152:
563:
33:
395:
596:
On March 4, 2012, a C-17 dropped an Orion test article from an altitude of 25,000 feet (7,600 m). The capsule's parachutes successfully deployed between 15,000 to 20,000 feet (4,600 to 6,100 m), slowing the spacecraft to a landing on ground in the
Arizona desert. The capsule landed at a
433:
were conducted to test the Space
Shuttle's flight characteristics. Because the Space Shuttle is designed to glide unpowered during its descent and landing, a series of drop tests using a test orbiter were used to demonstrate that the orbiter could be successfully controlled in unpowered flight.
625:
landing systems. The airbags are located underneath the heat shield of the CST-100, which is designed to be separated from the capsule while under parachute descent at about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) altitude. The tests were carried out at ground speeds between 10 and 30 miles per hour (16 and
364:
to an unpowered landing or equip the orbiter with pop-out jet engines in order to make a powered landing. While powered landing design required carrying the engines and jet fuel, adding weight and complexity to the orbiter, engineers began favoring the powered landing option. In response, NASA
143:
to a height of ten feet and then dropped, simulating the impact of a landing at nineteen feet per second (5.8 m/s). The F6F was ultimately dropped from a height of twenty feet (6.1 m), demonstrating it could absorb twice the force of a carrier landing. Drop tests are still used in the
593:. For testing, the capsule is mounted on a pallet system and placed inside the cargo aircraft. Parachutes on the pallet are used to pull the pallet and capsule out of the rear of the aircraft; the capsule then separates from the pallet and begins its free fall descent.
138:
The landing gear on aircraft used on aircraft carriers must be stronger than those on land-based aircraft, due to higher approach speeds and sink rates during carrier landings. As early as the 1940s, drop tests were conducted by lifting a carrier-based plane such as the
458:
involved the release of an unpowered aircraft from a powered aircraft, these tests were not typical of drop testing because the orbiter was actually carried and released from a position above the SCA. This arrangement was potentially dangerous because it placed
379:, and then ignited rocket engines to increase speed and propel it to 60,000 feet (18,000 m). Once the rocket engine cut off, the high-speed and high-altitude conditions permitted the X-24B to simulate the path of a Space Shuttle orbiter under post-
330:, designed to carry and release the X-15, was installed under the right wing between the fuselage and inboard engine. A notch was also cut out of one of the right wing's flaps so that the plane could accommodate the X-15's vertical tail.
500:. The unmanned first flight test will drop the Dream Chaser prototype from an altitude of 12,000 feet (3,700 m) by a Columbia 234-UT helicopter, where it is planned that the vehicle will autonomously fly to an unpowered landing at
662:
with simulated internal organs were located inside the helicopter and used to assess internal injuries from such a crash. Due to extensive damage to the test helicopter after the second test, no third test was planned.
253:, have made both unpowered drop tests and powered drop launches. Prior to powered flights using its rocket engine, the HL-10 made 11 unpowered drop flights in order to study the handling qualities and stability of the
574:
crewed capsule by repeatedly dropping an Orion test vehicle into a large water basin. The tests simulated water landings at speeds varying from 7 to 50 mph (11 to 80 km/h) by changing the height of the drop
450:
to an altitude of 15,000 to 30,000 feet (4,600 to 9,100 m). After a series of captive-flight tests in which the orbiter was not released, five free-flight tests were performed in August through
October 1977.
633:
to an altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) and then released; the capsule's three main parachutes then deployed successfully and slowed the capsule's descent. Immediately prior to landing, the capsule's six
467:
immediately after release. As a result, the "drop" was conducted by using a series of carefully planned maneuvers to minimize the risk of aircraft collision. Immediately after release, the
582:
In 2011 and 2012, NASA also conducted drop tests of the Orion test vehicle's parachute systems and land-based landing capabilities. In each test, the Orion spacecraft was dropped from a
638:
inflated underneath the capsule in order to absorb some of the impact energy from landing. Similar drop tests are planned in order to conduct additional airbag testing, as well as
658:
helicopter donated by the U.S. Army, NASA dropped the helicopter at an angle from an altitude of 35 feet (11 m) to simulate a hard helicopter landing. Sophisticated
629:
In April 2012, Boeing conducted another drop test of its CST-100 prototype space capsule in order to test the capsule's landing systems. The test vehicle was raised by
173:
mothership during a drop test. The pylon used to carry experimental vehicles is visible near the top of the photo, between the fuselage and inboard right engine.
