Water quality - Knowledge

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advance of the sampling event. One sample container is filled with water known from previous analysis to contain no detectable amount of the chemical of interest. This sample, called a "blank", is opened for exposure to the atmosphere when the sample of interest is collected, then resealed and transported to the laboratory with the sample for analysis to determine if sample collection or holding procedures introduced any measurable amount of the chemical of interest. The second artificial sample is collected with the sample of interest, but then "spiked" with a measured additional amount of the chemical of interest at the time of collection. The blank (

804: 401: 169: 371: 1009: 529: 6216: 1898: 6178: 4922: 1862:(CWA) requires each governing jurisdiction (states, territories, and covered tribal entities) to submit a set of biennial reports on the quality of water in their area. These reports are known as the 303(d) and 305(b) reports, named for their respective CWA provisions, and are submitted to, and approved by, EPA. These reports are completed by the governing jurisdiction, typically a 6226: 1912: 6207: 6199: 771: 6191: 3346: 2132: 877: 955: 1005:

quality. In the early 21st century, a variety of sensors and remote monitoring systems have been deployed for measuring water pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and other parameters. Some remote sensing systems have also been developed for monitoring ambient water quality in riverine, estuarine and coastal water bodies.

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whose common names are, respectively, mayfly, stonefly and caddisfly). EPT indexes will naturally vary from region to region, but generally, within a region, the greater the number of taxa from these orders, the better the water quality. Organisations in the United States, such as EPA. offer guidance

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is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition. The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document

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and phase change, and analyzing the sample as soon as possible; but this merely minimizes the changes rather than preventing them. A useful procedure for determining influence of sample containers during delay between sample collection and analysis involves preparation for two artificial samples in

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to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly

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Heavy rainfall can rapidly reduce the water quality in rivers and shallow groundwater. It can affect water quality in reservoirs even if these effects can be slow. Heavy rainfall also impacts groundwater in deeper, unfractured aquifers. But these impacts are less pronounced. Rainfall can increase

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can present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. According to the EPA, water quality laws generally specify protection of

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The first problem is the extent to which the sample may be representative of the water source of interest. Water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some activity of man or natural populations of aquatic

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Weather and its related shocks can affect water quality in several ways. These depend on the local climate and context. Shocks that are linked to weather include water shortages, heavy rain and temperature extremes. They can damage water infrastructure through erosion under heavy rainfall and

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Although water quality is usually sampled and analyzed at laboratories, since the late 20th century there has been increasing public interest in the quality of drinking water provided by municipal systems. Many water utilities have developed systems to collect real-time data about source water

833:, as far as water quality testing is concerned, there are widespread views on the best course of action to take and a variety of methods can be employed. The key basic water quality parameters that need to be addressed in an emergency are bacteriological indicators of fecal contamination, free 356:

cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally

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Milner, Alexander M.; Khamis, Kieran; Battin, Tom J.; Brittain, John E.; Barrand, Nicholas E.; Füreder, Leopold; Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie; Gíslason, Gísli Már; Jacobsen, Dean; Hannah, David M.; Hodson, Andrew J.; Hood, Eran; Lencioni, Valeria; Ólafsson, Jón S.; Robinson, Christopher T. (2017).

1740:(ISO) published regulation of water quality in the section of ICS 13.060, ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage, and examination of water for chemical, physical or biological properties. ICS 91.140.60 covers the standards of water supply systems. 864:(IWMI) monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event. IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the 1823:

Water quality guidelines for South Africa are grouped according to potential user types (e.g. domestic, industrial) in the 1996 Water Quality Guidelines. Drinking water quality is subject to the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification.

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require individual measurements over a range of times, locations or events. The sample collection procedure must assure correct weighting of individual sampling times and locations where averaging is appropriate. Where critical maximum or minimum values exist,

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Plastic is the most common type of marine debris found in oceans, and it is the most widespread problem affecting the marine environment. It also threatens ocean health, food safety and quality, human health, and coastal tourism, and it contributes to climate

1619:, agencies also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to a region's environmental conditions, whereby water composition is influenced by the surrounding geological features, sediments, and rock types, 33: 1871:

that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing

307:, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. These communities are often in low-income areas, where human wastewater is discharged into a nearby drainage channel or surface water drain without sufficient treatment, or is used in agricultural irrigation. 302:

The burden of polluted drinking water disproportionally effects under-represented and vulnerable populations. Communities that lack these clean drinking-water services are at risk of contracting water-borne and pollution-related illnesses like Cholera,

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Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ

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of many freshwater bodies, returning to pristine conditions would be a significant challenge. In these cases, environmental scientists focus on achieving goals for maintaining healthy ecosystems and may concentrate on the protection of populations of

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There is some desire among the public to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial conditions. Most current environmental laws focus on the designation of particular uses of a water body. In some countries these designations allow for some

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Individuals interested in monitoring water quality who cannot afford or manage lab scale analysis can also use biological indicators to get a general reading of water quality. One example is the IOWATER volunteer water monitoring program of

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Katner, A. L.; Brown, K; Pieper, K.; Edwards, M; Lambrinidou, Y; Subra, W. (2018). "America's Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan". In Brinkmann, R.; Garren, S. (eds.).

