Siegfried Line campaign - Knowledge (XXG)

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subsequent thrust into Germany to the Rhine River. Parts of this operation also included further fighting in the Hurtgen Forest. The offensive commenced on 16 November with one of the heaviest tactical air bombardments by the western Allies of the war. Although the German forces were heavily outnumbered, the Allied advance was very slow. After four weeks of intensive fighting, the Allies reached the Roer, but were not able to establish any bridgeheads over it. Fighting in the Hurtgen Forest also bogged down. The exhaustive fighting during

265: 199: 186: 3399: 1966: 2609:("Watch on the Rhine") was to attack through the Ardennes and swing north to Antwerp, splitting the American and British armies. The attack started on 16 December in what became known as the Battle of the Bulge. Defending the Ardennes were troops of the U.S. First Army. After initial German successes in bad weather, which gave them cover from the Allied air forces, the Allies launched a counterattack to clear them from the Ardennes. The Germans were eventually pushed back to their starting points by 25 January 1945. 3560: 2228: 223: 56: 2443: 310: 2220:, moving north toward the south shore of the Scheldt around the Dutch town of Breskens, were the first Allied troops to face the formidable obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and Dérivation de la Lys Canals. The canals were crossed and a bridgehead established, but fierce counter-attacks by the Germans forced them to withdraw with heavy casualties. The 1st Polish Armoured Division had greater success, moving northeast to the coast, occupying 161: 235: 1751: 211: 248: 2674: 1602: 2100: 2471:

operate as a fighting force by cutting off their supply lines. This might have forced them to surrender or to move out of the city in an attempt to re-establish their supply lines. In the case of the latter, a confrontation in a more neutral setting would probably have resulted in fewer military and civilian casualties.

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The pincer movement of the Canadian First Army, advancing from the Nijmegen area in Operation Veritable, and the U.S. Ninth Army, crossing the Roer in Operation Grenade, was planned to start on 8 February 1945, but it was delayed by two weeks when the Germans flooded the Roer valley by destroying the

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tactics the Germans had so effectively used (see below). However, the city was the first to be assaulted on German soil and so had huge historical and cultural significance for the German people. Hitler personally ordered that the garrison there be reinforced and the city held. This forced the Allied

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was unsuccessful. Arnhem bridge was not held and the British paratroops suffered tremendous casualties—approximately 77% by 25 September. The failure of the 82nd to capture the Nijmegen bridges in a coup de main meant that the British ground forces meant to relieve the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem

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pipeline, this still had to reach the fronts, which were advancing faster than the pipelines could be extended. The railways had been largely destroyed by Allied attacks and would take much effort to repair, so fleets of trucks were needed in the interim. In an attempt to address this acute shortage

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was seen as a possible location for incursions into the American flank, and the river dams in the area were a threat to the Allied advance downstream, so the Allies launched an assault to clear the area of German resistance on 19 September 1944. German defence was more stubborn than expected and the

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and tied up the available resources of the advancing Allied armies. Ambrose has suggested that a more effective strategy would have been to isolate the garrison at Aachen and continue the move east into the heart of Germany. In theory, this would have eliminated the ability of the German garrison to

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landing zones were some distance from Arnhem bridge and only on the north side of the river. Problems arose when the British 1st Airborne Division lost vital equipment—jeeps and heavy anti-tank guns—when gliders crashed. There had also been a severe underestimation of German strength in the area. To

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American losses now called on replacements direct from the United States. They were often inexperienced and not used to the harsh conditions of the latter part of the campaign. There were also complaints about the poor quality of troops released into the infantry from less-stressed parts of the U.S.

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started to run low on fuel. This situation was caused by the rapid Allied advance through France, and compounded by the shift of logistical priority to the northern forces to secure Antwerp. By 1 September 1944, with the last of its fuel, the Third Army managed one final push to capture key bridges

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were landed on both sides of the gap in the sea dyke. Heavy fighting ensued. A smaller force moved south-eastward, toward Vlissingen, while the main force went northeast to clear the northern half of Walcheren to link up with the Canadians who had established a bridgehead on the eastern part of the

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was a combined Allied air-ground offensive against the German forces at the Siegfried Line, which was conducted mainly by the combined effort of the U.S. Ninth and First Armies. The principal goal of the operation was to advance to the Roer River and to establish several bridgeheads over it, for a

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and one of the most heavily fortified cities in Western Europe. The city could not be bypassed, as several of its forts had guns directed at Moselle crossing sites and the main roads in the area. It could also be used as a stronghold to organize a German counter-attack to the Third Army's rear. In

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Although the breakout from Normandy had taken longer than planned, the advances until September had far exceeded expectations. Bradley, for example, by September had four more divisions than planned and all of his forces were 150 miles (240 km) ahead of their expected position. One effect was

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on 3, 7, and 11 October. This flooded the central part of the island, forcing the German defenders onto the high ground and allowing the use of amphibious vehicles. Units of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attacked the causeway on 31 October, and after a grim struggle, established a precarious

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Dieppe was evacuated by the Germans before Hitler's order had been received and, consequently, the Canadians took it with little trouble and with the port installations largely intact. Ostend had been omitted from the Führer Order and was also undefended, although demolitions delayed its use. The