1339:
840:
471:
would climb to the right while the SCA performed a shallow dive to the left, allowing for quick vertical and horizontal separation between the two aircraft.
334:
was one of two such bombers modified to carry the X-15; while the other plane was retired in 1969 after the end of the X-15 program, NASA continued using
976:
626:
48 km/h) in order to simulate cross wind conditions at the time of landing. Bigelow
Aerospace built the mobile test rig and conducted the tests.
1309:
950:
579:
above the basin. The range of landing velocities allowed NASA to simulate a range of possible entry and landing conditions during water landings.
884:
927:
864:
387:, demonstrating the feasibility of an unpowered lifting body design for the Space Shuttle. These successes convinced those in charge of the
95:
369:
to demonstrate the feasibility of landing a lifting-body aircraft in unpowered flight. In 1975, the X-24B aircraft was dropped from a
776:
1043:
547:
318:
by Air Force pilots, following a tradition of referring to aircraft numbered with multiple zeroes as "Balls" plus the final number.
145:
814:
63:
by raising the test vehicle to a specific altitude and then releasing it. Test flights involving powered aircraft, particularly
1413:
1264:
1078:
679:
527:
may be done to test the survivability of landing, primarily by testing the capsule's descent characteristics and its post-
501:
151:
148:
underwent drop tests to simulate its maximum descent rate of 26.4 feet per second (8.0 m/s) during carrier landings.
103:
583:
435:
416:
299:
654:
In 2009 and 2010, NASA conducted a pair of drop tests to study the survivability of helicopter crashes. Using an
551:
544:
486:
287:
283:
117:
to a target altitude for release. Low-altitude drop tests may be conducted by releasing the test vehicle from a
554:
in order to test the capsule's parachute systems prior to the start of manned testing of the Apollo spacecraft.
1418:
701:
443:
428:
404:
399:
391:
to commit to an unpowered landing design, which would save weight and increase the orbiter's payload capacity.
227:
37:
1020:
310:. Built in 1955, the B-52 was only the 10th to come off the assembly line, and was used by the Air Force for
587:
570:
In 2011 and 2012, NASA conducted a series of short drop tests on the survivability of water landings in its
540:
291:
64:
504:. The Dream Chaser successfully completed the free-flight and passed the drop test on November 11 over the
1317:
1176:
509:
494:
384:
1220:
1198:
550:
for use in drop testing. NASA conducted a series of tests in 1964 which involved dropping BP-19A from a
531:
landing systems. These tests are typically carried out uncrewed prior to any human spaceflight testing.
1386:
655:
388:
357:
351:
215:
211:
207:
183:
53:
1120:
954:
924:
909:
888:
861:
1361:
1148:
745:
562:
1071:
Back Down to Earth: The
Development of Space Policy for NASA During the Jimmy Carter Administration
723:
528:
464:
307:
203:
170:
140:
234:
were also drop tested, from altitudes of up to 45,000 feet (14,000 m), in order to study its
571:
1094:
793:
1074:
818:
772:
576:
521:
380:
361:
239:
122:
998:
1242:
659:
639:
191:
110:
testing, or other theoretical design characteristics of an aircraft or spacecraft's design.
87:
342:
carried numerous experimental vehicles including the HL-10, X-24A, X-24B, X-38, and X-43A.
314:
before turning it over to NASA. Flying with NASA tail number 008, the plane was nicknamed
32:
1286:
931:
868:
118:
83:
1047:
590:
327:
269:
250:
161:
597:
speed of 17 mph (27 km/h), well below the designed maximum touchdown speed.
