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Indiana's
Department of Natural Resources (DNR). It is illegal to own, sell, or distribute zebra mussels in the U.S. If spotted, either in an aquarium or out in nature, it is advised to contact the local DNR in the region resided. Recent research shows that zebra mussels could not establish reproducing populations in Kentucky Lake, indicating that the physico-chemical characteristics of this lake deter the species. A better understanding of the lake's characteristics and identification of the key parameters that deter zebra mussels may pave the way for protecting other aquatic ecosystems from the spreading of this invasive species.
743:, reaching densities of up to 10,000 mussels per square metre (930/sq ft). The mussels present a food source to waterfowl and have caused bird numbers to double over the last 30 years. By the end of winter, birds decimate zebra mussel populations and reduce them by 95β99% up to the maximum depth reachable by birds of c. 10 metres (33 ft). The estimated quantity of consumed zebra mussels is 750 metric tons per square kilometre (2,100 short ton/sq mi). Zebra mussel populations recover annually, indicating that waterfowl may control infested bodies of water but not reverse the infestation status entirely.
42:
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equipment that have been in contact with water, remove all mud, plants, or animals, drain all bilge water, live wells, bait buckets, and all other water from their boats, engines and equipment, wash all parts of their boats, paddles, and other equipment that have been in contact with water, and dry their boats and trailers in the sun for five days before launching into another body of water. This is important because adult zebra mussels are able to close their shells and may survive out of water for several days. When washing their boats, boat owners should be sure to wash with warm, soapy water as well.
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779:. Another possible, but unproven, mode of introduction is on anchors and chains. Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high, chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports. They have become an invasive species in North America, and as such, they are the target of federal policy to control them, for instance in the
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989:. This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water. Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers, such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American
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829:. Infested-moss balls have also been found from online retailers and smaller, independent stores. Though it is more difficult to know the extent of the spread at a larger scale, Wesley Daniel, a fisheries biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says that about 30% of the inventory pulled from shelves were found to contain the zebra mussels.
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were purchased around the time of the first discovery and recall in March 2021, aquatic hobbyists have been urged to decontaminate the moss balls by either boiling them for at least one minute, freezing for at least 24 hours, or placing them in diluted chlorine bleach. Another way to rid of the zebra
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of zebra mussels in the lake probably caused changes in the spatial structure of the fish community. What is notable is the disappearance of small roach from pelagic assemblages, probably due to alterations in the trophic links of the littoral and sublittoral zones, as well as the expected increase
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Even if moss balls infected with zebra mussels are contained in an aquarium, the concern that they could contaminate local waterways is high, especially in regions and states where they have not yet infested. Aquarium dumping and disposing of unwanted pets is common, according to Eric
Fischer with
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fishes increased slightly due to the presence of the zebra mussel which made up a significant part of the diet followed by an increase (p<0.05) in the growth rates of roach and silver bream. The growth rates of the bream, which prefers soft zoobenthos, decreased. In addition, the formation of a
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Rivers. Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells, though it is not universally present. They are usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a maximum length around 50 mm (2 in). Their shells are D-shaped, and attached to the substrate
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at the
University of California, Riverside, the cost of management of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes alone exceeds $ 500 million per year. A more conservative study estimated total economic costs of $ 267 million for electric-generation and water-treatment facilities in the entire United States
632:, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water-treatment and power plants. Water-treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic, free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them.
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Concerns are also high following the contamination of zebra mussels in at home aquariums. If zebra mussels had reached open water in
Seattle, Washington, where the first case was confirmed, the invasive species would have cost the state $ 100 million each year in maintenance for power and water
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at greater depths. This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants. Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about 1 litre (1 US quart) of water per day when confined to small tanks. In lakes, their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted (near the lake bottom)
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Zebra mussels cling to boat motors. Boat-owners should follow a few steps prior to putting their boats into a new lake and after removing their boats from infected lakes to stop the spreading of the species. Boat owners should make sure to inspect their boat, trailer, and other recreational
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The vast majority of the organism's natural enemies are not present in North
America. Ecologically similar species do exist, but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and have a limited role in their control unlike their counterparts in Europe.
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The lifespan of a zebra mussel is four to five years. A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6β7 weeks of settling. An adult female zebra mussel can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs in each reproductive cycle, and over 1 million each year. Free-swimming microscopic larvae, called
362:, and harder substrates, but usually juveniles prefer harder, rockier substrates on which to attach. Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates, and zebra mussels attach to and often kill these mussels. They build colonies on native
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mussels can be to submerge the moss balls in undiluted white vinegar for a minimum of 20 minutes. After following one of these methods, the USGS urges owners to bag these moss balls before disposing of them in the trash to prevent spread to local water ways and ecosystems.
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was confirmed, and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded. New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake
Winnipeg in 2015, and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015. Large numbers were seen at
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poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s. They are edible, but since they are so efficient at filtering water, they tend to accumulate pollutants and toxins, so most experts recommend against consuming zebra mussels.
821:, a common aquarium plant, sold in pet stores across North America. By 8 March, the invasive species were detected in moss balls in 30 different states at multiple retail locations in the United States. These discoveries were prompted by the initial find at a
500: in)-long zebra mussels. An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day, or about 6,000 mussels in a season. However, predation rates are significantly reduced at lower water temperatures. Additionally, certain fish, such as the
735:
was identified in the
Shannon, which is capable of tolerating a wider range of environmental conditions. The spread of quagga mussels is expected to reduce zebra mussel populations over time while increasing the overall environmental impact.
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clams, reducing their ability to move, feed, and breed, eventually leading to their deaths. This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie. This pattern is being repeated in
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A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively, by ship and by pleasure craft, to more rivers in North
America. Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into
406:, drift in the water for several weeks and then settle onto any hard surface they can find. Zebra mussels also can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, and adults can even survive out of water for about seven days.
2948:
Effler, Steven W., Carol M. Brooks, Keith
Whitehead, Bruce Wagner, Susan M. Doerr, MaryGail Perkins, Clifford A. Siegfried, Leigh Walrath and Raymond P. Canale (1996). "Impact of Zebra Mussel Invasion on River Water Quality."
