699:
10% of historical observations, and was particularly low over the mainland southeast from April onwards. The state of New South Wales was declared to be 100% in drought by August 2018, remaining at 98.6% into May 2019; by May 2019 65.2% of
Queensland was also declared to be in drought. Two southern parts of Western Australia were declared "water deficient" by May 2019 after months of drought, with other drought affected areas including central and east Gippsland in Victoria, and parts of eastern South Australia. On one-to-two-year timeframes to the end of March 2019, rainfall deficiencies in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia's most extensive river system, were the third lowest on record, behind similar length timeframes between 1901 and 1903, and between 1918 and 1920. In July 2019, climatologist David Jones from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology stated that the present drought was now officially the worst on record in the Murray–Darling Basin, and "had now exceeded the Federation Drought, the WWII drought and the Millennium drought in terms of its severity through the MDB". In October 2019, Australia's Bureau of Meteorology stated that drier and warmer and drier than average conditions were expected to persist at least until the end of the year with no relief in sight for most of the drought affected areas, influenced at least in part by a positive
789:(CSIRO), states that on account of projected future climate change, hot days will become more frequent and hotter (very high confidence), extreme rainfall events will become more intense (high confidence), and the time in drought is projected to increase over southern Australia (high confidence). Seasonal-average rainfall changes will vary across Australia: in southern mainland Australia, winter and spring rainfall is projected to decrease (high confidence), but increases are projected for Tasmania in winter (medium confidence), while in eastern and northern Australia in the near future (to 2030), natural variability is anticipated to predominate over trends due to greenhouse gas emissions. However even if climate change does not result in decreased rainfall in eastern and northern Australia over the period to 2030, the perceived severity of drought (in terms of low soil moisture) would increase on account of the higher evaporative demand resulting from the projected overall rise in average temperatures.
102:
264:
626:
582:
549:
34:
801:
597:. 2007 saw record temperatures across the south of Australia, and only patchy rain; promising early year rains contrasted with a very dry July–October period, meaning that drought conditions persisted across much of the south-east. At this point, the Bureau of Meteorology estimated that south-eastern Australia had missed the equivalent of a full year's rain in the previous 11 years.
335:
2328:
393:. The articles written by Keith Newman and variously headed "The country in which there are no Bushfires. There is nothing to burn;" "Worst Drought in Australia's History;" and "An Artist's Journey Into Australia's Lost World," were generously illustrated with stark line drawings by Drysdale and appeared on subsequent days 16-19 December 1944.
22:
236:(1887–1889 in the south); New South Wales had the driest year since records began; Queensland (1888–89) had a very severe drought, with much native scrub dying and native animals perishing; South Australia had one of its most severe droughts; and Western Australia (central agricultural areas) lost many
698:
2017 was a drier than average year for much of inland
Queensland, most of New South Wales, eastern and central Victoria, and all of Tasmania. In 2018, rainfall for the year was very low over the southeastern quarter of the Australian mainland, with much of the region experiencing totals in the lowest
730:
In
November 2013 the Australian Government released a $ 500 million drought stimulus package, including an additional $ 2 million in loans under the Regional Investment Corporation under a reconfigured payment schedule, an extension to the existing Drought Communities Program which provides money to
714:
From 7-10 February 2020, many areas on the east coast of New South Wales received heavy and continuous rain, the heaviest falls for thirty years. 391.6 millimetres (15.42 in) of rain fell over the four days in Sydney, more than three times the
February average. Flooding was extensive, including
677:
Dry conditions again began to develop and be sustained in mid-2013 through much of western
Queensland. Although these began easing for western Queensland in early 2014, drought began to develop further east, along the coastal fringe and into the ranges of southeast Queensland and northeast New South
609:
Australia's weather pattern transitioned rapidly to a wet La Niña pattern during autumn, resulting in record-breaking rains in the Murray-Darling Basin and well above average rainfall across the south-east. For many locations this was the first year of above-average rainfall since 1996. The rainfall
540:
From 1996 to 2010, south-eastern
Australia experienced prolonged dry conditions with rainfall persistently well below average, particularly during the cooler months from April to October. The most acute period of the so-called 'Millennium drought' was between 2001 and 2009. The drought finished with
65:
and is determined by decile analysis applied to a certain area. Note that this definition uses rainfall only because long-term records are widely available across most of
Australia. However, it does not take into account other variables that might be important for establishing surface water balance,
600:
2008 and 2009 saw continuing hot and dry conditions in south-eastern
Australia, with occasional heavy rainfall failing to break the continuing drought. The effects of the drought were exacerbated by Australia's (then) second hottest year on record in 2009, with record-breaking heatwaves in January,
573:
According to the Bureau of
Meteorology, much of eastern Australia experienced a dry 2001. 2002 was one of Australia's driest and warmest years on record, with 'remarkably widespread' dry conditions, particularly in the eastern half of the country, which was again affected by El Niño conditions. It
577:
The El Niño weather pattern broke down during 2003, but occasional strong rainfall in 2003 and 2004 failed to alleviate the cumulative effect of persistently low rainfall in south-eastern
Australia, with some measurement stations having recorded below average rainfall for eight consecutive years.
