Later designs carried a greater thickness of steel
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Both methods offered advantages and disadvantages, though in general greater muzzle velocity meant increased barrel wear. As guns fire, their barrels wear out, losing accuracy and eventually requiring replacement. At times, this became problematic; the US Navy seriously considered stopping practice
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The designers of dreadnoughts sought to provide as much protection, speed, and firepower as possible in a ship of a realistic size and cost. The hallmark of dreadnought battleships was an "all-big-gun" armament, but they also had heavy armour concentrated mainly in a thick belt at the waterline and
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Shortly after taking office, Fisher set up a
Committee on Designs to consider future battleships and armoured cruisers. The committee's first task was to consider a new battleship. The specification for the new ship was a 12-inch main battery and anti-torpedo-boat guns but no intermediate calibres,
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The outbreak of World War I largely halted the dreadnought arms race as funds and technical resources were diverted to more pressing priorities. The foundries which produced battleship guns were dedicated instead to the production of land-based artillery, and shipyards were flooded with orders for
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The design weakness of super-dreadnoughts, which distinguished them from post-1918 vessels, was armour disposition. Their design emphasized the vertical armour protection needed in short-range battles, where shells would strike the sides of the ship, and assumed that an outer plate of armour would
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The battleship race soon accelerated once more, placing a great burden on the finances of the governments which engaged in it. The first dreadnoughts were not much more expensive than the last pre-dreadnoughts, but the cost per ship continued to grow thereafter. Modern battleships were the crucial
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These benefits meant that, as early as 1901, Fisher was pressing the advantages of oil fuel. There were technical problems with oil-firing, connected with the different distribution of the weight of oil fuel compared to coal, and the problems of pumping viscous oil. The main problem with using oil
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The secondary battery served several other roles. It was hoped that a medium-calibre shell might be able to score a hit on an enemy dreadnought's sensitive fire control systems. It was also felt that the secondary armament could play an important role in driving off enemy cruisers from attacking a
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on the main deck. The Royal Navy increased its secondary armament from 12-pounder to first 4-inch (100 mm) and then 6-inch (150 mm) guns, which were standard at the start of World War I; the US standardized on 5-inch calibre for the war but planned 6-inch guns for the ships designed just
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preferred an all-big-gun design because it would mean only one set of calculations about adjustments to the range of the guns. Some historians today hold that a uniform calibre was particularly important because the risk of confusion between shell-splashes of 12-inch and lighter guns made accurate
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of 1904–1905 showed that future naval battles could, and likely would, be fought at long distances. The newest 12-inch (305 mm) guns had longer range and fired heavier shells than a gun of 10-or-9.2-inch (254 or 234 mm) calibre. Another possible advantage was fire control; at long ranges
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In 1909, the British Parliament authorized an additional four capital ships, holding out hope Germany would be willing to negotiate a treaty limiting battleship numbers. If no such solution could be found, an additional four ships would be laid down in 1910. Even this compromise meant, when taken
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If all turrets were on the centreline of the vessel, stresses on the ship's frames were relatively low. This layout meant the entire main battery could fire on the broadside, though fewer could fire end-on. It meant the hull would be longer, which posed some challenges for the designers; a longer
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In Japan, the two battleships of the 1903–1904 programme were the first in the world to be laid down as all-big-gun ships, with eight 12-inch guns. The armour of their design was considered too thin, demanding a substantial redesign. The financial pressures of the Russo-Japanese War and the short
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had been completed. A June 1919 Admiralty plan outlined a post-war fleet with 33 battleships and eight battlecruisers, which could be built and sustained for ÂŁ171 million a year (approximately ÂŁ9.93 billion today); only ÂŁ84 million was available. The Admiralty then demanded, as an
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entitled "An Ideal Battleship for the British Navy", which called for a 17,000-ton ship carrying a main armament of twelve 12-inch guns, protected by armour 12 inches thick, and having a speed of 24 knots (28 mph; 44 km/h). Cuniberti's idea—which he had already proposed to his own
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in December 1902 arguing the case for larger battleships. In an appendix to his paper, Poundstone suggested a greater number of 11-and-9-inch (279 and 229 mm) guns was preferable to a smaller number of 12-and-9-inch (305 and 229 mm). The Naval War College and Bureau of Construction and
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was building four dreadnoughts, while Italy had four and was building two more. Against such threats, the Royal Navy could no longer guarantee vital British interests. The United Kingdom was faced with a choice between building more battleships, withdrawing from the Mediterranean, or seeking an
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The earliest dreadnoughts were intended to take part in a pitched battle against other battleships at ranges of up to 10,000 yd (9,100 m). In such an encounter, shells would fly on a relatively flat trajectory, and a shell would have to hit at or just about the waterline to damage the
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Much of the displacement of a dreadnought was taken up by the steel plating of the armour. Designers spent much time and effort to provide the best possible protection for their ships against the various weapons with which they would be faced. Only so much weight could be devoted to protection,
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authorized the construction of 156 new ships, including ten battleships and six battlecruisers. For the first time, the United States Navy was threatening the British global lead. This programme was started slowly (in part because of a desire to learn lessons from Jutland), and never fulfilled
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were the first US battleships to match the speed of British dreadnoughts, but their secondary battery was "wet" (suffering from spray) and their bow was low in the water. An alternative 12-gun 24,000-ton design had many disadvantages as well; the extra two guns and a lower casemate had "hidden
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themselves. In theory, a line of battleships so equipped could unleash a devastating volley of torpedoes on an enemy line steaming a parallel course. This was also a carry-over from the older tactical doctrine of continuously closing range with the enemy, and the idea that gunfire alone may be
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of between 4.7-and-7.5-inch (119 and 191 mm) calibre, and other smaller weapons. This was in keeping with the prevailing theory of naval combat that battles would initially be fought at some distance, but the ships would then approach to close range for the final blows (as they did in the
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layout was eventually adopted as standard. This involved raising one or two turrets so they could fire over a turret immediately forward or astern of them. The US Navy adopted this feature with their first dreadnoughts in 1906, but others were slower to do so. As with other layouts there were
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Dreadnoughts developed as a move in an international battleship arms-race which had begun in the 1890s. The British Royal Navy had a big lead in the number of pre-dreadnought battleships, but a lead of only one dreadnought in 1906. This has led to criticism that the British, by launching HMS
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The thickest protection was reserved for the central citadel in all battleships. Some navies extended a thinner armoured belt and armoured deck to cover the ends of the ship, or extended a thinner armoured belt up the outside of the hull. This "tapered" armour was used by the major European
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Fisher first firmly proposed the all-big-gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10-inch guns; by November 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12-inch guns. A 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships 'with equal fire all round', might have meant an
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in August 1913, there were extensive debates over the need for such ships and—if they were necessary—over the actual number needed. These lasted into August 1914, when a bill authorizing funding for four dreadnoughts was finalized, but the outbreak of World War I halted the ambitious plan.
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destroying one turret, a higher proportion of the main armament would be out of action. The risk of the blast waves from each gun barrel interfering with others in the same turret reduced the rate of fire from the guns somewhat. The first nation to adopt the triple turret was Italy, in the
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The secondary armament of dreadnoughts was, on the whole, unsatisfactory. A hit from a light gun could not be relied on to stop a destroyer. Heavier guns could not be relied on to hit a destroyer, as experience at the Battle of Jutland showed. The casemate mountings of heavier guns proved
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The range of light and medium-calibre guns was limited, and accuracy declined badly at longer range. At longer ranges the advantage of a high rate of fire decreased; accurate shooting depended on spotting the shell-splashes of the previous salvo, which limited the optimum rate of fire.
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The newer designs of 12-inch gun mounting had a considerably higher rate of fire, removing the advantage previously enjoyed by smaller calibres. In 1895, a 12-inch gun might have fired one round every four minutes; by 1902, two rounds per minute was usual. In October 1903, the Italian
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asserted that from 1896 to 1911, France dropped from being the world's second-largest naval power to fourth; he attributed this to problems in maintenance routines and neglect. The closer alliance with the United Kingdom made these reduced forces more than adequate for French needs.
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drive where the steam turbine generated electrical power which then drove the propellers. This was particularly favoured by the US Navy, which used it for all dreadnoughts from late 1915–1922. The advantages of this method were its low cost, the opportunity for very close underwater
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in 1894, the victorious Japanese did not commence firing until the range had closed to 4,300 yards (3,900 m), and most of the fighting occurred at 2,200 yards (2,000 m). At these ranges, lighter guns had good accuracy, and their high rate of fire delivered high volumes of
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At very close ranges, a projectile fired from a gun follows a flat trajectory, and the guns can be aimed by pointing them at the enemy. At greater ranges, the gunner has a more difficult problem as the gun needs to be elevated in order for the projectile to follow a proper
2240:. Both sides were aware, because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts, that a full fleet engagement would likely result in a British victory. The German strategy was, therefore, to try to provoke an engagement on favourable terms: either inducing a part of the
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This was for two principal reasons. Improvements in torpedoes made close approaches to enemy ships risky. Meanwhile, in several battles, both Russian and Japanese vessels were able to score hits at considerably greater distances than their rangefinders were built to
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German cruisers and destroyers closing on British battleships, causing them to turn away to avoid the threat of torpedo attack. Further near-misses from submarine attacks on battleships led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships.
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were eventually considered by some powers, as they offered very good endurance and an engineering space taking up less of the length of the ship. They were also heavier, however, took up a greater vertical space, offered less power, and were considered unreliable.
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Repair developed these ideas in studies between 1903 and 1905. War-game studies begun in July 1903 "showed that a battleship armed with twelve 11-or-12-inch (279 or 305 mm) guns hexagonally arranged would be equal to three or more of the conventional type."
239:
had longer ranges. For instance, in 1903, the US Navy ordered a design of torpedo effective to 4,000 yards (3,700 m). Both British and American admirals concluded that they needed to engage the enemy at longer ranges. In 1900, Admiral Fisher, commanding the
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The Royal Navy was thinking along similar lines. A design had been circulated in 1902–1903 for "a powerful 'all big-gun' armament of two calibres, viz. four 12-inch (305 mm) and twelve 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns." The Admiralty decided to build three more
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to hit its target. This, therefore, needs accurate estimation (prediction) of the range to the target, which was one of the main problems of fire control. On warships, these problems are complicated by the fact that the ship will naturally roll in the water.
1283:, threw away a strategic advantage. Most of the United Kingdom's naval rivals had already contemplated or even built warships that featured a uniform battery of heavy guns. Both the Japanese Navy and the US Navy ordered "all-big-gun" ships in 1904–1905, with
1638:. These two ships were laid down in 1909 and completed in 1912. They were armed with twelve 12-inch guns, but they were of two different models with differing barrel-lengths, meaning that they would have had difficulty controlling their fire at long ranges.
1929:, became trapped in Ottoman territory after the start of the war, Germany "gave" them to the Ottomans. (They remained German-crewed and under German orders.) The British seizure and the German gift proved important factors in the Ottoman Empire joining the
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than reciprocating engines. This was particularly important for navies which required a long range at cruising speeds—and hence for the US Navy, which was planning in the event of war to cruise across the Pacific and engage the Japanese in the Philippines.
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small ships. The weaker naval powers engaged in the Great War—France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Russia—suspended their battleship programmes entirely. The United Kingdom and Germany continued building battleships and battlecruisers but at a reduced pace.
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gun had better shell weight and muzzle velocity than the British 12-inch; and German ships could afford more armour for the same vessel weight because the German 12-inch guns were lighter than the 13.5-inch guns the British required for comparable effect.
157:
The distinctive all-big-gun armament of the dreadnought was developed in the first years of the 20th century as navies sought to increase the range and power of the armament of their battleships. The typical battleship of the 1890s, now known as the
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disadvantages. It was labour-intensive to pack coal into the ship's bunkers and then feed it into the boilers. The boilers became clogged with ash. Airborne coal dust and related vapours were highly explosive, possibly evidenced by the explosion of
478:, Japanese shells contained a higher than normal proportion of high explosive, and were fused to explode on contact, starting fires rather than piercing armour. The increased rate of fire laid the foundations for future advances in fire control.
