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2046:. Blow died in 1832, and historians debate whether Scott was sold to Emerson before or after Blow's death. Some believe that Scott was sold in 1831, while others point to a number of enslaved people in Blow's estate who were sold to Emerson after Blow's death, including one with a name given as Sam, who may be the same person as Scott. After Scott learned of this sale, he attempted to run away. His decision to do so was spurred by a distaste he had developed for Emerson. Scott was temporarily successful in his escape as he, much like many other runaway slaves during this time period, "never tried to distance his pursuers, but dodged around among his fellow slaves as long as possible". Eventually, he was captured in the "
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2450:. She outlived her husband by 18 years, dying on June 17, 1876. Their daughter, Eliza, married and had two sons. Their other daughter, Lizzie, never married but, following Eliza's early death, helped raise Eliza's sons (Lizzie's nephews). One of Eliza's sons died young, but the other married and has descendants, some of whom still live in St. Louis as of 2023, including Lynne M. Jackson, Scott's great-great-granddaughter, who led the successful effort to install a new towering memorial at Dred Scott's grave at Calvary Cemetery on September 30, 2023.
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conditions, the court ruled, they had gained their freedom. The owner appealed. In 1852 the
Missouri supreme court overruled this decision, on the basis that the state did not have to abide by free states' laws, especially given the anti-slavery fervor of the time. It said that Scott should have filed for freedom in the Wisconsin Territory.
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become a resident of
Massachusetts. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Roswell Field advised Dr. Chaffee that Mrs. Chaffee had full powers over Scott. However, Sanford had been involved in the case since the beginning, as he had secured a lawyer to defend Mrs. Emerson in the original state lawsuit before she married Chaffee.
2318:, one of Scott's lawyers who was elected by the state legislature as a Republican US Senator. Members of the Blow family signed as security for Scott's legal fees and secured the services of local lawyers. While the case was pending, the St. Louis County sheriff held these payments in escrow and leased Scott out for fees.
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not revoke a slave owner's rights based on where he lived. This decision nullified the essence of the
Missouri Compromise, which divided territories into jurisdictions either free or slave. Speaking for the majority, Taney ruled that because Scott was considered the private property of his owners, he was subject to the
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In 1846, Scott attempted to purchase his and his family's freedom, offering $ 300 ($ 10,173 adjusted for inflation). Irene
Emerson refused the offer. Scott and his wife separately filed freedom suits to try to gain their freedom and that of their daughters. The cases were later combined by the courts.
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Irene
Emerson appealed the verdict. In 1852, the Missouri Supreme Court struck down the lower court ruling, arguing that, because of the free states' anti-slavery fervor was encroaching on Missouri, the state no longer had to defer to the laws of free states. By this decision, the court overturned 28
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The Court had ruled that
African Americans had no claim to freedom or citizenship. Since they were not citizens, they did not possess the legal standing to bring suit in a federal court. As slaves were private property, Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories and could
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The
Emersons and Scotts returned to Missouri, a slave state, in 1840. In 1842, Emerson left the Army. After he died in the Iowa Territory in 1843, his widow Irene inherited his estate, including the Scotts. For three years after Emerson's death, she continued to lease out the Scotts as hired slaves.
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About a century later, a historian established that John
Sanford never legally owned Dred Scott, nor did he serve as executor of Dr. Emerson's will. It was unnecessary to find a New Yorker to secure diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts, as Irene Emerson Chaffee (still legally the owner) had
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tried the case in court. The verdict went against Scott, as testimony that established his ownership by Mrs. Emerson was ruled to be hearsay. But the judge called for a retrial, which was not held until
January 1850. This time, direct evidence was introduced that Emerson owned Scott, and the jury
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In 1846, having failed to purchase his freedom, Scott filed a freedom suit in St. Louis
Circuit Court. Missouri precedent, dating to 1824, had held that slaves freed through prolonged residence in a free state or territory, where the law provided for slaves to gain freedom under such conditions,
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in Louisiana in 1837, leaving the Scott family behind at Fort Snelling and leasing them out (also called hiring out) to other officers. In February 1838, Emerson met and married Eliza Irene Sanford in Louisiana, whereupon he sent for the Scotts to join him, only to be reassigned to Fort Snelling
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Scott ended up filing a freedom suit in federal court (see below for details), in a case that he appealed to the US Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that African descendants were not U.S. citizens and had no standing to sue for freedom. It also ruled that the Missouri Compromise was
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next to a statue of Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney, his great-great-grandnephew Charlie Taney apologized on his behalf to Scott's great-great-granddaughter Lynne Jackson and all African-Americans "for the terrible injustice of the Dred Scott decision". During the ceremony, Kate Taney
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The Scotts' cases were first heard by the Missouri circuit court. The first court upheld the precedent of "once free, always free". That is, because the Scotts had been held voluntarily for an extended period by their owner in a free territory, which provided for slaves to be freed under such
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and the three constitutional amendments ratified shortly after the Civil War: The Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, abolishing slavery, granting former slaves' citizenship, and conferring citizenship to anyone born in the United States and "subject to the jurisdiction thereof"
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would remain free if returned to Missouri. The doctrine was known as "Once free, always free". Scott and his wife had resided for two years in free states and free territories, and his eldest daughter had been born on the Mississippi River, between a free state and a free territory.
