170:
1218:
million, and eliminating the shortfall in fertility raises it by a further 34 million to 363 million. The fertility effect (34 million) was almost as large as the mortality effect (41 million). World War II cut the Soviet population by 21 percent. Figure 6.7 shows the results of a combined simulation in which the adverse fertility and mortality effects of the war and collectivization are removed from Soviet demographic history. The simulation shows how the population would have grown if it were subject to the "normal fertility" and mortality rates. The 1989 population under this simulation would have been 394 million instead of the 288 million actually alive. The impact of collectivization and the Second World War was to reduce the 1989 population of the Soviet Union by 27%.
492:
evidence that in 1930-33 ... Stalin also used starvation in his war against the peasants", which he calls a "conscious policy of starvation", but concludes that there were several factors, primarily focusing on the leadership's culpability in continuing to prioritize collectivization and industrialization over preventing mass death, due to their
Leninist stance of regarding starvation "as a necessary cost of the progressive policies of industrialisation and the building of socialism", and thus did not "perceive the famine as a humanitarian catastrophe requiring a major effort to relieve distress and hence made only limited relief efforts."
31:
416:
put at about 4.6 million, 0.9 million of which was due to forced migration, 1 million to a deficit in births, and 2.6 million to exceptional mortality. The long-term demographic consequences of collectivization and the Second World War meant that the Soviet Union's 1989 population was 288 million rather than 315 million, 9% lower than it otherwise would have been. In addition to the deaths, the famine resulted in massive population movements, as about 300,000
4592:
109:, which killed between 375,000 and 500,000 people, mainly due to famine-related diseases. Causes included a large autumn drought resulting in crop failures. Attempts by the government to alleviate the situation generally failed which may have contributed to a lack of faith in the Tsarist government and later political instability. In 1899, the Volga area, especially Samara, suffered starvation, typhus and scurvy, which depleted Red Cross aid.
186:
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5306:
4604:
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178:
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calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent
Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933.
690:
5820:
5316:
411:
The demographic impact of the famine of 1932–1933 was multifold. In addition to direct and indirect deaths associated with the famine, there were significant internal migrations of Soviet citizens, often fleeing famine-ridden regions. A sudden decline in birthrates permanently "scarred" the long-term
391:
One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet
Ukraine and Kuban region. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic
415:
Estimates of Soviet deaths attributable to the 1932–1933 famine vary wildly, but are typically given in the range of millions. Vallin et al. estimated that the disasters of the decade culminated in a dramatic fall in fertility and a rise in mortality. Their estimates suggest that total losses can be
562:
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there have been occasional issues with hunger and food insecurity in Russia. Both Russia and
Ukraine were subject to a series of severe droughts from July 2010 to 2015. The 2010 drought saw wheat production fall by 20% in Russia and subsequently resulted in a
491:
held the view that the famine was not intentionally inflicted by Stalin, but "with resulting famine imminent, he could have prevented it, but put “Soviet interest” other than feeding the starving first—thus consciously abetting it". Michael Ellman's analysis of the famine found that "there is some
483:
by the government and is generally remembered as one of the greatest tragedies in the nation's history. The issue of
Holodomor being an intentional act of genocide or not has often been a subject of dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukrainian government. The modern Russian government has
504:
in Russia by the German Reich, as many as one million people died while many more went hungry or starved but survived. Germans tried to starve out
Leningrad in order to break its resistance. Starvation was one of the primary causes of death as the food supply was cut off and strict rationing was
64:
on more or less regular basis. From the beginning of the 11th to the end of the 16th century, on the territory of Russia for every century there were 8 crop failures, which were repeated every 13 years, sometimes causing prolonged famine in a significant territory. The causes of the famine were
2003:
1217:
The Second World War had greater effect on the size of the population. Figure 6.5 simulates the population without the excess mortality of the war and, in addition, without the reduction in fertility during and after the war. Eliminating the wartime mortality raises the 1989 population to 329
169:
535:. In Ukraine, between 100,000 and one million people may have perished. In Moldova, according to Soviet officials, the famine claimed the lives of more than 150,000 people, while historians estimate that this figure reaches at least 250,000–300,000 people.
105:, which affected much of Europe including part of Russia as well as the Baltic states. The Nikonian chronicle, written between 1127 and 1303, recorded no less than eleven famine years during that period. One of the most serious crises before 1900 was the
1817:
161:, there was a dramatic decline in total agricultural output. Measured in millions of tons, the 1920 grain harvest was only 46.1, compared to 80.1 in 1913. By 1926, it had almost returned to pre-revolutionary levels reaching 76.8.