1119:. It is often said that turbines had the additional benefits of being cleaner and more reliable than reciprocating engines. By 1905, new designs of reciprocating engine were available which were cleaner and more reliable than previous models.
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In the United Kingdom: "Fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in ... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. It is also very difficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood";
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range finders that reached out to 6,600 yd (6,000 m), but both sides still managed to hit each other with 12-inch (305 mm) fire at 14,000 yd (13,000 m). Naval architects and strategists around the world took notice.
1845:). Although many naval journals in Europe and the US speculated that Brazil was really acting as a proxy for one of the naval powers and would hand the ships over to them as soon as they were complete, both ships were commissioned into the
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all, and that the resulting armoured "raft" should contain enough reserve buoyancy to keep the entire ship afloat in the event the unarmoured bow and stern were thoroughly punctured and flooded. This design proved its worth in the 1942
474:—was to make use of the high rate of fire of new 12-inch guns to produce devastating rapid fire from heavy guns to replace the 'hail of fire' from lighter weapons. Something similar lay behind the Japanese move towards heavier guns; at
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In spite of these important strategic consequences, the 1912 Naval Law had little bearing on the battleship-force ratios. The United Kingdom responded by laying down ten new super-dreadnoughts in its 1912 and 1913 budgets—ships of the
842:
Rather than try to fit more guns onto a ship, it was possible to increase the power of each gun. This could be done by increasing either the calibre of the weapon and hence the weight of shell, or by lengthening the barrel to increase
175:), when the shorter-range, faster-firing guns would prove most useful. Some designs had an intermediate battery of 8-inch (203 mm) guns. Serious proposals for an all-big-gun armament were circulated in several countries by 1903.
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gave greater firepower in spite of the loss of a turret, and there were a thicker armour belt and improved underwater protection. The class had a 25-knot (46 km/h; 29 mph) design speed, and they were considered the first
215:
guns were aimed by observing the splashes caused by shells fired in salvoes, and it was difficult to interpret different splashes caused by different calibres of gun. There is still debate as to whether this feature was important.
5320:
2214:
The First World War saw no decisive engagements between battlefleets to compare with Tsushima. The role of battleships was marginal to the land fighting in France and Russia; it was equally marginal to the German war on commerce
1386:
coincided with increasing tension between the United Kingdom and Germany. Germany had begun building a large battlefleet in the 1890s, as part of a deliberate policy to challenge British naval supremacy. With the signing of the
2925:
This process was well under way before the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Sixteen pre-dreadnoughts served during World War II in such roles as hulks, accommodation ships, and training vessels; two of the German training vessels
972:, for instance, carried twelve 5.9 in (150 mm) and sixteen 3.5 in (88 mm) guns, and subsequent German dreadnought classes followed this lead. These heavier guns tended to be mounted in armoured barbettes or
2423:; very fast and heavily armed ships with minimal, 3-inch (76 mm) armour, called 'large light cruisers' to get around a Cabinet ruling against new capital ships. Fisher's mania for speed culminated in his suggestion for
2071:
was ordered, the first super-dreadnoughts to mount 16-inch guns, making them arguably the most powerful warships in the world. All were increasingly built from Japanese rather than from imported components. In France, the
866:
class, launched in 1913, had eight 15-inch (381 mm) guns. In all navies, fewer guns of larger calibre came to be used. The smaller number of guns simplified their distribution, and centreline turrets became the norm.
5743:
711:
classes of German dreadnoughts adopted a 'hexagonal' layout, with one turret each fore and aft and four wing turrets; this meant more guns were mounted in total, but the same number could fire ahead or broadside as with
1561:, laid down in 1912. In part, this reflected a cautious approach to battleship-building, and in part a preference for long endurance over high maximum speed owing to the US Navy's need to operate in the Pacific Ocean.
2777:
In October W.L. Rogers of the Naval War College wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10-inch and 12-inch guns became
1816:
Brazil was the third country to begin construction on a dreadnought. It ordered three dreadnoughts from the United Kingdom which would mount a heavier main battery than any other battleship afloat at the time (twelve
544:
had been used. Construction took place quickly; the keel was laid on 2 October 1905, the ship was launched on 10 February 1906, and completed on 3 October 1906—an impressive demonstration of British industrial might.
2255:, and raids on the English coast. In May 1916, a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on favourable terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets on 31 May to 1 June in the indecisive Battle of Jutland.
1585:
developed the doctrine that Japan should have a battlefleet at least 70% the size of that of the US. This would enable the Japanese navy to win two decisive battles: the first early in a prospective war against the
1222:. Burning coal as fuel also produced thick black smoke which gave away the position of a fleet and interfered with visibility, signaling, and fire control. In addition, coal was very bulky and had comparatively low
898:, begun in 1937 (after the treaty expired), which carried 18 in (460 mm) main guns. By the middle of World War II, the United Kingdom was making use of 15 in (380 mm) guns kept as spares for the
2106:
had a main armament equaling that of their Brazilian counterparts, but were much heavier and carried thicker armour. The British purchased both of Chile's battleships on the outbreak of the First World War. One,
1518:, but with fewer guns; this was the most efficient distribution of weapons and proved a precursor of the standard practice of future generations of battleships. The principal economy of displacement compared to
1232:-fired propulsion had many advantages for naval architects and officers at sea alike. It reduced smoke, making ships less visible. It could be fed into boilers automatically, rather than needing a complement of
2536:
class, authorized in 1916, carried eight 16-inch guns like their American counterparts. The next year's naval bill authorized two more battleships and two more battlecruisers. The battleships, which became the
2155:
became a major part of the thinking behind battleship design. Lack of underwater protection was also a weakness of these pre-World War I designs, which originated before the use of torpedoes became widespread.
1615:, but financial shortages resulting from the Russo-Japanese War delayed completion and resulted in their carrying a mixed armament, so they were known as "semi-dreadnoughts". These were followed by a modified
1270:, at the cost of some speed—but Fisher, who returned to office in 1914, insisted that all the boilers should be oil-fired. Other major navies retained mixed coal-and-oil firing until the end of World War I.
1778:
ships were "obsolescent and outclassed" upon commissioning. Taking lessons from Tsushima, and influenced by Cuniberti, they ended up more closely resembling slower versions of Fisher's battlecruisers than
1552:
costs"—the two wing turrets planned would weaken the upper deck, be almost impossible to adequately protect against underwater attack, and force magazines to be located too close to the sides of the ship.
5299:
145:
gradually dropped from use after World War I, especially after the Washington Naval Treaty, as virtually all remaining battleships shared dreadnought characteristics; it can also be used to describe
1514:. To make the best use of the weight available for armament, all eight 12-inch guns were mounted along the centreline, in superfiring pairs fore and aft. This arrangement gave a broadside equal to
1056:
The final element of the protection scheme of the first dreadnoughts was the subdivision of the ship below the waterline into several watertight compartments. If the hull were holed—by shellfire,
540:
propulsion, which was unprecedented in a large warship. The greater power and lighter weight of turbines meant the 21-knot design speed could be achieved in a smaller and less costly ship than if
1555:
The US Navy continued to expand its battlefleet, laying down two ships in most subsequent years until 1920. The US continued to use reciprocating engines as an alternative to turbines until the
737:
ship needed to devote more weight to armour to get equivalent protection, and the magazines which served each turret interfered with the distribution of boilers and engines. For these reasons,
391:
submitted a design for the battleship with twelve 10-inch (254 mm) guns in twin turrets, two at the ends and four in the wings. Lt. Cdr. Homer C. Poundstone submitted a paper to President
5736:
888:. The Washington Naval Treaty concluded on 6 February 1922 and ratified later limited battleship guns to not more than 16-inch (410 mm) calibre, and these heavier guns were not produced.
1295:
had advocated a fast warship armed only with heavy guns since the 1890s. By securing a head start in dreadnought construction, the United Kingdom ensured its dominance of the seas continued.
1198:
compartmentalization, and good astern performance. The disadvantages were that the machinery was heavy and vulnerable to battle damage, particularly the effects of flooding on the electrics.
118:. Successive designs increased rapidly in size and made use of improvements in armament, armour, and propulsion throughout the dreadnought era. Within five years, new battleships outclassed
1446:
provision was making calls on the budget. Withdrawing from the Mediterranean would mean a huge loss of influence, weakening British diplomacy in the region and shaking the stability of the
2584:, would have carried 18-inch (457 mm) guns. Many in the Japanese navy were still dissatisfied, calling for an 'eight-eight-eight' fleet with 24 modern battleships and battlecruisers.
2562:
proposed a further expansion of the United States Navy, asking for funds for an additional ten battleships and six battlecruisers in addition to the completion of the 1916 programme (the
1190:, where gearing reduced the rotation rate of the propellers and hence increased efficiency. This solution required technical precision in the gears and hence was difficult to implement.
1942:
from Germany, but work stopped on the outbreak of war. The main armament for the Greek ship had been ordered in the United States, and the guns consequently equipped a class of British
2916:
was prevented from sinking by the British who refloated her and used her as a target ship and for experiments). Battleships under construction were scrapped instead of being completed.
2760:, p. 322. And in America: "The possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibers as close as 10 inches (250 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) was never raised. For example,
502:
supply of 12-inch guns—which had to be imported from the United Kingdom—meant these ships were completed with a mixture of 12-inch and 10-inch armament. The 1903–1904 design retained
697:, and the British ships which immediately followed it, carried five turrets: one forward, one aft and one amidships on the centreline of the ship, and two in the 'wings' next to the
1729:
in 1909–1910 meant no construction could be approved. In spite of this, shipyards laid down two dreadnoughts on a speculative basis—due especially to the energetic manipulations of
5729:
2627:. The ships built under the terms of the Washington Treaty (and subsequently the London Treaties in 1930 and 1936) to replace outdated vessels were known as treaty battleships.
2619:
class. The ships which survived the treaty, including the most modern super-dreadnoughts of all three navies, formed the bulk of international capital ship strength through the
580:
were commissioned to build up to this limit. Japan's decision to leave the Treaty in the 1930s, and the arrival of the Second World War, eventually made this limit irrelevant.
404:
s (with a mixture of 12-inch, 9.2-inch and 6-inch) in the 1903–1904 naval construction programme instead. The all-big-gun concept was revived for the 1904–1905 programme, the
1807:, with the first laid down in 1909. The three ships, the smallest dreadnoughts ever constructed, were built in Spain with British assistance; construction on the third ship,
1499:
was launched. There is some speculation that informal contacts with sympathetic Royal Navy officials influenced the US Navy design, but the American ship was very different.
440:
and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace gunners wounded in action.
2782:, p. 55; "The advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type", Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in
1433:
The dreadnought race stepped up in 1910 and 1911, with Germany laying down four capital ships each year and the United Kingdom five. Tension came to a head following the
2182:
silhouetted her to Japanese guns. In spite of receiving 26 hits, her armoured raft remained untouched and she remained both afloat and operational at the end of action.
412:
meant the midships 9.2-inch turrets became single instead of twin, thus giving an armament of four 12-inch, ten 9.2-inch and no 6-inch. The constructor for this design,
2390:. This, combined with a government moratorium on battleship building, meant a renewed focus on the battlecruiser. Fisher resigned in 1915 following arguments about the
1715:
classes followed as Italy sought to maintain its lead over Austria-Hungary. These ships remained the core of Italian naval strength until World War II. The subsequent
2587:
The British, impoverished by World War I, faced the prospect of slipping behind the US and Japan. No ships had been begun since the Admiral class, and of those only
1247:
The US had large reserves of oil, and the US Navy was the first to wholeheartedly adopt oil-firing, deciding to do so in 1910 and ordering oil-fired boilers for the
1026:
vitals of the ship. For this reason, the early dreadnoughts' armour was concentrated in a thick belt around the waterline; this was 11 inches (280 mm) thick in
2764:
and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners.