1967:
Palmer, Michelle; Winter, J.; Young, Joelle; Dillon, Peter; Guildford, Stephanie (2011). "Introduction and summary of research on Lake Simcoe: Research, monitoring, and restoration of a large lake and its watershed".
537:
On June 4, 2014, Canadian conservation authorities announced that a test using liquid fertilizer to kill invasive zebra mussels was successful. This test was conducted in a lakefront harbor in the western province of
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Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F. DNA oxidation and DNA repair in gills of zebra mussels exposed to cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene. Ecotoxicology. 2015 Nov;24(9):2009-16. doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1536-3. Epub 2015 Oct 6. PMID
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Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F. Detection of 8-oxodG in
Dreissena polymorpha gill cells exposed to model contaminants. Mutat Res. 2012 Jan 24;741(1-2):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.001. Epub 2011 Oct 8. PMID
809:
Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $ 5 billion since their initial invasion. Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $ 3 billion.
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Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water. This biomass becomes available to bottom-feeding species and to the fish that feed on them. The catch of
4623:
3175:
Nicholls, Kenneth H.; Hopkins, Gordon J. (1993-01-01). "Recent Changes in Lake Erie (North Shore) Phytoplankton: Cumulative Impacts of Phosphorus Loading Reductions and the Zebra Mussel Introduction".
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Daniel P. Molloya; Alexander Y. Karatayevb; Lyubov E. Burlakovab; Dina P. Kurandinac; Franck Laruellea (1997). "Natural enemies of zebra mussels: Predators, parasites, and ecological competitors".
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unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies. This model, though, has since been proven incorrect. In 2006, a researcher (also using GARP) predicted invasion as far west as the
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Zebra mussels are present in British waterways. Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water-treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks.
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and North America, has focused on predators, particularly birds (36 species) and fish (15 species eating veligers and 38 eating attached mussels). Annually, the wintering waterbirds at
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has increased from 6 in (15 cm) to up to 3 ft (0.91 m) in some areas. This increased water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, enabling growth of submerged
911:. However, zebra mussels could not establish reproducing populations in Kentucky Lake (Tennessee River). This may be due to relatively low dissolved calcium levels in this water body.
1016:
The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water-consuming facilities is substantial, but the magnitude of the damages is a matter of some controversy. According to the
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and the lower Shannon region in 1997 has led to considerable concern about the potential ecological and economic damage that this highly invasive aquatic nuisance species can cause."
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voluntarily recalled their moss balls due to the potential harm zebra mussels could cause to indigenous ecosystems. As of November 2021, nearly eight months after the recall,
1074:, they have covered the undersides of docks, boats, and anchors. They have also spread into streams and rivers throughout the U.S. In some areas, they completely cover the
2963:
Connelly, NA; O'Neill, CR Jr; Knuth, BA; Brown, TL (2007-05-24). "Economic impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities".
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has estimated that it costs Β£500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants. Zebra mussels arguably have also had an effect on fishing, for example at
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Drake, John M., and Jonathan M. Bossenbroek (2004). "The Potential Distribution of zebra mussels in the United States." BioScience (Vol. 54, No 10). Retrieved 2014-2-19.
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504:, is a predator in the zebra mussels' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat, but in European lakes, fish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels.
315:. Zebra mussels process up to 1 litre (0.26 US gal; 34 US fl oz) of water per day, per mussel. Some particles are consumed as food, and
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in Russia, zebra mussels have greatly changed the fish community. All fish species remained in the lake, but catches changed significantly. Gillnets set in the
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Zebra mussels affect all classes of algal species, resulting in a shortage of food sources to native species of freshwater mussels and fish in the Great Lakes.
3474:
2673:
1618:
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Garton, D. W.; Berg, D. J.; Stoeckmann, A. M.; Hagg, W. R. (1993). "Biology of recent invertebrate invading species in the Great Lakes: The spiny water flea,
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3648:
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2529:"Zebra Mussels Overwhelm U.S. Waterways in the Great Lakes Region and Beyond β Copper Screens and Coatings Provide a Solution to this $ 500 million Problem"
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1078:, sometimes covering other freshwater mussels. They can grow so densely that they block pipelines, clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and
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253:. The adverse effects of dreissenid mussels on freshwater systems have led to their ranking as one of the world's most invasive aquatic species.
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alloys, which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates, navigational buoys, boats, and motors where the species tends to congregate.
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Zebra mussels can be used to detect risks to humans from environmental hazards and are considered effective indicators of environmental
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1147:: a - roach in 1978-1981, b - the same in 2014-2016, c - bream (black) and silver bream (gray) in 1978-1981, d - the same in 2014-2015.
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2027:
Evans, David; Skinner, A.; Allen, Ronald; McMurtry, Michael (2011). "Invasion of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in Lake Simcoe".
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In 2011, an invasion of zebra mussels shut down a water pipeline in the Dallas area. This resulted in reduced water supplies during
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From their first appearance in North American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including
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Dissolved Calcium in Kentucky Lake and Its Watershed: Trends and Possible Sources and Implications for Zebra Mussel Colonization
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1624:(Report). College Park, Maryland: Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, Maryland School of Public Affairs. Archived from
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and its adjacent waters. In the summers of 2023 and 2024, zebra mussels were one contributing factor to a major bloom of toxic
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in Lake St. Clair. They cleanse the waters of inland lakes, resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native
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in central New York in the summer of 1993. This decrease was caused by extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the
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decrease zebra mussel biomass in shallow areas by >90%. Biomass reduction in deeper areas varies considerably based on
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2800:
371:, where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways, including some lakes along the
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Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP), a group of researchers predicted that the
662:. Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal. It is nonindigenous in the
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2029:
1970:
1556:"Dramatic decline of unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie after infestation by the zebra mussel,
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Zebra mussels were first reported in Ireland in 1997, but probably arrived in 1994 or earlier. First identified near
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926:. That same year, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels had been found in
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2569:) Invasion into the Upper Platte River: Using GIS and Genetic Algorithm Rule-set Prediction to Model Spread. The
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Zebra Mussels can commonly be found on shipwrecks in the Great Lakes, one example, the wreck of the steamship
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in the water, which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass, because of the presence of zebra mussels.
