Driving while black

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whites from a recent period. In explaining why blacks and Hispanics had disproportionately more violations than whites, DeMaio said it was not racial profiling nor was it a case of blacks and Latinos being worse drivers. Rather it was because police were concentrated much more in "high-crime" areas, inhabited disproportionally by black and Latino residents, rather than in low-crime areas where whites largely reside. Vice News noticed a heavy police presence in the "high-crime" area where police vigorously pursue misdemeanor violations using tactics such as tailing drivers until they make a mistake, or searching a stopped vehicle for violations that may be unrelated to the reason for the police stop. The Seton Hall group concluded the police were effectively raising revenue for the municipality from people living in or driving through the "high-crime" area.

2405:, many police departments use traffic stops as a tool to make contact with the community often in higher crime areas where more African-Americans live. Police hope that by being proactive, criminals will avoid the area. However, criminologists argue that such police stops alienate law-abiding residents and undermine their trust in the police. Traffic stops often lead to searches, arrests and convictions often for minor offences, with a police record that can lead to lifelong difficulties. This makes it difficult for police to obtain community cooperation in preventing and solving crimes. Criminologists doubt that performing more traffic stops leads to reduced crime. Ronald L. Davis, of the Justice Department's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services said: "There is no evidence that just increasing stops reduces crime." 2349:

ordered King out of her car, and then threw her violently to the ground while arresting her in a parking lot. King felt the officer's reaction was because she was responding too slowly to the officer's orders. She was charged with resisting arrest as well as speeding. When another officer, Patrick Spradlin, was driving King to jail, he answered the question of "why are so many people afraid of black people". Spradlin's answer was because of "violent tendencies" adding "I don't blame" white people for being afraid of blacks "because of their appearance and whatnot, some of them are very intimidating". Austin Police Chief Art Acevedo found the incident disturbing and put both officers involved under investigation. Prosecutors dropped the charge of resisting arrest, but King still had to pay a $ 165 fine for speeding.

2381:(also called an investigatory stop), officers pull over people citing a minor issue, then start asking unrelated questions. University of Kansas professor Charles Epp in a study found that black drivers were three times more likely than whites to be subjected to "pretextual" stops, and five times more likely to be searched during them. However, Epp found no difference in the frequency and treatment with which black and white drivers were stopped for serious violations like speeding. The bias, however, was significant for stops over minor issues such as a broken tail light, a missing front plate or a failure to signal a lane change. 2194:

drivers, a difference too small to explain the different rate of ticketing between black and white drivers. The ACLU analysis showed that black drivers would have had over 14,000 fewer seat belt citations if they were ticketed proportionally to total drivers in Florida. The rate that black drivers are ticketed more often than white drivers is four times more in Escambia County, three times more in Palm Beach County and 2.8 times more in Orange County. In Tampa, black drivers received 575 seat belt citations versus 549 for white drivers even though black people make up only 23 percent of Tampa's population.

2217:(1993), the ACLU sued the Maryland State Police for racial profiling of then defense attorney Robert L. Wilkins. Part of the settlement agreement between the parties held that the state of Maryland had to maintain racial statistics regarding its traffic stops, making Maryland the first to do so. The case started a "national conversation on racial profiling" and was seen as a large victory by the ACLU. Lamberth conducted a study again in the state of Maryland, once again finding evidence of racial discrimination in traffic stops, although the scope of his study was more limited. 2229:(1996), a case where Superior Court Justice Robert E. Francis consolidated 17 claims of racial profiling in traffic stops, Dr. John Lamberth of Temple University conducted a study to determine the level to which racial discrimination occurred on the highway in the state of New Jersey. Lamberth found that cars driven by African Americans accounted for about 42% of the total drivers pulled over out of a total 43,000 cars. However, cars operated for African Americans accounted only for 13.5% of the total cars on the road. 7676: 58: 2519:) in response to the interrogation of a Saudi student who, allegedly, acted suspiciously in the vicinity of the attacks. Said suspicious behavior consisted of running away from the area of the blast, something many other people did at the time. His house was searched, but he would later be cleared by law enforcement officials. 2348:

There have also been accusations of excessive force by police officers against black drivers. In this example, a police officer tries to explain a fear of blacks: Breaion King, an African-American elementary school teacher, was stopped for speeding in June 2015 in Austin, Texas. Officer Bryan Richter

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In 2019, Tae-Ahn Lea sued LMPD claiming that his civil rights were violated when he was pulled over, searched and handcuffed by officers, after he allegedly made a wide turn. The case became controversial after 1 million views on YouTube. Police officials said that they aggressively stop motorists in

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The Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) has received negative public attention for "hyper-policing" to fight violent crime in the West End of Louisville. In 2016, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Brian Edwards threw out evidence obtained in a traffic stop saying he is "well aware of the troubling

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posted a series of different pictures on Twitter of himself in the driver's seat of his car while being pulled over by police, captioning one of his posts, "Stopped by the cops again wish me luck." The posts came just a year after racial profiling in the U.S. had become a salient topic in the public

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In 2014 Portland lawyers Melvin Oden-Orr and Marianne Hyland created an app named "Driving While Black" in which users can record police and alert people when they are stopped by police on the road. It also supplies users with information on how to handle a traffic stop, including their legal rights

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On April 18, 2003, the Illinois State Senate passed a bill that mandates Illinois law enforcement to maintain racial statistics regarding traffic stops. The bill originally mandated the statistics-keeping to continue until 2007, but the bill was extended and traffic stop statistics will continue to

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officers on suspicion of possession of drugs and weapons. After the couple were handcuffed and their child's details taken, police found no suspicious material and no arrests were made. Five officers involved were later referred to disciplinary hearings on charges of gross misconduct. Williams and

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reporter compiled a list of recent, separate incidents in which black people in North America appear to have been racially profiled while performing innocent activities, and proposed coining corresponding terms such as "napping while black", "couponing while black", "waiting for a school bus while

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found that 70 percent of all police traffic stops in Bloomfield New Jersey were against black and Latino drivers even though 60 percent of the residents were white. According to Bloomfield's police director, Samuel A DeMaio, violations were 576 against Hispanics, 574 against blacks and 573 against

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of South Carolina, the only African-American Republican in the Senate, spoke on the Senate floor in 2016 about how he experienced racial profiling while driving in his car, adding "I do not know many African-American men who do not have a very similar story to tell – no matter their profession, no

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Subsequent media coverage of the phrase "driving while black" since the 1990s has been expansive and more common. The phrase is often used in anecdotal accounts of racial profiling of motor vehicle operators as well as statistical and legal analyses of racial profiling, a notable example being the

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and the police, seeking $ 30,000 in damages. Crown prosecutor Valérie Cohen defending the police claimed that officers were in their rights to check the ownership of the car on a reasonable suspicion: "the officers' actions were comparable to stopping a man for driving a car registered to a woman

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recounts his many encounters with police on the road and their ambiguous reasons for pulling him over. After learning about other African American physicists who have had similar encounters, he writes, "we were guilty not of DWI (driving while intoxicated), but of other violations none of us knew