1437:. This proposed a fleet of 33 German battleships and battlecruisers, outnumbering the Royal Navy in home waters. To make matters worse for the United Kingdom, the
223:
In naval battles of the 1890s the decisive weapon was the medium-calibre, typically 6-inch (152 mm), quick-firing gun firing at relatively short range; at
94:, had such an effect when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her were referred to as "dreadnoughts", and earlier battleships became known as
1966:
1391:
in April 1904, it became increasingly clear the United Kingdom's principal naval enemy would be Germany, which was building up a large, modern fleet under the
1100:
herself, and all British dreadnoughts, had screw shafts driven by steam turbines. The first generation of dreadnoughts built in other nations used the slower
1299:
element of naval power in spite of their price. Each battleship signalled national power and prestige, in a manner similar to the nuclear weapons of today.
2604:
1796:
in 1910, where all the guns capable of training to the port side were fired, forming what was at that time the heaviest broadside ever fired from a warship
1008:
shows a typical dreadnought protection scheme, with very thick armour protecting the turrets, magazines and engine spaces tapering away in less vital areas
655:
expected to carry them also increased. From the end of World War I onwards, battleships had to be equipped with many light guns as anti-aircraft armament.
565:
in one or more armoured decks. Secondary armament, fire control, command equipment, and protection against torpedoes also had to be crammed into the hull.
1469:
classes, which introduced a further step-change in armament, speed and protection—while Germany laid down only five, concentrating resources on its army.
210:
The move to all-big-gun designs was accomplished because a uniform, heavy-calibre armament offered advantages in both firepower and fire control, and the
2244:
to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the German coast, where friendly minefields, torpedo boats, and submarines could even the odds.
1477:
2258:
5778:
5378:
2615:
out of use. It furthermore declared a 'building holiday' during which no new battleships or battlecruisers were to be laid down, save for the British
1813:, took nine years from its laying down date to completion because of non-delivery of critical material, especially armament, from the United Kingdom.
6716:
1581:
With their victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Japanese became concerned about the potential for conflict with the US. The theorist
1240:
of coal. This meant that the boilers themselves could be smaller; and for the same volume of fuel, an oil-fired ship would have much greater range.
1541:
class could not operate tactically with the newer dreadnoughts due to their low speed, and were forced to operate with the older pre-dreadnoughts.
1749:
2551:, also carried ten 16-inch guns and were designed to be capable of 30 knots, capable of beating both the British Admiral- and the US Navy's
5066:
The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day
1495:-class battleships were the first all-big-gun ships completed by one of the United Kingdom's rivals. The planning for the type had begun before
6711:
137:
Dreadnought-building consumed vast resources in the early 20th century, but there was only one battle between large dreadnought fleets. At the
647:
Dreadnoughts also carried lighter weapons. Many early dreadnoughts carried a secondary armament of very light guns designed to fend off enemy
5768:
5580:
5561:
5541:
5519:
5500:
5481:
5426:
5368:
5349:
5330:
5309:
5273:
5254:
5235:
5213:
5191:
5172:
5153:
5130:
5111:
5092:
5073:
5054:
5035:
5016:
4997:
4978:
4959:
4919:
4891:
4872:
1716:
942:
carried 12-pounder guns; each of her twenty-two 12-pounders could fire at least 15 rounds a minute at any torpedo boat making an attack. The
809:
6339:
651:. The calibre and weight of secondary armament tended to increase, as the range of torpedoes and the staying power of the torpedo boats and
5773:
2563:
2108:
1764:
2222:
2386:
In the United Kingdom, Fisher returned to his old post as First Sea Lord; he had been created 1st Baron Fisher in 1909, taking the motto
5654:
2712:
Lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance.
2462:
2050:, laid down in 1911, carried 14-inch (356 mm) guns in response to the British move and this calibre became standard. In Japan, two
322:
1526:
retained triple-expansion steam engines, and could manage only 18.5 kn (34.3 km/h) compared to 21 kn (39 km/h) for
235:
By the early 20th century, British and American admirals expected future battleships would engage at longer distances. Newer models of
98:. Her design had two revolutionary features: an "all-big-gun" armament scheme, with an unprecedented number of heavy-calibre guns, and
768:
6678:
5407:
2599:, with 16-inch guns and high speed, and the N3-class battleships, with 18-inch (457 mm) guns. Its navy severely limited by the
1822:
1791:
388:
1836:
588:
Growth in size of battleship designs from 1905 onwards, showing the dreadnought's rapid growth between 1905 and 1920, prior to the
107:
2875:
cost ÂŁ2,300,000. Comparable figures today are 242 million; 209 million; 286 million. Original figures from Breyer,
1111:
than reciprocating engines for the same volume of machinery. This, along with a guarantee on the new machinery from the inventor,
919:
proposed 20-inch (508 mm) guns, and there is evidence Hitler wanted calibres as high as 24-inch (609 mm); the Japanese '
2869:
2812:, pp. 126–128. Friedman notes, for instance, the total loss of power in the turbo-electric drive of converted battlecruiser
1704:
899:
379:
The design process for these ships often included discussion of an 'all-big-gun one-calibre' alternative. The June 1902 issue of
310:
259:
and the Imperial Japanese Navy had one of the longest-range gunnery duels to date—over 14,000 yd (13,000 m) during the
6544:
2321:
in less than an hour. Mines continued to prove a threat when a month later the recently commissioned British super-dreadnought
2091:
1786:
1742:
1647:
1361:
430:
224:
111:
2167:
class, with long-range engagements and plunging fire in mind; the first of these was laid down in 1912, four years before the
5850:
3218:
2417:
1869:
1365:
954:
530:
248:
was considering the effects on battleship tactics of torpedoes with a range of 7,000 to 8,000 yards (6,400 to 7,300 m).
947:
the light guns tended to be mounted in unarmoured positions high on the ship to minimize weight and maximize field of fire.
2094:, as Argentina and Chile each ordered two super-dreadnoughts from the US and the United Kingdom, respectively. Argentina's
884:. Both the United Kingdom and Japan were planning battleships with 18-inch (457 mm) armament, in the British case the
2489:
2447:
2369:
2337:
destroying dreadnoughts. The two Austrian dreadnoughts lost in November 1918 were casualties of Italian torpedo boats and
1783:, and they proved badly flawed due to their smaller guns and thinner armour when compared with contemporary dreadnoughts.
1710:
1137:
1101:
364:
6236:
2862:
2726:
2573:
finally agreed to the completion of the 'eight-eight fleet', incorporating a further four battleships. These ships, the
2252:
2209:
1672:
Compared to the other major naval powers, France was slow to start building dreadnoughts, instead finishing the planned
1352:
916:
526:
352:
346:
316:
291:
31:
1186:
The disadvantages of the turbine were eventually overcome. The solution which eventually was generally adopted was the
583:
6519:
6365:
5710:
2630:
From this point on, the term 'dreadnought' became less widely used. Most pre-dreadnought battleships were scrapped or
2469:
2312:
2248:
2173:
1888:
was completed, and in 1913, the Ottoman Empire also acquired a nearly-completed dreadnought from Brazil, which became
1620:
1587:
1451:
781:
733:. This risked blast damage to parts of the ship over which the guns fired, and put great stress on the ship's frames.
183:
2296:
in 1915. And in the Mediterranean, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault at
102:
propulsion. As dreadnoughts became a crucial symbol of national power, the arrival of these new warships renewed the
6566:
5948:
5685:
2695:
2581:
2518:
2410:
2127:
2084:
2021:
1970:
1808:
1801:
1656:
1626:
1506:
authorized the Navy to build two battleships, but of only 16,000 tons or lower displacement. As a result, the
1043:
816:
706:
680:
630:
95:
6461:
6130:
6006:
5905:
5895:
2545:
2139:
2077:
2044:
1818:
1662:
1545:
1531:
1422:
in the United Kingdom in 1909–1910. In 1910, the British eight-ship construction plan went ahead, including four
1165:
878:
870:
A further step change was planned for battleships designed and laid down at the end of World War I. The Japanese
370:
2116:
1122:
Turbines also had disadvantages. At cruising speeds much slower than maximum speed, turbines were markedly less
617:
is in twin turrets, with two on the "wings"; the light secondary battery is clustered around the superstructure.
6539:
6529:
6456:
6099:
5957:
2177:
2160:
1937:
1683:
was laid down, making France the eleventh nation to enter the dreadnought race. In the Navy Estimates of 1911,
1677:
1632:
1264:
1178:
1172:
1131:
1112:
926:' design also called for 20-inch guns. None of these proposals went further than very preliminary design work.
835:
340:
334:
260:
232:
on the target, known as the "hail of fire". Naval gunnery was too inaccurate to hit targets at a longer range.
2303:
The course of the war illustrated the vulnerability of battleships to cheaper weapons. In September 1914, the
2090:
were canceled on the outbreak of World War I. The aforementioned Brazilian dreadnoughts sparked a small-scale
2051:
461:
188:, originally designed with twelve 12-inch (305 mm) guns. Work began on her construction in May 1905. The
6329:
6135:
5845:
5647:
2843:
2434:
2359:
2138:
class, dispensed with the midships turret, freeing weight and volume for larger, oil-fired boilers. The new
2065:
1978:
1953:
1947:
1725:
In January 1909 Austro-Hungarian admirals circulated a document calling for a fleet of four dreadnoughts. A
1602:
1537:
were described by some as the US Navy's first dreadnoughts; only a few years after their commissioning, the
1144:
1083:
920:
892:
871:
802:
795:
788:
774:
727:
669:
638:
589:
573:
486:
384:
358:
328:
127:
5436:
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (October 1995). "Sir John Fisher and the Dreadnought: The Sources of Naval Mythology".
950:
877:
battleships in 1917 carried 410-millimetre (16.1 in) guns, which was quickly matched by the US Navy's
726:
staggered the wing turrets, so all ten guns could fire on the broadside, a feature also used by the German
6324:
6211:
6175:
6170:
5996:
5900:
2855:
2663:
2510:
2354:
2190:
2002:
1828:
1503:
1035:
958:
757:
744:, which carried a record fourteen 12-inch guns in seven centreline turrets, was not considered a success.
607:
491:
280:
179:
88:
48:
5288:
The Anatomy of British Sea Power: A History of British Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, 1880–1905
915:
Some World War II-era designs were drawn up proposing another move towards gigantic armament. The German
6411:
6360:
6256:
6160:
6155:
5875:
2538:
2293:
2292:
by the Italian, British and French blockade but bombarded the Italians on several occasions, notably at
2247:
The first two years of war saw conflict in the North Sea limited to skirmishes by battlecruisers at the
1734:
1726:
1438:
1356:
794:. British Royal Navy battleships did not adopt triple turrets until after the First World War, with the
503:
256:
568:
The inevitable consequence of demands for ever greater speed, striking power, and endurance meant that
126:". Most of the original dreadnoughts were scrapped after the end of World War I under the terms of the
5721:
2666:
had begun work on an all-big-gun battleship in 1904, but finished the ship with a mixed armament. The
2506:
6701:
6637:
6241:
6190:
5933:
5815:
2837:
2600:
2574:
2322:
2194:
2058:
1915:
was scrapped.) This greatly offended the Ottoman Empire. When two German warships, the battlecruiser
1865:
1774:
were laid down. Of seven ships, only one was completed within four years of being laid down, and the
1703:
was prompted by rumours of Austro-Hungarian dreadnought-building. A further five dreadnoughts of the
1582:
1481:
1251:
class, in 1911. The United Kingdom was not far behind, deciding in 1912 to use oil on its own in the
1151:
738:
634:
541:
284:
201:
172:
5590:
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (January 1990). "British Naval Administration and Policy in the Age of Fisher".
934:
The first dreadnoughts tended to have a very light secondary armament intended to protect them from
6706:
6673:
6491:
6180:
6043:
5885:
2813:
2440:
were gradually completed, but the other two laid down were still unfinished by the end of the War.