822:, there is an immediate response by the aid agencies as relief operations get underway to try and restore basic infrastructure and provide the basic fundamental items that are necessary for survival and subsequent recovery. The threat of 3241:

Kløve, Bjørn; Ala-Aho, Pertti; Bertrand, Guillaume; Gurdak, Jason J.; Kupfersberger, Hans; Kværner, Jens; Muotka, Timo; Mykrä, Heikki; Preda, Elena; Rossi, Pekka; Uvo, Cintia Bertacchi; Velasco, Elzie; Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel (2014).

280:. Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of these contaminants does not necessarily indicate that the water poses a health risk. 2846:

Ejeian, Fatemeh; Etedali, Parisa; Mansouri-Tehrani, Hajar-Alsadat; Soozanipour, Asieh; Low, Ze-Xian; Asadnia, Mohsen; Taheri-Kafrani, Asghar; Razmjou, Amir (30 October 2018). "Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review".

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with substances to be measured; pre-cleaning of sample containers is important. The water sample may dissolve part of the sample container and any residue on that container, and chemicals dissolved in the water sample may

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Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Sampling methods include for example simple random sampling,

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The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected in the many types of measurements of water quality indicators. Some measurements of water quality are most accurately made on-site, because water exists in

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Charles, Katrina J.; Howard, Guy; Villalobos Prats, Elena; Gruber, Joshua; Alam, Sadekul; Alamgir, A.S.M.; Baidya, Manish; Flora, Meerjady Sabrina; Haque, Farhana; Hassan, S.M. Quamrul; Islam, Saiful (2022).

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oxygen and oxygen combined with other elements. The comparative simplicity of elemental analysis has produced a large amount of sample data and water quality criteria for elements sometimes identified as

795:) are carried with the sample of interest and analyzed by the same methods at the same times to determine any changes indicating gains or losses during the elapsed time between collection and analysis. 935:. Water analysis for heavy metals must consider soil particles suspended in the water sample. These suspended soil particles may contain measurable amounts of metal. Although the particles are not 1604:

Increased meltwater from glaciers may release contaminants. As glaciers shrink or disappear, the positive effect of seasonal meltwater on downstream water quality through dilution is disappearing.

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Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms".

445:. Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain 3198:

Brookes, Justin D.; Antenucci, Jason; Hipsey, Matthew; Burch, Michael D.; Ashbolt, Nicholas J.; Ferguson, Christobel (1 July 2004). "Fate and transport of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs".

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Making these complex measurements can be expensive. Because direct measurements of water quality can be expensive, ongoing monitoring programs are typically conducted and results released by

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collects samples at time intervals, or proportionate to flow over a specified period. The data logger (white cabinet) records temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen levels.

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tool has been refined over the past 30 years and is now on the fifth version (SASS5) which has been specifically modified in accordance with international standards, namely the

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2668:"Bacterial contamination of drinking water and nutritional quality of diet in the areas of the western Solomon Islands devastated by the April 2, 2007 earthquake⁄tsunami" 710:, or intermediate devices used to transfer the water sample into the sample container. Water collected from depths below the surface will normally be held at the reduced 1858:

are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use). The

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of soil particles from the water sample before acid addition, however, may cause loss of dissolved metals onto the filter. The complexities of differentiating similar

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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

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The Southern African Scoring System (SASS) method is a biological water quality monitoring system based on the presence of benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). The SASS

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on developing a monitoring program and identifying members of these and other aquatic insect orders. Many US wastewater dischargers (e.g., factories, power plants,

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metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used family of measurements for freshwater is the presence and abundance of members of the insect orders

665:. The sampler must determine if a single time and location meets the needs of the investigation, or if the water use of interest can be satisfactorily assessed by 450:

fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards. In some locations, desired water quality conditions include high

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work to interpret the parameters and environmental conditions that impact the water quality of a region, which in turn helps to identify the sources and fates of

1866:. EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state. The 1565:

due to droughts. The pollution in rivers that feed groundwater becomes less diluted. As groundwater levels drop, rivers may lose direct contact with groundwater.

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onto the sample container and remain there when the water is poured out for analysis. Similar physical and chemical interactions may take place with any

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The understanding of the links between water quality and health continues to grow and highlight new potential health crises: from the chronic impacts of

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After major natural disasters, a considerable length of time might pass before water quality returns to pre-disaster levels. For example, following the

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based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through

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of chemicals of interest. These problems are of special concern during measurement of chemicals assumed to be significant at very low concentrations.