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The American Civil Liberties Union reported that in 2014, Florida-resident black drivers received nearly 22 percent of all seat belt citations even though they made up only 13.5 percent of that state's drivers. Seat belt compliance was 91.5 percent for white drivers versus 85.8 percent for black

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stopped a car containing a black couple, and ordered the male driver at gunpoint to exit the vehicle with arms raised. After several minutes of explanation, the officers released the couple. The officers discovered that the driver was Dean Simmonds, a Halifax police superintendent and a 20-year

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had 52 police stops in 14 years prior to the last fatal stop. Half of his charges were dismissed, and none of his convictions were for dangerous offences. The pretext for the fatal stop was a broken tail light, but the real reason was that the police officer thought Castile resembled a robbery

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of black motorists. The term rose to prominence during the 1990s, when it was brought to public knowledge that American police officers were intentionally targeting racial minorities to curb the trafficking of drugs. For example, New Jersey released state documents in 2000 which showed police

2668:. DeBellefeuille's provincial human rights complaint could not be pursued because it had been filed too long a time after receiving the initial ticket. In 2020, DeBellefeuille won another court victory over a separate, subsequent racial profiling incident that happened in 2012. 2700:

looked at "out-of-sight" offenses such as failing to update a driver's license or driving without insurance when no other offense was found. "Out-of-sight" offenses could only be discovered if police had some other reason to stop the driver, thus suggesting racial profiling.

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refers to reportedly discriminatory treatment experienced by black cyclists at the hands of police officers. Such apparent discrimination has been the subject of media investigations in cities of the US such as Tampa and Chicago, and the subject of lawsuits elsewhere.

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be maintained indefinitely. An ACLU analysis of the 2013 Illinois traffic stop report found that African Americans and Latinos are "twice as likely" to be pulled over by police even though whites were more likely to have been discovered with contraband in their car.

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nearly 100 million traffic stops dating from 2011 to 2017 and recorded by 21 state patrol agencies, including California, Illinois, New York, and Texas, and 29 municipal police departments, including New Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and St. Paul, Minnesota.

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levels of gun and drug-related violence in west Louisville." Edward added, "this does not mean that citizens driving in west Louisville should be subjected to a lesser degree of constitutional protection than citizens driving in other parts our community."

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In December 2018, a bank teller in Ohio denied service to a black customer, and instead called the police, having wrongly concluded that the customer was attempting to cash a fraudulent check. The incident was later described as "banking while black".

2398:(1996) that any minor traffic violation is a legitimate justification for a stop, even if the real reason is some other crime-fighting objective. Police chiefs consider pretextual stops as an essential tactic and train their officers to conduct them. 2237:

to let a federal judge monitor the NJ police. As a result, thousands of documents were released to the public, displaying ample evidence that police were instructed to use race-based tactics to identify and stop possible drug couriers on the highway.

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found that "police stopped and searched black and Latino drivers on the basis of less evidence than used in stopping white drivers, who are searched less often but are more likely to be found with illegal items." The finding emerged from

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In August 2018, 61-year-old Marine veteran Karle Robinson was detained at gunpoint by Kansas police for carrying his television into the house he had bought and was moving into. The ACLU described the incident as "moving while black".

3532:"LMPD handcuffed a black teen for a wide turn, then told him to 'quit with the attitude' 1 million people have viewed a video of a Louisville traffic stop on YouTube. Many said it shows exactly why minorities distrust law enforcement" 5676: 2232:

New Jersey later received public attention for its racial profiling on the highway in 1998 when police wounded three men during a traffic stop, all of whom were either black or Hispanic, prompting then New Jersey Governor

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The phrase DWB was amplified through social media by which African Americans can record police encounters and disseminate them to a large audience. The phrase was used in the media after the deaths of African Americans

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spokesperson condemned the incident, saying "Working as a security guard while black should not be a death sentence. In this case, police were more dangerous to him than an active shooter who he apparently subdued."

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did not match his skin tone". He refused to provide identification or car insurance documents when requested by the officer, and was accordingly fined by a municipal court. DeBellefeuille filed complaints with the

998: 2633:(LASD). In the days following, protestors gathered outside of the sheriff's station in South Los Angeles. After several days, these demonstrations turned violent, with sheriff's deputies firing projectiles and 7191: 2664:

called 'Claudine'." In December 2012, his tickets were dismissed and the officers were suspended without pay. The judge wrote that the mentioned rationale for pulling over demonstrated flagrant ignorance of

4769: 2489:. In separate incidents, Ferrell and McBride, both African-American, were shot and killed after they experienced a motor vehicle accident and went to the nearby home of a white stranger to ask for help. 3291: 5722: 5705: 2746:. The RCMP officers said their reaction was due to reports of gun shots in the area. The couple planned to launch a complaint of racial profiling with the Civilian Review and Complaints Commission. 2538:

at his home in Dallas, Texas, by an off-duty police officer (later revealed to be Amber Guyger) who claimed she mistook his home for her own, was described as a case of "being at home while black".

6822: 3531: 7732: 7377: 5695: 2683:, a drug interdiction strategy used in the United States. However, the strategy came under criticism because it directed police officers to allow racial profiling to motivate police stops. 4849: 7752: 6802: 4234: 3550: 1506: 6810: 5838: 5778: 4692: 3845:

Denbeaux, Mark; Kearns, Kelley; Ricciardelli, Michael J. (7 April 2016). "Racial Profiling Report: Bloomfield Police and Bloomfield Municipal Court". Social Science Research Network.

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A number of well-known African Americans have described experiences they characterize as of being racially profiled in their cars and some have related it to the phenomenon of DWB.

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Police-Public Contact Surveys by the US Bureau of Justice Statistics found that white, black, and Hispanic drivers were stopped by police at similar rates in 2002, 2005, and 2008.

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reported that for many years doctors forced African American sickle-cell sufferers to endure pain because they assumed that blacks would become addicted to medication;

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were violated while driving. Police would repeatedly pull Johnson over, and in one case seized his car because the officer was not satisfied with Johnson's documents.

2049: 697: 4045: 7717: 7707: 7594: 5931: 4779: 4053: 3488: 6787: 6709: 3037: 610: 5625: 4512: 7599: 7473: 6448: 3792: 2447: 5700: 7742: 7352: 7249: 6782: 5825: 5334: 1283: 3407: 6892: 2554: 1253: 839: 355: 3341: 6973: 6738: 6301: 5751: 4990: 4932: 2785:, after his stern take when being hall monitor, Chris is stopped by his nemesis Joey Caruso, who gives Chris a citation for "WWB - Walking while black". 515: 7456: 3595: 3391: 2630: 3455: 7767: 7530: 5746: 2310:

made a public Facebook post in which she spoke about the fears she had for her nephew after he had driven her to her matches. Likely referring to the

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training memos instructing officers to make racial judgments in order to identify "Occupant Identifiers for a possible Drug Courier" on the highway.

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In May 2018, after a black Yale student, napping in her common room, was reported to police without justification by a white Yale student, a

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Bonilla, Yarimar (2015). "#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States".

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is the police practice of stopping people at random on the street to collect personal information for later storage in a police database.