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2006: Harriet Scott's grave site was proven to be in Hillsdale, Missouri and a biography of her was published in 2009. A new historic plaque was erected at the Old Courthouse to honor the roles of both Dred and Harriet Scott in their freedom suit and its significance in U.S.
3768:, A collection of images and transcripts of 19th century Circuit Court Cases in St. Louis, particularly freedom suits, including suits brought by Dred and Harriet Scott. A partnership of Washington University and Missouri History Museum, funded by an IMLS grant
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later that year. While on a steamboat heading north on the Mississippi River, north of Missouri, Harriet Scott gave birth to their first child, whom they named Eliza. They later had a daughter, Lizzie. They also had two sons, but neither survived past infancy.
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Rather than settling issues, as Taney had hoped, the court's ruling in the Scott case increased tensions between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in both North and South, further pushing the country toward the brink of civil war. Ultimately after the
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had hoped to settle issues related to slavery and congressional authority by this decision, it aroused public outrage, deepened sectional tensions between the northern and southern states, and hastened the eventual explosion of their differences into the
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in the case, but his wife, Harriet, had filed separately and their cases were combined. She played a critical role, pushing him to pursue freedom on behalf of their family. She was a frequent churchgoer, and in St. Louis, her church pastor (a well-known
2085:. Since slave marriages had no legal sanction, supporters of Scott later noted that this ceremony was evidence that Scott was being treated as a free man. But Taliaferro transferred ownership of Harriet to Emerson, who treated the Scotts as his slaves.
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settled the issue of Black citizenship via Section 1 of that Amendment: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside ..."
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After the Missouri Supreme Court decision ruled against the Scotts, the Blow family concluded that the case was hopeless and decided that they could no longer pay Scott's legal fees. Roswell Field agreed to represent Scott
2260:, were voided as a legislative act, since the act exceeded the powers of Congress, insofar as it attempted to exclude slavery and impart freedom and citizenship to non-white persons in the northern part of the
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from 1846 to 1857, that began in Missouri courts, and were heard by lower federal district courts. The US Supreme Court overturned the earlier precedents and established new limitations on African Americans.
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decided 7–2 against Scott, finding that neither he nor any other person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States, and therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court under
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Scott was originally interred in Wesleyan Cemetery in St. Louis. When this cemetery was closed nine years later, Taylor Blow transferred Scott's coffin to an unmarked plot in the nearby Catholic
2435:, St. Louis, which permitted burial of non-Catholic slaves by Catholic owners. Some of Scott's family members have claimed that he was a Catholic. A local tradition later developed of placing
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2178:) connected the Scotts to their first lawyer. The Scott children were around the age of ten when the case was originally filed. The Scotts were worried that their daughters might be sold.
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The newspaper coverage of the court ruling, and the 10-year legal battle raised awareness of slavery in non-slave states. The arguments for freedom were later used by U.S. President
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In 1851, Scott was leased by Charles Edmund LaBeaume, whose sister had married into the Blow family. Scott worked as a janitor at LaBeaume's law office, which was shared with lawyer
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Scott's freedom suit before the state courts was backed financially by Peter Blow's adult children, who had turned against slavery in the decade since they sold Dred Scott.
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In 1853, Scott again sued for his freedom, this time under federal law. Irene Emerson had moved to Massachusetts, and Scott had been transferred to Irene Emerson's brother,
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2381:. Abolitionist newspapers charged that slaveholders colluded to name a New Yorker as defendant, while pro-slavery newspapers charged collusion on the abolitionist side.
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for four years, where slavery was illegal, and laws in those jurisdictions said that slave holders gave up their rights to slaves if they stayed for an extended period.
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case of 1857, popularly known as the "Dred Scott decision". The Scotts claimed that they should be granted freedom because Dred had lived in Illinois and the
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In 1818, Dred was taken by Peter Blow and his family, with their five other slaves, to Alabama, where the family ran an unsuccessful farm in a location near
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2001: Harriet and Dred Scott's petition papers were displayed at the main branch of the St. Louis Public Library, following discovery of more than 300
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2197:. As more than a year elapsed from the time of the initial petition filing until the trial, Drake had moved away from St. Louis during that time.