92:
since 1994. Deficiencies in northern Australia increased in 2013–14, leading to an extended drought period in certain parts of Queensland. Between 2017 and 2019, severe drought developed once more across much of eastern and inland Australia including Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, also
758:
Dry conditions in September 2019 contributed to several small to mid-range fires in north eastern New South Wales. By November of that year, continuing heat and lack of rain had desiccated the forests and agricultural land along the Great Dividing range in New South Wales and Queensland. Sydney
681:
Dry conditions continued into 2015 in the east, particularly in Queensland where the monsoon rains were delayed. Queensland had experienced poor wet season rains for three consecutive seasons. Wetter conditions in 2016 eased the effects of drought in eastern Australia, but pockets of south-east
363:
in New South Wales and imposing water restrictions in Brisbane. Perth had its driest year of the 20th century. Heavy rain in the southeastern States in November 1940 and January 1941 slightly eased the situation and 1942 was a year of good general rain, but an even worse 1944 resulted when
351:
frequent dry spells from 1937 to 1945 extended over New South Wales, Victoria, much of Queensland and parts of Western Australia, with more breaks than the Federation and Millennium droughts, but more periods of intense dryness. Parts of New South Wales, notably the central west, had record-low
710:
As of December 2019 the drought was continuing – including the driest November across Australia on record – but the Bureau of Meteorology reported that the positive Indian Ocean Dipole had weakened to around 50% of its peak seen in mid October, possibly indicating a future improvement in
474:
weather pattern and associated with high temperatures in July and August 1995, the fifth continuous year of drought in parts of Queensland. According to Primary Industries Minister, Ed Casey, "the drought affected region stretched in a 200 km to 300 km wide strip from
405:
In 1952 large regions across the North were affected by a failed wet season declared to be the "driest season for 50 years." Its effect on agriculture was profound, with millions of cattle dying, many because the stock routes south were too dry to sustain their journey. Artist
380:. Adelaide faced water shortages while main Victorian water storages were empty in April 1945 and water restrictions were imposed as far north as Townsville. Dust storms blanketed South Australia, northern Victoria and southern New South Wales through the summer of 1944–45.
396:
The drought broke in the southern States in winter 1945, with a good wheat harvest that year, but in some regions of southern Queensland and northern New South Wales 1946 was the worst year of all, and only in 1947 did significant general rains end the long drought.
739:
to significantly ramp up production of water to supply the Adelaide metropolitan area, to allow farmers affected by drought to access more water from the Murray River upstream. This followed the release of a $ 170 million Drought Stimulus Package by the
637:
fell by 37% between 2000/01 and 2004/05, due mainly to drought. Around 20 cotton communities and 10,000 people directly employed by the cotton industry were impacted by the drought. The main areas affected were in New South Wales:
352:
rainfall and in 1938 severe dry conditions intensified there and in Victoria, eastern South Australia and in southwest Australian grain-growing areas. An extremely dry six-month spell in Victorian forests contributed to the disastrous
425:
From 1965–1968, eastern Australia was again greatly affected by drought. Conditions had been dry over the centre of the continent since 1957 but spread elsewhere during the summer of 1964/1965. This drought contributed to the
228:
and south coast); Queensland (1881–1886, in south-east with breaks – otherwise mainly in coastal areas, the central highlands and central interior in 1883–1886); and South Australia (1884–1886, mainly in agricultural
295:. By 1902, Australia's sheep population dropped from its 1891 level of 106 million to fewer than 54 million. Cattle numbers fell by more than 40 per cent. Sheep numbers did not return to 100 million until 1925.
159:
Since 1860, when adequate meteorological recording commenced, the most severe droughts have occurred commonly at intervals of 11 to 14 years. Major droughts that were recorded later in the 19th century include:
60:
is a relative term and rainfall deficiencies need to be compared to typical rainfall patterns including seasonal variations. Specifically, drought in Australia is defined in relation to a rainfall deficiency of
854:
707:) during October and November. Exacerbating the effects of diminished rainfall in this drought has been a record breaking run of above average monthly temperatures, lasting 36 months to October 2019.