1407:
606:
524:
505:
423:
376:
99:
72:
490:
480:
394:
254:
235:
977:"A Brief History of Balls 8, the Famous B-52 that Served NASA for Almost 50 Years"
702:"NASA Fact Sheet - NASA's Gantry: Past, Present and Future Asset to Exploration"
643:
311:
303:
219:
114:
113:
High-altitude drop tests may be conducted by carrying the test vehicle aboard a
107:
102:
of a planned or crash landing. This allows the vehicle's designers to validate
91:
1095:"Astronaut-Transporting 'Dream Chaser' Spacecraft Preps for First Test Flights"
605:
In
September 2011, Boeing conducted a series of drop tests, carried out in the
630:
610:
497:
439:
60:
841:"Lockheed Martin F-35 Navy Jet Confirms Carrier-Landing Strength Predictions"
383:
conditions. The X-24B successfully made two unpowered precision landings at
1153:
1125:
618:
231:
223:
187:
79:
49:
17:
680:"SNC building test schedule for Dream Chaser – Dryden Drop Tests upcoming"
326:
received significant modifications in order to carry the X-15. A special
338:
for drop tests until it was retired in 2004. During its 50-year career,
279:
275:
243:
199:
195:
56:
1265:"Orion PTV preparing for drop test on Wednesday – EFT-1 Orion progress"
614:
371:
322:
249:
Some experimental aircraft designed for airborne launches, such as the
566:
Orion test article after release from C-130 and separation from pallet
635:
622:
999:"X-24B Precision Landings Proved That Shuttle Could Land Unpowered"
75:
of the aircraft's rockets after release from its carrier aircraft.
561:
393:
366:
150:
31:
360:
in the 1970s, engineers debated whether to design the orbiter to
98:
of the test vehicle, to test its landing systems, or to evaluate
90:
descent to a landing site. Drop tests may be used to verify the
295:
166:
156:
144:
development and testing of carrier-based aircraft; in 2010, the
190:
aircraft have been drop tested or drop launched. Many powered
1149:"Restored Apollo Test Capsule to Land at Science Center"
375:
at an altitude of 45,000 feet (14,000 m) above the
48:
is a method of testing the in-flight characteristics of
945:
943:
78:
In the case of unpowered aircraft, the test vehicle
1287:"Orion spacecraft's parachutes tested over Arizona"
1340:"Boeing's Space Capsule Undergoes First Drop Test"
1310:"Space capsule tests aim to ensure safe landings"
1121:"Private Space Plane Poised for Big Test Flight"
226:were specifically designed to be drop launched.
463:in free flight directly in front of the SCA's
242:capabilities, and deployment of its steerable
1042:NASA - Dryden Flight Research Center (1977).
8:
1381:
1379:
815:"JSF simulated carrier landing successful"
508:. The unmanned vehicle made a landing at
274:Early experimental aircraft, such as the
40:being released during airborne drop test.
1267:. NASASpaceflight.com. February 26, 2012
1177:"Testing NASA's Next Deep Space Vehicle"
794:"Hellcats were built to take a beating"
671:
421:In 1977, a series of drop tests of the
346:X-24B role in Space Shuttle development
726:. Naval History Blog. January 12, 2011
365:conducted unpowered drop tests of the
27:Method of testing aircraft/spacecraft
7:
1243:"Future Space Flight: Orion Testing"
1362:"Chopper Drop Tests New Technology"
1314:Boeing Defense Space & Security
489:plans to conduct drop tests of its
1199:"Orion Continues to Make a Splash"
1069:Damohn, Ph.D., Mark (March 2001).
910:"Fact Sheet First Generation X-1."
885:"Fact Sheets - HL-10 Lifting Body"
159:research vehicle is released from
146:Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II
25:
1221:"Orion Drop Test - Jan. 06, 2012"
925:"Fact Sheet Bell X-2 Starbuster."