7131: 5149: 4129: 3987: 3424:"Traffic stop data shows persistent patterns of racial bias, according to new report « American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois" 2875: 2705: 1719: 1375: 1288: 1179: 829: 647: 265: 250: 5193:

Kowalski, B.R.; Lundman, R.J. (2007). "Vehicle stops by police for driving while Black: Common problems and some tentative solutions".

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veteran of the force. He was wearing plain clothes and was on a grocery trip. His wife in the car was Angela Simmonds, a lawyer and a

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Other prominent African Americans who have recounted their personal experiences of racial profiling include but are not limited to

4907:"Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (DeBellefeuille) c. Ville de Longueuil, 2020 QCTDP 21 (CanLII)" 4906: 4403: 2979: 7089: 6433: 5327: 2660: 1672: 1501: 1395: 834: 724: 3214: 6539: 5710: 4563: 4156: 3960: 2892: 2035: 1248: 741: 485: 280: 495: 7284: 6699: 6679: 6473: 6266: 5895: 5880: 5845: 5798: 5793: 3069: 2546: 2443: 2143: 2133: 340: 2481:

In late 2013 the phrase "seeking help while black" or "asking for help while black" was coined in response to the deaths of

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while he was attempting to stop a different active shooter. The tragedy was later described as "helping while black".

2482: 2146:(ACLU) released a similar app called "Mobile Justice" in which users can record and upload videos to the ACLU office. 1860: 1704: 1109: 692: 630: 6621: 7722: 7425: 7096: 6684: 6458: 6317: 6281: 6271: 6098: 6078: 6073: 6053: 5972: 5911: 5630: 5293: 5281: 5269: 4879: 2897: 2815: 2565: 2542: 2469: 1969: 714: 375: 90: 31: 5073:"Targeting Young Men of Color for Search and Arrest during Traffic Stops: Evidence from North Carolina, 2002–2013" 2650:

In July 2009, a black Canadian named Joel DeBellefeuille was pulled over (for the fourth time in several days) by

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were on the books: DWB (driving while black), WWB (walking while black), and of course, JBB (just being black)."

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were not stopping for him; this was called "hailing while black". The phenomenon was investigated further on

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dos Santos said they had been victims of racial profiling and had been stopped for "driving whilst black".

2417:") include "walking while black" for pedestrian offenses, "learning while black" for students in schools, " 2314:, she spoke about her worries that her nephew might be harmed by a police officer after being pulled over. 2128:

ruled that police officers may stop any motor vehicle operator if any traffic violation has been observed.

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The phrase "driving while black" has been used in both the public and private discourse relating to the

1932: 1892: 1825: 1714: 1662: 1581: 1330: 1094: 993: 968: 963: 943: 938: 933: 873: 821: 781: 687: 657: 547: 149: 7239: 4436: 5138:"From Stopping Black People to Killing Black People: The Fourth Amendment Pathways to Police Violence" 7777: 7772: 7557: 7535: 7498: 7198: 7110: 6731: 6493: 6357: 6134: 5936: 4957:

Rankin, Jim; Quinn, Jennifer; Shephard, Michelle; Simmie, Scott; Duncanson, John (October 19, 2002).

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performed street checks five times more often on Black people than white people. Street checks or

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Database of records from millions of traffic stops by law enforcement agencies across the country

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The phrase is also used with other racial, ethnic and cultural (minority) groups. An example is "

1744: 1739: 1729: 1677: 1667: 1642: 1576: 1534: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1340: 615: 7520: 3081: 7606: 7483: 7410: 7405: 7314: 7082: 7019: 6843: 6749: 5592: 5223: 5170: 4411: 4307:"Chicago-area police chief says he's distraught after his cop killed a 'brave' security guard" 3866: 3862: 3689: 3578: 3065: 2865: 2860: 2798: 2234: 2213: 2079: 2011: 1922: 1850: 1835: 1618: 1561: 1360: 1268: 1159: 1079: 908: 179: 3456:"ACLU, Civil Rights Groups and Maryland Officials Reach Landmark Racial Profiling Settlement" 2496:", referring to the scrutiny that Arabs and Muslims face as airline passengers. Variants on " 7395: 7211: 7068: 5736: 5562: 5467: 5407: 5402: 5392: 5387: 5202: 3846: 3655: 3267:"Sandra Bland and 'driving while black': Federal data shows big racial gap in traffic stops" 3248: 2637:

at crowds of demonstrators. Ultimately, 35 people were arrested over four nights of unrest.

2586: 2385: 2111: 2075: 1974: 1959: 1887: 1808: 1778: 1593: 1429: 1129: 677: 672: 510: 395: 4235:"A black Yale student fell asleep in her dorm's common room. A white student called police" 3038:"An Inside Story Of Racial Bias And Denial; New Jersey Files Reveal Drama Behind Profiling" 7643: 7638: 7589: 7505: 6994: 6878: 6758: 5615: 5542: 5502: 5442: 5357: 5297: 5020:"'Racist' stop and search of Bianca Williams was right thing to do, says acting Met chief" 4182: 3887: 3766: 2833: 2823: 2763: 2755: 2500:

ing while female" are also encountered, as are phrases like "walking/traveling/etc. while

2474: 2454: 2451: 2378: 2330: 2307: 1989: 1897: 1793: 1734: 1586: 1571: 1551: 1516: 1223: 1134: 1069: 851: 801: 420: 5582: 4720:"Dozens arrested as protesters and deputies clash in Dijon Kizzee demonstrations in L.A." 4513:"'Biking while black' story about Tampa bike ticket program to be featured on Today Show" 3999: 574: 4106: 7567: 7234: 7184: 7061: 6850: 6674: 6179: 5756: 5587: 5537: 5522: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5472: 5457: 5397: 5382: 5072: 3507:"Louisville judge on traffic stop: Constitution protects drivers on both sides of town" 2987: 2828: 2665: 2516: 2338: 1984: 1942: 1912: 1902: 1820: 1813: 1798: 1788: 1608: 1544: 1486: 1481: 1466: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1119: 1054: 552: 525: 365: 49: 2251:

high-crime areas in order to reduce crime. But in its investigation of the story, the

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on the false theory that it was drug money; the ACLU called it "flying while black".

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stipulated that "Chris Rock may be in the middle of a case of Driving While Black."