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In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions based on how the water will be used. In the case of natural

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Miner, Kimberley R.; D'Andrilli, Juliana; Mackelprang, Rachel; Edwards, Arwyn; Malaska, Michael J.; Waldrop, Mark P.; Miller, Charles E. (2021).

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useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. A typical project is the U.S.

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may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of

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The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is

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14th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association & Water Pollution Control Federation.

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to a water sample to prevent loss of dissolved metals onto the sample container may dissolve more metals from suspended soil particles.

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Method 1680: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by Multiple-Tube Fermentation using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) and EC Medium

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increases hugely due to the large numbers of people living close together, often in squalid conditions, and without proper sanitation.

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in the water will collect at the top of the container. Atmospheric gas above the water may also dissolve into the water sample. Other

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In England and Wales acceptable levels for drinking water supply are listed in the "Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."

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as a standard method for River Health Assessment, which feeds the national River Health Programme and the national Rivers Database.

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Yapiyev, Vadim; Wade, Andrew J.; Shahgedanova, Maria; Saidaliyeva, Zarina; Madibekov, Azamat; Severskiy, Igor (1 December 2021).

1718: 1122: 958: 106: 3586: 2074:"When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events" 988:

have the potential for "high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost and real-time response". For instance,

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Adlish, John I.; Costa, Davide; Mainardi, Enrico; Neuhold, Piero; Surrente, Riccardo; Tagliapietra, Luca J. (31 October 2020).

2373: 1331: 803: 6249: 1101: 3299: 2243: 400: 295:) before it is distributed to homes, businesses, schools and other recipients. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or 6210: 6185: 5490: 3916: 1367: 1164: 1013: 470:

as long as the particular type of contamination is not harmful to the designated uses. Given the landscape changes (e.g.,

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or not. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the

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of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of

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Sample preservation may partially resolve the second problem. A common procedure is keeping samples cold to slow the

6094: 6017: 5425: 5255: 5085: 4925: 4809: 4753: 3845: 3746: 3567: 3181: 6259: 5897: 5855: 5817: 5382: 5176: 4340: 3764: 2244:"FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages" 1788: 1730: 1278: 865: 857: 735: 550: 3528:"The hydrochemistry and water quality of glacierized catchments in Central Asia: A review of the current status" 2994: 6264: 5892: 5415: 5356: 5267: 4325: 1872: 1765: 1441: 1126: 775: 523: 417: 168: 141: 3188:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 2357: 540:. The cover of the 24-bottle autosampler (center) is partially raised, showing the sample bottles inside. The 172:

Regional and national contamination of drinking water by chemical type and population size at risk of exposure

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Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms

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technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations."

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Tango, Peter J.; Batiuk, Richard A. (4 September 2013). "Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards".

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Hodgson K, Manus L. A drinking water quality framework for South Africa. Water SA. 2006;32(5):673–678

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From 11–13 November 2003 meeting in Rome, Italy at the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health.

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Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is

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Distribution System Water Quality Monitoring: Sensor Technology Evaluation Methodology and Results

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The second problem occurs as the sample is removed from the water source and begins to establish

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must be applied to observed variation to determine an adequate number of samples to assess the

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Jung, Jaeyoung K.; Archuleta, Chloé M.; Alam, Khalid K.; Lucks, Julius B. (17 February 2022).

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with the intention that water is maintained at an appropriate quality for its identified use.

1592: 1475: 1410: 1111: 989: 970: 962: 948: 927: 670: 633: 451: 56: 52: 3691: 3048: 2614:. Handbook for Monitoring Industrial Wastewater (Report). EPA. August 1973. EPA 625/6-73/002. 2504: 657:. The measurement of interest may vary with distances from the water boundary with overlying 6215: 6053: 5954: 5912: 5880: 5774: 5728: 5688: 5595: 5563: 5531: 5516: 5500: 5475: 5260: 5214: 4821: 4780: 4763: 4650: 4548: 4080: 3984: 3868: 3539: 3498: 3480: 3424: 3375: 3333: 3271: 3263: 3215: 3150: 3140: 3121:"Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies" 2952: 2936: 2856: 2769: 2722: 2679: 2470: 2410: 2389:"Polyethylene Identification in Ocean Water Samples by Means of 50 keV Energy Electron Beam" 2267: 2111: 2093: 2039: 2010: 1897: 1484: 1399: 1290: 923: 903: 891: 830: 788: 755: 723: 722:

may change if the water sample changes temperature. Finely divided solid particles formerly

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Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum

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floods, cause loss of water sources in droughts, and make water quality deteriorate.

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Daniels, Mike; Scott, Thad; Haggard, Brian; Sharpley, Andrew; Daniel, Tommy (2009).

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Goldman, Charles R.; Horne, Alexander J. (1983). "6. Chemicals and Growth Factors".