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At this time the main Allied supply lines still ran back to Normandy, presenting serious logistical problems. The solution was to open the port of Antwerp. This major port had been captured at 90% intact on 4 September, but the occupation of Antwerp was not enough as the 21st Army Group failed to

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Germans killed in action could reach up to well over 70,000 from September 1944 to March 1945 according to the German military historian Rudiger Overmans, who claims that the total figure of German KIA on the Western Front until December 31, 1944 is around 339,957. He has written one of the most

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British manpower resources were limited after five years of war and through worldwide commitments. Replacements were no longer adequate to cover losses and some formations were disbanded to maintain the strength of others. The Canadians were also short of manpower, due to a reluctance to require

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By the time the water had subsided and the U.S. Ninth Army was able to cross the Roer on 23 February, other Allied forces were also close to the Rhine's west bank. The German divisions that had remained on the west bank of the Rhine were cut to pieces, and 280,000 men were taken prisoner. The

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were delayed for 36 hours, as the Guards Armoured Division, despite arriving in Nijmegen ahead of schedule, was forced to pour its forces to capture the bridges, instead of simply moving across, as had been planned. The allies managed to hold on to the salient in early October by

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either remained in German hands as "fortresses" or had been systematically destroyed. The availability of Cherbourg had been valuable until the breakout, but then the shortage of transport to carry supplies to the rapidly advancing armies became the limiting factor.

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began a frontal attack in assault boats. The engineers were able to bridge the canal on the main road. With the canal line gone, the German defence crumbled and South Beveland was cleared. The third phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was now complete.

1827:, freeing their trucks to move supplies for other units. Four British truck companies were loaned to the Americans. Another 1,500 British trucks were found to have critical engine faults and were unusable, limiting assistance from that quarter. The 4391: 2466:, have suggested that the siege of Aachen was a mistake. The battle stalled the eastward advance by the Allies and caused approximately 5,000 Allied casualties. The fighting was, by all accounts, brutal street-to-street, house-to-house style 2666:). During the two weeks that the little river was flooded, Hitler did not allow Rundstedt to withdraw German forces behind the Rhine, arguing that it would only delay the inevitable fight. Hitler ordered him to fight where his forces stood. 2295:—the third major phase of the Battle of the Scheldt—began on 24 October. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division began its advance toward South Beveland, but was slowed by mines, mud and strong enemy defences. The British 52nd Division made an 2723:

In the north, the Rhine is twice as wide, with a far higher volume of water than where the Americans crossed. Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, decided it could be crossed safely only with a carefully prepared attack. In

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terrain was highly favourable to defence, largely negating the American advantages of numbers and quality of troops. The battle—expected to last a few weeks—continued until February 1945 and cost 33,000 casualties (from all causes).

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on 1 January 1945. Aiming to recapture Strasbourg, they attacked the 6th Army Group at multiple points. Because Allied lines had become severely stretched in response to the crisis in the Ardennes, holding and throwing back the

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The US First Army advanced rapidly through northern France and Belgium during late August and early September, with its main goal being to reach the Rhine before the Germans could establish defensive positions there. During the

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make matters worse, poor weather prevented aerial reinforcements and drastically reduced resupply. German resistance to the forces driving to Arnhem was highly effective, and a copy of the Allied battle plan had been captured.

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island. Fierce resistance was again offered by German troops defending the area, and fighting continued until 7 November. However, the action ended on 8 November after a force of amphibious vehicles entered

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was to be the largest airborne operation in history, dropping three and a half divisions of American, British, and Polish paratroopers to capture key bridges and prevent their demolition by the Germans.

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was taken, following an immense artillery barrage which forced the Germans back. This cut South Beveland and Walcheren off from the mainland and achieved the objective of the first operation.

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other ports were defended to varying degrees, however, and they required substantial work to bring them into use, except for Dunkirk which was sealed off to the rear of the Allied advance.

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estuary was clear of German forces. As the campaign progressed, all the belligerents, Allied as well as German, felt the effects of the lack of suitable replacements for front-line troops.

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The value of the battle has been disputed. Modern historians argue that the outcome was not worth the foreseeable losses, and in any case, the American tactics played into German hands.

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Montgomery issued a directive that made the opening of the Scheldt estuary the top priority. To the east, the British Second Army attacked westward to clear the Netherlands south of the

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The final phase, Operation Infatuate was the attack on the heavily fortified island of Walcheren at the mouth of the West Scheldt. The island's dykes were breached by attacks from

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across the bridges. It was assumed that the German forces would still be recovering from the previous campaign and opposition would not be very stiff for either operation.

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and the pursuit across northern France, which ended on 15 September 1944, and concluded with the opening of the German Ardennes counteroffensive, better known as the

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If successful, the Allies would have a direct route into Germany that bypassed the main German defenses and also seize territory from which the Germans launched

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offensive was a costly affair that lasted almost four weeks. Allied counter-attacks restored the front line to the area of the German border and collapsed the

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was now a high priority. On 12 September 1944, the Canadian First Army was given the task of clearing the Scheldt of German forces. The 1st Army comprised the

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harbour. With the approaches to Antwerp free, the fourth phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was complete; on 28 November, the first convoy entered the port.