2297:
2262:
2037:
1974:
1959:
1730:
1233:
997:
885:
569:
413:
241:
1684:
6607:
6471:
6426:
6319:
6221:
6185:
6165:
6064:
5890:
5785:
5640:
5607:
5453:
2667:
2391:
1676:
class of pre-dreadnoughts, laying down five in 1907 and 1908. In September 1910 the first of the
1597:
Japan's first priorities were to refit the pre-dreadnoughts captured from Russia and to complete
1556:
1373:
1223:
1158:
1064:
720:
648:
576:
of 1922 imposed a limit of 35,000 tons on the displacement of capital ships. In subsequent years
475:
456:
417:
392:
387:, proposing a main battery of eight 12-inch (305 mm) guns in twin turrets. In May 1902, the
302:
secondary guns in wing turrets near the centre of the ship, instead of the small guns mounted in
211:
1419:
2024:(343 mm) gun, and placed all the main armament on the centreline (hence with some turrets
1699:
was launched, but it took until 1909 for Italy to lay down one of its own. The construction of
6642:
6592:
6534:
6524:
6291:
6145:
6023:
5963:
5810:
5705:
5576:
5557:
5537:
5515:
5496:
5477:
5422:
5403:
5364:
5345:
5326:
5305:
5269:
5250:
5231:
5209:
5187:
5168:
5149:
5126:
5107:
5088:
5069:
5050:
5031:
5012:
4993:
4974:
4955:
4915:
4887:
4868:
2529:
2473:
2168:
1943:
1842:
1591:
1454:
1392:
1328:
906:
577:
245:
138:
62:
39:
513:
The dreadnought breakthrough occurred in the United Kingdom in October 1905. Fisher, now the
207:, carrying eight 12-inch guns, in March 1905, with construction commencing in December 1906.
6627:
6561:
6514:
6496:
6446:
6276:
6140:
6084:
6079:
6074:
5981:
5837:
5795:
5790:
5680:
5675:
5599:
5445:
5295:
4938:
2596:
2424:
2285:
2152:
1982:
1388:
1312:
1216:
986:
268:
167:
4499:
2280:, action was largely limited to convoy raiding and the laying of defensive minefields. The
2040:(the weight of ammunition that can be fired on a single bearing in one salvo) had doubled.
1946:. In 1914 Greece purchased two pre-dreadnoughts from the United States Navy, renaming them
1442:
alliance with France. Further naval construction was unacceptably expensive at a time when
6551:
6481:
6406:
6304:
6038:
6018:
5986:
5943:
5910:
5855:
5800:
5700:
5223:
2620:
2229:
2144:
2064:
ships in 1914, with both classes carrying twelve 14-inch (356 mm) guns. In 1917, the
1892:. At the start of World War I, Britain seized the two completed ships for the Royal Navy.
1771:
1427:
1343:—commissioned British, French, German, and American yards to build dreadnoughts for them.
1320:
1316:
1123:
1108:
844:
673:
453:
409:
244:, ordered gunnery practice with 6-inch guns at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). By 1904 the US
159:
103:
1263:-class vessels. The United Kingdom planned to revert to mixed firing with the subsequent
637:
was an exception, continuing to use 11-inch guns in its first class of dreadnoughts, the
2328:
struck one and sank in 1914. By the end of October, British strategy and tactics in the
6421:
6416:
6401:
6271:
6033:
5870:
5529:
2559:
2528:
At the same time, the Imperial Japanese Navy was finally gaining authorization for its
2441:
1930:
1858:
1846:
1447:
1443:
1411:
1395:. This rivalry gave rise to the two largest dreadnought fleets of the pre-1914 period.
1324:
1308:
1237:
1194:
1187:
698:
514:
2016:, a new generation of more powerful "super-dreadnoughts" was being built. The British
6695:
6657:
6652:
6617:
6602:
6556:
6466:
6451:
6309:
6251:
6246:
6150:
6028:
6013:
6001:
5991:
5880:
5860:
5695:
5283:
5142:
2570:
2121:
2095:
1300:
1202:
664:
537:
529:, the Committee settled on a main battery of ten 12-inch guns, along with twenty-two
518:
146:
99:
2655:
The concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in development for several years before
2603:, Germany did not participate in this three-way naval building competition. Most of
2043:
British super-dreadnoughts were joined by those built by other nations. The US Navy
602:
267:
with an effective range of 4,400 yd (4,000 m), and the Japanese ships had
6612:
6597:
6436:
6431:
6370:
6314:
6281:
6114:
6109:
5915:
5201:
2761:
2624:
2308:
2289:
2217:
1997:
1973:
passed a bill purchasing three British dreadnoughts for $ 35 million to use in the
1760:
1692:
1068:
935:
830:
659:
625:
of heavy-calibre guns; the number, size, and arrangement differed between designs.
622:
614:
469:
437:
264:
131:
5344:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press (reprint of Seeley Service & Co. edition).
4942:
1063:
The greatest evolution in dreadnought protection came with the development of the
1048:
carried a 16-inch (410 mm) main belt, but a deck 9-inch (230 mm) thick.
178:
All-big-gun designs commenced almost simultaneously in three navies. In 1904, the
4912:
Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941
2020:
class jumped an unprecedented 2,000 tons in displacement, introduced the heavier
141:
in 1916, the British and German navies clashed with no decisive result. The term
17:
6647:
6486:
6385:
6261:
6216:
6104:
2631:
2241:
2025:
1986:
1923:
1832:
1722:
battleship were suspended (and later cancelled) on the outbreak of World War I.
1695:
had received proposals for an all-big-gun battleship from Cuniberti well before
748:
629:
mounted ten 12-inch guns. 12-inch guns had been standard for most navies in the
115:
69:
1079:
847:. Either of these offered the chance to increase range and armour penetration.
443:
A uniform calibre of gun also helped streamline fire control. The designers of
6632:
6441:
6375:
5925:
5825:
5752:
5664:
2608:
2277:
2237:
2201:
2101:
1916:
1434:
1292:
1057:
1002:
229:
189:
84:
80:
58:
44:
693:
The effectiveness of the guns depended in part on the layout of the turrets.
633:, and this continued in the first generation of dreadnought battleships. The
429:
the US was considering whether to have a mixed-calibre main armament for the
68:, the only dreadnought still in existence, was launched in 1912 and is now a
6506:
6380:
6195:
6089:
6069:
5632:
2329:
2273:
2272:
In the other naval theatres, there were no decisive pitched battles. In the
2233:
1332:
1093:
652:
297:. It carried four 12-inch (305 mm) and ten 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns.
197:
5322:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
2880:
200:
in October of the same year. Finally, the US Navy gained authorization for
5625:
5493:
Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control
2311:
was demonstrated by successful attacks on British cruisers, including the
2236:
with relative ease, but was unable to break the German superiority in the
701:. This allowed three turrets to fire ahead and four on the broadside. The
6622:
6355:
6226:
5865:
5820:
4901:
Cuniberti, Vittorio (1903). "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet".
2595:
absolute minimum, a further eight battleships. These would have been the
2588:
2446:, also laid down before the start of the war, was completed in 1917. The
2281:
1901:
1864:
The Netherlands intended by 1912 to replace its fleet of pre-dreadnought
1229:
973:
862:
class, launched 1910, had ten 13.5-inch guns, all on the centreline; the
858:
Over time the calibre of guns tended to increase. In the Royal Navy, the
303:
4929:
Fairbanks, Charles (1991). "The Origins of the Dreadnought Revolution".
130:, but many of the newer super-dreadnoughts continued serving throughout
6576:
6476:
6334:
6231:
6094:
5973:
5756:
5611:
5573:
The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships
5457:
2338:
2276:, Russian and Turkish battleships skirmished, but nothing more. In the
1868:
with a modern fleet composed of dreadnoughts. After a Royal Commission
1737:—later approved along with an additional two. The resulting ships, all
1652:
1323:
all began dreadnought programmes, and second-rank powers—including the
1171:
of 1914 both received reciprocating engines, but all four ships of the
236:
163:
1857:
prices collapsed and Brazil could not afford her. She was sold to the
808:. Several later designs used quadruple turrets, including the British
6571:
6299:
6266:
2316:
2304:
1854:
1336:
1304:
719:
Dreadnought designs experimented with different layouts. The British
613:
showing the armament distribution of early British dreadnoughts. The
5603:
5449:
2634:
after World War I, so the term 'dreadnought' became less necessary.
2611:
by its crews in 1919; the remainder were handed over as war prizes.
1418:
together with some social reforms, raising taxes enough to prompt a
149:, the other type of ship resulting from the dreadnought revolution.
4362:
4360:
663:
sufficient to cripple a battleship, but not sink it outright, so a
162:", had a main armament of four heavy guns of 12-inch (300 mm)
6059:
4500:"Canada | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2505:
2353:
2257:
2189:
2115:
1996:
1785:
1755:
In June 1909 the Imperial Russian Navy began construction of four
1651:
1569:
1568:
1476:
1360:
1340:
1078:
996:
949:
829:
601:
582:
485:
279:
57:
38:
1876:
The Ottoman Empire ordered two dreadnoughts from British yards,
834:
Animated diagram of gun turret loading and firing, based on the
5725:
5636:
4311:
4309:
4225:
2405:
classes were completed, though the last two battleships of the
2057:
super-dreadnoughts were laid down in 1912, followed by the two
1130:
The US Navy experimented with turbine engines from 1908 in the
5301:
Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War
2742:
Addendum to the Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in
2725:, p. 51, for discussion of alternative proposals for the
4952:
Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05
3005:
3003:
2228:
By virtue of geography, the Royal Navy could keep the German
1741:
class, were to be accompanied by a further four ships of the
763:
of 1910. By World War II, superfiring was entirely standard.
756:
class, and the layout was adopted in the Royal Navy with the
5104:
German Warships 1815–1945. Volume One: Major Surface Vessels
2861:
cost ÂŁ1,783,000, compared to the ÂŁ1,540,000 for each of the
2495:
battlecruisers), took a qualitative step beyond the British
1255:
class; shorter British design and building times meant that
383:
contained comments by the US Navy's leading gunnery expert,
5163:
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977).
4182:
4180:
4209:
4207:
3562:
3560:
3487:
3485:
2836:
was designed and completed with oil-fired steam turbines,
2670:
was building ships with a similar armament scheme, though
2544:, were to carry ten 16-inch guns. The battlecruisers, the
957:
anti-torpedo boat guns mounted on the roof of a turret on
891:
The only battleships to break the limit were the Japanese
572:, and hence cost, of dreadnoughts tended to increase. The
110:. Dreadnought races sprang up around the world, including
5512:
The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922
3972:
3970:
3968:
3880:
3878:
3186:
3184:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
2416:. Fisher followed these ships with the even more extreme
2394:
with the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.
1450:. The only acceptable option, and the one recommended by
3769:
3767:
3472:
3470:
3337:
3335:
3123:
3121:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2453:, designed in 1914–1915, were begun but never finished.
1594:
which would inevitably be dispatched as reinforcements.
5534:
Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
5028:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
3895:
3893:
3217:, p. 426, quoting an INA paper of 9 April 1919 by
2558:
Matters took a further turn for the worse in 1919 when
4865:
Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, 1905–1970
4011:
4009:
2083:, carrying 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns; another five
83:
in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the
4884:
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905
1985:. As a result, the country's navy was unprepared for
1013:
without compromising speed, firepower or seakeeping.
2994:
1136:, but was not fully committed to turbines until the
801:, and Japanese battleships not until the late-1930s
263:. The Russian battleships were equipped with Lugeol
122:
herself. These more powerful vessels were known as "
6666:
6585:
6505:
6394:
6348:
6290:
6204:
6123:
6052:
5972:
5924:
5836:
5400:
Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
2076:s were followed by three super-dreadnoughts of the
1201:Turbines were never replaced in battleship design.