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with its new surroundings – the sample container. Sample containers must be made of

6005: 5979: 5959: 5783: 5746: 5710: 5346: 5293: 5169: 5125: 5110: 5039: 4645: 4603: 4379: 4330: 4266: 4122: 4026: 3804: 3075:"Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment: Mussel Watch Contaminant Monitoring" 2151:. Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 10 August 2021. 1917: 1775:(91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991 concerning discharges of municipal and some industrial 1707: 1687: 1302: 1203: 1137: 479: 475: 406: 284: 88: 32: 3725: 3708: 3667: 3267: 3101:

The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers

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Water Engineering Development Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.

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greatly reduces the cost and the need of infrastructure on the sampling location.

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Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Sorrell, Charles C. (2014). "Sand Supported Mixed-Phase TiO

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More information about water quality in the United States is available on EPA's

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and that has no treatment will be of uncertain quality in terms of potability.

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in children. In addition, there are many emerging water quality issues—such as

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plants) are required to conduct periodic whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests.

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The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:

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prescribe aesthetic qualities, those that affect taste, odor, or appearance.

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to be collected, preserved, transported, and analyzed at another location.

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Water Security & the Global Water Agenda - A UN-Water Analytical Brief

2628:. Denver, CO: USGS, Quality Systems Branch. 28 August 2009. Archived from 2361:

Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (draft).

2250:. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 22 September 2018. 918:) of water sample because oxygen (O) has 89% mass of the water molecule (H 5693: 5637: 5298: 5147: 5115: 4858: 4426: 4352: 4293: 4288: 4236: 4146: 4117: 4110: 4100: 4031: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3011:. Annapolis, MD: Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Chesapeake Bay 2826:. Rockville, MD: Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection 2817:

An example of a local government-sponsored volunteer monitoring program:

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Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria (1996).

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Chapra, Steven C.; Camacho, Luis A.; McBride, Graham B. (January 2021).

2925:"Programming cell-free biosensors with DNA strand displacement circuits" 2684: 2527:"Sampling - KFUPM School , nature is us - Forums - Tunza Eco Generation" 2043: 993: 939:

in the water, they may be consumed by people drinking the water. Adding

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IOWATER (Iowa Department of Natural Resources). Iowa City, IA (2005).

2773: 1979: 876: 105:

Over time, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of

6058: 6038: 5932: 5607: 5100: 4575: 4540: 4364: 4320: 4168: 3966: 3250:. Climatic change impact on water: Overcoming data and science gaps. 2761:

International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka (2010).

2230:"Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals" 1711: 1683: 1644: 1055: 907: 747: 707: 654: 353: 349: 345: 201: 76: 3837: 2899:"DNA computer could tell you if your drinking water is contaminated" 1583:

Warmer water in lakes, oceans, reservoirs and rivers can cause more

2405: 644:

The process of water sampling introduces two significant problems:

6068: 6010: 5351: 5283: 5181: 5073: 4608: 4448: 4374: 4161: 3405:"Emergent biogeochemical risks from Arctic permafrost degradation" 2763:"Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami." 2717: 2436:

Water Quality Standards Handbook Chapter 3: Water Quality Criteria

2374:"Supplemental Module: Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria" 1247: 1227: 1132: 1007: 953: 915: 875: 802: 769: 650: 527: 442: 438: 181: 167: 64: 31: 6043: 5164: 5152: 5068: 4553: 4409: 4404: 4384: 4258: 4209: 4053: 3815: 3668:"Water quality guidelines for South Africa: First Edition 1996." 3461:"Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems" 3320:

Hoekstra, Arjen Y; Buurman, Joost; van Ginkel, Kees C H (2018).

3244:"Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems" 2806:

Representative Sampling of Ground Water for Hazardous Substances

2666:

Furusawa, Takuro; Maki, Norio; Suzuki, Shingo (1 January 2008).

1703: 1492: 1107: 954: 940: 911: 703: 662: 434: 330: 318: 40:

is used for collecting water samples in deep water, such as the

4940: 3841: 3821: 2216:

Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

1785:(98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 concerning potable water quality; 1543:

Climate change can reduce lower water quality in several ways:

4512: 4156: 3747:"Overview of Listing Impaired Waters under CWA Section 303(d)" 3176: 3174: 799:

Testing in response to natural disasters and other emergencies

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An automated sampling station installed along the East Branch

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to new evidence on the harms from known contaminants, such as

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may settle to the bottom of the sample container, or a solid

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Regulation and monitoring of pollution § Water pollution

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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

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National specifications for ambient water and drinking water

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Water security § Reduced water quality due to climate change

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In coastal regions, more saltwater may mix into freshwater

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values of sampling over time and location, or if critical

3798: 2455:

JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association

2038:(Report). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2017. 262:

regulate substances that potentially affect human health;

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Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination Applications".

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protocol. The SASS5 method is used by the South African

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devices that pump increments of water at either time or

236:, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water). 3824:– National Water Quality Assessment Program of the USGS 2651:

Natural Disasters and Severe Weather (13 August 2014).