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The rapid advance through France had caused considerable logistical strain, made worse by the lack of any major port other than the relatively distant

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foothold. They were relieved by a battalion of the British 52nd Division. In conjunction with the waterborne attacks, the 52nd continued the advance.

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and clearing the south bank of the Scheldt eastward to Antwerp. It was by then clear, however, that any further advances would be at tremendous cost.

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There were two major defensive obstacles to the Allies. The first was the natural barriers made by the rivers of eastern France. The second was the

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Meanwhile, Operation Pheasant was launched in on October 20 which was intended as a major operation to clear German troops from the Province of

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The amphibious landings began on 1 November with units of the British 155th Infantry Brigade landing on a beach in the south-eastern area of

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Army. At one point, after the Battle of the Bulge had highlighted the shortage of infantrymen, the Army relaxed its embargo on the use of

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The Allies crossed the Rhine at four points. One crossing was an opportunity taken by U.S. forces when the Germans failed to blow up the

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The delay in securing this area has been blamed on General Eisenhower as the 21st Army Group commander, Field Marshal Montgomery favored

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because it had captured ports intact and the local railway system was less damaged. This source supplied about 25% of the Allied needs.

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that insufficient supplies could be delivered to the various fronts to maintain the advance: demand had exceeded the expected needs.

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gain sea access by clearing the Scheldt estuary. So the port could not be used until 29 November after a protracted campaign by the

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in combat formations. Black volunteers performed well throughout the phase and prompted a permanent change in military policy.

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caused the Allied troops to suffer heavy casualties, and eventually the Germans launched their own counteroffensive—Operation

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The Germans had been preparing a massive counter-attack in the West since the Allied breakout from Normandy. The plan called

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The German armies had lost large numbers of troops in Normandy and the subsequent pursuit. To counteract this, about 20,000

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in conjunction with the battle of the Scheldt. The offensive after some resistance liberated most of region; the cities of

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began its advance north from Antwerp on 2 October. Heavy casualties ensued, including the almost total destruction of the

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to get in behind the Germans' Beveland Canal defensive positions. Thus, this formidable defence was outflanked, and the

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of 1940 prohibited sending conscripts overseas. However, this provision of the Act was later removed, leading to the

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launching an amphibious assault from the coastal side of the pocket. Despite fierce resistance from the Germans, the

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in late August 1944, the Allies paused to re-group and organise before continuing their advance from Paris to the

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was seen as the key to solving the Allied logistics problems, its port was not open to Allied shipping until the

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American paratroopers receive a final briefing from their commanding officer before emplaning, 17 September 1944

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The task involved four main operations: The first was to clear the area north of Antwerp and secure access to

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on 27 April 1942: 83% of the English-speaking population supported the removal of the restriction, but in

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was liberated, it had become difficult to supply the 21st Army Group adequately. Indeed, one corps—

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was an attempt to expedite deliveries by truck but capacity was inadequate for the circumstances.

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stubborn German resistance had been costly; their total losses reached an estimated 400,000 men.

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and opening the French Channel ports over clearing the approaches to the port of Antwerp in the

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The U.S. First Army aggressively pursued the disintegrating German troops, and on 7 March they

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American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.

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on the night of 23/24 March, including the largest single drop airborne operation in history,

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Meanwhile, the 4th Canadian Armoured Division had pushed eastwards past Bergen-op-Zoom to

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still had to be brought ashore across the invasion beaches and through the one remaining

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to stage limited attacks to draw German defenders south, away from the target sites.

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Bombing Duren on 16 November 1944 to aid a major breakthrough of the Siegfried Line

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The legal embargo on compulsory overseas service was the subject of a national

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was taken by the Canadians and the Polish 1st Armoured Division led by General

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unexpectedly captured the Ludendorff Bridge across the Rhine River at Remagen

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The operation was launched on 17 September. At first, it went well. The U.S.

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conscripts to serve outside Canada or Canadian waters. This had arisen from

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on 26 March. A fifth crossing on a smaller scale was later achieved by the

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While Montgomery and Bradley each favored relatively direct thrusts into

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Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944–1945

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Although fuel was successfully pumped from Britain to Normandy via the

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detailed and comprehensive works on German casualties in World War II.

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were urgently needed to maintain the Allied armies. By the time that

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The advance of Allied forces between 26 August and 14 September 1944

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Island, which had been fortified into a powerful German stronghold.

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The logistics situation was becoming critical, so opening the

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of transport, three newly arrived U.S. infantry divisions—the

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This phase spanned from the end of the Battle of Normandy, or

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44th Division: Vosges Mountain & Siegfried Line Campaign

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followed soon after with the surrender of Germany on May 7.

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Army battle casualties and nonbattle deaths in World War II

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quickly expanded the bridgehead into a full scale crossing.

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troops), supported by specialised armoured vehicles of the

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Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II

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Following Metz, the Third Army continued eastwards to the

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moved southwards, opening a supply route into the pocket.