719:, they may have been introduced to Ireland through several vectors but have since spread through much of the
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However, zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of
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339:. These plants, when decaying, wash up on shorelines, fouling beaches and causing water-quality problems.
3332:
Strayer, David L. (2009). "Twenty Years of Zebra Mussels: Lessons from the Mollusk That Made Headlines."
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in 2009, the total cost of the zebra mussel invasion is estimated at 3.1 billion over the next 10 years.
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Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure, methods such as adding oxidants,
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during the feeding period consist mainly of large roach and perch while vendace were prevalent in the
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1059:. Their shells are very sharp and are known for cutting people's feet, resulting in the need to wear
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in 1794. Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel, first in
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by 2015. As of March 2016, zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including
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observed no reduction at the lowest observed depth of 11 metres (36 ft) except for a site at
221:. The species originates from the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally
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Meystedt, Kelsie; Loganathan, Bommanna G; Hendricks, Susan P.; White, David S. (2023-10-09).
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3475:"Have an aquarium? Here are the 5 things to know about invasive zebra mussels in moss balls"
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2674:"Have an aquarium? Here are the 5 things to know about invasive zebra mussels in moss balls"
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1995:
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Pallas 1771 (Bivalvia) appearance on fish populations in Lake Pleshcheevo, European Russia"
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gill cells to model contaminants representative of water pollution was found to cause
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2648:"State asks public to inspect aquarium moss and prevent movement of invasive mussels"
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1979:
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2260:"KomentovanΓ½ seznam mΔkkΓ½Ε‘Ε― zjiΕ‘tΔnΓ½ch ve volnΓ© pΕΓrodΔ ΔeskΓ© a SlovenskΓ© republiky"
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2015:
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1940:: A synthesis of European Experiences and a preview for North America (Report).
1936:
Mackie, G.; Gibbons, W.; Muncaster, B.; Gray, I. (July 1989). The Zebra Mussel,
1718:
Borcherding, J. (1991). "The annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater mussel
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1440:. Encyclopedias of the natural world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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771:. They are thought to have been inadvertently introduced into the lakes by the
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A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the
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2007:
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731:, the largest body of freshwater in the United Kingdom. In 2021 the similar
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157:
97:
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2328:
2112:"Potash experiment killed zebra mussels at infested harbour, officials say"
1855:
Werner, S. (2005). "Strong impact of wintering waterbirds on zebra mussel (
1753:
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393:
The zebra mussel is a freshwater species and cannot survive in the ocean.
229:
in many countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, the species has invaded the
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Charting the progression of the Zebra mussel in the Eastern United States
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is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the
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Biological pollution: The control and impact of invasive exotic species
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511:, for example in the winter of 1994β1995 in the invasive population of
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could have a significant impact on the densities of 1-to-5-millimetre (
368:
363:
4893:
2159:"Michigan-made pesticide Zequanox adds muscle to war on zebra mussels"
1139:
species in the littoral (1), sublittoral (2) and pelagic (3) zones of
295:
288:
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3861:
3626:
3611:
2848:"Manitoba family spots 'dark clumps' of zebra mussels at Grand Beach"
2307:(Pallas, 1771) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from Central Italy"
2133:"Manitoba family spots 'dark clumps' of zebra mussels at Grand Beach"
1256:
934:, which extends across the international border into the province of
841:
818:
712:, where their introduction has changed the environment for the fish.
683:
622:
466:
450:
442:
319:
are deposited on the lake floor. Nonfood particles are combined with
274:
218:
107:
4708:
2258:
HorsΓ‘k M., JuΕiΔkovΓ‘ L., Beran L., Δejka T. & DvoΕΓ‘k L. (2010).
1606:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Academy of Science. pp. 63β84.
4815:
3039:"Invasive mussels found in Renton pet store could cost WA millions"
557:
proves effective in killing invasive zebra mussels in cool waters.
549:
Similar tests were run in Illinois, Minnesota, and Michigan, using
2730:
1130:
1120:
1099:
1036:
908:
851:
837:
822:
750:
690:
618:
614:
564:
437:
320:
316:
137:
4802:
1479:
The National Atlas of the United States of America (2009-09-17).
5020:
4031:
2922:
1693:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-05-04).
1136:
359:
4712:
4184:
3668:
3630:
3282:
Smirnov, A.; Pavlov, D.; Kodukhova, Yu.; Karabanov, D. (2020).
3008:
Bureau of Public Affairs The Office of Electronic Information.
2180:"Researchers find new methods to combat invasive zebra mussels"
303:
Zebra mussels and the closely related and ecologically similar
4093:
4083:
1191:
678:, it is probably native. Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake
3621:
Zebra Mussels: Questions and Answers for Inland Lake Managers
3600:
University of California Center for Invasive Species Research
3123:"Botulism takes fatal toll on thousands of Great Lakes birds"
907:
rivers, and, by mid-2023, 31 lakes and seven river basins in
347:
increased five-fold after the invasion of zebra mussels into
3097:"Dozens report slicing skin on zebra mussels in Lake Travis"
256:
The species was first described in 1769 by German zoologist
3574:. Lists general information and resources for Zebra Mussel.
2344:"British waterways fight invasion by Russian zebra mussels"
1231:
2797:"Zebra mussels found in Pelican Lake in Otter Tail County"
2420:"Lough Neagh: The year the UK's largest lake turned green"
2282:(Pallas) nuovamente in Italia. (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae)".
1223:
3421:"Invasive Zebra Mussels Found in Pet Stores in 21 States"
2214:
Disaster: Scientists battle an invasion of zebra mussels"
739:
The mussels have displaced native species of molluscs in
1227:
1004:. Additionally, the Seneca River had significantly less
1650:"zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) - Species Profile"
1215:
981:, worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area.
916:
Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation
817:
was notified that zebra mussels had been discovered in
2918:"Water district braces for North Texas drought crisis"
2092:"Manitoba stops zebra mussel invasion with fertilizer"
1089:
Zebra mussels are believed to be the source of deadly
3535:
How can we help stop zebra mussels after they spread?