1982:. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). FS-027-01. 1846:

Drinking water quality legislation of the United States

276:(FDA) regulations establish limits for contaminants in 3622:

International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1555:. Also pollutants can reach water bodies by increased 996:, that can detect levels of diverse water pollutants. 906:

without respect to their form. Elemental analysis for

380:, Ireland, describing water quality, giving levels of 3810:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

3765:"National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress" 1551:

Floods after heavy rainfalls can mix floodwater with

3812:– Drinking water quality and testing (United States) 3692:"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000." 3077:. Ccma.nos.noaa.gov. 14 January 2014. Archived from 2804:

State of California Environmental Protection Agency

243:(EPA) limits the amounts of certain contaminants in 176:

Contaminants that may be in untreated water include

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National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress

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thawing leads to an increased flux of contaminants.

758:. Changing carbon dioxide concentrations may alter 2163:"What is water quality? Eight key characteristics" 1878:Drinking water standards, which are applicable to 1939:, a graphical representation of chemical analyses 1756:Water supply and sanitation in the European Union 224:contaminants. Water quality depends on the local 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1850:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 1576:and more intense storms. This process is called 742:within the water sample may biochemically alter 524:Environmental monitoring § Sampling methods 357:satisfy their recommended amounts through food. 329:(Mg) that interfere with the cleaning action of 255:authorizes EPA to issue two types of standards: 3465:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 868:as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines. 3594:University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture 3103:"African Journal of Aquatic Science", 27:1–10. 3051:(Report). EPA. October 2002. EPA-821-R-02-012. 2983:(Report). EPA. October 2009. EPA 600/R-09/076. 2266:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–97. 2206: 2204: 1738:International Organization for Standardization 807:Testing water in the Gulf of Mexico after the 628:More complex measurements are often made in a 4952: 3853: 2309:Babbitt, Harold E.; Doland, James J. (1949). 774:Filtering a manually collected water sample ( 241:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8: 3799:Global Freshwater Quality Database (GEMStat) 2751:(Report). EPA. April 2010. EPA 821-R-10-003. 2332:Linsley, Ray K; Franzini, Joseph B. (1972). 2072:Khan, Nameerah; Charles, Katrina J. (2023). 156:for potability, industrial/domestic use, or 87:. Water quality has a significant impact on 1842:Drinking water quality in the United States 1819:Water supply and sanitation in South Africa 1791:(2000/60/EC) of 23 October 2000 concerning 853:. There are many decontamination methods. 422:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 208:contaminants from industrial processes and 4959: 4945: 4937: 4719: 4453: 3881: 3860: 3846: 3838: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2554: 2552: 1595:because warmer water contains less oxygen. 3543: 3502: 3484: 3379: 3337: 3275: 3156:1983/92cc5791-168b-457a-93c7-458890f1bf26 3154: 3144: 2956: 2716: 2683: 2414: 2404: 2115: 2097: 593:, systematic and grid sampling, adaptive 1773:Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment 977:, and biological assessment procedures. 862:International Water Management Institute 6100:Pollutant release and transfer register 2626:"Definitions of Quality-Assurance Data" 2264:The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability 1970: 1710:and discharge of treated and untreated 1495:, which includes an EPT indicator key. 3720:U.S. Clean Water Act, Section 303(d), 3532:Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2786:"WHO technical notes for emergencies." 2313:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 388. 2015:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x 1548:fecal contamination of water sources. 1507:, but today they are used worldwide. 1498:Bivalve molluscs are largely used as 91:and often determines supply options. 44:or oceans, for water quality testing. 7: 6190: 5431:Electromagnetic radiation and health 3816:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3801:– United Nations environment program 2067: 2065: 2063: 1808:(ICMR) Standards for Drinking Water. 27:Assessment against standards for use 6206: 6198: 5289:Radium and radon in the environment 3818:– Water Data and Tools of the USEPA 3703:U.S. Clean Water Act, Section 303, 3568:"What Are Water Quality Standards?" 2507:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service 1563:Groundwater quality may deteriorate 922:O). The method selected to measure 734:may form from biological growth or 682:of exceeding those critical values. 3805:Water policy in the European Union 3035:Clean Water Act Analytical Methods 1806:Indian Council of Medical Research 25: 3647:"91.140.60: Water supply systems" 3099:Dickens CWS and Graham PM. 2002. 3031:"Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods" 2336:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 454–456. 2298:. WHO. 21 March 2022. Fact sheet. 