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By the middle of September 1944, the three Western Allied

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Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group

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The U.S. First Army was focused on capturing the city of

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with shells bursting ahead during the Scheldt operation.

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Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada

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the Allies encircled approximately 70,000 Germans near

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The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations

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German troops defending the Hürtgen in November 1944.

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and soon began their assault on the Siegfried Line.

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was critical in the early days for Allied supplies.

1572:, which involved actions near the German defensive 3287:The US Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946 2612:The Germans launched a second, smaller offensive ( 1893:units were formed using barely trained civilians. 1738:American logistics in the Northern France campaign 1905:; to avoid similar problems in World War II, the 1854:; initially the estuary was weakly held, but the 3026:"Chapter IV - Recruiting and Training in Canada" 2747:assaulted across the Rhine in the area between 2428:in Belgium, and took around 25,000 prisoners. 1713:, which fell under the command, along with all 1682:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 1669:) in the south, formed a broad front under the 36: 4387:Military history of Canada during World War II 3381: 3326:United States Army Center of Military History 3292:United States Army Center of Military History 3263:Remagen 1945: Endgame Against the Third Reich 3246:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Univ. Press. 3205:United States Army Center of Military History 3060:United States Army Center of Military History 2897:Remagen 1945: Endgame against the Third Reich 2216:On 21 September 1944, the advance began. The 1322: 1125: 519: 8: 3290:. Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: 2001:, Calais, and Dunkirk in France, as well as 2505:Soon after, the Third Army came up against 2047:, which would outflank the Siegfried Line. 3688: 3388: 3374: 3366: 2848:. University Press of the Pacific, p. 322. 2677:American soldiers crossing the Rhine river 2658:floodgates of two dams on the upper Roer ( 1930:Northern Group of Armies (21st Army Group) 1742:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 1661:) in the center, and the Franco-American 1329: 1315: 1307: 1132: 1118: 1110: 526: 512: 504: 54: 33: 3200:Rhineland 15 September 1944–21 March 1945 2895:Zaloga, Steve, and Dennis, Peter (2006). 2410:Central Group of Armies (12th Army Group) 1774:storm). Although small harbours, such as 1617:German forces had been routed during the 2402:where it sank several German vessels in 3662:French Committee of National Liberation 2837: 2796: 2743:In the Allied 6th Army Group area, the 2459:commanders to re-think their strategy. 2273:mounted a two-pronged attack, with the 1969:British infantry of the 1st Battalion, 3652:French Civil and Military High Command 2251:on 13 October. However, on 16 October 2231:British assault troops advancing near 4377:Western European Campaign (1944–1945) 3261:Zaloga, Steve; Dennis, Peter (2006). 3138:. Yale University Press. p. 384. 3113:Official History of the Canadian Army 3030:Official History of the Canadian Army 3011:. Yale University Press. p. 384. 2767:After crossing the Rhine, the Allies 2323:– around 40,000 were taken after the 7: 3737:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3156:. Liberation Route Europe Foundation 2142:repelling a German counter offensive 1770:(the other had been destroyed in an 79:15 September 1944 – 15 December 1944 3282:"Chapter X: The Rhineland Campaign" 2277:crossing the Leopold Canal and the 1907:National Resources Mobilization Act 437:(15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945) 2383:were liberated by British forces. 2285:crossed the Leopold Canal and the 1883:personnel were reallocated to the 1650:) in the north, the United States 27:Action in European theatre of WWII 25: 3667:Provisional Consultative Assembly 3397: 3115:. Department of National Defence 371: 352: 327: 308: 288: 263: 246: 233: 221: 209: 197: 184: 172: 159: 146: 3328:. CMH Pub 7-7-1. Archived from 3318:MacDonald, Charles B. (1990) . 