5361:A Fleet in Being: Austro-Hungarian Warships of WW1
5141:
5123:"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918
2313:sinking of three elderly British armoured cruisers
2134:Later British super-dreadnoughts, principally the
5554:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
5165:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945
5047:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
2580:would displace 43,000 tons; the next design, the
2268:begins to roll over after being torpedoed in 1918
1092:Dreadnoughts were propelled by two to four screw
5026:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001).
2284:was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea: the
3163:
2409:class were re-ordered as battlecruisers of the
1668:battleship, launched in 1913 (pictured in 1942)
533:as secondary armament. The committee also gave
2934:undertook naval gunfire support in the Baltic.
1115:, persuaded the Royal Navy to use turbines in
309:Semi-dreadnought classes included the British
5737:
5648:
5474:The Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1897–1984
5045:Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
4990:US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History
2430:, a mammoth, lightly armoured battlecruiser.
1510:class were built to much tighter limits than
1104:which had been standard in pre-dreadnoughts.
467:
54:, launched in 1906, gave its name to the type
8:
5444:(4). Society for Military History: 619–637.
5030:. Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales.
4787:
4775:
4631:
4559:
4462:
4426:
4414:
4366:
4327:
4288:
4264:
4252:
3302:
3009:
1790:The gun trials of the Brazilian dreadnought
1236:to do it by hand. Oil has roughly twice the
4971:Battleship Design and Development 1905–1945
2877:Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World
2820:after just one torpedo hit in World War II.
2524:battleships, steaming at high speed in 1921
1841:, followed thirteen days later at Vickers (
290:, an all-big-gun mixed-calibre ship of the
5744:
5730:
5722:
5655:
5641:
5633:
5206:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery
5087:(in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag.
2842:was designed and completed with oil-fired
2012:Within five years of the commissioning of
1870:proposed the purchase of nine dreadnoughts
1406:class, laid down in 1907, followed by the
504:traditional triple-expansion steam engines
166:, a secondary armament of six to eighteen
5598:(1). Society for Military History: 1–26.
5548:Originally Classified and in two volumes.
4910:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R (1997).
3290:
3278:
3071:
2605:the German dreadnought fleet was scuttled
2036:, displacement had increased by 25%, and
4655:
4595:
4547:
4535:
4486:
4351:
4339:
4315:
4276:
4240:
4213:
4186:
4171:
4147:
4135:
4099:
4075:
4051:
4039:
3976:
3959:
3935:
3923:
3884:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3686:
3578:
3566:
3551:
3539:
3503:
3491:
3449:
3437:
3401:
3389:
3365:
3266:
3202:
3190:
3112:
3083:
3059:
3040:
3028:
2982:
2829:
2809:
2779:
2765:
2722:
2700:
2028:over others). In the four years between
1544:The two 10-gun, 20,500-ton ships of the
1157:, received reciprocating engines, while
5953:
5379:"Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test"
4811:
4703:
4691:
4667:
4607:
4402:
4378:
4159:
4063:
3461:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3095:
2953:
2946:
2674:was launched before any were completed.
2648:
2378:in Hamburg after the war, in about 1920
1750:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I
679:claimed to have torpedoed the crippled
548:The first US dreadnoughts were the two
123:
5140:Ireland, Bernard; Grove, Eric (1997).
4847:
4835:
4823:
4799:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4679:
4643:
4619:
4583:
4571:
4523:
4474:
4450:
4438:
4390:
4300:
4198:
4123:
4111:
4087:
4027:
3988:
3947:
3911:
3899:
3821:
3710:
3698:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3527:
3515:
3476:
3425:
3413:
3377:
3353:
3341:
3326:
3314:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3214:
3175:
2965:
2797:
2783:
2757:
2743:
2477:entirely. The new American ships (the
2288:dreadnought fleet was confined to the
1977:, but the measure was defeated in the
1800:Spain commissioned three ships of the
1259:was commissioned before either of the
4015:
4000:
2433:In Germany, two units of the pre-war
2345:Battleship building from 1914 onwards
2159:The United States Navy designed its '
1052:Underwater protection and subdivision
381:Proceedings of the US Naval Institute
7:
5575:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5228:Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck
5106:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
4992:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
4914:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
905:to arm the last British battleship,
5571:Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013).
2623:and, with some modernisation, into
2569:not yet started). In response, the
2463:List of battleships of World War II
1936:Greece had ordered the dreadnought
773:, soon followed by Russia with the
5247:Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution
5167:. London: Arms & Armor Press.
2995:Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977
2503:classes by mounting 16-inch guns.
2113:, was later repurchased by Chile.
2008:super-dreadnoughts in line c. 1914
1821:). Two were completed for Brazil:
1763:, and in October 1911, three more
1748:, but these were cancelled on the
1183:(1912) classes received turbines.
1164:received geared turbines. The two
1036:"all or nothing" protection scheme
497:, showing the revolutionary design
408:class. Restrictions on length and
306:of earlier pre-dreadnought ships.
27:Early 20th century battleship type
25:
5556:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4504:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
1831:) on 17 April 1907, and its
1410:class in 1909. Together with two
1291:, respectively. Germany's Kaiser
389:Bureau of Construction and Repair
114:, lasting up to the beginning of
5363:(Paperback). Shilka Publishing.
5249:. University of South Carolina.
4867:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
2474:Naval Appropriations Act of 1916
658:Dreadnoughts frequently carried
6717:20th-century military equipment
5626:British and German Dreadnoughts
5592:The Journal of Military History
5438:The Journal of Military History
1827:was laid down on by Armstrong (
1648:South American dreadnought race
826:Main armament power and calibre
672:, where the British battleship
621:Dreadnoughts mounted a uniform
482:Building the first dreadnoughts
276:All-big-gun mixed-calibre ships
5851:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
5552:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1980).
5007:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992).
4903:All The World's Fighting Ships
2908:classes, and first two of the
2879:, p.52, 141; comparisons from
1439:Imperial Austro-Hungarian Navy
242:Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet
1:
6712:20th-century military history
5769:Naval ship classes in service
5385:. 26 October 1915. p. 12
5245:Lambert, Nicholas A. (1999).
4943:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640580
3178:, pp. 113, 331–332, 418.
2900:classes were war prizes. The
1590:, and the second against the
1398:The first German response to
1102:triple-expansion steam engine
424:Switch to all-big-gun designs
196:in January 1905, and she was
6237:Harbour defence motor launch
5472:Archibald, E. H. H. (1984).
5068:. London: Salamander Books.
4931:International History Review
2968:, p. 326, for instance.
2912:class were scuttled (though
2210:Naval warfare of World War I
2176:, when an ill-timed turn by
2130:, under construction in 1912
1530:. For this reason the later
225:the Battle of the Yalu River
79:was the predominant type of
32:Dreadnought (disambiguation)
6520:Ballistic missile submarine
6366:Mine countermeasures vessel
5711:Battleships in World War II
5417:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
5268:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5264:Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973).
5144:Jane's War At Sea 1897–1997
5125:. Amherst: Humanity Books.
3164:Gardiner & Lambert 2001
2174:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
1853:, was nearly complete when
1452:First Lord of the Admiralty
1353:World War I naval arms race
182:authorized construction of
6733:
6567:Submarine aircraft carrier
5949:Pre-dreadnought battleship
5759:in 19th and 20th centuries
5686:Pre-dreadnought battleship
5359:Phillips, Russell (2013).
5148:. London: Harper Collins.
5009:The Eclipse of the Big Gun
4863:Breyer, Siegfried (1973).
2832:, pp. 104–105. While
2460:
2249:Battle of Heligoland Bight
2207:
2092:arms race in South America
1971:House of Commons of Canada
1645:
1350:
1143:in 1916. In the preceding
838:used on super-dreadnoughts
108:United Kingdom and Germany
29:
6462:General stores issue ship
6131:Amphibious transport dock
5906:Merchant aircraft carrier
5896:Interdiction Assault Ship
5764:
5671:
5536:. Naval Institute Press.
5398:Sandler, Stanley (2004).
5049:. Naval Institute Press.
4988:Friedman, Norman (1985).
4973:. Conway Maritime Press.
4969:Friedman, Norman (1978).
3154:, pp. 50, 56–57, 72.
2530:'eight-eight battlefleet'
2388:Fear God and dread nought
2161:Standard-type battleships
2140:15-inch (381 mm) gun
1849:in 1910. The third ship,
689:Position of main armament
468:
6540:Deep-submergence vehicle
6530:Cruise missile submarine
6457:Fast combat support ship
6100:Guided-missile destroyer
5958:Standard-type battleship
5085:Schlachtschiffe der Welt
4950:Forczyk, Robert (2009).
4788:Evans & Peattie 1997
4776:Evans & Peattie 1997
4632:Ireland & Grove 1997
4560:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4465:, pp. 363–364, 366.
4463:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4427:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4415:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4367:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4328:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4289:Evans & Peattie 1997
4265:Gardiner & Gray 1985
4253:Gardiner & Gray 1985
3303:Evans & Peattie 1997
3010:Evans & Peattie 1997
2868:. Eight years later the
2844:triple-expansion engines
2468:picture are the British
2315:by the German submarine
1573:The Japanese battleship
1487:making full steam (1915)
1435:German Naval Law of 1912
1193:One alternative was the
521:and not the battleship.
261:Battle of the Yellow Sea
192:began the design of HMS
6136:Amphibious warfare ship
5846:Amphibious assault ship
5419:Naval Warfare 1815–1914
5340:Parkes, Oscar (1990) .
5319:Massie, Robert (2005).
5121:Herwig, Holger (1980).
2555:-class battlecruisers.
2488:-class battleships and
2397:The final units of the
1819:12-inch/45 calibre guns
1611:s were designed before
780:, the Austro-Hungarian
590:Washington Naval Treaty
574:Washington Naval Treaty
369:; and Austro-Hungarian
128:Washington Naval Treaty
6212:Armed boarding steamer
6176:Landing Ship Logistics
6171:Landing ship, infantry
5997:Guided missile cruiser
5901:Light aircraft carrier
5510:Brown, D. K. (2003) .
5290:. Frank Cass & Co.
5102:Gröner, Erich (1990).
5064:Gibbons, Tony (1983).
2881:Measuring Worth UK CPI
2664:Imperial Japanese Navy
2525:
2379:
2269:
2205:
2200:sinks after hitting a
2163:', beginning with the
2131:
2009:
1975:Canadian Naval Service
1797:
1669:
1578:
1488:
1379:
1347:Anglo-German arms race
1107:Turbines offered more
1089:
1088:on speed trials (1914)
1042:on the armoured deck;
1009:
989:increasingly adopted.
964:
839:
618:
594:
498:
298:
255:On 10 August 1904 the
180:Imperial Japanese Navy
72:
55:
6412:Auxiliary repair dock
6361:Destroyer minesweeper
6257:Ocean boarding vessel
6161:Landing Craft Support
6156:Landing craft carrier
5876:Fighter catapult ship
5491:Brooks, John (2005).
5421:. London: Routledge.
5266:Fisher of Kilverstone
5208:. London: Macmillan.
5182:Keegan, John (1999).
5083:Greger, René (1993).
4882:Brown, D. K. (2003).
2509:
2376:Prinz Eitel Friedrich
2357:
2261:
2253:Battle of Dogger Bank
2193:
2119:
2000:
1789:
1770:dreadnoughts for the
1759:dreadnoughts for the
1735:Austro-Hungarian Navy
1727:constitutional crisis
1655:
1572:
1480:
1420:constitutional crisis
1364:
1357:Causes of World War I
1082:
1000:
981:crippled battleship.
953:
917:H-43 and H-44 designs
833:
670:action of 27 May 1941
605:
586:
542:reciprocating engines
489:
462:Jane's Fighting Ships
459:published a paper in
283:
257:Imperial Russian Navy
61:
42:
6638:Littoral combat ship
6191:Landing Ship Vehicle
5934:Coastal defence ship
4905:. London: F.T. Jane.