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2374:. He was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1854 and fiercely attacked by pro-slavery newspapers for his apparent hypocrisy in owning slaves.
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As an army officer, Emerson moved frequently, taking Scott with him to each new army posting. In 1833, Emerson and Scott went to
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2217:. Because Sanford was a citizen of New York, while Scott would be a citizen of Missouri if he were free, the Federal courts had
2210:, who was later appointed as governor of Missouri, sharply disagreed with the majority decision and wrote a dissenting opinion.
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was installed for Harriet Scott at her husband's grave to commemorate her role in seeking freedom for them and their children.
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Given the complicated facts of the Dred Scott case, some observers on both sides raised suspicions of collusion to create a
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Two Men Before the Storm: Arba Crane's Recollection of Dred Scott and the Supreme Court Case That Started the Civil War
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1957: Scott's gravesite was rediscovered, and flowers were put on it in a ceremony to mark the centennial of the case.
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Any person descended from Africans, whether slave or free, is not a citizen of the United States, according to the
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3521:"Historic Healing & Reconciliation 160th Annversary [sic] Of Dred Scott Decision Monday March 6, 2017"
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1977: The Scotts' great-grandson, John A. Madison, Jr., an attorney, gave the invocation at the ceremony at the
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Carey, Patrick W. (April 2002). "Political Atheism: Dred Scott, Roger Brooke Taney, and Orestes A. Brownson".
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Ehrlich, Walter. They have no rights: Dred Scott's struggle for freedom. No. 9. Praeger Pub Text, 1979.
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could not confer either freedom or citizenship within the Northwest Territory to non-white individuals.
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1913:, unsuccessfully sued for the freedom of themselves and their two daughters, Eliza and Lizzie, in the
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1947:, was unconstitutional because it "deprives citizens of their property without due process of law".
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For a longer discussion, see Ehrlich, 1979. chapter 1, or more recently see, Swain, 2004. p. 91
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Billingsley, Charlie Taney's daughter, read lines regarding the court's decision from the play
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I, Dred Scott: A Fictional Slave Narrative Based on the Life and Legal Precedent of Dred Scott
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2703:"A catalyst for Civil War after suing for freedom, slave Dred Scott once lived in Huntsville"
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3168:"Harriet Robinson Scott - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri"
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Origins of the Dred Scott Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court, 1837–1857
3080:"New memorial at Dred Scott's gravesite in St. Louis is 'honorable' marker of his legacy"
2081:. The marriage was formalized in a civil ceremony presided over by Taliaferro, who was a
2221:
over the case. After losing again in federal district court, the Scotts appealed to the
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African-American Life in St. Louis, 1804–1865, from the Records of the St. Louis Courts
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The case centered on Dred and Harriet Scott (top) and their children, Eliza and Lizzie.
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Following the ruling, the Chaffees deeded the Scott family to Republican Congressman
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2020:. It is not clear whether Dred was his given name or a shortened form of Etheldred.
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June 8, 2012: A bronze statue of Dred and Harriet Scott was erected outside of the
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before the federal courts. Scott was represented before the U.S. Supreme Court by
2314:
married the son of an abolitionist newspaper editor, and Martha Ella Blow married
2231:. (The name is spelled "Sandford" in the court decision due to a clerical error.)
1990:
by private arrangement in May 1857. Dred Scott died of tuberculosis a year later.
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2467:(excluding subjects to a foreign power such as children of foreign ambassadors).
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for the dedication of a National Historic Marker commemorating the Scotts' case.
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1987:
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Case: The History and Memory of a Signal Moment in American Slavery, 1857–2007"
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2890:"Scott v. Sandford: The Court's Most Dreadful Case and How it Changed History"
2462:. The words of the decision built popular opinion and voter sentiment for his
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3364:
The Dred Scott Case: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law
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3362:. In Konig, David Thomas; Finkelman, Paul; Bracey, Christopher Alan (eds.).
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was an Associate Supreme Court Justice and wrote one of the two dissents in
2238:
delivered the majority opinion. Taney ruled, with three major issues, that:
2170:
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1022:
687:
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3495:"From a descendant of Roger Taney to a descendant of Dred Scott: I'm sorry"
2273:, prohibiting the taking of property from its owner "without due process".
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in downtown St. Louis, MO, the site where their case was originally heard.
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2729:"Huntsville, Alabama | G.I.S. Division | Historic Markers Site"
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in September 1858. He was survived by his wife and his two daughters.