3207:. CMH Pub 72-25. Archived from 4382:Invasions by the United States 3345:World War II: European Theater 3294:. CMH Pub 30-6. Archived from 3034:Department of National Defence 2995:Logistic Support of the Armies 2970:Logistic Support of the Armies 2957:Logistic Support of the Armies 2944:Logistic Support of the Armies 2931:Logistic Support of the Armies 2918:Logistic Support of the Armies 2771:into Germany's heartland. The 2353:British 79th Armoured Division 2283:10th Canadian Infantry Brigade 2271:3rd Canadian Infantry Division 2241:2nd Canadian Infantry Division 2218:4th Canadian Armoured Division 2193:. The second was to clear the 1838:were supplied adequately from 1836:advancing from southern France 1: 4341:Mediterranean and Middle East 4244:End of World War II in Europe 3507:French Forces of the Interior 3224:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2899:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2773:end of World War II in Europe 2301:6th Canadian Infantry Brigade 2287:8th Canadian Infantry Brigade 2279:9th Canadian Infantry Brigade 2275:7th Canadian Infantry Brigade 2269:In Operation Switchback, the 2245:5th Canadian Infantry Brigade 2129:British 1st Airborne Division 1858:was allowed to dig in there. 1296:End of World War II in Europe 2873:. p. 93. Archived from 2867:US Adjutant General (1953). 2360:, the capital of Walcheren. 2172:Polish 1st Armoured Division 2084:General Eisenhower approved 1698:in western France. Although 1680:and his headquarters SHAEF ( 1613:advancing through Coutances. 3501:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 3321:The Siegfried Line Campaign 3174:Weigley (1981), pp. 364–369 2462:Some historians, including 2415:Northern France and Belgium 2062:was a ground attack by the 2035:The first operation of the 1911:Conscription Crisis of 1944 1899:Conscription Crisis of 1917 433:24,374 captured or missing) 18:Drive to the Siegfried Line 4413: 3892:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 3624:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 3517:French Expeditionary Corps 2638: 2635:Germany west of the Rhine 2581: 2532: 2478: 2435: 2151: 2028: 1941:Clearing the Channel Coast 1938: 1735: 1594: 1094:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1089:Strategic Bombing Campaign 4315: 4285:1946 legislative election 3657:French National Committee 3556: 3550:French Forces of the West 3410: 3280:Ziemke, Earl F. (1990) . 3220:Neillands, Robin (2005). 2593:Winter counter-offensives 2422:Battle of the Mons Pocket 2115:took their objectives at 2081:, Antwerp and elsewhere. 1611:U.S. 4th Armored Division 1566:Western European campaign 1348: 1153: 545: 409: 393: 277: 129: 71: 53: 41: 4302:Trial of Philippe Pétain 4229:1945 municipal elections 4126:Liberation of Strasbourg 3222:The Battle for the Rhine 3197:Ballard, Ted (c. 1990). 2728:he crossed the Rhine at 2535:Battle of Hürtgen Forest 2053:had two distinct parts. 1671:Supreme Allied Commander 4372:Siegfried Line campaign 4019:Liberation of Marseille 2113:82nd Airborne Divisions 2031:Operation Market Garden 1961:Siege of Dunkirk (1944) 1863:Operation Market-Garden 1719:forces in the west, of 1622:break-out from Normandy 1609:and infantrymen of the 1562:Siegfried Line campaign 1340:Siegfried Line campaign 1184:Siegfried Line campaign 37:Siegfried Line campaign 4259:Provisional Government 3923:Liberation of Saint-Lô 3897:Maquis de Saint-Marcel 3877:Liberation of Limousin 3841:Battle of Mont Mouchet 3825:Liberation of Limousin 3721:Syria–Lebanon campaign 3672:Provisional Government 3647:Empire Defense Council 3563: 3512:French Liberation Army 3134:Buckley, John (2014). 3007:Buckley, John (2014). 2844:MacDonald, C. (2005), 2678: 2602: 2544: 2447: 2391:liberated the city of 2328: 2236: 2104: 2013:declaring them to be " 1978: 1973:crossing the Seine at 1759: 1648:Sir Bernard Montgomery 1614: 471:: 272,448+ casualties 278:Commanders and leaders 4249:Victory in Europe Day 3928:Battle of Mont Gargan 3785:Liberation of Corsica 3562: 3538:4th Moroccan Mountain 3533:3rd Algerian Infantry 3528:2nd Moroccan Infantry 3361:The Battle for Aachen 3265:. Osprey Publishing. 