938:
1389:
1359:
1140:
1110:
275:
At the time of Federation, Australia suffered a major drought. There had been a number of years of below average rainfall across most of Australia before the drought. During the drought, the
364:
dearth of winter–spring rains led to failure of the wheat crop and required populations in northern Victoria to cart water. Into 1945, large rivers virtually dried up, with most of the
417:
produced a series of photographs of their dried carcasses, but the results were judged by editors to be too confronting and the article carried his drawings from the pictures instead.
1762:
442:
is regarded as the worst of the twentieth century for short-term rainfall deficiencies of up to one year and their over-all impact. There were severe dust storms in north-western
731:
regional Councils, and supplementary payments under the Roads to Recovery program to assist with job creation in drought-affected areas. The plan also provided $ 100 million for
82:
2287:
759:
received less than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) of rain in December 2019, with temperatures reaching 40°C (104°F). Numerous intense bushfires occurred, some of which burnt
2043:
610:
dramatically increased surface water storage and soil moisture, effectively ending the drought in the south-east. Very wet conditions continued through 2011, resulting in
578:
Rainfall in early 2005 remained below average, and better rainfall in the second half of the year again failed to break continuing drought conditions in the south-east.
1195:
629:
Cattle on a sand island in the Murrumbidgee River; normally underwater, but low rainfall in the catchment during 2008 meant water releases from the dams were reduced.
2134:
505:
was exhausted, reverting to a series of ponds. Across the state, in more than 13,000 properties, totaling 40% of Queensland, was drought declared. The flow past
1996:
722:
In March 2021, above average rainfall led to serious and destructive flooding in the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment and on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales.
1800:
1781:
931:
622:
Dairy producers were hit particularly hard by the drought. 2004 was a particularly bleak year in the sector, with revenue in the industry falling by 5.6%.
439:
2224:
994:
834:
2634:
2406:
2261:
753:
101:
2375:
1179:
1759:
1255:
225:
210:, South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. This drought also helped fires in the Australia outback at the time.
2249:
2069:
2021:
1970:
593:
South-east Australia experienced its second driest year on record in 2006, particularly affecting the major agricultural region of the
359:
The rains were only a brief respite, and 1940 was one of the driest years of the century over most of southern Australia, emptying the
77:
Historical climatic records are now sufficiently reliable to profile climate variability taking into account expectations for regions.
2352:
2629:
1428:
1039:
978:
915:
884:
466:
An extremely severe drought occurred in the later year of 1991, which intensified in 1994 and 1995 to become the worst on record in
2432:
299:
1777:
ABS Water Account Australia 2004/05 figures quoted by Water and Cotton Fact Sheet of 13 February 2007 retrieved 5 March 2007 from
49:
85:
are responsible for declaring a region drought affected and the declaration will take into account factors other than rainfall.
2347:
849:
373:
213:
1877 All states affected by severe drought, with disastrous losses in Queensland. In Western Australia many native trees died,
2624:
2583:
2332:
2311:
764:
365:
173:
1835 and 1838 Sydney and NSW receive 25% less rain than usual. Severe drought in Northam and York areas of Western Australia.
2548:
611:
565:
event. Rainfall in 1998, 1999 and 2000 was closer to average, with isolated areas affected by rainfall well below average.
494:
In June 1994, more than ten towns had lost irrigation systems; and some areas had gone five years without decent rainfall.
263:
2619:
2343:
2091:
741:
148:
2262:
Drought stimulus package includes $ 100 million for SA to turn on desalination plant, leaving water for farmers upstream
625:
268:
2399:
1797:
1778:
1518:
814:
780:
736:
480:
2588:
2447:
1716:
1694:
1672:
1650:
1628:
1606:
1584:
1562:
356:
of January 1939, before heavy rain came in late February 1939 over Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales.
2598:
2543:
561:
Dry conditions began to emerge in south-eastern Australia during late 1996 and intensified during the strong 1997
2558:
2538:
2510:
2467:
1210:
719:, that had been devastated by bushfires about 6 weeks earlier. About 28500 people were affected by this drought.
639:
514:
389:
81:
records since the 1860s show that a 'severe' drought has occurred in Australia, on average, once every 18 years.
2477:
1421:
Secrets of the Scenic Rim: A Bushwalking and Rockclimbing Guide to South-east Queensland's Best Mountainous Area
594:
2578:
2533:
2362:
2198:
942:
647:
535:
106:
2573:
2553:
2273:
2113:
387:
undertook 3-week 5000km tour, at the height of WW2, of wind-eroded drought-stricken areas on commission from
2457:
2159:
1540:
663:
643:
634:
506:
284:
2392:
768:
510:
476:
353:
2442:
1001:
2593:
2492:
2356:
704:
206:
1864–1866 (and 1868). The little data available indicates that this drought period was rather severe in
130:
78:
2568:
2487:
2147:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
517:
had been allocated no water for irrigation, which resulted in a major loss of production. The town of
491:
crops survived, about half the usual for that year, that grains had to be imported from other states.