4562:, pp. 401, 408.
4201:, pp. 115, 196.
3950:, pp. 292, 295.
3665:, pp. 107, 115.
2796:all-big-gun design.
2696:ballistic trajectory
2662:s construction. The
2601:Treaty of Versailles
2481:-class battleships,
2373:-class battlecruiser
1718:Francesco Caracciolo
1382:The construction of
1274:Dreadnought building
635:Imperial German Navy
173:Battle of Manila Bay
30:For other uses, see
6492:Replenishment oiler
6395:Command and support
6181:Landing Ship Medium
6044:Unprotected cruiser
5886:Flight deck cruiser
5530:Corbett, Sir Julian
5514:. Caxton Editions.
5342:British Battleships
5325:. London: Pimlico.
5304:. London: Pimlico.
5230:. London: Fontana.
5186:. London: Pimlico.
5184:The First World War
5011:. London: Conways.
4826:, pp. 173–174.
4814:, pp. 274–275.
4742:, pp. 277–284.
4706:, pp. 247–249.
4694:, pp. 245–248.
4682:, pp. 127–145.
4670:, pp. 256–257.
4646:, pp. 234–235.
4610:, pp. 250–251.
4598:, pp. 202–203.
4574:, pp. 140–144.
4550:, pp. 214–216.
4453:, pp. 450–455.
4429:, pp. 403–404.
4369:, pp. 302–303.
4354:, pp. 211–213.
4342:, pp. 209–211.
4318:, pp. 214–215.
4291:, pp. 142–143.
4174:, pp. 204–205.
4162:, pp. 224–228.
4150:, pp. 203–204.
4102:, pp. 227–228.
4030:, pp. 582–583.
3737:, pp. 116–122.
3725:, pp. 113–116.
3701:, pp. 106–107.
3689:, pp. 135–136.
3542:, pp. 130–131.
3530:, pp. 393–396.
3452:, pp. 151–153.
3440:, pp. 141–151.
3428:, pp. 54, 266.
3356:, pp. 46, 115.
3329:, pp. 619–621.
3293:, pp. 407–409.
3245:, pp. 451–452.
3166:, pp. 125–126.
3086:, pp. 170–171.
2038:weight of broadside
1960:Royal Hellenic Navy
1913:Fatih Sultan Mehmed
1882:Fatih Sultan Mehmed
1766:Imperatritsa Mariya
1731:Rudolf Montecuccoli
1522:was in propulsion;
836:British 15-inch gun
631:pre-dreadnought era
6608:Breastwork monitor
6472:Joint support ship
6427:Combat stores ship
6222:Coastal motor boat
6186:Landing Ship, Tank
6166:Landing Ship Heavy
6065:Convoy rescue ship
5891:Helicopter carrier
5383:The New York Times
4954:. London: Osprey.
4227:The New York Times
3142:, pp. 50, 72.
2932:Schleswig-Holstein
2668:United States Navy
2526:
2392:Gallipoli Campaign
2380:
2270:
2206:
2132:
2010:
1993:Super-dreadnoughts
1967:Conservative Party
1798:
1670:
1642:In other countries
1579:
1489:
1380:
1224:thermal efficiency
1169:-class battleships
1090:
1065:anti-torpedo bulge
1010:
965:
930:Secondary armament
840:
619:
595:
578:treaty battleships
499:
457:Vittorio Cuniberti
418:Russo-Japanese War
393:Theodore Roosevelt
324:Andrei Pervozvanny
299:
219:Long-range gunnery
212:Russo-Japanese War
124:super-dreadnoughts
73:
56:
6689:
6688:
6593:Armed merchantman
6535:Cruiser submarine
6525:Coastal submarine
6292:Fast attack craft
6146:Dock landing ship
6024:Protected cruiser
6007:Pocket battleship
5964:Treaty battleship
5954:Super-dreadnought
5838:Aircraft carriers
5786:Operational zones
5719:
5718:
5706:Treaty battleship
5582:978-1-59114-027-6
5563:978-0-85177-146-5
5543:978-1-55750-129-5
5521:978-1-84067-531-3
5502:978-0-7146-5702-8
5483:978-0-7137-1348-0
5428:978-0-415-21478-0
5370:978-0-9927648-0-7
5351:978-1-55750-075-5
5332:978-1-84413-411-3
5311:978-1-84413-528-8
5284:Marder, Arthur J.
5275:978-0-19-822409-9
5256:978-1-57003-277-6
5237:978-0-00-634014-0
5215:978-0-333-35094-2
5193:978-0-7126-6645-9
5174:978-0-85368-151-9
5155:978-0-00-472065-4
5132:978-1-57392-286-9
5113:978-0-87021-790-6
5094:978-3-613-01459-6
5075:978-0-517-37810-6
5056:978-0-87021-907-8
5037:978-0-7858-1413-9
5018:978-0-85177-607-1
4999:978-0-87021-715-9
4980:978-0-85177-135-9
4961:978-1-84603-330-8
4921:978-0-87021-192-8
4893:978-1-84067-529-0
4874:978-0-356-04191-9
4850:, pp. 69–70.
4754:, pp. 62–63.
4730:, pp. 61–62.
4634:, pp. 88–95.
4586:, pp. 75–79.
4279:, pp. 69–70.
4229:, 26 October 1915
4090:, pp. 54–55.
4003:, pp. 22–23.
3926:, pp. 75–76.
3872:, pp. 89–90.
3848:, pp. 79–83.
3836:, pp. 77–79.
3812:, pp. 66–67.
3788:, pp. 65–66.
3761:, pp. 54–61.
3404:, pp. 19–21.
3205:, pp. 53–58.
2997:, pp. 22–23.
2597:G3 battlecruisers
2363:-class battleship
2221:) and the Allied
2169:Battle of Jutland
2110:Almirante Latorre
1933:in October 1914.
1592:US Atlantic Fleet
1455:Winston Churchill
987:dual-purpose guns
724:-class battleship
269:Barr & Stroud
246:Naval War College
168:quick-firing guns
139:Battle of Jutland
47:'s revolutionary
18:Dreadnought Fleet
16:(Redirected from
6724:
6628:Floating battery
6562:Midget submarine
6515:Attack submarine
6497:Submarine tender
6447:Destroyer tender
6277:Submarine chaser
6141:Attack transport
6085:Escort destroyer
6080:Destroyer leader
6075:Destroyer escort
5982:Aircraft cruiser
5796:Green-water navy
5791:Brown-water navy
5746:
5739:
5732:
5723:
5681:Ironclad warship
5676:Ship of the line
5657:
5650:
5643:
5634:
5615:
5586:
5567:
5547:
5525:
5506:
5487:
5461:
5432:
5413:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5374:
5355:
5336:
5315:
5291:
5279:
5260:
5241:
5224:Kennedy, Ludovic
5219:
5202:Kennedy, Paul M.
5197:
5178:
5159:
5147:
5136:
5117:
5098:
5079:
5060:
5041:
5022:
5003:
4984:
4965:
4946:
4925:
4906:
4897:
4878:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3888:
3882:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3219:Sir Philip Watts
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2935:
2923:
2917:
2890:
2884:
2853:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2775:
2769:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2661:
2653:
2368:(right) and the
2286:Austro-Hungarian
2232:confined to the
2153:zone of immunity
2145:fast battleships
1983:Senate of Canada
1922:and the cruiser
1588:US Pacific Fleet
1389:Entente Cordiale
1001:This section of
685:at close range.
527:Captain Pakenham
473:
472:
112:in South America
96:pre-dreadnoughts
21:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:Sailing vessels
6662:
6581:
6552:Fleet submarine
6501:
6482:Net laying ship
6407:Ammunition ship
6390:
6344:
6286:
6200:
6119:
6048:
6039:Torpedo cruiser
6019:Merchant raider
5987:Armored cruiser
5968:
5944:Fast battleship
5920:
5911:Seaplane tender
5856:Balloon carrier
5832:
5816:Central battery
5801:Blue-water navy
5760:
5750:
5720:
5715:
5701:Fast battleship
5667:
5663:History of the
5661:
5622:
5604:10.2307/1985838
5589:
5583:
5570:
5564:
5551:
5544:
5528:
5522:
5509:
5503:
5490:
5484:
5471:
5468:
5466:Further reading
5450:10.2307/2944495
5435:
5429:
5416:
5410:
5397:
5388:
5386:
5377:
5371:
5358:
5352:
5339:
5333:
5318:
5312:
5294:
5282:
5276:
5263:
5257:
5244:
5238:
5222:
5216:
5200:
5194:
5181:
5175:
5162:
5156:
5139:
5133:
5120:
5114:
5101:
5095:
5082:
5076:
5063:
5057:
5044:
5038:
5025:
5019:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4968:
4962:
4949:
4928:
4922:
4909:
4900:
4894:
4881:
4875:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:, pp. 7–8.
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3749:, pp. 7–8.
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2920:
2891:
2887:
2871:Queen Elizabeth
2854:
2850:
2828:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2621:interwar period
2582:Number 13 class
2497:Queen Elizabeth
2465:
2459:
2403:Queen Elizabeth
2352:
2347:
2230:High Seas Fleet
2212:
2188:
2136:Queen Elizabeth
1995:
1911:respectively. (
1772:Black Sea Fleet
1733:, Chief of the
1706:Conte di Cavour
1701:Dante Alighieri
1650:
1644:
1567:
1475:
1463:Queen Elizabeth
1428:Alsace-Lorraine
1359:
1349:
1321:Austria-Hungary
1276:
1257:Queen Elizabeth
1253:Queen Elizabeth
1238:thermal content
1212:
1113:Charles Parsons
1077:
1054:
1019:
1017:Central citadel
995:
932:
901:Queen Elizabeth
864:Queen Elizabeth
845:muzzle velocity
828:
770:Dante Alighieri
691:
600:
593:
562:
484:
454:naval architect
436:, for example,
426:
402:King Edward VII
312:King Edward VII
278:
221:
160:pre-dreadnought
155:
104:naval arms race
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6417:Auxiliary ship
6414:
6409:
6404:
6402:Amenities ship
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6272:Steam gun boat
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6034:Strike cruiser
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6009:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5871:Escort carrier
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:Gun placement
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5726:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5621:
5620:External links
5618:
5617:
5616:
5587:
5581:
5568:
5562:
5549:
5542:
5526:
5520:
5507:
5501:
5488:
5482:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5433:
5427:
5414:
5408:
5395:
5375:
5369:
5356:
5350:
5337:
5331:
5316:
5310:
5296:Massie, Robert
5292:
5280:
5274:
5261:
5255:
5242:
5236:
5220:
5214:
5198:
5192:
5179:
5173:
5160:
5154:
5137:
5131:
5118:
5112:
5099:
5093:
5080:
5074:
5061:
5055:
5042:
5036:
5023:
5017:
5004:
4998:
4985:
4979:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4937:(2): 246–272.
4926:
4920:
4907:
4898:
4892:
4886:. Book Sales.
4879:
4873:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4802:, p. 356.
4792:
4790:, p. 174.
4780:
4778:, p. 171.
4768:
4756:
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4636:
4624:
4622:, p. 289.
4612:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4538:, p. 214.
4528:
4526:, p. 126.
4516:
4491:
4489:, p. 220.
4479:
4477:, p. 252.
4467:
4455:
4443:
4441:, p. 320.
4431:
4419:
4417:, p. 378.
4407:
4405:, p. 195.
4395:
4393:, p. 393.
4383:
4381:, p. 205.
4371:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4330:, p. 190.
4320:
4305:
4303:, p. 333.
4293:
4281:
4269:
4267:, p. 113.
4257:
4255:, p. 112.
4245:
4233:
4218:
4203:
4191:
4189:, p. 216.
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4138:, p. 203.
4128:
4116:
4114:, p. 281.
4104:
4092:
4080:
4078:, p. 201.
4068:
4066:, p. 218.
4056:
4054:, p. 198.
4044:
4032:
4020:
4005:
3993:
3991:, p. 269.