2933:, Vol. I, pp. 547–551 2920:, Vol. I, pp. 501-502 2704:Bradley told General 2676: 2600: 2542: 2445: 2318: 2249:Black Watch Battalion 2230: 2170:, which included the 2154:Battle of the Scheldt 2148:Battle of the Scheldt 2102: 1968: 1867:Battle of the Scheldt 1753: 1639:; the Anglo-Canadian 1604: 787:Battle of Britain Day 410:Casualties and losses 364:Oberbefehlshaber West 88:Along and around the 4234:Advance to the Rhine 4039:Battle of Montélimar 4034:Liberation of Guéret 4014:Liberation of Toulon 3887:Liberation of Guéret 3604:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3404:Liberation of France 3347:at Military.com—maps 3211:on 13 December 2007. 3183:Zaloga, Dennis p. 88 3023:Stacey, Colonel C.P. 2785:Liberation of France 2699:9th Armored Division 2649:Operation Lumberjack 2485:In late August, the 2341:4th Commando Brigade 2319:German prisoners on 2203:Operation Switchback 2197:pocket north of the 2092:to the north of the 1732:Logistics and supply 1722:Generalfeldmarschall 1678:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1665:(Lieutenant General 1652:U.S. 12th Army Group 1084:Defence of the Reich 565:The Heligoland Bight 295:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4239:Invasion of Germany 4103:Battle of Meximieux 4098:Battle of Arracourt 4060:Liberation of Nancy 4024:Liberation of Paris 4004:Battle of La Ciotat 3999:Battle of Port Cros 3964:Liberation of Brest 3949:Battle for Brittany 3867:Battle of Cherbourg 3298:on 23 February 2017 3240:Weigley, Russell F. 2824:, 72% were against. 2653:Rhineland Offensive 2641:Operation Veritable 2584:Battle of the Bulge 2325:Operation Infatuate 2064:British Second Army 1852:Canadian First Army 1834:The 6th Army Group 1626:liberation of Paris 1585:Battle of the Bulge 1564:was a phase in the 1545:Services and supply 1468:Nijmegen bridgehead 1291:Invasion of Germany 1073:Strategic campaigns 676:Ypres–Comines Canal 495:400,000+ casualties 4307:Klaus Barbie trial 4044:Liberation of Nice 3862:Battle of Carentan 3857:Operation Overlord 3594:Bernard Montgomery 3564: 3036:. pp. 118–123 2679: 2603: 2588:Operation Nordwind 2545: 2464:Stephen E. Ambrose 2448: 2329: 2309:RAF Bomber Command 2293:Operation Vitality 2237: 2207:Operation Vitality 2158:Operation Pheasant 2105: 1979: 1971:Hampshire Regiment 1949:Operation Fusilade 1760: 1726:Gerd von Rundstedt 1656:Lieutenant General 1615: 1581:Operation Overlord 1099:Battle of Atlantic 424:240,082 casualties 359:Gerd von Rundstedt 315:Bernard Montgomery 4359: 4358: 4296:Trente Glorieuses 4272:Épuration sauvage 4210: 4209: 4070:Operation Undergo 4065:Operation Astonia 4009:Provence landings 3809:Battle of Glières 3804:Battle of Vercors 3766:Battle of Réunion 3761:Tunisian campaign 3609:Raymond O. Barton 3589:Winston Churchill 3579:Charles de Gaulle 3231:978-0-297-84617-8 3081:Mattimore, Ryan. 2997:, Vol. I, pp. 520 2946:, Vol. II, p. 170 2857:De Lattre, p. 398 2757:French First Army 2745:U.S. Seventh Army 2738:Operation Varsity 2726:Operation Plunder 2683:Ludendorff Bridge 2645:Operation Grenade 2481:Lorraine Campaign 2297:amphibious attack 2168:II Canadian Corps 1977:, 28 August 1944. 1957:Operation Undergo 1953:Operation Wellhit 1945:Operation Astonia 1754:Mulberry 'A' off 1555: 1554: 1304: 1303: 1107: 1106: 502: 501: 486:280,000+ captured 438: 402: 386: 367: 342: 323: 304: 125: 124: 63:troops cross the 16:(Redirected from 4404: 4265:Épuration légale 4217: 4179:Atlantic pockets 4155:Atlantic pockets 4121:Battle of Alsace 4075:Atlantic pockets 3969:Atlantic pockets 3907:Battle of Ushant 3902:Maquis de Saffré 3689: 3640: 3629:Philippe Kieffer 3619:Philippe Leclerc 3614:George S. Patton 3572: 3458:Commando Kieffer 3446: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3367: 3333: 3332:on 15 June 2010. 3307: 3305: 3303: 3276: 3257: 3235: 3212: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3154:Europe Remembers 3146: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2972:, Vol. I, p. 484 2966: 2960: 2959:, Vol. I, p. 487 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2877:on 24 March 2020 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2825: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2769:rapidly advanced 2706:George S. Patton 2438:Battle of Aachen 2400:Sint Philipsland 2373:'s-Hertogenbosch 1856:German 15th Army 1829:Red Ball Express 1768:Mulberry harbour 1343: 1341: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1308: 1148: 1146: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1111: 936:Atlantic Pockets 540: 536:Western Front of 528: 521: 514: 505: 436: 400: 380: 376: 375: 361: 357: 356: 336: 332: 331: 317: 313: 312: 298: 297: 293: 292: 273: 269: 267: 266: 252: 250: 249: 239: 237: 236: 226: 225: 214: 213: 212: 202: 201: 200: 190: 188: 187: 177: 176: 165: 163: 162: 152: 150: 149: 73: 72: 58: 34: 