2563:
2515:
2437:
1087:
844:
819:
443:
427:
207:
123:
89:
2288:"HotSpots H2O: Bushfires Raze Parts of Eastern Australia as Government Quarrels over Climate Change"
1397:
1367:
1148:
1118:
700:
659:
581:
518:
447:
38:
1904:
1189:
829:
667:
451:
315:
258:
189:
1846 Severe drought converted the interior and far north of South Australia into an arid desert.
1834:
1816:
56:
of what has been recorded for that region in the past. This definition takes into account that
2371:
1424:
1175:
1035:
974:
911:
548:
455:
319:
177:
165:
111:
1503:
1483:
1466:
1446:
806:
412:
384:
369:
302:, which failed the 1914 wheat crop. From 1918 to 1920, a severe drought was experienced by
2338:
1804:
1785:
1766:
824:
732:
651:
502:
311:
307:
200:
183:
115:
1948:
1926:
1896:
1874:
1852:
1738:
2044:"Parts of Western Australia declared 'water deficient' as emergency supplies trucked in"
33:
1028:
876:
674:
by 78%. Bourke has only had adequate water for one cotton crop in the last five years.
292:
62:
2250:
Drought-affected farmers and businesses to be offered super-cheap loans to stay afloat
458:
and swept across Australia's interior and on to the south-east in mid- to late March.
2613:
671:
498:
280:
152:
2171:
716:
655:
407:
348:
71:
685:
Stock feed becomes scarce and farmers find it difficult to feed cattle and sheep.
552:
Green drought, caused by insufficient rain after a long dry period, November 2002
763:
rainforest remnants that had not experienced fires for millennia. This included
450:
with 75 people killed. This El Niño-related drought ended in March, when a
67:
1835:"Rainfall deficiencies increase in Queensland and northeastern New South Wales"
1817:"Rainfall deficiencies increase in Queensland and northeastern New South Wales"
141:
1809 Beginning of an unusually severe drought in NSW that continued until 1811.
1519:"Recent rainfall, drought and southern Australia's long-term rainfall decline"
1444:
Collie, Gordon (26 August 1995). "Worst drought of century cripples farmers".
839:
796:
562:
542:
471:
467:
360:
303:
127:
1333:
1282:
1229:
1796:
Water and Cotton Fact Sheet of 13 February 2007 retrieved 5 March 2007 from
1170:
Wright, William, (project leader); Australian Bureau of Meteorology (2004).
1082:
968:
338:
Mother and son masked against a dust storm cart water in the Wimmera, c.1944
221:
196:
119:
26:
545:
conditions during 2010 and 2011, with particularly heavy summer rainfall.
2327:
1172:
Drought, dust and deluge : a century of climate extremes in Australia
334:
138:
1803 Drought in New South Wales (NSW) that produced several crop failures.
2370:(Technical report). Australian Government Productivity Commission. 2009.
2135:
Australia records three years of hotter than average monthly temperatures
1256:"Vanished wet season of 1952 has eerie similarities to current dry spell"
760:
586:
323:
233:
287:, for over a year, from April 1902 to May 1903. There was concern about
144:
1813–1815 Severe drought in NSW that prompted searches for new pastures.
1308:
682:
Queensland and north-east New South Wales remained drier than average.
57:
52:
as rainfall over period greater than three-months being in the lowest
2384:
488:
377:
288:
53:
1091:. Queensland: National Library of Australia. 11 June 1897. p. 6
21:
2160:
ENSO Wrap-Up 10 December 2019: Positive Indian Ocean Dipole weakens
2070:"Eastern Australia drought dries up Murray-Darling water reserves"
786:
624:
580:
547:
484:
333:
276:
262:
237:
214:
100:
32:
20:
243:
1897 Drought in much of Queensland, compared to 1883–84 droughts.
192:
1849 Sydney received about 27 inches less rain than normal.
2388:
232:
1888 Extremely dry in Victoria (northern areas and Gippsland);
2024:. The Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory. 1 May 2019
1464:
Collie, Gordon (3 June 1995). "Water crisis threatens towns".
1283:"Drought Spreads Grey Plains Of Death Over Northern Australia"
430:
in which 62 people died in one day and 1,400 homes were lost.
1481:
Coleman, Matthew (30 August 1995). "Crops worth $ 50m lost".
939:
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)
574:
was, at the time, Australia's fourth driest year since 1900.