1581:"Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem, An Overview"
1506:"Zebra mussel β Invasive species: Minnesota DNR"
1055:. When in the water, they open their shells to admit
3612:
USGS Zebra Mussel Monitoring Program for North Texas
1021:
from 1989 through 2004. In a study conducted by the
775:
water of ocean-going ships that were traversing the
519:, 2011 attributes this to predation by the crayfish
4721:
4599:
4471:
4407:
4369:
4307:
4197:
4114:
3979:
3682:
3592:, Northern Ireland Environment and Heritage Service
3375:"How can the spread of zebra mussels be prevented?"
2364:"Angling club closes down at 'clean' Salford Quays"
1436:Simberloff, Daniel; RejmΓ‘nek, Marcel, eds. (2011).
1143:before (a, c) and after (b, d) the introduction of
327:. Since the zebra mussel has become established in
3580:, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
3505:(Pallas) extends its range westwards in Ireland".
2953:(Vol. 68, No 2). pp. 205β214. Retrieved 2014-2-19.
2043:International Association for Great Lakes Research
1984:International Association for Great Lakes Research
3336:(Vol. 7, No 3). pp. 135β141. Retrieved 2014-2-19.
2701:"Voluntary Product Withdrawal: Marimo Moss Balls"
689:The first appearance of the organism in northern
585:The native distribution of the species is in the
323:and other matter and deposited on lake floors as
3570:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
2822:"Province redoubles fight against zebra mussels"
2777:"2 Mass. towns start fight against zebra mussel"
2616:Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
2605:
2603:
1549:
1547:
1177:in food competition among pelagic fish species.
569:Sign advising boaters on how to prevent spread,
2893:"Quagga and Zebra Mussels Incident Description"
1322:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T155495A42428801.en
930:. This was the first confirmed sighting in the
918:confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in
2642:
2640:
2638:
2233:BlaΕΎka, F. (1893). "Do Δech zavleΔenΓ‘ slΓ‘vka:
1554:Schloesser, Don W.; Nalepa, Thomas F. (1994).
802:, and the largest interior lake in Wisconsin,
525:. Nonetheless this has not been sufficient to
3932:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3642:
3508:Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society
1830:
1828:
8:
3623:, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program
3395:"Invasive Zebra Mussels Found in Moss Balls"
2652:Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
2584:"Zebra Quagga Mussel Sightings Distribution"
2301:Elisabetta Lori; Simone Cianfanelli (2006).
1524:
1522:
1135:Changes in the spatial distribution of some
697:in 1973; in central Italy, they appeared in
3997:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3572:United States National Agricultural Library
3540:How to prevent zebra mussels from spreading
1931:
1929:
1859:) populations at Lake Constance, Germany".
1654:USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database
1415:(Report). Chemistry and Materials Science.
4709:
4313:
4194:
4181:
3679:
3665:
3649:
3635:
3627:
3277:
3275:
1082:companies. Zebra mussels do not attach to
763:They were first detected in Canada in the
311:organisms; they remove particles from the
225:to numerous other areas and has become an
59:
40:
31:
3206:
3154:"Zebra Mussels β Too Toxic for 'Taste Of"
2868:"Zebra Mussel Discovered in North Dakota"
2523:
2521:
2519:
2327:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1420:
1320:
1051:As with most bivalves, zebra mussels are
844:moss balls have not returned to shelves.
643:in the 1820s, London in 1824, and in the
3334:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1381:. Center for Invasive Species Research,
938:. In 2013, their presence in Manitoba's
654:In 1827, zebra mussels were seen in the
382:, said "the discovery of zebra mussels (
3556:. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. USGS (
3453:Indiana Department of Natural Resources
3347:"Help stop the spread of zebra mussels"
2447:"Mussel in Derg could have high impact"
1289:
1209:instructions, advice, or how-to content
954:confirmed the presence of zebra mussel
380:National University of Ireland, Galway
3501:Minchin, D (2003). "The Zebra Mussel
3156:. Buffalo Rising Online. Sep 24, 2008
2756:Texas Parks & Wildlife Department
952:North Dakota Game and Fish Department
449:Research on natural enemies, both in
410:Indicators of environmental pollution
7:
4855:6d92e60b-74d4-41b1-8699-be8e37070202
2897:CA Department of Fish & Wildlife
2502:Herremans, Marc (13 February 2013).
1438:Encyclopedia of biological invasions
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1018:Center for Invasive Species Research
781:National Invasive Species Act (1996)
5083:IUCN Red List least concern species
4260:Oceanic physical-biological process
4122:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3070:"Aquatic Hitchhikers: Zebra Mussel"
2565:Stimers, M.J. 2008. Zebra Mussel (
2474:"Zebra mussels in Northern Ireland"
1483:. Nationalatlas.gov. Archived from
1308:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1218:so that it is more encyclopedic or
2801:MN Department of Natural Resources
25:
3608:, United States Geological Survey
3586:, United States Geological Survey
3448:"Aquatic Invasive Species - Fish"
1619:What's Wrong with Exotic Species?
1562:. USGS Great Lakes Science Center
625:. They disrupt the ecosystems by
542:. However, outbreaks continue in
507:There have been some high winter
5108:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
4693:
4692:
4680:
4666:
4298:
3970:
3787:Colored dissolved organic matter
3590:Zebra mussel in Northern Ireland
3564:Species Profile - Zebra Mussel (
1883:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01411.x
1422:10.20944/preprints202310.0535.v1
1356:World Register of Marine Species
1196:
277:fibers, which come out of their
84:
4132:Latin America and the Caribbean
3616:United States Geological Survey
3558:United States Geological Survey
3260:"Great Lakes: 'Amazing change'"
3178:Journal of Great Lakes Research
3051:from the original on 2024-08-20
2539:from the original on 2010-12-15
2030:Journal of Great Lakes Research
1971:Journal of Great Lakes Research
1942:Ontario Ministry of Environment
1583:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
867:in the Great Lakes region, the
597:. Zebra mussels have become an
4614:Ecological values of mangroves
4157:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3545:Zebra Mussel on National Atlas
3095:Torre, Melanie (2 July 2019).