1943:, which made that territory free by prohibiting slavery north of the
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Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America
3201:
Profiles in Folly: History's Worst Decisions and why They Went Wrong
3109:
3096:
Ehrlich, Walter (September 1968). "Was the Dred Scott Case Valid?".
2424:
in a St. Louis hotel, but his freedom was short-lived; he died from
3722:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2408:
Plaque on Dred Scott case outside the Old Courthouse, St. Louis, MO
3582:
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
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The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
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Dred Scott was sold to Dr. John Emerson, a surgeon serving in the
1997:
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2302:, prior to its replacement by a towering monument on Sep 30, 2023
3327:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, pp. 7–9, Retrieved February 26, 2011
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251:
3298:"Taney, Dred Scott families reconcile 160 years after decision"
2915:"Multimedia | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"
3778:, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service
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was elected as a Republican Congressman after the Civil War,
1935:
rules. Scott's temporary residence in free territory outside
2974:. 2nd ed. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1961, pp. 107–114.
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Retrieved August 20, 2012. The Emersons were represented by
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3136:"Dred Scott, John San(d)ford, and the Case for Collusion"
3665:
We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law
3324:
Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History with Documents
3041:(2). The Catholic University of America Press: 207–229.
27:
African-American plaintiff in freedom suit (c.1799–1858)
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3643:
Dred and Harriet Scott: A Family's Struggle for Freedom
2985:"Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case"
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They Have No Rights: Dred Scott's Struggle for Freedom
2858:
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1997: Dred and Harriet Scott were inducted into the
2484:
Playfield dedicated to Dred Scott in Bloomington, MN
1552:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3448:"Dred Scott inducted to Hall of Famous Missourians"
2152:unconstitutional. This was the last in a series of
1986:amendments—nullified the decision. The Scotts were
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101:
86:
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1939:did not bring about his emancipation, because the
3706:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2972:A House Divided. The Civil War and Reconstruction
2655:. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 134–136.
2271:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2031:. The Blows gave up farming in 1830 and moved to
2584:(2006). Gregory J. Wallance published the novel
2256:The provisions of the Act of 1820, known as the
1667:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3470:"Dred and Harriet Scott statue ready for debut"
3091:
3089:
2493:dedicated 48 acres as the Dred Scott Playfield.
2397:Posthumous painting of Scott, presented to the
2362:In 1850, Irene Emerson remarried and moved to
2002:Dred and Harriet Scott's restored quarters at
3205:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp.
2651:Mrs. Dred Scott: A Life on Slavery's Frontier
1873:
8:
2944:Scott v. Emerson, 15 Mo. 576, 586 (Mo. 1852)
2550:March 6, 2017, the 160th anniversary of the
2439:on top of Scott's gravestone for good luck.
2189:in St. Louis. Scott's lawyer was originally
2061:of Illinois. In 1837, Emerson took Scott to
1672:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3836:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
3558:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
3074:
3072:
2835:"Dred Scott's fight for freedom: 1846–1857"
2185:case was tried by the state in 1847 in the
1880:
1866:
157:
90:September 17, 1858 (aged approximately 59)
49:
38:
3787:Christyn Elley, "Biography of Dred Scott"
3742:Learn how and when to remove this message
3366:. Ohio University Press. pp. 25–46.
3296:Jonathan M. Pitts, Tribune News Service.
2528:May 9, 2012: Scott was inducted into the
3932:People from Southampton County, Virginia
3667:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3228:
3226:
2839:Africans in America: People & Events
2420:them on May 26, 1857. Scott worked as a
2206:years of precedent in Missouri. Justice
1677:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1542:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1522:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3907:Burials at Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis)
3423:. stlouiswalkoffame.org. Archived from
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2614:
169:
3519:Billingsley, Kate T. (March 2, 2017).
3912:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
3887:African-American history of Minnesota
3585:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3129:
3127:
2647:VanderVelde, Lea (January 20, 2009).
2521:in the archives of the circuit court.
1564:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1241:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
3882:19th-century African-American people
3813:, Washington University in St. Louis
3626:. Orem, UT: Valor Publishing Group.
3624:Am I Not a Man? The Dred Scott Story
2814:
2812:
2677:"Dred Scott, And Oakwood University"
2642:
2640:
2638:
2498:Old Courthouse (St. Louis, Missouri)
2454:Prelude to Emancipation Proclamation
1756:Slave marriages in the United States
1360:Human trafficking in the Middle East
3756:Dred and Harriet Scott in Minnesota
2823:. Applewood Books. pp. 20, 25.
2582:Speak Right On: Dred Scott: A Novel
2339:. (Blair later served in President
2202:ruled in favor of Scott's freedom.