2225:"How NSW's devastating floods stack up against past deluges"
2002:. New South Wales Department of Primary Industry. 9 May 2019
1997:"DROUGHT CONTINUES TO BITE DESPITE WELCOMED WIDESPREAD RAIN"
787:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
529:
1209:
Australian Government : Bureau of Meteorology (2020).
501:
system collapsed during this drought. By October 1994, the
182:
1839 Severe drought in the west and north of Spencer Gulf,
2314:. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
1501:
Collie, Gordon (22 October 1994). "Dry tears of despair".
1309:"Drought photographs, Queensland, 1952 [picture]"
1059:. Vol. 3. Sydney: Halstead Press. 1963. p. 291.
448:
severe bushfires in south-east Australia in February 1983
1366:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1999. Archived from
1147:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1999. Archived from
1117:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1999. Archived from
1069:
855:
Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia
530:
2000s or 'Millennium' drought in south-eastern Australia
642:, where the area under production was reduced by 100%,
2022:"Almost two-thirds of Queensland now drought declared"
1228:
Newman, Keith; Drysdale, Russell (16 December 1944).
658:
by 60%. In Queensland, the worst-affected areas were
220:
1880 to 1886 Drought in Victoria (northern areas and
93:
extending into parts of South and Western Australia.
2178:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 February 2020
871:
869:
2524:
2501:
2420:
1543:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 February 1998
1230:"An Artist's Journey Into Australia's "Lost World""
908:
Australia's Weather Patterns: An Introductory Guide
662:, which reduced the area under production by 100%,
1841:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 August 2014.
1823:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 August 2014.
1719:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 5 January 2011
1697:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 5 January 2010
1675:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 3 January 2008
1653:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 3 January 2007
1631:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 4 January 2006
1609:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 6 January 2005
1587:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 6 January 2003
1565:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 3 January 2002
1396:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from
1027:
785:Australia's national science research agency, the
2276:. New South Wales State Government, 11 June 2019.
1541:"1998 Yearbook – Climate Variability and El Nino"
605:2010 and 2011: La Niña finally breaks the drought
318:(Darwin-Daly Waters area and central Australia),
1459:
1457:
224:); New South Wales (mainly northern wheat belt,
557:1996 to 2000: patchy rainfall in the south-east
1496:
1494:
1174:. Melbourne, Victoria: Bureau of Meteorology.
298:In the 1911–1915 period, Australia suffered a
2400:
932:"Our Natural Resources at a Glance – Climate"
509:was the lowest since 1940. Cotton farms near
8:
2172:"Record Sydney rains put out NSW mega-blaze"
2092:"Drought now officially our worst on record"
1194:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
147:1826–1829 Severe drought in NSW that caused
711:conditions later in the Australian summer.
2407:
2393:
2385:
1949:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2018"
1927:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2017"
1875:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2016"
1853:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2015"
1739:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2011"
1717:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2010"
1695:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009"
1673:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2007"
1651:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2006"
1629:"Annual Australian Climate Statement 2005"
601:February and the second half of the year.
470:. This drought was influenced by a strong
2312:Climate change information for Australia
2114:"Climate outlook for October to January"
1897:"The face of Australia's drought crisis"
1607:"Annual Australian Climate Summary 2004"
1585:"Annual Australian Climate Summary 2001"
1563:"Annual Australian Climate Summary 2001"
1390:"Short but sharp – The 1982–83 droughts"
835:List of reservoirs and dams in Australia
703:and a prolonged period of negative SAM (
376:. There was no flow in the Murray above
195:1850 Severe drought, with big losses of
176:1838–39 Droughts in South Australia and
2148:Drought summary, issued 5 December 2019
2116:. Bureau of Meteorology. 3 October 2019
1971:"NSW 100 per cent in drought: minister"
865:
90:marked decrease in precipitation levels
1187:
633:Agricultural production was affected.
343:The World War II drought: 1937 to 1945
1907:from the original on 13 December 2021
1111:"The "Federation Drought", 1895–1902"
569:2001 to 2009: the peak of the drought
203:and around the western rivers region.
7:
1215:Bureau of Meteorology : Climate
906:Tapper, Nigel; Hurry, Lynn (1993).
2286:Ritter, Kayla (18 November 2019).
1951:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1929:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1877:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1855:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1741:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1521:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
754:2019–20 Australian bushfire season
618:Effects on agricultural production
410:, on commission from the Brisbane
14:
2137:Sydneys Kiss FM, 5 November 2019.
2094:. farmonline.com.au. 18 July 2019
995:"Climate variability and drought"
279:crop was "all but lost", and the
168:with very little water available.