445:
article by Oleh
Wolowyna estimated 8.7 million deaths across the entire Soviet Union including 3.9 million in Ukraine, 3.3 million in Russia, and 1.3 million in Kazakhstan, plus a lower number of dead in other republics.
117:
The
Golubev and Dronin report gives the following table of the major droughts in Russia between 1900 and 2000. Mass famines were reported in years of drought in the 1920s and 1930s, and the last one occurred in 1984.
530:
219:
3511:
2547:
275:
of late 1921, saving millions of starving
Russians. At its peak, the ARA employed 300 Americans, more than 120,000 Russians and fed 10.5 million people daily. Its Russian operations were headed by Col.
4726:
4886:
5137:
4675:
3915:
3898:
3945:
1825:
582:
4703:
3888:
1020:
Charles M. Edmondson, "An
Inquiry into the Termination of Soviet Famine Relief Programmes and the Renewal of Grain Export, 1922–23", Soviet Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1981), pp. 370–385
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4408:
3908:
3071:
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3903:
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in 1946 in over 50 percent of the grain-productive zone of the country and government social policy and mismanagement of grain reserves. The regions primarily affected were
5142:
5071:
4752:
2381:
4142:
458:
375:). The famine was perhaps most severe in Kazakhstan where the semi-nomadic pastoralists' traditional way of life was most disturbed by Soviet agricultural ambitions.
5147:
5081:
572:
1201:
Vallin, Jacques; Meslé, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (2002). A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s.
3380:
3840:
3453:
101:, as a proportion of the population, believed to be its worst as it may have killed 2 million people (1/3 of the population). Other major famines include the
4737:
3506:
2169:
1325:
454:
403:
5749:
5076:
4640:
4025:
3995:
2261:
4757:
3479:
5662:
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4282:
4242:
4152:
3963:
2221:
5127:
5101:
4711:
4270:
4165:
4037:
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267:. An agreement was reached on August 21, 1921, and an additional implementation agreement was signed by Brown and People's Commisar for Foreign Trade
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5876:
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4175:
4092:
3985:
3146:
237:
4670:
4115:
3922:
3789:
2683:
2588:
2503:
2030:
1716:
5866:
3813:
3658:
3387:
2804:
1901:
Climate Dependence and Food Problems in Russia, 1900–1990: The Interaction of Climate and Agricultural Policy and Their Effect on Food Problems
1154:
996:
197:
happened as result of the ongoing civil war and garnered wide international attention. The most affected area being the Southeastern areas of
4956:
4871:
3801:
3767:
3755:
3750:
3641:
3283:
2899:
2562:
2241:
1930:
1909:
587:
233:
2198:
970:"How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine | Stanford News Release"
214:
5891:
5352:
5066:
4337:
4105:
3233:
2945:
1948:
1639:
342:
74:
2120:
5754:
5205:
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3883:
3830:
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3176:
366:
1531:
5856:
5291:
4265:
4260:
3980:
3928:
2678:
2297:
805:
65:
different, from natural (droughts, crop failures, low rainfall in a certain year) and economic and political crises; for example, the
592:
296:
famine relief operations in Russia. The ARA's operations in Russia were shut down on June 15, 1923, after it was discovered that the
5646:
5281:
5271:
5215:
4903:
4517:
4468:
4401:
4212:
3940:
3542:
3446:
3111:
3000:
2935:
2236:
1888:
762:
577:
2095:
232:, in part for his work as High Commissioner for Relief In Russia. Other organizations that helped to combat the Soviet famine were
5400:
5276:
4984:
4925:
4747:
4547:
4535:
4359:
4349:
4305:
4120:
3796:
3745:
3628:
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2508:
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622:
424:
304:
210:
194:
35:
5795:
5729:
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4540:
4396:
4381:
4295:
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2191:
465:
is specifically applied to the events that took place in territories populated by Ukrainians and also North Caucasian Kazakhs.
1292:
637:
632:
602:
597:
66:
5744:
5251:
5175:
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4227:
4170:
3784:
3609:
3537:
3258:
2884:
2317:
1467:
883:
Nove notes that the harvest in 1913 was during an "extremely favorable year" indicating a somewhat larger than expected crop.
450:
244:
1998:
432:
106:
98:
5190:
5185:
4861:
4693:
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4255:
4207:
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3636:
3619:
3054:
2769:
2593:
2553:
2307:
2231:
2226:
2130:
1398:
Kupfer, Matthew, and Thomas de Waal. "Crying Genocide: Use and Abuse of Political Rhetoric in Russia and Ukraine." (2014).