1095:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
3917:Freedom suits in the United States
3782:Revised Dred Scott Case Collection
3645:. Saint Paul, MN: Borealis Books.
3421:"St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees"
3388:"Welcome to Dred Scott Playfields"
2970:Randall, J. G., and David Donald.
2731:. January 19, 2015. Archived from
2580:(2005). Mary E. Neighbour, wrote
2283:14th Amendment to the Constitution
2169:Dred Scott was listed as the only
1749:last survivors of American slavery
25:
3766:"St. Louis Circuit Court Records"
2863:Fehrenbacher, Don Edward (2001).
2009:Dred Scott was born into slavery
710:Field slaves in the United States
577:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3798:, Supreme Court decision Findlaw
3691:
3302:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2347:.) Assisting Blair was attorney
2290:Abolitionist aid to Scott's case
2234:On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice
2133:
2122:
587:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
582:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
411:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
181:
3922:Tuberculosis deaths in Missouri
3098:The Journal of American History
2088:Dr. Emerson was transferred to
2073:. There, Scott met and married
2027:. This site is now occupied by
1970:in 1863 and the post-Civil War
1537:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1088:East, Southeast, and South Asia
138:
3937:United States slavery case law
3817:Dred Scott Heritage Foundation
3607:. Thomas Nelson. p. 288.
3235:"Dred Scott: Heirs to History"
3233:O'Neil, Time (March 6, 2007).
3035:The Catholic Historical Review
2065:, in what is now the state of
2050:" of Missouri and taken back.
1909:man who, along with his wife,
1236:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2010:
1902:– September 17, 1858) was an
1896:
70:
56:
3892:19th-century American slaves
3853:Works by or about Dred Scott
3762:, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
3143:Northern Kentucky Law Review
2760:"Dred Scott Case, 1846–1857"
2532:; a bronze bust by sculptor
2442:Harriet Scott was buried in
2018:Southampton County, Virginia
1527:Temporary Slavery Commission
1188:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
79:Southampton County, Virginia
3019:"The Dred Scott Decision",
2867:. Oxford University Press.
2399:Missouri Historical Society
2223:United States Supreme Court
1928:United States Supreme Court
1547:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
592:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
32:Dred Scott (disambiguation)
3953:
2949:December 13, 2013, at the
2530:Hall of Famous Missourians
2364:Springfield, Massachusetts
2106:
1732:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1569:Anti-Slavery International
1334:North Africa and West Asia
29:
3789:, Missouri State Archives
3015:December 3, 2008, at the
2991:. New York. March 7, 1857
2764:Missouri Digital Heritage
2464:Emancipation Proclamation
2069:and was then in the free
2042:, who planned to move to
1972:Reconstruction Amendments
1968:Emancipation Proclamation
1828:Emancipation Proclamation
1500:Opposition and resistance
1258:Sex trafficking in Europe
1246:Blackbirding in Polynesia
809:Trans-Saharan slave trade
48:
3622:Shurtleff, Mark (2009).
3419:St. Louis Walk of Fame.
3134:Hardy, David T. (2012).
2989:The New York Daily Times
2888:Finkelman, Paul (2007).
2819:Ehrlich, Walter (2007).
2568:Accounts of Scott's life
2187:federal-state courthouse
1933:diversity of citizenship
1926:In a landmark case, the
1608:Compensated emancipation
819:Indian Ocean slave trade
3822:Dred Scott - Findagrave
3811:"Dred Scott Chronology"
3641:Swain, Gwenyth (2004).
3356:"Dred Scott versus the
3242:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
2897:Chicago-Kent Law Review
2281:, on July 9, 1868, the
1532:1926 Slavery Convention
1288:Germany in World War II
905:North and South America
427:Contract of manumission
3803:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3795:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3554:Allen, Austin (2006).
3525:Kate Taney Billingsley
3354:Arenson, Adam (2014).
3270:Goldstein, Dawn Eden.
3197:Axelrod, Alan (2008).
3023:, February/March 2007.
2554:: On the steps of the
2538:Missouri State Capitol
2505:St. Louis Walk of Fame
2491:Bloomington, Minnesota
2485:
2409:
2401:
2357:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2303:
2298:Dred Scott's grave in
2228:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2219:diversity jurisdiction
2109:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2102:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2071:territory of Wisconsin
2006:
1916:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1013:British Virgin Islands
565:Circassian slave trade
531:Safavid imperial harem
526:Ottoman Imperial Harem
117:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3927:People from St. Louis
3807:, Library of Congress
3805:and related resources
3082:. September 27, 2023.