3981:
3964:
3962:, p. 213.
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3914:, p. 474.
3904:
3889:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3824:, p. 360.
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3713:, p. 159.
3703:
3691:
3679:
3677:, p. 196.
3667:
3655:
3653:, p. 367.
3643:
3641:, p. 214.
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3581:, p. 135.
3571:
3569:, p. 130.
3556:
3554:, p. 129.
3544:
3532:
3520:
3518:, p. 138.
3508:
3506:, p. 132.
3496:
3494:, p. 134.
3481:
3479:, p. 263.
3466:
3464:, p. 246.
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3380:, p. 542.
3370:
3358:
3346:
3344:, p. 115.
3331:
3319:
3317:, p. 331.
3307:
3295:
3291:Cuniberti 1903
3283:
3281:, p. 250.
3279:Fairbanks 1991
3271:
3259:
3257:, p. 113.
3247:
3235:
3233:, p. 426.
3223:
3207:
3195:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3117:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3072:Fairbanks 1991
3064:
3045:
3043:, p. 419.
3033:
3014:
3012:, p. 159.
2999:
2987:
2970:
2958:
2956:, p. 149.
2945:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2885:
2848:
2822:
2802:
2800:, p. 312.
2788:
2786:, p. 322.
2770:
2748:
2746:, p. 322.
2734:
2714:
2705:
2686:
2676:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2560:Woodrow Wilson
2458:
2455:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2208:Main article:
2204:, October 1914
2187:
2184:
2120:The Argentine
1994:
1991:
1931:Central Powers
1898:Sultan Osman I
1890:Sultan Osman I
1866:armoured ships
1859:Ottoman Empire
1851:Rio de Janeiro
1847:Brazilian Navy
1744:Ersatz Monarch
1643:
1640:
1583:SatĹŤ TetsutarĹŤ
1566:
1563:
1539:South Carolina
1524:South Carolina
1508:South Carolina
1493:South Carolina
1474:
1471:
1448:British Empire
1444:social welfare
1412:battlecruisers
1393:"Tirpitz" laws
1348:
1345:
1325:Ottoman Empire
1289:South Carolina
1275:
1272:
1211:
1208:
1203:Diesel engines
1195:turbo-electric
1188:geared turbine
1124:fuel-efficient
1076:
1073:
1053:
1050:
1018:
1015:
994:
991:
944:South Carolina
931:
928:
827:
824:
754:South Carolina
699:superstructure
690:
687:
599:
596:
587:
561:
558:
550:South Carolina
515:First Sea Lord
483:
480:
432:South Carolina
425:
422:
277:
274:
220:
217:
154:
151:
147:battlecruisers
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6729:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6658:Training ship
6656:
6654:
6653:River monitor
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:Drone carrier
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Barracks ship
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:Miscellaneous
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:Human torpedo
6555:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:Naval tugboat
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Hospital ship
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:Dispatch boat
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Naval trawler
6250:
6248:
6247:Naval drifter
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Landing craft
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:Scout cruiser
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:Light cruiser
6012:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:Heavy cruiser
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Battlecruiser
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Fleet carrier
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Battlecarrier
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Battlecruiser
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:. Routledge.
5494:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5476:. Blandford.
5475:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5409:1-8510-9410-5
5405:
5401:
5396:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4769:
4766:, p. 63.
4765:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4718:, p. 61.
4717:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4656:Phillips 2013
4652:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4596:Friedman 1985
4592:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:Sondhaus 2001
4544:
4541:
4537:
4536:Sondhaus 2001
4532:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4487:Sondhaus 2001
4483:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4352:Sondhaus 2001
4348:
4345:
4341:
4340:Sondhaus 2001
4336:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:Sondhaus 2001
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4277:Friedman 1985
4273:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4243:, p. 57.
4242:
4241:Friedman 1985
4237:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4216:, p. 69.
4215:
4214:Friedman 1985
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:Sondhaus 2001
4183:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4172:Sondhaus 2001
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4148:Sondhaus 2001
4144:
4141:
4137:
4136:Sondhaus 2001
4132:
4129:
4126:, p. 59.
4125:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:Sondhaus 2001
4096:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4076:Sondhaus 2001
4072:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4052:Sondhaus 2001
4048:
4045:
4042:, p. 94.
4041:
4040:Friedman 1978
4036:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4018:, p. 23.
4017:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3979:, p. 93.
3978:
3977:Friedman 1978
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3960:Friedman 1985
3956:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3936:Gardiner 1992
3932:
3929:
3925:
3924:Friedman 1985
3920:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3902:, p. 46.
3901:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:, p. 91.
3886:
3885:Friedman 1978
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:Friedman 1978
3866:
3863:
3860:, p. 95.
3859:
3858:Friedman 1978
3854:
3851:
3847:
3846:Friedman 1978
3842:
3839:
3835:
3834:Friedman 1978
3830:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3810:Friedman 1978
3806:
3803:
3800:, p. 67.
3799:
3798:Friedman 1978
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:Friedman 1978
3782:
3779:
3775:
3774:Gardiner 1992
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:Friedman 1978
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:Friedman 1978
3743:
3740:
3736:
3735:Friedman 1978
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:Friedman 1978
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:Friedman 1978
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3629:, p. 82.
3628:
3623:
3620:
3617:, p. 84.
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:, p. 71.
3604:
3599:
3596:
3593:, p. 72.
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:Friedman 1978
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:Friedman 1978
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:Friedman 1978
3548:
3545:
3541:
3540:Friedman 1978
3536:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3504:Friedman 1978
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:Friedman 1978
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:Friedman 1978
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:Friedman 1978
3434:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3416:, p. 85.
3415:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:Friedman 1978
3398:
3395:
3392:, p. 63.
3391:
3390:Friedman 1985
3386:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3368:, p. 62.
3367:
3366:Friedman 1985
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3305:, p. 63.
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3269:, p. 55.
3268:
3267:Friedman 1985
3263:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3203:Friedman 1985
3199:
3196:
3193:, p. 51.
3192:
3191:Friedman 1985
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3130:, p. 78.
3129:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:, p. 53.
3114:
3113:Friedman 1985
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:, p. 77.
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:Sondhaus 2001
3080:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3062:, p. 98.
3061:
3060:Friedman 1978
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:Friedman 1985
3037:
3034:
3031:, p. 15.
3030:
3029:Gardiner 1992
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2985:, p. 52.
2984:
2983:Friedman 1985
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2830:Friedman 1985
2826:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:Friedman 1985
2806:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:Friedman 1985
2774:
2771:
2768:, p. 55.
2767:
2766:Friedman 1985
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2723:Friedman 1985
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2703:, p. 99.
2702:
2701:Friedman 1978
2697:
2690:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:Diet of Japan
2568:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2517:, one of two
2516:
2515: (BB-44)
2514:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2470:Admiral class
2464:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2309:capital ships
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Liberal Party
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:The American
1486:
1485:
1479:
1473:United States
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:King George V
1363:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
990:
988:
982:
978:
975:
971:
963:
961:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
937:
936:torpedo boats
929:
927:
925:
924:
918:
913:
911:
910:
904:
902:
897:
895:
889:
887:
883:
881:
876:
874:
868:
865:
861:
856:
852:
848:
846:
837:
832:
825:
823:
821:
819:
814:
812:
811:King George V
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
787:, and the US
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
771:
764:
762:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:
742:
734:
732:
730:
725:
723:
717:
715:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
688:
686:
684:
683:
678:
677:
671:
666:
665:coup de grace
661:
660:torpedo tubes
656:
654:
650:
649:torpedo boats
645:
643:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
612:
610:
604:
597:
591:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
559:
557:
555:
551:
546:
543:
539:
538:steam turbine
536:
532:
528:
522:
520:
519:battlecruiser
516:
511:
509:
505:
496:
495:
490:A profile of
488:
481:
479:
477:
471:
464:
463:
458:
455:
449:
446:
441:
439:
435:
433:
423:
421:
419:
415:
414:J. H. Narbeth
411:
407:
403:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
373:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:
307:
305:
296:
294:
289:
288:
282:
275:
273:
270:
266:
265:range finders
262:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
226:
218:
216:
213:
208:
206:
205:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
181:
176:
174:
169:
165:
161:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:steam turbine
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
78:
71:
67:
66:
60:
53:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6613:Capital ship
6598:Arsenal ship
6437:Crane vessel
6432:Command ship
6371:Mine planter
6349:Mine warfare
6315:Missile boat
6282:Torpedo boat
6242:Motor launch
6205:Patrol craft
6110:Radar picket
5938:
5916:Supercarrier
5690:
5630:
5595:
5591:
5572:
5553:
5533:
5511:
5492:
5473:
5441:
5437:
5418:
5402:. ABC-CLIO.
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5382:
5360:
5341:
5321:
5300:
5287:
5265:
5246:
5227:
5205:
5183:
5164:
5143:
5122:
5103:
5084:
5065:
5046:
5027:
5008:
4989:
4970:
4951:
4934:
4930:
4911:
4902:
4883:
4864:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4812:Kennedy 1983
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4704:Kennedy 1983
4699:
4692:Kennedy 1983
4687:
4675:
4668:Kennedy 1983
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4608:Kennedy 1983
4603:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4410:
4403:Gibbons 1983
4398:
4386:
4379:Gibbons 1983
4374:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4194:
4167:
4160:Kennedy 1983
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4064:Kennedy 1983
4059:
4047:
4035:
4023:
3996:
3984:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3776:, p. 9.
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3462:Kennedy 1991
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3210:
3198:
3171:
3159:
3152:Forczyk 2009
3147:
3140:Forczyk 2009
3135:
3128:Lambert 1999
3096:Lambert 1999
3091:
3079:
3067:
3036:
2990:
2961:
2954:Sandler 2004
2949:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2859: (1906)
2856:
2851:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2818: (CV-3)
2815:
2805:
2791:
2773:
2751:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2708:
2689:
2684:accommodate.
2679:
2671:
2656:
2651:
2629:
2625:World War II
2616:
2613:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2565:South Dakota
2564:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2466:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:Incomparable
2426:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2335:
2324:
2317:
2302:
2290:Adriatic Sea
2271:
2265:Szent István
2264:
2246:
2227:
2218:Handelskrieg
2216:
2213:
2196:
2179:South Dakota
2178:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2135:
2133:
2122:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2003:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:in 1911 and
1877:
1875:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:Minas Geraes
1823:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1793:Minas Geraes
1792:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1761:Baltic Fleet
1756:
1754:
1743:
1738:
1724:
1717:
1712:Andrea Doria
1711:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1693:Regia Marina
1691:The Italian
1690:
1685:Paul BĂ©nazet
1678:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1574:
1557:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1150:, one ship,
1145:
1139:Pennsylvania
1138:
1133:North Dakota
1132:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1069:torpedo belt
1062:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1004:
983:
979:
977:afterwards.
969:
966:
962: (1906)
959:
943:
939:
933:
922:
914:
908:
900:
893:
890:
879:
872:
869:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
841:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
769:
765:
758:
753:
746:
740:
735:
728:
721:
718:
713:
707:
702:
694:
692:
681:
675:
657:
646:
639:
626:
623:main battery
620:
615:main battery
611: (1907)
608:
570:displacement
567:
563:
553:
549:
547:
534:
523:
512:
507:
500:
493:
470:Regia Marina
460:
450:
444:
442:
438:William Sims
431:
427:
405:
401:
398:
380:
378:
371:
366:Regina Elena
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
308:
300:
292:
286:
254:
250:
234:
222:
209:
203:
193:
184:
177:
156:
142:
136:
132:World War II
119:
106:between the
90:
76:
74:
64:
50:
36:
6702:Battleships
6648:Mother ship
6487:Repair ship
6386:Minesweeper
6262:Patrol boat
6217:Armed yacht
5939:Dreadnought
5926:Battleships
5753:Naval ships
5691:Dreadnought
4848:Breyer 1973
4838:, p. .