129:Aircraft and lifting-body testing
1387:"Chopper Crash Test a Smash Hit"
1342:. Popular Science. April 4, 2012
1044:"Shuttle Enterprise Free Flight"
792:Graff, Cory (December 6, 2012).
613:, to validate the design of the
134:Carrier landing simulation tests
1308:Memi, Ed (September 12, 2011).
434:These drop tests, known as the
282:, were carried aboard modified
817:. July 8, 2010. Archived from
771:. Zenith Imprint. p. 39.
1:
951:"NASA's Mothership Factsheet"
502:Dryden Flight Research Center
937:. Retrieved: March 26, 2013.
915:. Retrieved: March 26, 2013.
874:. Retrieved: March 26, 2013.
290:bombers. In the 1950s, the
724:"First Test of Angled Deck"
454:While free-flight tests of
1435:
1073:. iUniverse. p. 139.
887:. NASA.gov. Archived from
767:Graff, Cory (April 2009).
543:built BP-19A, an uncrewed
478:
417:Approach and Landing Tests
414:
349:
267:
1021:"X-24B Precision Landing"
487:Sierra Nevada Corporation
438:program, used a modified
436:Approach and Landing Test
356:During the design of the
1201:. NASA. December 2, 2011
1001:. NASA.gov. July 1, 2011
867:January 7, 2022, at the
520:Drop tests of prototype
444:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
411:Space Shuttle Enterprise
405:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
238:and handling qualities,
86:after its release in an
67:, may be referred to as
935:NASA Dryden Fact Sheets
930:March 15, 2017, at the
913:NASA Dryden Fact Sheets
872:NASA Dryden Fact Sheets
541:North American Aviation
302:bomber to be used as a
292:United States Air Force
92:aerodynamic performance
65:rocket-powered aircraft
1046:. NASA. Archived from
567:
516:Crewed capsule testing
510:Edwards Air Force Base
407:
385:Edwards Air Force Base
174:
104:computer flight models
41:
1414:Aerospace engineering
1320:on September 24, 2011
1179:. NASA. July 22, 2011
565:
548:Apollo command module
535:Apollo command module
397:
389:Space Shuttle program
358:Space Shuttle orbiter
352:Martin Marietta X-24B
306:for the experimental
216:Orbital Sciences X-34
208:Martin Marietta X-24A
178:Experimental aircraft
154:
35:
891:on December 18, 2021
748:. globalsecurity.org
682:. December 10, 2012
381:atmospheric reentry
204:North American X-15
141:Grumman F6F Hellcat
1364:. December 8, 2009
1129:. January 30, 2013
1101:. February 4, 2013
769:F6F Hellcat at War
746:"Fighter Aircraft"
660:crash test dummies
650:Helicopter testing
568:
408:
403:being released by
175:
42:
1023:. August 23, 2010
957:on March 18, 2022
821:on April 10, 2013
623:airbag cushioning
552:C-133 Cargomaster
446:or SCA, to carry
240:autonomous flight
230:of the unpowered
16:(Redirected from
1426:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:. March 11, 2010
1383:
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1371:
1369:
1358:
1352:
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1327:
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1316:. Archived from
1305:
1299:
1298:
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1283:
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1276:
1274:
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1057:
1055:
1050:on March 7, 2013
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1006:
995:
989:
988:
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984:
979:. August 7, 2011
973:
967:
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964:
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953:. Archived from
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646:jettison tests.