2326:
885:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
799:
742:New South Wales State Government
322:(Fortescue area), Victoria, and
50:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
16:Rainfall deficiency in Australia
2348:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1334:"Nolan. Drought Beyond Words—1"
1030:Collins Australian Encyclopedia
850:Water restrictions in Australia
37:Drought-affected fields in the
2635:Natural disasters in Australia
2433:Federated States of Micronesia
1760:Dairy farmers face tough times
1340:. 23 August 1952. pp. 2–3
1281:Bednall, Colin (14 May 1952).
765:Mount Nothofagus National Park
726:Australian Government response
589:region during the 2007 drought
1:
2199:"Greater Sydney's dam levels"
2072:. Grain Central. 9 April 2019
1903:. ABC News. 23 January 2020.
1313:National Library of Australia
1070:Australian Encyclopaedia 1963
2264:. ABC News, 7 November 2019.
2252:. ABC News, 6 November 2019.
1057:The Australian Encyclopaedia
910:. Dellasta. pp. 51–57.
269:Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
97:Droughts in the 19th century
88:Australia has experienced a
1083:"The Drought in Queensland"
815:Climate change in Australia
781:Climate change in Australia
737:Adelaide Desalination Plant
525:Drought in the 21st century
521:was particularly affected.
330:Other 20th century droughts
248:Drought in the 20th century
2653:
2364:Government Drought Support
2197:Staff (10 February 2020).
778:
751:
533:
271:, during the 1912 drought.
256:
217:dried up and crops failed.
1839:Climate: Drought: Archive
1821:Climate: Drought: Archive
694:Meteorological conditions
635:Water use by the industry
390:The Sydney Morning Herald
2630:Environment of Australia
2584:Northern Mariana Islands
2274:Drought Stimulus Package
1803:28 February 2007 at the
1784:28 February 2007 at the
536:2000s Australian drought
462:1990s Queensland drought
421:The 1965 to 1968 drought
107:Golden Summer, Eaglemont
2549:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2158:Bureau of Meteorology:
2146:Bureau of Meteorology:
1765:26 January 2012 at the
1423:. Rankin. p. 151.
1419:Rankin, Robert (1992).
689:Early 2017 to late 2019
646:, area reduced by 99%,
614:and northern Victoria.
285:Bourke, New South Wales
118:, shows the semi-rural
1026:Shaw, John H. (1984).
967:Anderson, Deb (2014).
941:. 2006. Archived from
769:Nightcap National Park
630:
590:
553:
354:Black Friday bushfires
339:
272:
164:1829 Major drought in
134:
42:
30:
2625:Droughts in Australia
2527:and other territories
2357:Bureau of Meteorology
1975:Sydney Morning Herald
1360:"The 1965–68 drought"
1234:Sydney Morning Herald
1211:"Historical droughts"
1141:"The 1914–15 drought"
1055:"Chisholm, Alec H.".
705:Southern Annular Mode
628:
584:
551:
368:ceasing flow and the
337:
267:A dried-up lagoon in
266:
110:, painted in 1889 by
104:
79:Bureau of Meteorology
36:
24:
2620:Climate of Australia
2353:Drought in Australia
2344:Drought in Australia
2335:at Wikimedia Commons
2333:Drought in Australia
1088:The Brisbane Courier
973:. CSIRO Publishing.
845:Send her down Hughie
820:Deserts of Australia
612:floods in Queensland
595:Murray–Darling basin
585:Dry paddocks in the
497:A part of the upper
428:1967 Tasmanian fires
46:Drought in Australia
2203:www.waternsw.com.au
1034:. Sydney: Collins.
1007:on 12 February 2014
701:Indian Ocean Dipole
668:Central Highlandsby
541:the arrival of wet
226:Northern Tablelands
2415:Drought in Oceania
830:Federation Drought
775:Future projections
631:
591:
554:
452:monsoon depression
440:drought in 1982–83
340:
316:Northern Territory
273:
259:Federation Drought
253:Federation drought
151:to dry up and the
135:
48:is defined by the
43:
31:
2607:
2606:
2599:Wallis and Futuna
2544:Clipperton Island
2502:Associated states
2377:978-1-74037-275-6
2331:Media related to
1394:Climate Education
1364:Climate Education
1181:978-0-642-70648-5
1145:Climate Education
1115:Climate Education
456:extratropical low
401:Post World War II
320:Western Australia
178:Western Australia
166:Western Australia
155:to cease flowing.