1106:Dissolved metals and metalloids ( 6224: 6214: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6177: 6176: 4921: 4920: 3344: 3322:"Urban water security: A review" 3125:Science of the Total Environment 3063:"Benthic Macroinvertebrate Key." 2130: 1995:Journal of Environmental Quality 1910: 1896: 1719:Drinking water quality standards 1587:. This results in more frequent 1531:This section is an excerpt from 1123:colored dissolved organic matter 959:Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy 575:oxygen reduction potential (ORP) 433:relates to water bodies such as 399: 369: 5003:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 3690:National Archives, London, UK. 3572:Standards for Water Body Health 3146:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 2849:Biosensors & Bioelectronics 2505:"Watershed Restoration Program" 2149:"Other Uses and Types of Water" 1764:is primarily codified in three 1332:Residual sodium carbonate index 3326:Environmental Research Letters 2705:Advanced Engineering Materials 2442:. EPA. 2017. EPA 823-B-17-001. 1882:, are issued by EPA under the 1102:Bacteriological water analysis 1: 5491:Electrical resistance heating 3268:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.037 1978:Cordy, Gail E. (March 2001). 1368:Index of biological integrity 1165:Wastewater quality indicators 1014:electrical conductivity meter 926:should differentiate between 491:and protecting human health. 409:discharging to coastal waters 120:on child development through 101:Drinking water § Quality 5143:Persistent organic pollutant 3886:Pollution / quality 3220:10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.006 2672:Tropical Medicine and Health 2212:"Drinking Water Regulations" 2188:Code of Federal Regulations, 1783:The Drinking Water Directive 1054:Dissolved metals and salts ( 992:reported the development of 720:chemical reaction equilibria 661:and underlying or confining 274:Food and Drug Administration 79:of human contact, extent of 6153:Least polluted cities by PM 3835:– Professional association 3310:, United Nations University 2334:Water-Resources Engineering 2272:10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5 1980:"A Primer on Water Quality" 1520:Department of Water Affairs 951:are even more challenging. 809:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 501:Analysis of water chemistry 427:Environmental water quality 361:Environmental water quality 311:Industrial and domestic use 6291: 6095:Pollution haven hypothesis 6018:Brain health and pollution 5256:Ecological light pollution 5086:Internal combustion engine 3694:2000 No. 3184. 2000-12-08. 3545:10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100960 3429:10.1038/s41558-021-01162-y 2995:"Water Quality Monitoring" 2941:10.1038/s41589-021-00962-9 2861:10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019 2612:"Chapter 8. Data Analysis" 2588:Franson, Mary Ann (1975). 2416:10.3390/instruments4040032 2099:10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 1864:state environmental agency 1839: 1816: 1753: 1716: 1530: 1361: 1158: 784:rate of chemical reactions 714:of the atmosphere; so gas 521: 498: 482:in forested areas) in the 415: 98: 6174: 5898:Nonpoint source pollution 5818:War and environmental law 5177:Volatile organic compound 4974: 4916: 4722: 4457:Types / location 3751:Impaired Waters and TMDLs 3200:Environment International 2653:"Tsunamis: Water Quality" 2218:. EPA. 20 September 2022. 1873:Total Maximum Daily Loads 1789:Water Framework Directive 1731:World Health Organization 1279:Biochemical oxygen demand 866:World Health Organization 858:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 458:concentrations, and high 128:with growing evidence of 6275:Water quality indicators 5357:Marine mammals and sonar 5268:Radio spectrum pollution 3587:"What is Water Quality?" 3339:10.1088/1748-9326/aaba52 2791:12 February 2016 at the 2531:tunza.eco-generation.org 2311:Water Supply Engineering 2248:Food Facts for Consumers 2232:. EPA. 17 February 2022. 1760:The water policy of the 1668:anthropogenic activities 1629:Environmental scientists 1442:Paratrimastix pyriformis 1190:Specific conductance or 1155:Environmental indicators 1127:dissolved organic carbon 898:The simplest methods of 495:Sampling and measurement 418:Environmental monitoring 287:areas around the world, 142:antimicrobial resistance 138:perfluorinated compounds 95:Impacts on public health 18:Drinking water pollution 6203:WikiProject Environment 6161:Most polluted countries 6105:Polluter pays principle 5836:Agricultural wastewater 3771:. EPA. 7 December 2021. 3624:"13.060: Water quality" 3486:10.1073/pnas.1619807114 2929:Nature Chemical Biology 2820:"Monitoring Our Waters" 2461:(5). Wiley: 1007–1024. 1948:Water quality modelling 1884:Safe Drinking Water Act 1856:Water Quality Standards 1694:) are a major cause of 1338:Sodium adsorption ratio 1161:Environmental indicator 1081:Microorganisms such as 965:and other heavy metals. 601:, remote surveillance, 253:Safe Drinking Water Act 6221:Environment portal 5454:Agricultural pollution 3822:U.S. Geological Survey 3753:. EPA. 31 August 2022. 2727:10.1002/adem.201300259 1854:In the United States, 1526:Climate change impacts 1505:Mussel Watch Programme 1285:Chemical oxygen demand 1222:Total dissolved solids 1198:Total suspended solids 1192:electrical conductance 1021: 1018:total dissolved solids 966: 895: 851:total dissolved solids 811: 791:) and spiked sample ( 779: 736:chemical precipitation 545: 509:Water sampling station 431:ambient water quality, 173: 107:drinking water quality 45: 6250:Environmental science 5876:Industrial wastewater 5742:Clutter (advertising) 5650:Municipal solid waste 5496:Soil guideline values 5340:Sustainable transport 5233:Information pollution 5033:Open burning of waste 3831:24 March 2018 at the 3574:. EPA. 14 April 2022. 