3037:Barnett, Cannon (2024-08-20).
2533:Copper Development Association
974:similarly reported invasions.
1:
3199:10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71251-4
1602:". In McKnight, B. N. (ed.).
1508:. Dnr.state.mn.us. 1999-08-24
1104:Arthur V. Ormond Lock on the
1063:wherever they are prevalent.
832:After working with the USGS,
759:, can be found in Lake Huron.
426:measured as the formation of
354:Zebra mussels attach to most
281:on the dorsal (hinged) side.
4634:Marine conservation activism
4619:Fisheries and climate change
3121:Janega, James (2008-01-15).
2916:Stoler, Steve (2011-10-26).
1899:Reviews in Fisheries Science
1379:"Quagga & Zebra Mussels"
4629:Human impact on marine life
4506:Davidson Seamount Β§ Ecology
3742:Aquatic population dynamics
2872:ND Game and Fish Department
5124:
5093:Molluscs described in 1771
3606:GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet
3306:10.31857/S0044513420110070
3010:"Case Study: Zebra Mussel"
2951:Water Environment Research
2726:"Recalls & Advisories"
2391:"Zebra Mussels in Ireland"
2278:Giusti F; Oppi E (1973). "
2265:Malacologica Bohemoslovaca
2208:Walker, Tim (4 May 1991).
2059:10.1016/J.JGLR.2011.04.002
2000:10.1016/J.JGLR.2011.04.003
1674:"New Zebra Mussel Webpage"
1124:because of nonhomogeneous
788:Southeastern United States
635:Grossinger reported it in
4660:
4316:
4296:
4245:Marine primary production
4193:
4180:
4139:List of marine ecoregions
3968:
3678:
3664:
3361:"What are zebra mussels?"
3074:Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers!
2979:10.1007/s00267-006-0296-5
2752:"The Zebra Mussel Threat"
2482:Northern_Ireland_Assembly
2284:Mem Mus Civ St Nat Verona
1920:10.1080/10641269709388593
1617:Sagoff, M. (2003-04-21).
1529:Amy Benson (2009-12-22).
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
4491:Coastal biogeomorphology
4486:Marine coastal ecosystem
3602:summary on Zebra Mussels
3284:"Impact of Zebra Mussel
2966:Environmental Management
2399:Marine Institute Ireland
1598:, and the zebra mussel,
1596:Bythotrephes cederstoemi
1467:Slovenskej akadΓ©mie vied
674:since 1893; in southern
217:) is a small freshwater
5098:Invertebrates of Russia
4399:Paradox of the plankton
4210:Diel vertical migration
4104:Freshwater swamp forest
3822:GIS and aquatic science
3670:General components and
3578:What are Zebra Mussels?
3223:"Report at ESPN Sports"
2571:Pennsylvania Geographer
1188:Preventing their spread
970:. As recently as 2008,
968:Breckenridge, Minnesota
856:Along the shoreline of
476:It is pointed out that
430:and DNA strand breaks.
4225:Large marine ecosystem
3917:Shoaling and schooling
3400:US Fish & Wildlife
3293:Zoologicheskii Zhurnal
3018:US Department Of State
2329:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.11
1315:: e.T155495A42428801.
1297:Van Damme, D. (2014).
1148:
1108:
1048:
1023:US Department of State
964:Wahpeton, North Dakota
860:
760:
577:
561:As an invasive species
446:
300:
293:
4644:Marine protected area
4571:Salt pannes and pools
4346:Marine larval ecology
4321:Census of Marine Life
4205:Deep scattering layer
4162:San Francisco Estuary
4127:Africa and Madagascar
3952:Underwater camouflage
3732:Aquatic biomonitoring
3672:freshwater ecosystems
3479:The Indianapolis Star
1533:. Fl.biology.usgs.gov
1469:, Bratislava, 344 pp.
1465:. VEDA vydavateΔΎstvo
1134:
1103:
1040:
987:Western North America
855:
813:On 2 March 2021, the
754:
575:North Salem, New York
568:
522:Orconectes propinquus
441:
299:
292:
4850:Fauna Europaea (new)
4753:Dreissena polymorpha
4723:Dreissena polymorpha
4379:Marine bacteriophage
4341:Marine invertebrates
3566:Dreissena polymorpha
3552:Dreissena polymorpha
3426:US Geological Survey
3380:US Geological Survey
3286:Dreissena polymorpha
2567:Dreissena polymorpha
2305:Dreissena polymorpha
2280:Dreissena polymorpha
2235:Dreissena polymorpha
2022:...cites this study:
1938:Dreissena polymorpha
1857:Dreissena polymorpha
1807:Dreissena polymorpha
1778:Dreissena polymorpha
1720:Dreissena polymorpha
1600:Dreissena polymorpha
1558:Dreissena polymorpha
1346:Dreissena polymorpha
1301:Dreissena polymorpha
815:US Geological Survey
384:Dreissena polymorpha
214:Dreissena polymorpha
190:Dreissena polymorpha
18:Dreissena polymorpha
4255:Ocean fertilization
4064:Trophic state index
4022:Lake stratification
3752:Aquatic respiration
3503:Dreissena polymopha
3191:1993JGLR...19..637N
3014:2001-2009.state.gov
2452:The_Nenagh_Guardian
2184:The Minnesota Daily
2051:2011JGLR...37...36E
2025: •
1992:2011JGLR...37....1P
1965: •
1912:1997RvFS....5...27M
1875:2005FrBio..50.1412W
1738:1991Oecol..87..208B
1531:"Zebra mussel FAQs"
1216:rewrite the content
1167:. The abundance of
777:St. Lawrence Seaway
51:Conservation status
5103:Molluscs of Europe
4521:Intertidal wetland
4516:Intertidal ecology
4384:Marine prokaryotes
4326:Deep-sea community
4220:Iron fertilization
4143:Specific examples
4069:Upland and lowland
3987:Freshwater biology
3852:Microbial food web
3762:Aquatic toxicology
3705:Aquatic adaptation
3658:Aquatic ecosystems
3446:DNR (2021-01-29).