112:Heidelberg School
83:State Governments
41:countryside, 2006
2642:
2589:Pitcairn Islands
2559:French Polynesia
2539:Christmas Island
2468:Papua New Guinea
2448:Marshall Islands
2421:Sovereign states
2409:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2369:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1798:Cotton Australia
1794:
1788:
1779:Cotton Australia
1775:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:The Courier-Mail
1498:
1489:
1488:
1484:The Courier-Mail
1478:
1472:
1471:
1467:The Courier Mail
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:The Courier-Mail
1441:
1435:
1434:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1400:on 17 March 2009
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1370:on 17 March 2009
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:on 17 March 2009
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:on 17 March 2009
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1000:. Archived from
999:
991:
985:
984:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
948:on 18 March 2009
947:
936:
928:
922:
921:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
881:Climate Glossary
873:
809:
807:Australia portal
804:
803:
802:
385:Russell Drysdale
2652:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2526:
2520:
2503:
2497:
2478:Solomon Islands
2416:
2413:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2231:. 25 March 2021
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1977:. 8 August 2018
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1805:Wayback Machine
1795:
1791:
1786:Wayback Machine
1776:
1772:
1767:Wayback Machine
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1287:West Australian
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1262:. 13 March 2019
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
992:
988:
981:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
934:
930:
929:
925:
918:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
875:
874:
867:
863:
825:Extreme weather
805:
800:
798:
795:
783:
777:
756:
750:
735:to turn on its
733:South Australia
728:
696:
691:
652:Macquarie River
620:
607:
571:
559:
538:
532:
527:
503:Condamine River
481:Charters Towers
464:
436:
423:
403:
345:
332:
312:South Australia
308:New South Wales
261:
255:
250:
201:New South Wales
184:South Australia
116:Arthur Streeton
99:
63:pastoral leases
17:
12:
11:
5:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Norfolk Island
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:American Samoa
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2504:of New Zealand
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2322:
2321:External links
2319:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2292:Circle of Blue
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2229:www.abc.net.au
2216:
2189:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2105:
2083:
2061:
2035:
2013:
1988:
1962:
1940:
1918:
1888:
1866:
1844:
1826:
1808:
1789:
1770:
1752:
1730:
1708:
1686:
1664:
1642:
1620:
1598:
1576:
1554:
1532:
1510:
1490:
1473:
1453:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1381:
1351:
1325:
1300:
1273:
1247:
1220:
1201:
1180:
1162:
1132:
1102:
1074:
1062:
1047:
1040:
1018:
986:
979:
959:
923:
916:
898:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
811:
810:
794:
791:
779:Main article:
776:
773:
752:Main article:
749:
748:2019 bushfires
746:
727:
724:
715:areas such as
695:
692:
690:
687:
619:
616:
606:
603:
570:
567:
558:
555:
534:Main article:
531:
528:
526:
523:
463:
460:
435:
432:
422:
419:
402:
399:
374:North Richmond
344:
341:
331:
328:
257:Main article:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
230:
218:
211:
204:
199:across inland
193:
190:
187:
180:
174:
170:
169:
157:
156:
145:
142:
139:
98:
95:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:New Caledonia
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Easter Island
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2050:. 16 May 2019
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:. p. 29.
1506:
1505:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:. p. 14.
1449:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1430:0-9592418-3-3
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1072:, p. 288
1071:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1041:0-00-217315-8
1037:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1003:
996:
990:
987:
982:
980:9781486301201
976:
972:
971:
963:
960:
944:
940:
933:
927:
924:
919:
917:1-875627-14-6
913:
909:
902:
899:
886:
882:
878:
872:
870:
866:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
797:
792:
790:
788:
782:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
755:
747:
745:
743:
738:
734:
725:
723:
720:
718:
712:
708:
706:
702:
693:
688:
686:
683:
679:
675:
673:
672:Darling Downs
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
627:
623:
617:
615:
613:
604:
602:
598:
596:
588:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
564:
556:
550:
546:
544:
537:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Darling River
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
420:
418:
416:
414:
409:
400:
398:
394:
392:
391:
386:
381:
379:
375:
372:drying up at
371:
367:
362:
357:
355:
350:
342:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:major drought
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Darling River
278:
270:
265:
260:
252:
247:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
188:
185:
181:
179:
175:
172:
171:
167:
163:
162:
161:
154:
153:Darling River
150:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:
103:
96:
94:
91:
86:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2525:Dependencies
2511:Cook Islands
2427:
2363:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2202:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:The Guardian
2047:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1792:
1773:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1470:. p. 3.
