102:
895:. Zajonc devised a study in which individual cockroaches were released into a tube, at the end of which there was a light. In the presence of other cockroaches as spectators, cockroaches were observed to achieve a significantly faster time in reaching the light than those in the control, no-spectator group. However, when cockroaches in the same conditions were given a maze to negotiate, performance was impaired in the spectator condition, demonstrating that incorrect dominant responses in the presence of an audience impair performance.
908:
design from Zajonc's as he introduced a separate condition in which participants were given tasks to perform in the presence of an audience that was blindfolded, and thus unable to evaluate the participant's performance. It was found that no social facilitation effect occurred, and hence the anticipation of performance evaluation must play a role in social facilitation. Evaluation apprehension, however, is only key in human social facilitation and is not observed in other animals.
875:, causes the individual to enact behaviours that form dominant responses, since an individual's dominant response is the most likely response, given the skills which are available. If the dominant response is correct, then social presence enhances performance of the task. However, if the dominant response is incorrect, social presence produces an impaired performance. Increasing performance of well learned tasks and impairing performance on poorly learned tasks.
73:, put forward a drive theory as an explanation of all behavior. In a study conducted by Hull, two groups of rats were put in a maze, group A was given food after three hours and group B was given food after twenty-two hours. Hull had decided that the rats that were deprived of food longer would be more likely to develop a habit of going down the same path to obtain food.
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A drive system must give us a synthetic sight of the whole of the drive activities, comparable to the total impression which white light gives us, but it must also make it possible to display 'the spectrum' of the drives just like light can be divided in colours. It is an extremely difficult task and
863:
notes that, in some cases, the presence of a passive audience will facilitate the better performance of a task, while in other cases the presence of an audience will inhibit the performance of a task. Zajonc's drive theory suggests that the variable determining direction of performance is whether the
907:
later refined this theory to include yet another variable in the mechanisms of social facilitation. He suggested that the correctness of dominant responses only plays a role in social facilitation when there is an expectation of social reward or punishment based on performance. His study differs in
61:
Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. According
787:
in that country was well under way, and the warnings of a second
European war were leading to opposing calls for rearmament and pacifism. Against this background, Freud wrote "In face of the destructive forces unleashed, now it may be expected that the other of the two 'heavenly forces,' eternal
883:
Such behaviour was first noticed by
Triplett (1898) while observing the cyclists who were racing together versus cyclists who were racing alone. It was found that the mere presence of other cyclists produced greater performance. A similar effect was observed by Chen (1937) in
827:(1950) as an explanation of the mechanisms behind early attachment in infants. Behavioural drive reduction theory suggests that infants are born with innate drives, such as hunger and thirst, which only the caregiver, usually the mother, can reduce. Through a process of
621:
53:
is a theory that attempts to analyze, classify or define the psychological drives. A drive is an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behavior of an individual; an "excitatory state produced by a
864:
task is composed of a correct dominant response (that is, the task is perceived as being subjectively easy to the individual) or an incorrect dominant response (perceived as being subjectively difficult).
754:) refers to the theory of drives, motivations, or instincts, that have clear objects. When an internal imbalance is detected by homeostatic mechanisms, a drive to restore balance is produced. In 1927,
831:, the infant learns to associate the mother with the satisfaction of reduced drive and is thus able to form a key attachment bond. However, this theory is challenged by the work done by
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building colonies. However, it was not until Zajonc investigated this behaviour in the 1960s that any empirical explanation for the audience effect was pursued.
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Triebe sind
Radikale der menschlichen Handlungen und Verhaltungen. Sie sind die bedingenden und erhaltenden Wurzeln des menschlichen Daseins überhaupt.
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Zajonc, R. B.; Heingartner, A.; Herman, E. M. (1969). "Social enhancement and impairment of performance in the cockroach".
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has been described as a revolutionary addition to psychology, and as paving the way for a theoretical psychiatry and a
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Zajonc's drive theory is based on an experiment involving the investigation of the effect of social facilitation in
62:
to the theory, drive tends to increase over time and operates on a feedback control system, much like a thermostat.
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Cherche à jeter les bases d'une authentique anthropologie psychanalytique d'après le schéma pulsionnel de Szondi.
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Eros, will put forth his strength so as to maintain himself alongside of his equally immortal adversary."
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in psychology, rejecting it as a form of paranoia, and instead classified drives with dichotomies like
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1268:"Audience effects: What can they tell us about social neuroscience, theory of mind and autism?"
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Seward, J. (1956). drive, incentive, and reinforcement. Psychological Review, 63, 19-203.
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342:
1223:
Chen, Shisan C. (1937). "Social
Modification of the Activity of Ants in Nest-Building".
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said that a drive theory was what was lacking most in psychoanalysis. He was opposed to
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In the presence of a passive audience, an individual is in a heightened state of
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it is not at all astonishing that we have not yet arrived at this point.
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Metapsychology for
Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Mind, World, and Self.
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Abschnitt I Trieblehre, Kapitel I Das
Menschliche Triebsystem.
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942:). Text for the Szondi Congress of Cracow, August 1996.
1466:
1446:(reprint, revised ed.). London: Karnac Books.
1003:"Drive Theory In Social Psychology - IResearchNet"
1092:, Introduction of the first edition, quotation:
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1060:. United States: Worth Publishers. p. 320.
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855:in 1965 as an explanation of the phenomenon of
488:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1074:. J. Strachey, transl. New York: W. W. Norton.