7621: 7611: 7324: 6938: 5567: 5517: 5462: 5427: 5417: 5412: 5362: 5206: 4991:"N.S. police officer, wife launch complaint against RCMP for 'driving while Black'" 4963: 3938: 3797: 2944: 2939: 2922: 2709: 2688: 2655: 2618: 2594: 2422: 2326: 2087: 1830: 1709: 1529: 1496: 1476: 1400: 1390: 1370: 1350: 973: 866: 861: 584: 559: 410: 350: 315: 285: 17: 2675:, and Anthony Morgan, a civil rights lawyer, said that in the 1980s and 1990s the 4437:"Birding While Black: Just the Latest Bad Reason for White People to Call Police" 2515:

has come up on social media (although the bombers in question were not Arab, but

7347: 7259: 6871: 6118: 5783: 5557: 5527: 5477: 5432: 5422: 5302: 3902: 3489:"Driving While Black; A Statistician Proves That Prejudice Still Rules the Road" 2838: 2735: 2622: 2501: 2342: 2181: 2071: 1724: 1684: 1652: 1511: 1471: 1305: 1218: 1169: 1144: 1044: 719: 490: 432: 415: 370: 290: 5101:

Suspect Citizens: What 20 Million Traffic Stops Tell Us About Policing and Race

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In March 2019, criminologist Scot Wortley released a study that found that the

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found that police were more likely to stop black drivers than white drivers in

7648: 7372: 7304: 5482: 5452: 5367: 5287: 5275: 5263: 3820: 3793:"Texas police officer caught on video saying blacks have 'violent tendencies'" 2907: 2573: 2334: 2287: 2006: 2001: 1882: 1877: 1773: 1749: 1598: 1491: 1449: 1405: 1213: 1201: 1174: 1164: 1084: 459: 454: 425: 360: 201: 4693:"In South LA, March For Dijon Kizzee Turns Chaotic Outside Sheriff's Station" 4415: 4361:"Black man trying to cash paycheck is handcuffed after bank teller calls 911" 3693: 3551:"Teen at center of controversial LMPD traffic stop sues department, officers" 2980:"The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why 'Driving While Black' matters" 7562: 7400: 6864: 5492: 5377: 5372: 4281:"A Dallas Police Officer Shot Her Neighbor, and a City Is Full of Questions" 2651: 2465: 2435: 2414: 2358: 2300: 2279: 2095: 1907: 1855: 1556: 1149: 235: 57: 2568:

was referred to as "sleeping in the sanctity of her own home while black."

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Baumgartner, Frank R.; Epp, Derek A.; Shoub, Kelsey; Love, Bayard (2016).

4828:"Black man with 'Quebecois' name files complaint against Longueuil police" 3596:"Senate's lone black GOP member says police stopped him 7 times in a year" 3048: 2421:" for browsing in stores, and "eating while black" for restaurants. Actor 2322:'I Won't Be Silent': Serena Williams on the Fear of Driving While Black". 6917: 5547: 4883: 3850: 3741:"6 Times President Obama Honestly Shared His Own Experiences With Racism" 3680:"'I Won't Be Silent': Serena Williams on the Fear of Driving While Black" 2634: 1872: 1694: 1613: 1258: 1184: 1089: 1049: 390: 385: 380: 305: 300: 245: 4617:"'Biking while black': Chicago minority areas see the most bike tickets" 2255:

reported that studies show increased traffic stops do not reduce crime.

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Driving While Black: What To Do If You Are A Victim of Racial Profiling

3252: 2693: 2578: 2083: 310: 206: 186: 159: 134: 4850:"Driver says he was victim of racial profiling by police, court hears" 3366:"Inside 100 million police traffic stops: New evidence of racial bias" 2555:

Emantic Bradford Jr. was shot three times and killed by Alabama police

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Baumgartner, Frank R.; Epp, Derek A.; Shoub, Kelsey (July 10, 2018).

5053: 4770:"Black man says Quebec police stopped him because of his skin colour" 2091: 1310: 295: 191: 169: 164: 114: 4564:"Riding a Bike While Black in Florida? You'll Probably Get a Ticket" 4488:"Tampa, Fla., Police Investigated For Crackdown On Black Bicyclists" 4379:"'Sleeping While Black': Louisville Police Kill Unarmed Black Woman" 2450:

to repay $ 7,000 that it had seized from a black businessman in the

4933:"A hard truth: Canada's policing style is very similar to the U.S." 5110:"Thin Blue Lies: How Pretextual Stops Undermine Police Legitimacy" 4130:"U.S. Customs Applies A Double Standard In Two Directions At Once" 3062:

Good Cop, Bad Cop: Racial Profiling and Competing Views of Justice

1320: 119: 7661: 4905:

Tribunal des droits de la personne (Québec) (17 November 2020).

4305:

Meilhan, Pierre; Simon, Darran; Yan, Holly (November 14, 2018).

4279:

Fernandez, Manny; Martinez, Marina Trahan (September 14, 2018).

3119:"DRIVING WHILE BLACK: RACIAL PROFILING ON OUR NATION'S HIGHWAYS" 2731: 2716: 2676: 2671:

Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, an assistant professor of sociology at the

1954: 1783: 7192:

Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town

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The Sky Is Not the Limit: Adventures of an Urban Astrophysicist

3342:"46 Stops: On 'The Driving Life And Death Of Philando Castile'" 2268:

The Sky Is Not the Limit: Adventures of an Urban Astrophysicist

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Driving While Black: Racial Profiling on our Nation's Highways

4157:"Asking for help while black: How it became a capital offense" 3934:"For black Americans, police traffic stops far from 'routine'" 3649:"Serena Williams - Today I asked my 18 year old nephew (to..." 3215:"ACLU 'mobile justice' app records, automatically sends video" 3121:. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved February 16, 2017. 2545:

while Roberson was restraining a suspected active shooter. An

4332:"Is it safe for a black man to be the 'good guy with a gun'?" 4747:"Police officers suspended without pay for racial profiling" 4254:"ACLU: Black man detained while moving into own Kansas home" 4209:"Sources: Injured Saudi man not a suspect in Boston attacks" 7378:

List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests

3392:"Racial Disparities in Florida Safety Belt Law Enforcement" 2283:

matter their income, no matter their disposition in life."

2158:(2016), both of whom were stopped by police while driving. 2094:

rather than any apparent violation of traffic law. It is a

2214:

Robert L. Wilkins, et al. v. Maryland State Police, et al.

5303:

Driving While Black: Race, Space and Mobility in America

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Miller, Leila; Tchekmedyian, Alene (September 9, 2020).

4642:"ACLU of Michigan Joins "Bicycling While Black" Lawsuit" 3193: 30:"Driving While Black" redirects here. For the film, see 3959:

Sharon LaFraniere; Andrew W. Lehren (25 October 2015).

3292:"This could be the most depressing app if you're black" 7452:

2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States

4931:

Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi; Anthony Morgan (July 16, 2016).

4404:"Breonna Taylor Was Murdered for Sleeping While Black" 3577:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. Chapter 4. 2850:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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Safety, Accountability, Fairness and Equity-Today Act

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George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act

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ruled that the human rights of Black Canadian boxer