21: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4311: 4290:Fourth Republic 4215: 4206: 4167: 4140: 4113: 4107: 4048: 4029:Maillé massacre 3937: 3933:Operation Cobra 3911: 3872:Battle for Caen 3845: 3829: 3813: 3789: 3770: 3756:Operation Torch 3741: 3725: 3706: 3702:Battle of Gabon 3683: 3676: 3638: 3633: 3570: 3565: 3554: 3523:1st Free French 3444: 3439: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3341: 3317: 3314: 3312:Further reading 3301: 3299: 3279: 3273: 3260: 3254: 3238: 3232: 3219: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2781: 2655: 2639:Main articles: 2637: 2595: 2590: 2582:Main articles: 2580: 2563:Operation Queen 2560: 2558:Operation Queen 2537: 2531: 2487:U.S. Third Army 2483: 2477: 2440: 2434: 2417: 2412: 2184:British I Corps 2164:Port of Antwerp 2160: 2152:Main articles: 2150: 2090:U.S. First Army 2033: 2027: 1963: 1939:Main articles: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1875: 1772:English Channel 1744: 1736:Main articles: 1734: 1667:Jacob L. Devers 1641:21st Army Group 1599: 1593: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1523: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1305: 1300: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1108: 1103: 830:St Nazaire Raid 782:The Hardest Day 649:Fort Eben-Emael 635:Rotterdam Blitz 593:The Netherlands 541: 537: 534: 532: 498: 474: 430:172,450 wounded 389: 370: 351: 345: 339:12th Army Group 326: 320:21st Army Group 307: 287: 286: 264: 262: 261: 258: 247: 245: 234: 232: 220: 210: 208: 198: 196: 185: 183: 171: 160: 158: 147: 145: 113: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4320:WW II theatres 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4151: 4149: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3882:Tulle massacre 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3639:Administration 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3473:3rd Army Corps 3470: 3460: 3455: 3453:Army of Africa 3449: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3339:External links 3337: 3336: 3335: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3277: 3271: 3258: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3217: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3141: 3126: 3099: 3073: 3062:. 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Retrieved 2875:the original 2869: 2862: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2809: 2799: 2766: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2624: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2546: 2520: 2511:Maginot Line 2504: 2484: 2468:urban combat 2461: 2455: 2449: 2418: 2397: 2362: 2339:, troops of 2330: 2306: 2292: 2291: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2238: 2215: 2188: 2161: 2136: 2135:In the end, 2134: 2106: 2085: 2083: 2068: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2034: 2019: 2011:Führer Order 2007:Adolf Hitler 2005:in Belgium. 1980: 1915: 1895: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1860: 1848: 1833: 1805: 1761: 1745: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1693: 1686: 1659:Omar Bradley 1634: 1616: 1605:M4 and M4A3 1578: 1570:World War II 1561: 1559: 1517: 1473: 1461: 1338: 1278: 1266: 1259: 1247: 1220: 1183: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1072: 1071: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 977: 971: 964: 957: 950: 941: 940: 919: 902: 885: 874: 868: 861: 854: 842: 841: 813: 806: 799: 798: 792: 763: 762: 744: 725: 681: 680: 659: 640: 639: 591: 590: 577: 576: 569: 547: 538:World War II 489: 468: 459: 450: 441: 418: 383:Army Group B 378:Walter Model 334:Omar Bradley 138: 130:Belligerents 48:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 4279:Tripartisme 4254:Victory Day 4190:La Rochelle 4081:La Rochelle 3584:Jean Moulin 3545:Second Army 3519:Divisions: 3488:1st Armored 3430:Netherlands 3136:Monty's Men 3040:18 February 3009:Monty's Men 2819:Francophone 2492:Meuse River 2253:Woensdrecht 1903:World War I 1885:German Army 1756:Omaha Beach 1637:army groups 1630:River Rhine 1485:Broekhuizen 1455:Netherlands 1434:Mons pocket 1415:Fort Driant 1145:(1944–1945) 972:Blockbuster 880:Netherlands 835:Dieppe Raid 630:Afsluitdijk 555:River Forth 241:Netherlands 106:Netherlands 4366:Categories 4114:March 1945 4112:Nov 1944 - 3959:Saint-Malo 3818:March 1944 3463:First Army 3425:Luxembourg 3334:Full text. 3302:29 January 2832:References 2815:plebiscite 2710:Palatinate 2523:Saar River 2456:Blitzkrieg 2381:Roosendaal 2377:Willemstad 2358:Middelburg 2337:Royal Navy 2333:Vlissingen 2039:campaign, 2015:fortresses 1991:VIII Corps 