3409:Nature Climate Change 3037:. EPA. 1 August 2020. 2824:Watershed Restoration 2808:(1994) pp. 23–24 1817:Further information: 1754:Further information: 1641:Environmental lawyers 1611:Standards and reports 1512:aquatic biomonitoring 1457:Biological monitoring 1358:Biological indicators 1011: 957: 879: 814:After events such as 806: 773: 609:. The use of passive 531: 392:Enterococcus faecalis 196:contaminants such as 171: 35: 6148:Most polluted cities 5841:Biological pollution 5752:Overhead power lines 4832:remnant natural area 4469:storage and recovery 4135:habitat conservation 3953:Deforestation (REDD) 3769:Water Data and Tools 3248:Journal of Hydrology 2376:. EPA. 28 June 2022. 1880:public water systems 1589:harmful algal blooms 1364:Biological integrity 1194:(EC) or conductivity 1121:Dissolved organics: 1000:Real-time monitoring 990:bionanotechnologists 902:are those measuring 687:chemical equilibrium 505:analytical chemistry 454:concentrations, low 333:, and can form hard 249:public water systems 6211:WikiProject Ecology 5908:Ocean acidification 5813:Unexploded ordnance 5684:Post-consumer waste 5544:Foam food container 5522:Biodegradable waste 5096:Global distillation 4786:Earth Overshoot Day 4360:Marine conservation 4341:non-timber products 3783:"How's My Waterway" 3477:2017PNAS..114.9770M 3421:2021NatCC..11..809M 3260:2014JHyd..518..250K 3212:2004EnInt..30..741B 3137:2022ScTEn.81351876C 3081:on 7 September 2015 2685:10.2149/tmh.2007-63 2467:2013JAWRA..49.1007T 2090:2023ExpHe..15..519K 2078:Exposure and Health 2007:1997JEnvQ..26..581J 1633:aqueous geochemists 1578:saltwater intrusion 1483:, mines, municipal 1417:Pimephales promelas 1263:Chemical indicators 1174:Physical indicators 1016:is used to measure 971:government agencies 961:is used to measure 676:statistical methods 591:stratified sampling 538:New Fane, Wisconsin 468:water contamination 266:secondary standards 118:infectious diseases 63:characteristics of 6231:Ecology portal 6115:Waste minimisation 6090:Industrial ecology 6085:Cleaner production 5903:Nutrient pollution 5780:Herbicidal warfare 5574:Construction waste 5210:Introduced species 5081:Indoor air quality 5008:Chlorofluorocarbon 4771:Ecosystem services 3894:Ambient standards 3728:; Section 305(b), 3603:on 1 December 2020 2475:10.1111/jawr.12108 1932:Permanganate index 1927:Aquatic toxicology 1904:Environment portal 1593:aquatic ecosystems 1476:macroinvertebrates 1425:Americamysis bahia 1049:2-Methylisoborneol 1022: 967: 896: 882:gas chromatograph- 860:the Colombo-based 812: 780: 632:requiring a water 546: 489:endangered species 289:water purification 174: 109:and its impact on 46: 6237: 6236: 6110:Pollution control 5790:Nuclear holocaust 5699:Thermal treatment 5667:Plastic pollution 5584:Mercury poisoning 5537:Battery recycling 5436:Radioactive waste 5205:Genetic pollution 5200:Biological hazard 4998:Air quality index 4934: 4933: 4912: 4911: 4711: 4710: 4390:genetic resources 4326:genetic resources 3961: 3960: 3869:Natural resources 3471:(37): 9770–9778. 3381:10.3390/w13172408 3308:978-92-808-6038-2 3009:"Eyes on the Bay" 2774:10.5337/2011.0030 2281:978-3-319-71388-5 1678:activities (e.g. 1453: 1452: 1411:Coliform bacteria 1354: 1353: 1259: 1258: 949:organic molecules 904:chemical elements 900:chemical analysis 884:mass spectrometer 872:Chemical analysis 756:organic compounds 671:maxima and minima 518:Sample collection 260:primary standards 164:Human consumption 83:and condition of 16:(Redirected from 6282: 6260:Water management 6229: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6192: 6180: 6179: 6054:Legacy pollution 5913:Oil exploitation 5775:Chemical warfare 5689:Waste management 5596:Industrial waste 5564:Biomedical waste 5532:Electronic waste 5517:Advertising mail 5501:Phytoremediation 5476:Land degradation 5261:Overillumination 5215:Invasive species 4961: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4924: 4923: 4875: 4822:Natural heritage 4781:overexploitation 4720: 4454: 4400:herbal medicines 4380:FAO Plant Treaty 3920: 3897: 3882: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3743: 3737: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3596:. 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McGraw-Hill. 2558: 2557: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2537:on 7 March 2023 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2071: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2034: 2033: 2022: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1958:Water treatment 1916: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1892: 1860:Clean Water Act 1852: 1840:Main articles: 1838: 1830: 1821: 1815: 1802: 1793:water resources 1758: 1752: 1747: 1726: 1721: 1696:water pollution 1647:work to define 1627:, and climate. 1613: 1608: 1607: 1536: 1528: 1454: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1317:Orthophosphates 1265: 1260: 1238:Forel-Ule scale 1176: 1171: 1157: 1143:Pharmaceuticals 1095:Giardia lamblia 1091:Cryptosporidium 1002: 983: 921: 883: 874: 801: 642: 534:Milwaukee River 526: 520: 515: 497: 424: 414: 413: 412: 411: 410: 404: 396: 395: 382:faecal coliform 374: 363: 313: 247:provided by US 166: 150: 103: 97: 81:water pollution 38:rosette sampler 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6288: 6286: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6143:Law by country 6140: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6008: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5965:Surface runoff 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5851:Eutrophication 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Scorched earth 5805: 5802:nuclear winter 5798:nuclear