2504:"Nuttige exoten?!"
2485:, 30 November 2023
2372:. 19 December 2011
1862:Freshwater Biology
1746:10.1007/bf00325258
1722:Pallas in lakes".
1462:Mollusca Slovenska
1149:
1109:
1049:
950:In July 2010, the
861:
796:North Platte River
761:
578:
553:, a biopesticide.
447:
358:, including sand,
301:
294:
258:Peter Simon Pallas
172:D. polymorpha
27:Species of bivalve
5070:
5069:
5029:Open Tree of Life
4715:Taxon identifiers
4706:
4705:
4687:Oceans portal
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4531:Hydrothermal vent
4467:
4466:
4356:Seashore wildlife
4187:Marine ecosystems
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
3942:Thermal pollution
3907:Ramsar Convention
3847:Microbial ecology
3807:Fisheries science
3747:Aquatic predation
3300:(12): 1363β1374.
3044:The Seattle Times
2870:(Press release).
2853:CBC News Manitoba
2799:(Press release).
2705:Heart of Petsmart
2680:Indianapolis Star
2402:, 1 February 1998
2315:Aquatic Invasions
2268:, Suppl. 1: 1β37.
2045:(IAGLR)): 36β45.
1699:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
1447:978-0-520-26421-2
1257:marimo moss balls
1249:
1248:
1161:sublittoral zones
1153:Lake Pleshcheyevo
1141:Lake Pleshcheyevo
1115:in Lake Erie and
819:marimo moss balls
571:Titicus Reservoir
205:
204:
74:
16:(Redirected from
5115:
5063:
5062:
5050:
5049:
5037:
5036:
5024:
5023:
5011:
5010:
4998:
4997:
4985:
4984:
4982:NBNSYS0000006809
4972:
4971:
4959:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4936:
4935:
4923:
4922:
4910:
4909:
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4884:
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4858:
4857:
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4832:
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4793:
4792:
4780:
4779:
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4755:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4710:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4673:Lakes portal
4671:
4670:
4669:
4639:Marine pollution
4331:Deep-water coral
4314:
4302:
4235:Marine chemistry
4195:
4182:
4099:Freshwater marsh
3992:Freshwater biome
3974:
3690:Acoustic ecology
3680:
3666:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3628:
3524:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3470:
3464:
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3210:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
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3143:
3141:
3140:
3131:. Archived from
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3059:
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3024:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2927:. Archived from
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
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2858:
2857:
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2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2644:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2619:. Archived from
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2580:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
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2461:
2460:
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2433:
2428:. 2 January 2024
2416:
2410:
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2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2360:
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2353:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2311:
2303:"New records of
2298:
2292:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2186:. Archived from
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2129:
2123:
2122:
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2101:
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2098:
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2082:
2078:
2019:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1869:(8): 1412β1426.
1852:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1813:dwr.virginia.gov
1805:"Zebra Mussels (
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1776:"Zebra Mussels (
1772:
1766:
1765:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
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599:invasive species
499:
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489:
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227:invasive species
192:
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5118:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5027:
5019:
5014:
5006:
5003:Observation.org
5001:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4967:
4962:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4879:
4874:
4866:
4861:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4827:
4822:
4814:
4809:
4801:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4717:
4707:
4702:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4648:
4609:Coral bleaching
4595:
4576:Seagrass meadow
4473:Marine habitats
4463:
4437:Coral reef fish
4403:
4389:Marine protists
4365:
4303:
4294:
4265:Ocean turbidity
4240:Marine food web
4189:
4168:
4110:
4049:River ecosystem
4002:Freshwater fish
3975:
3966:
3772:Bioluminescence
3757:Aquatic science
3674:
3660:
3655:
3531:
3500:
3497:
3495:Further reading
3492:
3483:
3481:
3473:Bowman, Sarah.
3472:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3128:Chicago Tribune
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2856:. June 5, 2017.
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2672:Bowman, Sarah.
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2611:"Zebra Mussels"
2609:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2455:. 15 April 2023
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2026:
1986:(IAGLR)): 1β6.
1966:
1958:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1481:"Zebra Mussels"
1478:
1477:
1473:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1348:(Pallas, 1771)"
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1270:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1213:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1113:smallmouth bass
1035:
1014:
932:Red River Basin
850:
749:
583:
563:
535:
502:Smallmouth bass
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
481:
436:
418:. Exposure of
412:
399:
287:
201:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5051:
5038:
5025:
5012:
4999:
4986:
4973:
4960:
4950:
4937:
4924:
4911:
4898:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4846:
4837:Fauna Europaea
4833:
4820:
4807:
4794:
4781:
4768:
4758:
4743:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4676:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4427:Saltwater fish
4424:
4422:Marine reptile
4419:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4394:Marine viruses
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4371:Microorganisms
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4361:Wild fisheries
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:Thorson's rule
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Marine biology
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Brackish marsh
4086:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Lake ecosystem
4014:
4009:
4007:Hyporheic zone
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Microbial loop
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Eutrophication
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Cascade effect
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3710:Aquatic animal
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3561:
3550:Zebra Mussel (
3547:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3529:External links
3527:
3526:
3525:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3465:
3438:
3412:
3386:
3366:
3352:
3338:
3325:
3271:
3251:
3247:Exotic species
3239:
3214:
3185:(4): 637β647.
3167:
3145:
3113:
3087:
3061:
3029:
3000:
2955:
2941:
2908:
2884:
2859:
2839:
2828:. May 28, 2015
2813:
2788:
2768:
2743:
2717:
2692:
2664:
2654:. 4 March 2021
2634:
2599:
2575:
2558:
2549:
2535:. 2009-07-30.
2515:
2494:
2465:
2438:
2411:
2382:
2355:
2335:
2322:(4): 281β283.
2293:
2286:(in Italian).
2270:
2248:
2245:(15): 177β178.
2225:
2200:
2171:
2161:. 28 July 2015
2150:
2124:
2103:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2023:
2020:
1963:
1962:This review...