1890:Volkssturm 1784:Courcelles 1595:See also: 1591:Background 1439:Moerbrugge 1422:Strasbourg 1280:Reichswald 979:Lumberjack 849:Baby Blitz 814:Donnerkeil 772:Kanalkampf 695:Montcornet 600:Maastricht 579:Luxembourg 549:Phoney War 399:4,500,000 102:Luxembourg 4216:Aftermath 4053:Sept 1944 3916:July 1944 3066:4 October 2718:Oppenheim 2578:Aftermath 2490:over the 2349:Norwegian 2321:Walcheren 2222:Terneuzen 2211:Walcheren 2117:Eindhoven 2037:Rhineland 1880:Luftwaffe 1844:Marseille 1762:Much war 1716:Wehrmacht 1696:Cherbourg 1536:American 1526:Logistics 1405:Arracourt 1268:Blackcock 1079:The Blitz 1062:Nuremberg 1057:Heilbronn 1042:Frankfurt 1027:Paderborn 1005:Undertone 958:Veritable 951:Blackcock 843:1944–1945 800:1941–1943 734:Abbeville 615:Rotterdam 610:The Hague 405:1,500,000 61:U.S. Army 4326:Atlantic 4172:May 1945 3994:Égletons 3942:Aug 1944 3850:Jun 1944 3834:May 1944 3730:Dec 1941 3684:campaign 3242:(1981). 3216:formats. 3160:21 March 3107:Stacey. 3092:27 April 2907:. p. 88. 2779:See also 2749:Mannheim 2664:Urft Dam 2625:Nordwind 2615:Nordwind 2500:Commercy 2475:Lorraine 2233:Flushing 2195:Breskens 2182:and the 2125:Nijmegen 2094:Ardennes 2077:against 1999:Boulogne 1987:Brussels 1925:Campaign 1873:Manpower 1800:Le Havre 1792:Boulogne 1764:materiel 1480:Overloon 1474:Pheasant 1400:Dompaire 1390:Lorraine 1378:Boulogne 1368:Le Havre 1261:Nordwind 1228:Lorraine 1209:Boulogne 1199:Le Havre 1166:Chastity 1159:Overlord 1047:Würzburg 926:2nd Alps 920:Nordwind 862:Chastity 855:Overlord 807:Cerberus 793:Sea Lion 777:Adlertag 751:1st Alps 710:Boulogne 666:Gembloux 571:Wikinger 460:Canadian 419:American 394:Strength 84:Location 4346:Pacific 4195:Lorient 4185:Dunkirk 4091:Dunkirk 3975:Lorient 3571:Leaders 3415:Belgium 3087:HISTORY 2984:, p. 47 2881:29 June 2687:Remagen 2660:Rur Dam 2618:) into 2369:Tilburg 2345:Belgian 1901:during 1796:Dunkirk 1704:Scheldt 1700:Antwerp 1689:Germany 1675:General 1532:British 1491:Germany 1449:Scheldt 1428:Belgium 1373:Dunkirk 1243:Scheldt 1204:Dunkirk 1173:Dragoon 1067:Hamburg 1037:TF Baum 1019:Varsity 1012:Plunder 990:Cologne 985:Remagen 965:Grenade 943:Germany 909:Scheldt 869:Dragoon 765:Britain 720:Dunkirk 642:Belgium 620:Zeeland 442:British 271:Germany 216:Belgium 110:Germany 98:Belgium 4136:Bitche 3989:Lioran 3954:Rennes 3682:French 3445:Forces 3435:Norway 3269: 3250: 3228: 3119:1 July 2903: 2822:Quebec 2761:Speyer 2697:. The 2651:, and 2620:Alsace 2496:Verdun 2452:Aachen 2432:Aachen 2389:Maczek 2121:Veghel 2079:London 2060:Garden 2055:Market 2045:Arnhem 2003:Ostend 1995:Dieppe 1975:Vernon 1959:, and 1840:Toulon 1819:, and 1788:Calais 1782:, and 1776:Isigny 1619:Allied 1502:Aachen 1383:Calais 1363:Dieppe 1352:France 1233:Aachen 1214:Calais 1194:Dieppe 1052:Kassel 998:Gisela 897:Aachen 726:Dynamo 715:Calais 700:Saumur 683:France 671:La Lys 654:Hannut 465:15,000 451:French 447:32,366 268: 254:Norway 251: 238: 204:Poland 192:Canada 189: 179:France 164: 151: 140:Allies 118:Result 94:France 4161:Royan 4086:Royan 3775:Sept 3420:Italy 2791:Notes 2753:Worms 2734:Wesel 2714:Mainz 2568:Queen 2404:Zijpe 2393:Breda 2260:Meuse 2109:101st 1825:Seine 1821:104th 1808:Pluto 1518:Queen 1395:Nancy 1255:Bulge 1249:Queen 1179:Paris 914:Bulge 903:Queen 745:Paula 739:Lille 705:Arras 690:Sedan 660:David 490:Total 469:Total 301:SHAEF 4147:1945 4145:Apr 3796:1944 3794:Jan 3777:1943 3748:1942 3746:Nov 3713:1941 3711:Jun 3694:1940 3692:Nov 3304:2008 3267:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3226:ISBN 3162:2021 3121:2009 3094:2021 3068:2007 3042:2010 2901:ISBN 2883:2017 2751:and 2732:and 2730:Rees 2662:and 2586:and 2507:Metz 2498:and 2426:Mons 2379:and 2347:and 2264:Maas 2239:The 2178:and 2176:49th 2156:and 2123:and 2111:and 2075:V-2s 2073:and 2071:V-1s 1981:The 1842:and 1817:95th 1813:26th 1798:and 1740:and 1560:The 1444:Geel 1410:Metz 1286:Alps 1032:Ruhr 605:Mill 560:Saar 108:and 76:Date 3483:5th 3478:4th 2759:at 2716:at 2685:at 2494:at 2247:'s 1684:). 1568:of 46:of 4368:: 4181:: 4157:: 4077:: 3971:: 3284:. 3152:. 3111:. 3085:. 3058:. 3032:. 3028:. 2647:, 2643:, 2631:. 2375:, 2371:, 2186:. 2144:. 2119:, 1997:, 1955:, 1951:, 1947:, 1943:, 1913:. 1815:, 1794:, 1790:, 1778:, 1728:. 1673:, 1587:. 1576:. 104:, 100:, 96:, 4322:: 3389:e 3382:t 3375:v 3306:. 3275:. 3256:. 3234:. 3164:. 3123:. 3096:. 3070:. 3044:. 2885:. 2763:. 2740:. 2720:. 2262:( 2201:( 1654:( 1643:( 1330:e 1323:t 1316:v 1133:e 1126:t 1119:v 527:e 520:t 513:v 492:: 462:: 453:: 444:: 421:: 385:) 381:( 366:) 362:( 341:) 337:( 322:) 318:( 303:) 299:( 112:) 92:( 67:. 20:)

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