4836:Gröner 1990
4824:Breyer 1973
4800:Breyer 1973
4764:Breyer 1973
4752:Breyer 1973
4740:Breyer 1973
4728:Breyer 1973
4716:Breyer 1973
4680:Massie 2005
4658:, p. .
4644:Keegan 1999
4620:Keegan 1999
4584:Breyer 1973
4572:Breyer 1973
4524:Breyer 1973
4475:Greger 1993
4451:Breyer 1973
4439:Breyer 1973
4391:Breyer 1973
4301:Breyer 1973
4199:Breyer 1973
4124:Breyer 1973
4112:Keegan 1999
4088:Herwig 1980
4028:Parkes 1990
3989:Mackay 1973
3948:Breyer 1973
3912:Massie 2004
3900:Breyer 1973
3822:Breyer 1973
3711:Breyer 1973
3699:Breyer 1973
3675:Breyer 1973
3663:Breyer 1973
3651:Breyer 1973
3639:Breyer 1973
3627:Breyer 1973
3615:Breyer 1973
3603:Breyer 1973
3591:Breyer 1973
3528:Breyer 1973
3516:Breyer 1973
3477:Breyer 1973
3426:Breyer 1973
3414:Breyer 1973
3378:Marder 1964
3354:Breyer 1973
3342:Breyer 1973
3327:Sumida 1995
3315:Breyer 1973
3255:Breyer 1973
3243:Parkes 1990
3231:Parkes 1990
3215:Parkes 1990
3176:Breyer 1973
2966:Mackay 1973
2864:Lord Nelson
2857:Dreadnought
2798:Mackay 1973
2784:Mackay 1973
2758:Mackay 1973
2744:Mackay 1973
2728:Mississippi
2672:Dreadnought
2657:Dreadnought
2366:WĂĽrttemberg
2358:Unfinished
2350:World War I
2242:Grand Fleet
2126:, first of
2030:Dreadnought
2026:superfiring
2014:Dreadnought
2001:Royal Navy
1987:World War I
1981:-dominated
1969:-dominated
1781:Dreadnought
1697:Dreadnought
1613:Dreadnought
1528:Dreadnought
1520:Dreadnought
1516:Dreadnought
1512:Dreadnought
1504:US Congress
1497:Dreadnought
1400:Dreadnought
1384:Dreadnought
1372:) inspects
1281:Dreadnought
1177:(1911) and
1117:Dreadnought
1098:Dreadnought
1028:Dreadnought
960:Dreadnought
940:Dreadnought
815:and French
749:superfiring
714:Dreadnought
695:Dreadnought
627:Dreadnought
609:Bellerophon
554:Dreadnought
535:Dreadnought
531:12-pounders
508:Dreadnought
494:Dreadnought
445:Dreadnought
406:Lord Nelson
385:P. R. Alger
354:Mississippi
348:Connecticut
345:; American
327:; Japanese
318:Lord Nelson
293:Lord Nelson
194:Dreadnought
143:dreadnought
120:Dreadnought
116:World War I
91:Dreadnought
77:dreadnought
70:museum ship
51:Dreadnought
6707:Ship types
6696:Categories
6674:Ship types
6633:Guard ship
6507:Submarines
6442:Depot ship
6376:Minehunter
5665:battleship
4857:References
4016:Brown 2003
4001:Brown 2003
2898:Heligoland
2609:Scapa Flow
2513:California
2499:class and
2461:See also:
2443:Hindenburg
2419:Courageous
2307:threat to
2278:Baltic Sea
2238:Baltic Sea
1739:Tegetthoff
1646:See also:
1351:See also:
1293:Wilhelm II
1094:propellers
1075:Propulsion
955:12-pounder
783:Tegetthoff
653:destroyers
606:A plan of
466:navy, the
363:; Italian
321:; Russian
190:Royal Navy
85:Royal Navy
81:battleship
45:Royal Navy
6381:Minelayer
6196:Troopship
6124:Transport
6090:Escorteur
6070:Destroyer
5811:Broadside
5779:auxiliary
5774:submarine
5389:9 October
2942:Citations
2928:Schlesien
2814:USS
2778:enormous.
2643:Footnotes
2589:HMS
2553:Lexington
2520:Tennessee
2511:USS
2491:Lexington
2449:Mackensen
2425:HMS
2371:Mackensen
2330:North Sea
2325:Audacious
2323:HMS
2298:Gallipoli
2274:Black Sea
2263:SMS
2234:North Sea
2197:Audacious
2195:HMS
2186:In action
2128:its class
2123:Rivadavia
2097:Rivadavia
2086:Normandie
2022:13.5-inch
1962:service.
1924:SMS
1917:SMS
1909:Agincourt
1902:HMS
1894:Reshadiye
1886:Reshadiye
1884:in 1914.
1878:Reshadiye
1861:in 1913.
1838:SĂŁo Paulo
1482:USS
1408:Helgoland
1374:HMS
1333:Argentina
1217:USS
1159:USS
1152:USS
1003:SMS
974:casemates
907:HMS
818:Richelieu
741:Agincourt
739:HMS
708:Helgoland
674:HMS
506:, unlike
492:HMS
357:; French
304:barbettes
287:Agamemnon
285:HMS
202:USS
198:laid down
89:HMS
63:USS
49:HMS
6623:Flagship
6356:Danlayer
6227:Corvette
6105:KaibĹŤkan
5974:Cruisers
5866:CAM ship
5821:Casemate
5757:warships
5532:(1994).
5298:(2004).
5286:(1964).
5226:(1991).
5204:(1983).
2839:Oklahoma
2816:Saratoga
2479:Colorado
2457:Post-war
2282:Adriatic
2223:blockade
2079:Bretagne
2046:New York
1944:monitors
1664:Bretagne
1658:Provence
1547:Delaware
1533:Delaware
1484:New York
1402:was the
1167:New York
1154:Oklahoma
909:Vanguard
886:N3 class
880:Colorado
682:Bismarck
598:Armament
476:Tsushima
372:Radetzky
230:ordnance
204:Michigan
6667:Related
6643:Monitor
6577:Wet sub
6422:Collier
6340:Shin'yĹŤ
6335:PT boat
6232:Gunboat
6095:Frigate
5826:Turrets
5612:1985838
5458:2944495
2501:Admiral
2407:Revenge
2399:Revenge
2339:frogmen
2074:Courbet
1939:Salamis
1926:Breslau
1900:became
1829:Elswick
1810:Jaime I
1679:Courbet
1634:Kawachi
1631:of the
1622:Kawachi
1619:-type:
1609:Satsuma
1599:Satsuma
1467:Revenge
1376:Neptune
1301:Germany
1285:Satsuma
1266:Revenge
1234:stokers
1180:Wyoming
1174:Florida
722:Neptune
592:of 1922
374:classes
342:Kawachi
336:Satsuma
237:torpedo
185:Satsuma
164:calibre
153:Origins
6572:U-boat
6300:E-boat
6267:Q-ship
6053:Escort
5610:
5579:
5560:
5540:
5518:
5499:
5480:
5456:
5425:
5406:
5367:
5348:
5329:
5308:
5272:
5253:
5234:
5212:
5190:
5171:
5152:
5129:
5110:
5091:
5072:
5053:
5034:
5015:
4996:
4977:
4958:
4918:
4890:
4871:
4509:2 July
2910:Bayern
2902:Kaiser
2894:Nassau
2834:Nevada
2632:hulked
2617:Nelson
2534:Nagato
2532:. The
2522:-class
2493:-class
2486:Dakota
2436:Bayern
2412:Renown
2361:Bayern
2305:U-boat
2294:Ancona
2165:Nevada
2103:Moreno
2067:Nagato
2062:-class
2055:-class
2006:-class
1955:Lemnos
1949:Kilkis
1919:Goeben
1855:rubber
1843:Barrow
1833:sister
1803:España
1776:Gangut
1768:-class
1757:Gangut
1720:-class
1674:Danton
1666:-class
1636:-class
1628:Settsu
1607:. The
1577:(1911)
1575:Settsu
1558:Nevada
1404:Nassau
1339:, and
1337:Brazil
1329:Greece
1309:Russia
1305:France
1261:Nevada
1249:Nevada
1161:Nevada
1146:Nevada
1045:Yamato
1005:Bayern
993:Armour
970:Nassau
923:Yamato
921:Super
894:Yamato
875:-class
873:Nagato
804:Yamato
797:Nelson
790:Nevada
776:Gangut
729:Kaiser
703:Nassau
676:Rodney
640:Nassau
560:Design
360:Danton
339:, and
330:Katori
6115:Sloop
6060:Aviso
5608:JSTOR
5454:JSTOR
2914:Baden
2906:König
2873:class
2866:class
2730:class
2660:'
2638:Notes
2578:class
2567:class
2549:class
2547:Amagi
2542:class
2483:South
2451:class
2438:class
2421:class
2414:class
2081:class
2069:class
2048:class
2034:Orion
2018:Orion
2004:Orion
1805:class
1746:class
1681:class
1565:Japan
1549:class
1535:class
1424:Orion
1341:Chile
1317:Japan
1313:Italy
1268:class
1219:Maine
1148:class
1141:class
1109:power
1085:Paris
903:class
896:class
882:class
860:Orion
820:class
813:class
806:class
799:class
792:class
785:class
778:class
761:class
759:Orion
731:class
642:class
434:class
295:class
65:Texas
6545:DSRV
6330:MTSM
5755:and
5577:ISBN
5558:ISBN
5538:ISBN
5516:ISBN
5497:ISBN
5478:ISBN
5423:ISBN
5404:ISBN
5391:2018
5365:ISBN
5346:ISBN
5327:ISBN
5306:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5251:ISBN
5232:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5188:ISBN
5169:ISBN
5150:ISBN
5127:ISBN
5108:ISBN
5089:ISBN
5070:ISBN
5051:ISBN
5032:ISBN
5013:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4956:ISBN
4916:ISBN
4888:ISBN
4869:ISBN
4511:2022
2930:and
2904:and
2896:and
2892:The
2762:Sims
2721:See
2591:Hood
2540:Tosa
2401:and
2251:and
2202:mine
2100:and
2053:FusĹŤ
2032:and
1965:The
1952:and
1907:and
1904:Erin
1896:and
1709:and
1661:, a
1625:and
1601:and
1502:The
1465:and
1370:left
1355:and
1319:and
1287:and
1210:Fuel
1067:and
1058:mine
705:and
668:the
410:beam
351:and
315:and
75:The
43:The
6325:MTM
6320:MTB
6310:MGB
6305:MAS
5600:doi
5446:doi
4939:doi
2607:at
2576:Kii
2318:U-9
2060:Ise
1958:in
1617:Aki
1604:Aki
1230:Oil
87:'s
6698::
5606:.
5596:54
5594:.
5452:.
5442:59
5440:.
5381:.
4935:13
4933:.
4502:.
4359:^
4308:^
4206:^
4179:^
4008:^
3967:^
3892:^
3877:^
3766:^
3559:^
3484:^
3469:^
3334:^
3183:^
3120:^
3103:^
3048:^
3017:^
3002:^
2973:^
2341:.
2300:.
2225:.
2147:.
1989:.
1835:,
1752:.
1430:.
1335:,
1331:,
1327:,
1315:,
1311:,
1307:,
1303:,
1226:.
1096:.
938:.
912:.
822:.
747:A
716:.
644:.
556:.
510:.
420:.
376:.
333:,
134:.
5960:)
5956:(
5745:e
5738:t
5731:v
5656:e
5649:t
5642:v
5614:.
5602::
5585:.
5566:.
5546:.
5524:.
5505:.
5486:.
5460:.
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5431:.
5412:.
5393:.
5373:.
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5314:.
5278:.
5259:.
5240:.
5218:.
5196:.
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5158:.
5135:.
5116:.
5097:.
5078:.
5059:.
5040:.
5021:.
5002:.
4983:.
4964:.
4945:.
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4924:.
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4231:.
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1368:(
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