7444: 7386: 7338: 7227: 7169: 7004: 6909: 6835: 6773: 6717: 6708: 6665: 6635: 6584: 6553: 6502: 6381: 6310: 6249: 6213: 6127: 6026: 5965: 5904: 5863: 5854: 5818: 5649: 5608: 5601: 5350: 4802:"New trial ordered in Quebec racial profiling case" 3961:"The Disproportionate Risks of Driving While Black" 3625:"Comedian Chris Rock posts selfies of police stops" 7733:Law enforcement controversies in the United States 6900:Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin 5215: 3901:Christine Eith; Matthew R. Durose (October 2011). 3472:"STATE v. SOTO | 734 A.2d 350 (1996) | Leagle.com" 3157:"Driving While Black? App Developers Offer Advice" 3036:Kocieniewski, David; Hanley, Robert (2000-12-03). 2844:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 5265:Do's & Don'ts Checklist For Police Encounters 4076:"ACLU of Nebraska Wins "Flying While Black" Case" 3618: 3616: 2903:Tenaha, Texas § Asset forfeiture controversy 1918:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 2527:black", and "waiting at Starbucks while black". 7753:Race-related controversies in the United States 2543:Jemel Roberson was killed by police in Illinois 2142:and "best practices" for "how to be safe". The 1562:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 5779:2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest 5284:Narrator: Criminal defence lawyer Billy Murphy 4880:"Racial profiling victory for South Shore man" 4183:"When, And Why, to Call a Bombing 'Terrorism'" 3903:"Contacts between Police and the Public, 2008" 1038:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7474:Black maternal mortality in the United States 5328: 4591:"Report: Tampa Cops Targeting Black Cyclists" 2654:police because, according to documents, "his 2448:United States Drug Enforcement Administration 2118:The phrase was magnified after the ruling of 2043: 8: 7353:Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm 7250:Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation 4132:. JINN. Pacific News Service. Archived from 4046:"Chief vows to root out profiling by Patrol" 3082:"Whren v. United States 517 U.S. 806 (1996)" 2478:magazine labeled this "ailing while black". 27:Racial profiling of African American drivers 5272:Speaker: Texas attorney Sadiyah Evangelista 3810:See also the video attached to the article. 1254:List of people killed for being transgender 6974:Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement 6770: 6714: 5860: 5701:Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church 5605: 5335: 5321: 5313: 3132:"Lawyer creates 'Driving While Black' app" 3064:. New York: Peter Lang, Inc. pp. 187–188. 2050: 2036: 36: 5626:2015–2016 University of Missouri protests 3100:(1998). "Race and the Fourth Amendment". 3011:"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man" 2940:Traffic stop#Reducing minor traffic stops 2846:(against unreasonable search and seizure) 2744:candidate in the 2021 provincial election 2318:documented her post in an article titled 2082:motor vehicle drivers. It implies that a 7758:Road transportation in the United States 7479:Criminal stereotype of African Americans 6893:I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street 3678:Hauser, Christine (September 28, 2016). 3318:"The unique fear of driving while black" 2621:, a cyclist, was shot and killed in the 2534:In September 2018, an incident in which 2425:held a press conference in 1999 because 2401:According to an October 2015 article in 326:Social determinants of health in poverty 6967:Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story 5636:2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest 4741: 4739: 4359:Griffith, Janelle (December 19, 2018). 2963: 2631:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department 2585:involving African-American birdwatcher 48: 7718:Anti-black racism in the United States 7708:African-American-related controversies 4233:Wootson, Cleve R. Jr. (May 11, 2018). 3883: 3872: 3715:"Celebs Who've Been Racially Profiled" 2935:The talk (racism in the United States) 2553:Also in November 2018, good samaritan 7457:2020–2023 United States racial unrest 4155:Brittney Cooper (November 12, 2013). 2834:Contempt of cop § Racial aspects 7: 7363:George Floyd Justice in Policing Act 5932:Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams 5245:"The Stanford Open Policing Project" 3032: 3030: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2696:without evidence of an offense. The 1060:Capital punishment for homosexuality 331:Social determinants of mental health 7743:Race and crime in the United States 7132:The Seven Last Words of the Unarmed 5289:What To Do When You Get Pulled Over 4589:O'Connor, Brendan (18 April 2015). 3821:"Driving While Black in New Jersey" 2876:Race and crime in the United States 2706:Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission 1180:Genital modification and mutilation 5774:2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot 5677:removal of monuments and memorials 4615:Wisniewski, Mary (17 March 2017). 4252:Hegeman, Roxana (March 21, 2019). 4044:Coolican, P. (November 21, 2003). 3739:Lewis, Taylor (October 28, 2015). 3623:Pearson, Michael (April 4, 2015). 3487:Lamberth, John (August 16, 1998). 2986:. pp. 265–326. Archived from 2856:Incarceration in the United States 2754:In July 2020, the British athlete 2126:Supreme Court of the United States 25: 7041:Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate 5046:"Everybody Hates Hall Monitors". 4537:Swenson, Kyle (31 October 2013). 4461:Swenson, Kyle (31 October 2013). 3549:Ragsdale, Travis (12 June 2019). 2541:In November 2018, security guard 7768:Stereotypes of African Americans 7675: 7674: 7421:Russian disinformation campaigns 5277:10 Rules for Dealing with Police 5169:. Interstate International Pub. 5080:Politics, Groups, and Identities 4099:"What's Race Got to do With It?" 3765:Reilly, Rick (August 12, 2002). 3530:Andrew Wolfson (April 4, 2019). 1673:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1502:Law for Protection of the Nation 1396:White genocide conspiracy theory 56: 5711:Buffalo police shoving incident 5117:Case Western Reserve Law Review 5018:Evans, Martin (27 April 2022). 4856:. March 7, 2012. Archived from 4768:Wyatt, Nelson (July 28, 2010). 4539:"Biking While Black Is a Crime" 4463:"Biking While Black Is a Crime" 4181:Ackerman, S. (April 16, 2013). 3827:from the original on 2021-12-13 3791:Paul J. Weber (July 21, 2016). 2893:Stop-and-frisk in New York City 2536:Botham Jean was shot and killed 1507:MSM blood donation restrictions 1249:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 7285:Mothers of Gynecology Movement 6700:Rankin County torture incident 6680:2015 Texas pool party incident 5846:List of Daunte Wright protests 5830:List of George Floyd protests 5794:2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest 5207:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.01.004 3713:Goff, Keli (August 17, 2013). 3460:American Civil Liberties Union 3117:Harris, David A. (June 1999). 2444:American Civil Liberties Union 2177:Stanford Open Policing Project 2144:American Civil Liberties Union 1520:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7358:Ending Qualified Immunity Act 7206:Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge 5742:Capitol Hill Occupied Protest 5718:St. Louis gun-toting incident 4830:. CTV Montreal. July 28, 2010 4337:The Christian Science Monitor 3573:Tyson, Neil deGrasse (2004). 3408:"Illinois Traffic Stop Study" 3186:"Driving While Black The App" 2929:The Negro Motorist Green Book 2581:while black" in reference to 2577:coined the analogous phrase " 2460:A pain specialist who treats 1950:Second-generation gender bias 1658:Constitutional colorblindness 321:Social determinants of health 7629:Racial bias in criminal news 5533:Brittany Packnett Cunningham 5167:Driving While Black: Coverup 4435:Walsh, Joan (May 26, 2020). 4207:Sison, B. (April 16, 2013). 3932:Daniel Dale (11 July 2016). 3823:. Vice News. 11 April 2016. 3440:"ACLU of Maryland (ACLU-MD)" 2758:and the Portuguese sprinter 2427:cab drivers in New York City 7546:2021 Minneapolis Question 2 7330:White Coats for Black Lives 7320:Taking the Initiative Party 7280:Millennial Activists United 5195:Journal of Criminal Justice 4402:Mystal, Elie (2020-05-15). 3495:. Retrieved March 10, 2017. 