426:
194:, including the
21:
1434:
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1425:
1424:
1423:
1419:Product testing
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1289:. March 4, 2012
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1157:. March 6, 2012
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932:Wayback Machine
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869:Wayback Machine
860:
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843:. June 23, 2010
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442:, known as the
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180:
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96:flight dynamics
28:
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22:
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778:978-1616732660
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602:
601:Boeing CST-100
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525:space capsules
517:
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479:Main article:
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415:Main article:
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350:Main article:
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312:flight testing
270:Balls 8 (B-52)
268:Main article:
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251:Northrop HL-10
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1324:September 18,
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609:of southeast
608:
607:Mojave Desert
600:
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506:Mojave Desert
503:
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488:
485:In mid-2013,
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69:drop launches
66:
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58:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1391:. Retrieved
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1313:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
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1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
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1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
993:
981:. Retrieved
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
934:
920:
912:
905:
893:. Retrieved
889:the original
879:
871:
857:
845:. Retrieved
835:
823:. Retrieved
819:the original
809:
797:. Retrieved
787:
768:
762:
750:. Retrieved
740:
728:. Retrieved
718:
706:. Retrieved
696:
684:. Retrieved
674:
653:
640:drogue chute
628:
604:
595:
581:
569:
538:
519:
491:Dream Chaser
484:
481:Dream Chaser
475:Dream Chaser
468:
460:
455:
453:
447:
429:
420:
398:
370:
355:
339:
335:
331:
321:
320:
315:
273:
261:
255:lifting body
248:
184:experimental
181:
160:
137:
112:
77:
68:
54:experimental
45:
43:
38:test article
29:
644:heat shield
591:cargo plane
545:boilerplate
257:in flight.
236:aerodynamic
220:Boeing X-40
108:wind tunnel
71:due to the
18:Drop launch
1408:Categories
1080:1475908458
704:. NASA.gov
667:References
631:helicopter
617:capsule's
611:California
498:spaceplane
495:commercial
493:prototype
469:Enterprise
461:Enterprise
456:Enterprise
448:Enterprise
440:Boeing 747
430:Enterprise
400:Enterprise
304:mothership
264:mothership
224:NASA X-43A
115:mothership
61:spacecraft
1393:March 25,
1368:March 25,
1346:March 25,
1293:March 25,
1271:March 25,
1249:March 25,
1227:March 25,
1205:March 25,
1183:March 25,
1161:March 25,
1154:Space.com
1133:March 25,
1126:Space.com
1105:March 25,
1054:March 25,
1027:March 23,
1005:March 25,
983:March 26,
961:March 26,
895:March 30,
847:March 27,
825:March 27,
799:March 27,
752:March 27,
730:March 27,
708:March 30,
686:March 31,
619:parachute
539:In 1963,
294:provided
232:NASA X-38
188:prototype
182:Numerous
88:unpowered
50:prototype
46:drop test
928:Archived
865:Archived
465:tail fin
244:parafoil
200:Bell X-2
196:Bell X-1
192:X-planes
57:aircraft
862:"X-38."
636:airbags
615:CST-100
529:reentry
372:Balls 8
340:Balls 8
336:Balls 8
332:Balls 8
323:Balls 8
316:Balls 8
298:with a
262:Balls 8
162:Balls 8
1245:. NASA
1223:. NASA
1077:
775:
656:MD 500
577:gantry
522:crewed
222:, and
123:gantry
84:glides
73:launch
36:Orion
1099:Wired
588:C-130
572:Orion
427:
367:X-24B
362:glide
328:pylon
212:X-24B
119:crane
80:falls
1395:2013
1370:2013
1348:2013
1326:2011
1295:2013
1273:2013
1251:2013
1229:2013
1207:2013
1185:2013
1163:2013
1135:2013
1107:2013
1075:ISBN
1056:2013
1029:2013
1007:2013
985:2013
963:2013
897:2013
849:2013
827:2013
801:2013
773:ISBN
754:2013
732:2013
710:2013
688:2013
642:and
621:and
584:C-17
308:X-15
300:B-52
296:NASA
288:B-50
286:and
284:B-29
278:and
210:and
186:and
171:B-52
167:NASA
157:X-38
155:The
94:and
59:and
586:or
280:X-2
276:X-1
169:'s
121:or
82:or
52:or
1410::
1378:^
1312:.
1151:.
1123:.
1097:.
942:^
512:.
246:.
218:,
214:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
165:,
125:.
106:,
44:A
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20:)
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