835:, particularly the experiments involving the
819:, behavioral drive reduction was proposed by
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8:
1317:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
957:Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik
799:aimed instead at a systematic drive theory.
748:
1382:– via University of Michigan Library.
935:Notes on the History of the Szondi Movement
783:was published in Germany in 1930, when the
1128:Affectional responses in the infant monkey
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630:International Psychoanalytical Association
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1351:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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32:Drive reduction theory (learning theory)
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774:, respectively) and sexual/ego drives.
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1126:Harlow H F; Zimmermann R. R. (1959).
837:maternal separation of rhesus monkeys
7:
624:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
414:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
770:drives (the drives toward life and
635:World Association of Psychoanalysis
1266:Hamilton, A. F.; Lind, F. (2016).
1151:Zajonc, Robert B. (16 July 1965).
1112:(1989), Issues 106-109 quotation:
1089:Experimental Diagnostics of Drives
123:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
25:
1438:"Instinct (or Drive) (pp. 214-7)"
640:List of schools of psychoanalysis
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1476:
1398:"Instinct and Drive (pp. 19ff.)"
1072:Civilization and its discontents
780:Civilization and Its Discontents
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616:British Psychoanalytical Society
468:Civilization and Its Discontents
100:
1443:The Language of Psycho-analysis
1396:Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) .
1023:Fotopoulou, Aikaterini (2012).
989:"Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence"
1237:10.1086/physzool.10.4.30151428
622:Columbia University Center for
611:British Psychoanalytic Council
508:The Sublime Object of Ideology
478:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
905:evaluation apprehension model
805:psychoanalytical anthropology
448:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
438:Psychology of the Unconscious
1363:10.1016/0022-1031(78)90034-3
1180:10.1126/science.149.3681.269
404:The Interpretation of Dreams
1516:Interpersonal relationships
1342:Markus, Hazel (July 1978).
1130:Science, vol(130):421-432.
851:, drive theory was used by
65:In 1943 two psychologists,
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1511:Psychoanalytic terminology
425:Three Essays on the Theory
29:
1460:Sembera, Richard (2017),
1284:10.1007/s40167-016-0044-5
603:Boston Graduate School of
1056:Hockenbury, Don (2012).
871:. Increased arousal, or
118:Psychosexual development
1434:Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand
899:Evaluation apprehension
811:Early attachment theory
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879:Corroborative evidence
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801:Szondi's Drive Diagram
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1225:Physiological Zoology
1206:"Social Facilitation"
1204:McLeod, Saul (2011).
1153:"Social facilitation"
696:Psychology portal
675:Psychoanalytic theory
932:Mélon, Jean (1996),
660:Child psychoanalysis
148:Id, ego and superego
86:a series of articles
30:For other uses, see
27:Psychological theory
1172:1965Sci...149..269Z
857:social facilitation
791:In 1947, Hungarian
183:Countertransference
1408:Abingdon-on-Thames
1137:2019-03-03 at the
1070:Freud, S. (1961).
525:Schools of thought
458:The Ego and the Id
1453:978-0-946-43949-2
1421:978-1-317-67045-2
1272:Culture and Brain
1210:Simply Psychology
1166:(3681): 269–274.
1036:978-0-19-960052-6
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268:Freud (Anna)
178:Transference
172:
163:Introjection
153:Ego defenses
133:Preconscious
64:
60:
50:
46:
43:drive theory
42:
36:
18:Drive Theory
903:Cottrell's
893:cockroaches
128:Unconscious
56:homeostatic
1505:Categories
1495:Psychology
1483:Philosophy
1058:Psychology
1042:2021-07-01
1009:2019-04-15
912:References
750:Trieblehre
577:Relational
188:Resistance
158:Projection
67:Clark Hull
39:psychology
1436:(1988) .
1412:Routledge
1323:(2): 83.
815:In early
378:Winnicott
358:Spielrein
338:Laplanche
258:Fairbairn
198:Dreamwork
1378:22 April
1302:27867833
1253:88116072
1245:30151428
1188:14300526
1135:Archived
1086:(1952),
954:(1972),
777:Freud's
768:Thanatos
653:See also
595:Training
572:Reichian
547:Lacanian
532:Adlerian
373:Sullivan
368:Strachey
323:Kristeva
298:Jacobson
293:Irigaray
283:Guattari
263:Ferenczi
248:Chodorow
203:Cathexis
111:Concepts
84:Part of
1469:Portals
1293:5095155
1168:Bibcode
1160:Science
869:arousal
821:Dollard
562:Marxist
542:Jungian
253:Erikson
223:Abraham
1450:
1418:
1300:
1290:
1251:
1243:
1186:
1033:
873:stress
859:. The
825:Miller
740:German
512:(1989)
502:(1972)
492:(1964)
482:(1933)
472:(1930)
462:(1923)
452:(1920)
442:(1912)
431:(1905)
418:(1901)
408:(1899)
363:Stekel
343:Mahler
288:Horney
243:Breuer
233:Balint
193:Denial
168:Libido
1347:(PDF)
1249:S2CID
1241:JSTOR
1156:(PDF)
772:death
383:Žižek
353:Reich
333:Laing
328:Lacan
318:Klein
313:Kohut
303:Jones
278:Fromm
228:Adler
173:Drive
1448:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1380:2019
1298:PMID
1184:PMID
1031:ISBN
886:ants
823:and
764:Eros
348:Rank
308:Jung
238:Bion
69:and
41:, a
1367:hdl
1359:doi
1325:doi
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1233:doi
1176:doi
1164:149
1132:PDF
847:In
746:or
734:In
49:or
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