3047:10.1353/cat.2002.0072
2621:2 died during infancy
2483:
2407:
2396:
2312:Charlotte Taylor Blow
2297:
2044:Rock Island, Illinois
2001:
1252:Europe and North Asia
1212:Australia and Oceania
912:Pre-Columbian America
484:Slave raid of Suðuroy
416:Slavery in al-Andalus
338:Black Sea slave trade
267:21st-century jihadism
3712:improve this article
3577:Fehrenbacher, Don E.
3178:on November 25, 2016
3156:on October 10, 2015.
2959:Lyman Decatur Norris
2735:on January 19, 2015.
2572:Shelia P. Moses and
2567:
2556:Maryland State House
2536:is displayed in the
2289:
2083:justice of the peace
1707:Indentured servitude
1635:Underground Railroad
1435:United Arab Emirates
824:Zanzibar slave trade
791:By country or region
604:Atlantic slave trade
506:Ma malakat aymanukum
390:Venetian slave trade
30:For other uses, see
3844:Works by Dred Scott
3830:"Scott, Dred"
3724:footnote references
3468:O'Leary, Madeline.
3446:Griffin, Marshall.
3427:on October 31, 2012
3149:(1). Archived from
3010:Frederic D. Schwarz
2925:on October 11, 2017
2795:Cincinnati Enquirer
2683:. February 22, 2011
2552:Dred Scott Decision
2534:E. Spencer Schubert
2448:Hillsdale, Missouri
2366:. Her new husband,
2258:Missouri Compromise
2079:Lawrence Taliaferro
2077:, a slave owned by
2033:St. Louis, Missouri
1941:Missouri Compromise
1921:Wisconsin Territory
1793:Slave Route Project
924:Americas indigenous
814:Red Sea slave trade
804:Contemporary Africa
667:Topics and practice
437:Crimean slave trade
432:Bukhara slave trade
385:Genoese slave trade
262:Contemporary Africa
242:Forced prostitution
94:St. Louis, Missouri
3601:Napolitano, Andrew
2681:Deepfriedkudzu.com
2574:Bonnie Christensen
2486:
2444:Greenwood Cemetery
2410:
2402:
2345:Postmaster General
2304:
2262:Louisiana Purchase
2215:John F. A. Sanford
2208:Hamilton R. Gamble
2191:Francis B. Murdoch
2040:United States Army
2029:Oakwood University
2007:
1960:American Civil War
1574:Blockade of Africa
881:Somali slave trade
797:Sub-Saharan Africa
489:Turkish Abductions
447:Khivan slave trade
442:Khazar slave trade
395:Balkan slave trade
353:Prague slave trade
3897:American freedmen
3848:Project Gutenberg
3793:Full text of the
3752:
3751:
3744:
3661:Tsesis, Alexander
3021:American Heritage
2919:Gilderlehrman.org
2561:A Man of His Time
2368:Calvin C. Chaffee
2308:Henry Taylor Blow
2251:Ordinance of 1787
2244:U.S. Constitution
1890:
1889:
1840:Freedmen's Bureau
1662:Third Servile War
1657:International law
1224:Human trafficking
986:Human trafficking
661:Thirteen colonies
479:Sack of Baltimore
247:Human trafficking
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
3944:
3857:Internet Archive
3840:
3832:
3747:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3678:
3656:
3637:
3618:
3596:
3569:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3531:on March 8, 2017
3527:. Archived from
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3400:on June 10, 2020
3399:
3393:. Archived from
3392:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3351:
3328:
3322:Paul Finkleman,
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3251:on July 28, 2011
3250:
3244:. Archived from
3239:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3204:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3174:. Archived from
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3067:
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3000:
2998:
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2981:
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2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2921:. Archived from
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2793:"U-M Weblogin".