3316:Gold, Ashley (2016-07-12). 2766:while driving in London by 2413:Variations on the phrase (" 2392:The Supreme Court ruled in 2270:, prominent astrophysicist 2088:stopped by a police officer 1861:Medical model of disability 1705:Hate speech laws by country 7799: 7178:Colin in Black & White 7104:Loyal Like Sid & Nancy 7097:Lavender (Nightfall Remix) 6823:Springfield, Massachusetts 6685:Shooting of Charles Kinsey 6079:Charleston church shooting 5696:violence and controversies 5631:Dismissal of Robert Rialmo 5136:Carbado, Devon W. (2017). 4778:. Montreal. Archived from 3908:. US Department of Justice 3536:Louisville Courier Journal 2898:Stop and identify statutes 2816:While Black with MK Asante 2470:Beth Israel Medical Center 2253:Louisville Courier-Journal 1970:Social model of disability 376:Discrimination against men 32:Driving While Black (film) 29: 7670: 7541:Police abolition movement 7153:What They'll Say About Us 6925:3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets 5839:outside the United States 5826:Protests in New York City 5723:vehicle-ramming incidents 5706:police violence incidents 5165:Davis, Kelvin R. (2001). 5108:Blanks, Jonathan (2016). 3108:: 333–393 – via ProQuest. 2641:Outside the United States 2566:killing of Breonna Taylor 2100:driving while intoxicated 1301:Opposition to immigration 170:Race / Ethnicity 7526:National anthem protests 7469:Black Lives Matter Plaza 7300:Peoples Power Assemblies 7295:Movement for Black Lives 7255:Black Visions Collective 6886:His Name Is George Floyd 4749:. CBC. December 10, 2012 3060:Heumann, Milton (2007). 2291:following the deaths of 2171:In 2019, as reported by 1296:Occupational segregation 1065:Compulsory sterilization 7290:Mothers of the Movement 6690:Shooting of Jacob Blake 6434:Regis Korchinski-Paquet 6039:Charley Leundeu Keunang 5891:Kenneth Chamberlain Sr. 5657:Breonna Taylor protests 5641:2017 St. Louis protests 5621:2015 Baltimore protests 5573:Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor 5214:Meeks, Kenneth (2000). 4695:. LAist. Archived from 4128:Washington, J. (2000). 3478:. Retrieved 2017-03-14. 3462:. Retrieved 2017-03-14. 3446:. Retrieved 2017-03-14. 3430:. Retrieved 2017-03-14. 3414:. Retrieved 2017-03-14. 3088:. Retrieved 2017-03-08. 3051:. Retrieved 2017-03-08. 2984:84 Minnesota Law Review 2686:A 2002 analysis by the 2661:Human Rights Commission 2509:Boston Marathon bombing 2306:In 2016, tennis player 1846:Internalized oppression 1700:Fighting Discrimination 1690:Fat acceptance movement 1648:Anti-discrimination law 1274:Native American mascots 7431:United Citizens' Alarm 6803:Santa Cruz, California 6765:Statue of George Floyd 6695:Shooting of Ralph Yarl 5799:vehicle-ramming attack 5789:Daunte Wright protests 5689:trial of Derek Chauvin 5222:. New York: Broadway. 5184:Harris, David (1999). 4015:"Learning while black" 3998:(1369). Archived from 3882:Cite journal requires 2951:Whren v. United States 2629:on by deputies of the 2395:Whren v. United States 2121:Whren v. United States 1965:Social identity threat 1938:Reverse discrimination 1928:Racial color blindness 1386:Violence against women 1366:Sex-selective abortion 7553:Police accountability 7516:Hands up, don't shoot 7245:Black Feminist Future 6988:Two Distant Strangers 6953:Generation Revolution 5806:Tyre Nichols protests 5662:George Floyd protests 5488:Nekima Levy Armstrong 5438:Natalie Aleta Jackson 5251:. Stanford University 5142:California Law Review 5049:Everybody Hates Chris 4699:on September 10, 2020 3986:Mosedale, M. (2007). 3102:Vanderbilt Law Review 2881:Selective enforcement 2782:Everybody Hates Chris 2673:University of Toronto 2433:'s television series 2363:Seton Hall Law School 2361:and a group from the 2312:death of Sandra Bland 1933:Religious intolerance 1893:Political correctness 1715:Intersex human rights 1663:Cultural assimilation 1331:Religious persecution 1095:Disability hate crime 862:Jewish / Antisemitism 7713:American phraseology 7558:blue wall of silence 7536:No justice, no peace 7499:shopping while black 7426:Trump administration 7275:Don't Shoot Portland 7199:Our Lady of Ferguson 7125:Rockstar (BLM Remix) 7111:Otherside of America 6732:Bust of George Floyd 6540:Winston Boogie Smith 4886:. September 27, 2012 4667:"Biking While Black" 4543:Browardpalmbeach.com 3851:10.2139/ssrn.2760382 3241:American Ethnologist 2871:Presumption of guilt 2810:Shopping while black 2764:stopped and searched 2721:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2498:⟨verb⟩ 2419:shopping while black 1316:Political repression 281:Anti-left handedness 271:Anti-intellectualism 7595:use of deadly force 7531:Native Lives Matter 7511:George Floyd Square 7494:Running while Black 7489:Driving while black 6474:Marcellis Stinnette 6363:Christopher Kapessa 6267:Marcus-David Peters 5896:Anthony Lamar Smith 5148:(1). Archived from 5052:. 29 January 2007. 5025:The Daily Telegraph 4808:. November 17, 2011 4340:. November 30, 2018 4239:The Washington Post 4078:. ACLU. May 2, 2001 3511:The Courier-Journal 3493:The Washington Post 2978:Harris, D. (1999). 2805:Running while black 2779:In the comedy show 2768:Metropolitan Police 2607:cycling while black 2593:in New York City's 2524:The Washington Post 2494:flying while Muslim 2462:sickle-cell disease 2272:Neil deGrasse Tyson 2090:largely because of 2064:Driving while black 1841:Historical eugenics 1356:Segregation academy 1336:Religious terrorism 1125:Enemy of the people 1033:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 521:Jehovah's Witnesses 401:Perpetual foreigner 18:Driving While Black 7738:Offender profiling 7573:qualified immunity 7436:White Lives Matter 7240:Assata's Daughters 7160:White Privilege II 7055:Cop vs. Phone Girl 7027:The Bigger Picture 6744:George Floyd mural 6710:In popular culture 6373:Atatiana Jefferson 6277:Markeis McGlockton 6195:Keith Lamont Scott 5732:Black Birders Week 5344:Black Lives Matter 4996:The Globe and Mail 4937:The Globe and Mail 4775:The Globe and Mail 4621:Chicagotribune.com 4285:The New York Times 4260:. Associated Press 4136:on August 16, 2000 4097:Cloud, J. (2001). 4013:Morse, J. (2002). 3966:The New York Times 3801:. Associated Press 3771:Sports Illustrated 3685:The New York Times 3397:. 21 January 2016. 3253:10.1111/amet.12112 3136:ABC7 San Francisco 3042:The New York Times 2852:(equal protection) 2794:"... while black" 2775:In popular culture 2760:Ricardo dos Santos 2730:In July 2021, two 2681:Operation Pipeline 2611:biking while black 2601:Biking while black 2513:Running while Arab 2403:The New York Times 2357:In a 2016 report, 2316:The New York Times 2227:New Jersey v. Soto 1745:Social integration 1740:Self-determination 1730:Racial integration 1678:Diversity training 1668:Cultural pluralism 1643:Affirmative action 1535:Racial segregation 1445:Crime of apartheid 1341:Religious violence 826:Indigenous people 197:Sexual orientation 7723:Automotive safety 7690: 7689: 7607:Police misconduct 7484:Defund the police 7462:list of incidents 7411:Blue Lives Matter 7406:Black Guns Matter 7387:Groups associated 7315:Street Riders NYC 7223: 7222: 7139:Snow on tha Bluff 7083:Hell You Talmbout 6946:Fruitvale Station 6844:All American Boys 6831: 6830: 6750:We Stand with You 6661: 6660: 6328:Danquirs Franklin 6175:Jamarion Robinson 5983:John Crawford III 5942:Larry Jackson Jr. 5814: 5813: 5593:Syrus Marcus Ware 5229:978-0-7679-0549-7 5176:978-0-931904-03-5 5152:on 1 October 2018 4860:on March 15, 2012 4723:Los Angeles Times 4467:Miaminewtimes.com 4258:Chicago Sun-Times 3505:Wolfson, Andrew. 3412:idot.illinois.gov 3167:on March 17, 2017 2866:Police misconduct 2861:Police harassment 2799:Dying While Black 2564:In May 2020, the 2286:In 2015 comedian 2235:Christine Whitman 2124:(1996), when the 2060: 2059: 1923:Racism by country 1851:Intersectionality 1836:Heteronormativity 1619:Voter suppression 1361:Sexual harassment 1160:Forced conversion 1080:Cultural genocide 725:African Americans 531:post–Cold War era 516:Eastern Orthodoxy 266:Anti-drug addicts 261:Anti-homelessness 180:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 7790: 7703:1990s neologisms 7678: 7677: 7617:racial profiling 7580:Police brutality 7396:All Lives Matter 6793:Portland, Oregon 6771: 6739:Portland, Oregon 6715: 6535:Andrew Brown Jr. 6479:Chaniece Wallace 6449:Oluwatoyin Salau 6221:Jocques Clemmons 6190:Terence Crutcher 6145:Philando Castile 6084:Jonathan Sanders 5947:Jonathan Ferrell 5861: 5856:Deaths protested 5737:Blackout Tuesday 5606: 5563:Samuel Sinyangwe 5468:Colin Kaepernick 5408:Darnella Frazier 5403:Bruce Franks Jr. 5393:Aalayah Eastmond 5388:Patrisse Cullors 5337: 5330: 5323: 5314: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5233: 5221: 5210: 5189: 5180: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5114: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5077: 5058: 5057: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4987: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4854:Montreal Gazette 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4782:on July 31, 2010 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4109:on July 25, 2001 4105:. 