1959:
1947:
1925:
1888:
1847:
1837:
1824:
1796:
1767:
1732:(2): 208β218.
1710:
1695:"Zebra Mussel"
1685:
1665:
1641:
1609:
1586:
1572:
1543:
1518:
1497:
1471:
1453:
1446:
1428:
1394:
1377:Hoddle, M. S.
1369:
1335:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1106:Arkansas River
1091:avian botulism
1053:filter feeders
1034:
1031:
1013:
1010:
979:a drought year
924:the Berkshires
849:
846:
804:Lake Winnebago
769:Lake St. Clair
748:
745:
741:Lake Constance
664:Czech Republic
641:Cambridgeshire
582:
579:
562:
559:
534:
531:
455:Lake Constance
435:
432:
411:
408:
398:
395:
349:Lake St. Clair
309:filter-feeding
305:quagga mussels
286:
283:
247:Lake Bonaparte
203:
202:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5120:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4699:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Sponge ground
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Marine biomes
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Demersal fish
4445:
4443:
4442:Deep-sea fish
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Marine mammal
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Trophic level
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Sediment trap
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Phytoplankton
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Aquatic plant
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Anoxic waters
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3596:Zebra Mussels
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:) β FactSheet
3553:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3135:on 2012-09-28
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:(1): 105β12.
2972:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2931:on 2012-04-24
2930:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:. 2009-07-13.
2784:
2783:
2782:Boston Herald
2778:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2623:on 8 May 2014
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2573:45(2): 57β70.
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:. 2011-08-04.
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2190:on 2018-11-21
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2114:. 3 June 2014
2113:
2107:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:Elsevier B.V.
2036:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Elsevier B.V.
1977:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1786:on 2014-05-08
1785:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1631:on 2016-03-03
1627:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1487:on 2010-05-27
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1240:February 2022
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:This section
1203:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1169:benthophagous
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1145:zebra mussels
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:hydroelectric
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1046:Lake Michigan
1043:
1042:Current meter
1039:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
982:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
941:
940:Lake Winnipeg
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:In 2009, the
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
858:Lake Michigan
854:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:Lake Michigan
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
753:
747:North America
746:
744:
742:
737:
734:
733:quagga mussel
730:
726:
725:cyanobacteria
722:
721:River Shannon
718:
713:
711:
710:Salford Quays
707:
706:Anglian Water
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Great Britain
604:
603:North America
600:
596:
592:
588:
580:
576:
572:
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
544:Lake Winnipeg
541:
533:Other control
532:
530:
529:the problem.
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
479:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
440:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:D. polymorpha
417:
409:
407:
405:
396:
394:
391:
389:
385:
381:
378:In 2012, the
376:
374:
373:River Shannon
370:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
340:
338:
334:
333:water clarity
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
291:
284:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Zebra mussel
33:
30:
19:
5088:Dreissenidae
4722:
4601:Conservation
4452:Pelagic fish
4432:Coastal fish
4336:Marine fungi
4074:Water garden
3957:Water column
3902:Productivity
3877:Pelagic zone
3837:Macrobenthos
3827:Hydrobiology
3797:Ecohydrology
3565:
3551:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:
3468:
3457:. Retrieved
3451:
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3424:
3415:
3404:. Retrieved
3398:
3389:
3378:
3369:
3355:
3341:
3328:
3317:. Retrieved
3297:
3291:
3285:
3263:. Retrieved
3254:
3242:
3231:. Retrieved
3229:. 2005-03-16
3217:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:the original
3126:
3116:
3106:28 September
3104:. Retrieved
3100:
3090:
3080:27 September
3078:. Retrieved
3073:
3064:
3053:. Retrieved
3042:
3032:
3021:. Retrieved
3013:
3003:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2944:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:the original
2921:
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2874:. 2010-07-01
2862:
2851:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:Winnipeg Sun
2825:
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2803:. 2009-09-17
2791:
2780:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2758:. 2023-04-16
2755:
2746:
2735:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2707:. 2021-03-06
2704:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2677:
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2651:
2625:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2614:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2566:
2561:
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2487:, retrieved
2480:
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2404:, retrieved
2397:
2385:
2374:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2347:
2338:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2251:
2242:
2241:(in Czech).
2238:
2234:
2228:
2219:Science News
2217:
2211:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2183:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2136:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2086:
2034:
2028:
1975:
1969:
1937:
1906:(1): 27β97.
1903:
1897:
1891:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1840:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1806:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1777:
1770:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1612:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1557:
1535:. Retrieved
1510:. Retrieved
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1474:
1461:
1456:
1437:
1431:
1386:. Retrieved
1383:UC Riverside
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
1345:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1312:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1214:Please help
1206:
1179:
1165:pelagic zone
1150:
1126:water column
1117:yellow perch
1110:
1096:
1088:
1068:colonization
1066:Since their
1065:
1050:
1027:
1015:
998:Seneca River
995:
983:
976:
949:
928:Pelican Lake
913:
877:St. Lawrence
862:
831:
812:
808:
785:
767:in 1988, in
762:
756:
738:
714:
703:
688:
653:
634:
630:colonization
584:
548:
536:
520:
516:
506:
475:
471:
462:
448:
419:
413:
400:
392:
383:
377:
353:
345:yellow perch
341:
313:water column
302:
273:with strong
255:
243:Finger Lakes
235:Hudson River
213:
212:
209:zebra mussel
208:
206:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
148:Dreissenidae
29:
5042:SeaLifeBase
4964:NatureServe
4889:iNaturalist
4747:Wikispecies
4586:Sponge reef
4561:Rocky shore
4556:Oyster reef
4526:Kelp forest
4409:Vertebrates
4309:Marine life
4285:Viral shunt
4250:Marine snow
4152:Maharashtra
4059:Stream pool
3962:Zooplankton
3882:Photic zone
3842:Meiobenthos
3695:Algal bloom
3515:: 176β182.
3227:ESPN Sports
3208:10214/15572
2512:(in Dutch).