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2709:. April 15, 2011
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2644:
2622:
2619:
2433:Calvary Cemetery
2337:Montgomery Blair
2316:Charles D. Drake
2300:Calvary Cemetery
2195:Charles D. Drake
2183:Scott v. Emerson
2137:
2126:
2075:Harriet Robinson
2015:
2012:
1907:African American
1901:
1898:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1852:Emancipation Day
1685:
1652:Slave Trade Acts
343:Byzantine Empire
185:
158:
142:
140:
130:Harriet Robinson
106:Calvary Cemetery
75:
72:
61:
58:
53:
39:
21:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3862:
3861:
3827:
3772:"Freedom Suits"
3748:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3709:
3700:This article's
3696:
3692:
3685:
3675:
3659:
3653:
3640:
3634:
3621:
3615:
3599:
3593:
3575:
3566:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3499:Washington Post
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3467:
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3110:10.2307/1899556
3095:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:Wayback Machine
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2955:Hugh A. Garland
2951:Wayback Machine
2942:
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2620:
2616:
2611:
2603:Charlotte Dupuy
2594:
2570:
2473:
2460:Abraham Lincoln
2456:
2437:Lincoln pennies
2391:
2341:Abraham Lincoln
2292:
2163:
2145:
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2142:
2141:
2138:
2129:
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2111:
2105:
2013:
1996:
1964:Abraham Lincoln
1945:36°30′ parallel
1899:
1886:
1857:
1856:
1761:Slave narrative
1717:Fugitive slaves
1697:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1647:Slave rebellion
1502:
1492:
1491:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1262:United Kingdom
1198:Yankee princess
792:
784:
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511:Avret Pazarları
457:Avret Pazarları
326:Medieval Europe
292:
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220:Forced marriage
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3704:external links
3699:
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3683:External links
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:978-0300118377
3673:
3657:
3652:978-0873514835
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272:Sexual slavery
269:
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230:Child marriage
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2557:
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2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:freedom suits
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
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2475:
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2369:
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2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:George Curtis
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2323:Roswell Field
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2301:
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2280:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2255:
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2240:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2199:Samuel M. Bay
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:freedom suits
2149:
2136:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:Fort Snelling
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2005:
2004:Fort Snelling
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1952:Chief Justice
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1878:
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1871:
1869:
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1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
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1786:
1784:
1783:Slave catcher
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
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1754:
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1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Forced labour
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1675:
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1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:Abolitionists
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
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1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:comfort women
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:Chukri System
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
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1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
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1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Latin America
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
981:interregional
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:prison labour
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:United States
934:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
903:
902:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
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849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
795:
794:
788:
787:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:White slavery
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:Slave raiding
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
716:
713:
712:
711:
708:
706:
705:Corvée labour
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
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642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Abbasid harem
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:Barbary Coast
462:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
396:
393:
392:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
286:
285:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
194:
189:
188:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:Forced labour
168:
164:
160:
159:
151:
147:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:Resting place
100:
95:
89:
85:
80:
69:
65:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3902:Free Negroes
3872:1790s births
3834:
3802:
3794:
3775:
3738:
3732:January 2019
3729:
3714:by removing
3701:
3664:
3642:
3623:
3604:
3581:
3555:
3548:Bibliography
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3524:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3474:stltoday.com
3473:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:the original
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3382:
3363:
3357:
3323:
3317:
3307:February 27,
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3275:
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3246:the original
3241:
3200:
3192:
3182:February 28,
3180:. Retrieved
3176:the original
3171:
3162:
3151:the original
3146:
3142:
3101:
3097:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3020:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2988:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2918:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2883:
2864:
2843:. Retrieved
2838:
2829:
2820:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:
2733:the original
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2650:
2617:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2560:
2457:
2441:
2430:
2426:tuberculosis
2411:
2383:
2376:
2372:abolitionist
2361:
2356:
2330:
2327:
2320:
2305:
2275:
2267:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2204:
2182:
2180:
2176:abolitionist
2168:
2164:
2150:
2146:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2052:
2048:Lucas Swamps
2037:
2022:
2008:
1962:. President
1949:
1925:
1914:
1892:
1891:
1788:Slave patrol
1625:Freedom suit
1601:Sierra Leone
1591:Colonization
1507:Abolitionism
1487:Baháʼí Faith
1460:Christianity
1410:Saudi Arabia
1266:Penal Labour
1231:Blackbirding
1137:Debt bondage
1125:penal system
951:Contemporary
941:Field slaves
929:U.S. Natives
888:South Africa
759:Galley slave
732:Slave market
722:House slaves
695:Blackbirding
673:Conscription
597:21st century
560:Umm al-walad
404:Muslim world
373:Emancipation
277:Wage slavery
257:Penal labour
235:Wife selling
225:Bride buying
210:Conscription
200:Child Labour
193:Contemporary
115:
36:
3877:1858 deaths
3281:November 4,
2707:Blog.al.com
2598:Polly Berry
2414:Taylor Blow
2014: 1799
1900: 1799
1803:court cases
1680: [
1630:Slave Power
1618:Manumission
1465:Catholicism
1340:Afghanistan
1081:Puerto Rico
993:The Bahamas
971:Slave codes
774:Shanghaiing
764:Impressment
656:Slave Coast
536:Qajar harem
496:Concubinage
469:slave trade
74: 1799
60: 1857
3866:Categories
3358:Dred Scott
2903:(3): 3–48.