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Archived from 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3095: 3089: 3079: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3009:Gates, Henry L. 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2975: 2625:neighborhood of 2617:In August 2020, 2587:Christian Cooper 2499: 2483:Jonathan Ferrell 2386:Philando Castile 2321: 2156:Philando Castile 2112:racial profiling 2080:African-American 2076:racial profiling 2052: 2045: 2038: 1975:Social privilege 1960:Social exclusion 1888:Police brutality 1809:Multiculturalism 1779:Amatonormativity 1594:Social exclusion 1430:Age of candidacy 1224:Homeless dumping 1130:Ethnic cleansing 60: 37: 21: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7728:English phrases 7693: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7666: 7644:Taking the knee 7639:Save the Boards 7590:pain compliance 7521:I can't breathe 7506:Ferguson effect 7440: 7389:with opposition 7388: 7382: 7340: 7334: 7228:Activist groups 7219: 7165: 7146:This Is America 7090:I Can't Breathe 7000: 6960:The Hate U Give 6905: 6879:The Hate U Give 6827: 6769: 6759:Say Their Names 6704: 6667: 6657: 6631: 6592:Keenan Anderson 6580: 6549: 6498: 6459:Rayshard Brooks 6377: 6353:Layleen Polanco 6318:George Robinson 6306: 6302:EJ Bradford Jr. 6282:Daniel Hambrick 6272:Antwon Rose Jr. 6245: 6209: 6160:Abdirahman Abdi 6123: 6099:Mansur Ball-Bey 6074:William Chapman 6054:Meagan Hockaday 6034:Natasha McKenna 6022: 5998:Laquan McDonald 5973:Dontre Hamilton 5961: 5957:Renisha McBride 5912:Ramarley Graham 5900: 5850: 5810: 5769:Athlete strikes 5747:Academic strike 5645: 5616:Ferguson unrest 5597: 5543:Teressa Raiford 5503:Philip McHarris 5443:Marissa Johnson 5358:Melina Abdullah 5346: 5341: 5298:Coffey Anderson 5288: 5276: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5240: 5230: 5213: 5192: 5183: 5177: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5112: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5087: 5075: 5070: 5067: 5065:Further reading 5062: 5061: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4999:. July 16, 2021 4989: 4988: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4671:Motherjones.com 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4570:. 18 April 2015 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4517:Tampa Bay Times 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4056:on May 31, 2016 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4025:on June 7, 2002 4012: 4011: 4007: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3881: 3871: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3602:. July 14, 2016 3594: 3593: 3589: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3486: 3482: 3470: 3466: 3454: 3450: 3444:www.aclu-md.org 3438: 3434: 3428:www.aclu-il.org 3422: 3418: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3372:. 13 March 2019 3364: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3296:The Independent 3290: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3059: 3055: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2990:on May 15, 2007 2977: 2976: 2965: 2960: 2824:Civil liberties 2791: 2777: 2756:Bianca Williams 2752: 2648: 2643: 2603: 2497: 2487:Renisha McBride 2452:Omaha, Nebraska 2411: 2379:pretextual stop 2375: 2373:Pretextual stop 2355: 2331:Johnnie Cochran 2319: 2308:Serena Williams 2266:In his memoir, 2261: 2244: 2223: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2169: 2164: 2135:Tolan v. Cotton 2108: 2074:description of 2056: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 1898:Polyculturalism 1794:Civil liberties 1766: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1735:Reappropriation 1635: 1634:Countermeasures 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1552:Racial steering 1518:Numerus clausus 1422: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1135:Ethnic conflict 1070:Corrective rape 1025: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 650: 639: 638: 637: 636: 635: 590:minority Muslim 478: 468: 467: 466: 465: 464: 356:HIV/AIDS stigma 228: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 165:Mental disorder 107: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7796: 7794: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7695: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7600:use of torture 7597: 7592: 7587: 7585:militarization 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7568:police perjury 7565: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7538: 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6800: 6798:Salt Lake City 6795: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6723: 6721: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6675:Kalief Browder 6671: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6617:Johnny Hollman 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6571:Jayland Walker 6568: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6545:Leneal Frazier 6542: 6537: 6532: 6530:Ma'Khia Bryant 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6484:Walter Wallace 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6439:James Scurlock 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6404:Breonna Taylor 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6368:Elijah McClain 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6297:Jemel Roberson 6294: 6292:Tamla Horsford 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6241:Patrick Harmon 6238: 6236:Rashan Charles 6233: 6231:Edson Da Costa 6228: 6226:Jordan Edwards 6223: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6205:Deborah Danner 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:Elijah Doughty 6182: 6180:Sylville Smith 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6140:Alton Sterling 6137: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6013:Antonio Martin 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5917:Trayvon Martin 5914: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:James Anderson 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5757:Kenosha unrest 5754: 5752:General strike 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:Eugene Puryear 5535: 5530: 5525: 5523:Nikkita Oliver 5520: 5515: 5513:Muhiyidin Moye 5510: 5508:DeRay Mckesson 5505: 5500: 5498:Tamika Mallory 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5473:Brittany Kamai 5470: 5465: 5460: 5458:Tishaura Jones 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5398:Johnetta Elzie 5395: 5390: 5385: 5383:Benjamin Crump 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5239: 5238:External links 5236: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5211: 5201:(2): 165–181. 5190: 5181: 5175: 5162: 5133: 5105: 5096: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5038: 5010: 4977: 4949: 4923: 4897: 4871: 4841: 4819: 4793: 4760: 4735: 4710: 4691:Huang, Josie. 4683: 4658: 4633: 4607: 4581: 4555: 4529: 4504: 4479: 4453: 4427: 4394: 4370: 4351: 4323: 4297: 4271: 4244: 4225: 4199: 4173: 4147: 4120: 4089: 4067: 4036: 4005: 4002:on 2009-10-07. 