famine 5787: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5643:Uranium mining 5640: 5635: 5630: 5628:Surface mining 5625: 5620: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579:Lead poisoning 5576: 5571: 5569:Chemical waste 5566: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5481:Bioremediation 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5396:Bioremediation 5393: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317:Transportation 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5091:Global dimming 5088: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5062:Diesel exhaust 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4874:(perpetuation) 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4827:Nature reserve 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4460: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304:climate change 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4272:Bioprospecting 4269: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4149: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3917:Clean Air Act 3909: 3904: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3802: 3794: 3793:External links 3791: 3788: 3787: 3774: 3756: 3738: 3734:§ 1315(b) 3730:33 U.S.C. 3722:33 U.S.C. 3713: 3705:33 U.S.C. 3696: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3637: 3614: 3577: 3559: 3518: 3450: 3395: 3354: 3312: 3291: 3233: 3206:(5): 741–759. 3190: 3170: 3105: 3092: 3066: 3054: 3040: 3022: 3000: 2986: 2972: 2935:(4): 385–393. 2915: 2890: 2838: 2810: 2797: 2777: 2754: 2740: 2711:(2): 248–254. 2700: 2691: 2658: 2643: 2617: 2603: 2576: 2569: 2548: 2518: 2496: 2445: 2426: 2379: 2365: 2349: 2342: 2324: 2301: 2287: 2280: 2253: 2235: 2221: 2200: 2179: 2154: 2140: 2084:(3): 519–537. 2059: 2052: 2020: 2001:(3): 581–589. 1985: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1907: 1891: 1888: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1828:United Kingdom 1826: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1780: 1762:European Union 1751: 1750:European Union 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1725: 1722: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1585:eutrophication 1581: 1574:sea level rise 1566: 1560: 1557:surface runoff 1549: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1434: 1429: 1428:(Mysid shrimp) 1421: 1413: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1371: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1297:Total hardness 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1234:Color of water 1231: 1225: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1201: 1195: 1188: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1119: 1104: 1083:fecal coliform 1079: 1052: 1041: 1036: 1034:Color of water 1031: 1001: 998: 982: 979: 919: 873: 870: 800: 797: 778:) for analysis 768: 767: 752:carbon dioxide 744:concentrations 740:Microorganisms 683: 641: 638: 603:remote sensing 519: 516: 496: 493: 447:microorganisms 429:, also called 405: 398: 397: 375: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 362: 359: 312: 309: 270: 269: 263: 178:microorganisms 165: 162: 149: 146: 96: 93: 85:drinking water 51:refers to the 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6287: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6232: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5985:Water quality 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Traffic signs 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5672:Microplastics 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Nanomaterials 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5601:Lead smelting 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Radioactivity 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5373:Noise control 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121:Metal working 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4905: 4904:Non-renewable 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Urban ecology 4842: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Privatization 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Surface water 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072:peak farmland 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3332:(5): 053002. 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2904: 2903:New Scientist 2900: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2839: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2600:0-87553-078-8 2597: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570:0-07-023651-8 2566: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2343:0-07-037959-9 2339: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2168: 2167:Water Rangers 2164: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053:9789241549950 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1953:Water testing 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1943:Water clarity 1941: 1938: 1937:Stiff diagram 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836:United States 1835: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1724:International 1723: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:manufacturing 1677: 1673: 1670:of a region. 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516:ISO/IEC 17025 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1500:bioindicators 1496: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:Ephemeroptera 1458: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1379:Ephemeroptera 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1213:Water clarity 1211: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 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