2629:References
2418:manumitted
2193:and later
2090:Fort Jesup
2059:free state
2025:Huntsville
1988:manumitted
1980:Fourteenth
1976:Thirteenth
1893:Dred Scott
1818:J.Q. Adams
1808:Washington
1778:Slave name
1727:convention
1702:Common law
1075:Encomienda
871:Seychelles
856:Mauritania
779:Slave ship
646:Panyarring
641:New France
290:Historical
43:Dred Scott
3716:excessive
3479:March 16,
3453:March 16,
3431:April 25,
3172:Shsmo.org
3063:153950640
3055:1534-0708
2929:March 16,
2845:March 26,
2803:881879875
2540:Building.
2379:test case
2370:, was an
2279:Civil War
2171:plaintiff
2161:In detail
2067:Minnesota
2057:, in the
1984:Fifteenth
1950:Although
1813:Jefferson
1470:Mormonism
1405:Palestine
1219:Australia
1149:Indonesia
1040:Lei Áurea
1023:Code Noir
1003:Caribbean
976:Treatment
715:Treatment
688:Devshirme
550:Odalisque
368:In Russia
309:Babylonia
297:Antiquity
18:Dred Scot
3760:MNopedia
3663:(2008).
3603:(2009).
3579:(1978).
3535:March 7,
3504:March 7,
3404:June 10,
3013:Archived
2947:Archived
2799:ProQuest
2769:July 16,
2592:See also
2588:(2006).
2525:history.
2512:cenotaph
2510:1999: A
2353:Benjamin
2332:pro bono
1937:Missouri
1904:enslaved
1845:Iron bit
1835:40 acres
1798:breeding
1613:Freedman
1448:Religion
1308:Portugal
1193:Thailand
1183:Maldives
1178:Malaysia
1171:Kwalliso
1115:Booi Aha
1067:Restavek
1047:Colombia
1018:Trinidad
1008:Barbados
898:Zanzibar
846:Ethiopia
727:Saqaliba
621:Database
572:Saqaliba
333:Ancillae
163:a series
161:Part of
149:Children
3855:at the
3839:. 1900.
3710:Please
3702:use of
3276:Twitter
3272:"Tweet"
3255:May 26,
3118:1899556
2995:May 26,
2713:July 9,
2687:July 9,
2389:Freedom
2114:Summary
1911:Harriet
1823:Lincoln
1696:Related
1596:Liberia
1482:Judaism
1420:Tunisia
1395:Morocco
1385:Lebanon
1350:Bahrain
1345:Algeria
1313:Romania
1278:Denmark
1271:Slavery
1205:Vietnam
876:Somalia
866:Nigeria
841:Comoros
769:Pirates
678:Ghilman
611:Bristol
501:history
474:pirates
363:History
252:Peonage
175:slavery
143:
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2471:Legacy
2422:porter
2416:, who
1744:owners
1380:Kuwait
1375:Jordan
1328:Sweden
1318:Russia
1303:Poland
1298:Norway
1120:Laogai
1105:Brunei
1100:Bhutan
1062:revolt
1035:Brazil
998:Canada
961:partus
946:female
831:Angola
700:Coolie
683:Mamluk
636:Nantes
616:Brazil
545:Cariye
380:Thrall
348:Kholop
314:Greece
124:Spouse
96:, U.S.
81:, U.S.
55:Scott
3398:(PDF)
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3114:JSTOR
3059:S2CID
2893:(PDF)
2841:. PBS
2609:Notes
1974:—the
1771:songs
1766:films
1684:]
1640:songs
1477:Islam
1455:Bible
1430:Yemen
1425:Qatar
1415:Syria
1390:Libya
1355:Egypt
1323:Spain
1293:Malta
1166:Korea
1154:Japan
1132:India
1110:China
1057:Haiti
917:Aztec
893:Sudan
861:Niger
753:Naval
626:Dutch
555:Qiyan
541:Jarya
516:Harem
358:Serfs
304:Egypt
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3647:ISBN
3628:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3560:ISBN
3537:2017
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3481:2017
3455:2017
3433:2013
3406:2020
3368:ISBN
3309:2020
3283:2022
3257:2011
3211:ISBN
3184:2019
3051:ISSN
2997:2011
2957:and
2931:2017
2869:ISBN
2847:2012
2771:2015
2715:2018
2689:2018
2657:ISBN
2249:The
2181:The
1994:Life
1982:and
1722:laws
1584:U.S.
1579:U.K.
1517:U.S.
1512:U.K.
1400:Oman
1370:Iraq
1365:Iran
1052:Cuba
956:maps
851:Mali
836:Chad
422:Baqt
319:Rome
215:Debt
173:and
87:Died
67:Born
3846:at
3758:in
3718:or
3209:–.
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