3978: 3951: 3919: 3893: 3884:|journal= 3837: 3812: 3783: 3767:"Color Scheme" 3757: 3731: 3705: 3670: 3640: 3612: 3587: 3583:978-1591021889 3566: 3541: 3522: 3497: 3480: 3464: 3448: 3432: 3416: 3400: 3383: 3357: 3333: 3308: 3283: 3258: 3231: 3206: 3177: 3148: 3123: 3110: 3098:Maclin, Tracey 3090: 3074: 3053: 3026: 3015:The New Yorker 3001: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2829:Consent search 2826: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2790: 2787: 2776: 2773: 2751: 2750:United Kingdom 2748: 2666:Quebec society 2656:Quebecois name 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2602: 2599: 2507:Following the 2446:convinced the 2410: 2407: 2374: 2371: 2354: 2351: 2339:Gary Sheffield 2260: 2257: 2243: 2240: 2222: 2219: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2107: 2104: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1943:Reverse racism 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1913:Prisoner abuse 1910: 1905: 1903:Power distance 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821:Ethnic penalty 1818: 1817: 1816: 1814:Neurodiversity 1811: 1801: 1799:Dehumanization 1796: 1791: 1789:Cisnormativity 1786: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1765:Related topics 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1609:State religion 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1545:Nuremberg Laws 1542: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1487:Ghetto benches 1484: 1482:Gerrymandering 1479: 1474: 1469: 1467:Gender pay gap 1464: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1244:Lavender scare 1241: 1239:Kill Haole Day 1236: 1234:Indian rolling 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120:Eliminationism 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1055:Cancel culture 1052: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1024:Manifestations 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 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204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 183: 182: 177: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 111: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 50:Discrimination 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7795: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7683: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Rest in power 7632: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416:Patriot Front 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310:Stop Cop City 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270:Campaign Zero 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6775:Street murals 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727:New York City 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:Roger Fortson 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Ta'Kiya Young 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:Ricky Cobb II 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6576:Donovan Lewis 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Patrick Lyoya 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Lindani Myeni 6523: 6521: 6520:Daunte Wright 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6454:Carlos Carson 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6394:Ahmaud Arbery 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6348:Pamela Turner 6346: 6344: 6343:Ronald Greene 6341: 6339: 6338:Lassana Cisse 6336: 6334: 6333:Javier Ambler 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6262:Stephon Clark 6260: 6258: 6257:Anthony Weber 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Alfred Olango 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Korryn Gaines 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Jeremy McDole 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Samuel DuBose 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Tony Robinson 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:Michael Brown 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:United States 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:John Thompson 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553:Linda Sarsour 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Sasha Johnson 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5255:September 30, 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5042: 5039: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5011: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4959:"Singled out" 4953: 4950: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4890:September 16, 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4724: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4703:September 10, 4698: 4694: 4687: 4684: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4352: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4226: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4050:Seattle Times 4047: 4040: 4037: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3912:September 13, 3904: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3660:on 2022-02-26 3658: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3196:on 2017-03-17 3195: 3191: 3190:dwbtheapp.com 3187: 3181: 3178: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2917:Terry v. Ohio 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886:Ticket fixing 2884: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741:Liberal Party 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2704:In 2003, the 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571:In May 2020, 2569: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2511:, the phrase 2510: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442:In 2001, the 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2431:Michael Moore 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2384:For example, 2382: 2380: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2297:Michael Brown 2294: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997:Social stigma 1995: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604:State atheism 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1540:Jim Crow laws 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525:One-drop rule 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1440:Blood quantum 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1381:Victimisation 1379: 1377: 1376:Trans bashing 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Religious war 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Racialization 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1197:Glass ceiling 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1140:Ethnic hatred 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Counter-jihad 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 865: 864: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 841: 840:United States 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 704: 703:United States 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 649: 643: 642: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 616:Protestantism 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 539: 536: 532: 529: 527: 526:LDS or Mormon 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 477: 472: 471: 461: 458: 456: 453: 449: 446: 444: 443:Transmisogyny 441: 439: 436: 435: 434: 431: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 346:Gerontophobia 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Anti-intersex 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Anti-albinism 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 224: 223: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 103: 102: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 76:Institutional 74: 73: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7748:Race and law 7679: 7649: 7622:ticket quota 7612:false arrest 7488: 7325:Wall of Moms 7212: 7204: 7197: 7183: 7176: 7130: 7034:Black Parade 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6939:Bars4Justice 6937: 6932:American Son 6930: 6923: 6916: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6811:Capitol Hill 6788:Indianapolis 6757: 6748: 6653:Sonya Massey 6627:Leonard Cure 6607:Jordan Neely 6597:Tyre Nichols 6510:Marvin Scott 6469:Dijon Kizzee 6464:Julian Lewis 6444:David McAtee 6424:Dion Johnson 6419:George Floyd 6409:Daniel Prude 6399:Manuel Ellis 6323:Willie McCoy 6155:Adama Traoré 6089:Sandra Bland 6069:Freddie Gray 6064:Walter Scott 6049:Anthony Hill 5952:Miriam Carey 5927:Jordan Davis 5876:Aiyana Jones 5672:name changes 5667:changes made 5568:Nova Stevens 5518:Bree Newsome 5463:Mariame Kaba 5428:Sandy Hudson 5418:Alicia Garza 5413:Erica Garner 5363:Tay Anderson 5253:. 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