1328:19 November
1274:Silver carp
1224:Wikiversity
1182:flocculants
1084:cupronickel
1072:Great Lakes
1061:water shoes
1006:chlorophyll
945:Grand Beach
920:Laurel Lake
869:Mississippi
865:Lake Simcoe
848:By location
765:Great Lakes
729:Lough Neagh
656:Netherlands
645:Union Canal
591:Caspian Sea
555:Niclosamide
513:Lake Simcoe
509:mortalities
337:macrophytes
325:pseudofeces
251:Lake Simcoe
239:Lake Travis
231:Great Lakes
5077:Categories
4566:Salt marsh
4501:Coral reef
4290:Whale fall
4270:Photophore
4147:Everglades
4115:Ecoregions
4054:Stream bed
4027:Macrophyte
3980:Freshwater
3812:Food chain
3725:Water bird
3484:2021-11-16
3459:2021-11-16
3432:2021-11-16
3406:2021-11-16
3319:2020-02-20
3265:2009-08-06
3233:2010-06-29
3139:2011-04-05
3101:CBS Austin
3055:2024-08-21
3023:2021-11-09
2935:2012-01-05
2902:2018-06-05
2878:2010-07-02
2807:2009-09-18
2762:2023-04-16
2737:2021-11-09
2711:2021-11-09
2686:2021-11-09
2658:2021-11-09
2593:2016-04-10
2543:2011-03-13
2509:Natuurpunt
2489:2024-09-01
2459:2024-09-01
2432:2024-09-01
2406:2024-09-01
2376:2011-12-19
2256:(in Czech)
2194:2018-11-26
2165:2017-01-29
2144:2017-06-06
2118:2014-06-04
2097:2014-06-04
1818:2021-10-28
1790:2014-05-25
1704:2024-02-11
1679:2012-10-14
1659:2023-12-11
1635:2017-02-24
1566:2014-10-20
1537:2010-06-29
1512:2010-06-29
1491:2010-06-29
1388:2010-06-29
1285:References
1232:Wikivoyage
1174:biocenosis
972:California
885:Cumberland
717:Lough Derg
695:Lake Garda
668:Elbe River
459:substratum
424:DNA damage
397:Life cycle
388:Lough Derg
356:substrates
223:introduced
4591:Tide pool
4496:Cold seep
4280:Upwelling
4044:Rheotaxis
4037:Fish pond
4012:Limnology
3937:Substrate
3922:Siltation
3792:Dead zone
3521:0332-1185
3314:229207334
2212:Dreissena
2067:0380-1330
2008:0380-1330
1725:Oecologia
1228:Wikibooks
1207:contains
1076:substrate
1029:systems.
1002:watershed
991:waterways
960:Red River
947:in 2017.
893:Tennessee
701:in 2003.
660:Rotterdam
651:in 1834.
649:Edinburgh
627:monotypic
587:Black Sea
527:eradicate
461:; Werner
434:Predators
416:pollution
375:in 1997.
329:Lake Erie
166:Species:
159:Dreissena
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
4969:2.109673
4946:42428801
4907:11429350
4803:46470938
4761:BioLib:
4732:Wikidata
4698:Category
4624:HERMIONE
4541:Mangrove
4351:Seagrass
3897:Pleuston
3892:Plankton
3872:Particle
3817:Food web
3249:at PUAF.
3049:Archived
2987:17530329
2627:10 March
2537:Archived
2425:BBC News
2369:BBC News
2349:BBC News
2290:: 45β49.
2138:CBC News
2075:71053545
2016:70752621
1845:22009068
1835:26438356
1762:32529595
1754:28313837
1279:Hydrilla
1268:See also
1157:littoral
1128:mixing.
1057:detritus
962:between
936:Manitoba
905:Arkansas
901:Colorado
889:Missouri
834:PetSmart
551:zequanox
540:Manitoba
515:. Evans
478:crayfish
404:veligers
144:Family:
128:Bivalvia
118:Mollusca
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
4868:2287072
4738:Q752130
4551:Mudflat
4511:Estuary
4481:Bay mud
4459:Seabird
4215:f-ratio
4198:General
4079:Wetland
3867:Neuston
3832:Hypoxia
3777:Biomass
3767:Benthos
3683:General
3187:Bibcode
2995:4647333
2832:May 28,
2237:Pall".
2047:Bibcode
1988:Bibcode
1908:Bibcode
1871:Bibcode
1734:Bibcode
1362:Feb 25,
1172:stable
1070:of the
1033:Effects
958:in the
956:veliger
827:Seattle
792:Midwest
773:ballast
757:Florida
699:Tuscany
693:was in
680:MΓ€laren
676:Moravia
672:Bohemia
666:in the
637:Hungary
611:Ireland
595:Eurasia
495:⁄
485:⁄
445:visible
428:8-oxodG
369:Ireland
364:unionid
285:Ecology
270:Dnieper
260:in the
200:, 1771)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
5060:181566
5034:201843
5021:181566
5008:850614
4894:116340
4842:337878
4829:101384
4816:DREIPO
4536:Lagoon
3862:Nekton
3720:Mammal
3715:Insect
3519:
3312:
3160:Jan 5,
3076:. 2017
2993:
2985:
2239:VesmΓr
2073:
2065:
2014:
2006:
1760:
1752:
1444:
1358:. 2013
1222:it to
966:, and
903:, and
873:Hudson
842:marimo
684:Sweden
623:Sweden
621:, and
581:Europe
517:et al.
467:Hagnau
463:et al.
451:Europe
443:Byssus
275:byssal
268:, and
249:, and
219:mussel
198:Pallas
5055:WoRMS
5047:48750
4995:45954
4953:NAS:
4933:81339
4920:85295
4902:IRMNG
4824:EUNIS
4790:37M79
4777:30173
3927:Spawn
3310:S2CID
2991:S2CID
2731:Petco
2477:(PDF)
2394:(PDF)
2310:(PDF)
2071:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1758:S2CID
1629:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1352:WoRMS
1230:, or
1121:algae
909:Texas
897:Huron
838:Petco
823:Petco
691:Italy
647:near
619:Spain
615:Italy
386:) in
321:mucus
317:feces
266:Volga
138:Myida
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