1465:
1445:
1439:
1420:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1363:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:Courier-Mail
1337:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1214:
1204:
1171:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1144:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:the original
1114:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1029:
1021:
1011:19 September
1009:. Retrieved
1002:the original
989:
969:
962:
950:. Retrieved
943:the original
926:
907:
901:
889:. Retrieved
880:
784:
757:
729:
721:
717:Lake Conjola
713:
709:
697:
684:
680:
676:
656:Gwydir River
650:by 95%, the
632:
621:
608:
599:
592:
576:
572:
560:
539:
496:
493:
465:
437:
424:
413:Courier-Mail
411:
408:Sidney Nolan
404:
395:
388:
382:
366:Hunter River
358:
349:World War II
346:
297:
293:water supply
274:
158:
105:
87:
76:
72:condensation
45:
44:
18:
2458:New Zealand
2209:10 February
2182:10 February
1404:13 November
1374:13 November
1344:28 November
1318:28 November
1293:28 November
1289:. p. 3
1266:28 November
1236:. p. 5
1155:13 November
1125:13 November
952:13 November
891:13 November
664:Dirranbandi
654:by 74% and
507:Goondiwindi
283:was dry at
149:Lake George
68:evaporation
25:A dried up
2614:Categories
2205:. WaterNSW
1911:25 January
1881:26 January
1859:26 January
1745:26 January
1723:26 January
1701:26 January
1679:26 January
1657:26 January
1635:26 January
1613:26 January
1591:26 January
1569:26 January
1547:26 January
1525:25 January
1240:4 December
861:References
840:Peak water
666:, by 91%,
483:". So few
477:Stanthorpe
468:Queensland
454:became an
370:Hawkesbury
361:Nepean Dam
304:Queensland
126:during an
124:Heidelberg
122:suburb of
2428:Australia
2120:6 October
1190:cite book
1095:1 October
970:Endurance
877:"Drought"
761:Gondwanan
744:in June.
222:Gippsland
197:livestock
120:Melbourne
39:Victorian
27:Lake Hume
2443:Kiribati
2176:BBC News
1905:Archived
1801:Archived
1782:Archived
1763:Archived
1260:ABC News
793:See also
670:82% and
640:Menindee
587:Riverina
515:Narrabri
444:Victoria
324:Tasmania
234:Tasmania
208:Victoria
66:such as
2594:Tokelau
2493:Vanuatu
2339:Drought
2235:8 April
2098:19 July
2076:29 June
2054:29 June
2028:29 June
2006:29 June
1981:29 June
1955:29 June
1933:29 June
1901:YouTube
678:Wales.
660:Biloela
648:Walgett
563:El Niño
543:La Niña
519:Warwick
472:El Niño
383:Artist
347:During
229:areas).
131:drought
128:El Niño
114:artist
58:drought
2569:Hawaii
2488:Tuvalu
2374:
2297:1 July
1427:
1178:
1038:
977:
914:
887:. 2006
644:Bourke
489:barley
378:Echuca
289:Sydney
215:swamps
54:decile
29:, 2007
2483:Tonga
2473:Samoa
2463:Palau
2453:Nauru
2380:. 46.
2368:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1005:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
935:(PDF)
511:Moree
485:wheat
434:1980s
277:wheat
238:sheep
2564:Guam
2516:Niue
2438:Fiji
2372:ISBN
2299:2024
2237:2021
2211:2020
2184:2020
2122:2019
2100:2019
2078:2019
2056:2019
2030:2019
2008:2019
1983:2019
1957:2019
1935:2019
1913:2020
1883:2017
1861:2017
1747:2017
1725:2017
1703:2017
1681:2017
1659:2017
1637:2017
1615:2017
1593:2017
1571:2017
1549:2017
1527:2017
1425:ISBN
1406:2006
1376:2006
1346:2022
1320:2022
1295:2022
1268:2022
1242:2022
1196:link
1176:ISBN
1157:2006
1127:2006
1097:2014
1036:ISBN
1013:2014
975:ISBN
954:2006
912:ISBN
893:2006
767:and
513:and
487:and
446:and
438:The
70:and
2355:on
2346:on
479:to
291:'s
2616::
2290:.
2227:.
2201:.
2174:.
2046:.
1973:.
1899:.
1837:.
1819:.
1493:^
1456:^
1392:.
1362:.
1336:.
1311:.
1285:.
1258:.
1232:.
1213:.
1192:}}
1188:{{
1143:.
1113:.
1085:.
937:.
883:.
879:.
868:^
771:.
326:.
314:,
310:,
306:,
74:.
2408:e
2401:t
2394:v
2301:.
2239:.
2213:.
2186:.
2124:.
2102:.
2080:.
2058:.
2032:.
2010:.
1985:.
1959:.
1937:.
1915:.
1885:.
1863:.
1749:.
1727:.
1705:.
1683:.
1661:.
1639:.
1617:.
1595:.
1573:.
1551:.
1529:.
1487:.
1433:.
1408:.
1378:.
1348:.
1322:.
1297:.
1270:.
1244:.
1217:.
1198:)
1184:.
1159:.
1129:.
1099:.
1044:.
1015:.
983:.
956:.
920:.
895:.
415:,
240:.
186:.
133:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