513:
328:
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2533:
2498:
2181:
1434:
1408:
944:
474:
441:
357:
authorities which contributed to the famine and affected more than forty million people, especially in the south on the
5824:
5319:
516:
in the USSR happened mainly in 1947 as a cumulative effect of consequences of collectivization, war damage, the severe
102:
5861:
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5759:
5672:
5578:
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5210:
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2975:
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2754:
2708:
2698:
2663:
2543:
2418:
2403:
2057:
2023:
1611:
525:
480:
369:, where by various estimates millions starved to death or died due to famine related illness (the event known as
1818:"Drought in Russia and Ukraine threatens 30% of wheat crop—this could have unlikely political implications in Africa"
487:
There is still debate over whether or not Holodomor was a massive failure of policy or a deliberate act of genocide.
5896:
5641:
5309:
5157:
4866:
4822:
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2894:
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2779:
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1329:
5881:
5551:
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5056:
5020:
4908:
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4742:
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4354:
3350:
3330:
3303:
3059:
2819:
2578:
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2386:
2266:
919:
272:
1846:
5556:
5345:
5286:
5051:
4989:
4951:
4881:
4559:
2864:
2703:
2673:
2538:
2452:
2361:
2324:
1293:"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives"
5498:
5165:
5096:
5030:
4918:
4893:
4805:
4780:
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3808:
3370:
3345:
3181:
3030:
2990:
2693:
2638:
2523:
2391:
346:
412:
population growth of the Soviet Union in a way similar to, although not as severe, as that of World War 2.
5667:
5625:
5620:
5503:
5380:
5261:
5086:
5037:
4876:
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4488:
4080:
4018:
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3166:
3136:
3091:
3042:
3037:
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2854:
2814:
2774:
2608:
2518:
2513:
2334:
2246:
2113:
2016:
436:
30:
3579:
303:
While the Moscow government recognized the famine in Russia, Soviet authorities paid no attention to the
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5598:
5437:
5245:
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4800:
4775:
4607:
3335:
3076:
3049:
3010:
2950:
2749:
2718:
2628:
2376:
2312:
806:"The History of International Humanitarian Assistance: Notes on Developments in 19th and 20th centuries"
479:
The legacy of Holodomor remains a sensitive and controversial issue in contemporary Ukraine where it is
3850:
1306:(Spring). Stanford University. Center for Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies. Archived from
1256:
Wolowyna, Oleh (October 2020). "A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union".
1115:
252:
1491:
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4913:
4369:
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4052:
3564:
3365:
3273:
3268:
3020:
2955:
2713:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2603:
2598:
2558:
2065:
1111:
280:. The Medical Division of the ARA functioned from November 1921 to June 1923 and helped overcome the
138:
2349:
5835:
5613:
5444:
5395:
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4596:
4325:
4130:
4059:
3867:
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3516:
3489:
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3116:
3066:
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2889:
2723:
2668:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2568:
2528:
2493:
2435:
2280:
2142:
1956:
993:
5739:
5677:
5465:
5454:
5432:
5427:
5416:
5091:
4974:
4827:
4463:
4446:
4374:
3691:
3604:
3494:
3484:
3288:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3228:
3213:
3171:
3101:
3086:
3025:
3005:
2995:
2965:
2940:
2925:
2869:
2809:
2799:
2658:
2481:
2467:
2462:
2408:
2344:
2154:
1973:
1554:
1366:
1273:
1130:
1051:
654:
627:
501:
358:
277:
248:
154:
1981:
1662:
1178:
5714:
5588:
5481:
5390:
5025:
4994:
4832:
4649:
4571:
4511:
4290:
4076:
3772:
3574:
3559:
3501:
3406:
3158:
3126:
3121:
3106:
3081:
2930:
2879:
2829:
2759:
2737:
2582:
2366:
2302:
2292:
2256:
2159:
2125:
2103:
2048:
1926:
1905:
1884:
1442:
1043:
758:
506:
229:
158:
42:
854:"1896 -1911. ГОЛОД и эпидемии в царской России. - Домашний архив. История в документах семьи"
5790:
5785:
5571:
5566:
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5405:
5266:
5256:
3355:
3293:
3248:
3191:
3096:
3015:
2980:
2789:
2440:
2339:
2147:
1965:
1719:[70 years since the famine in Bessarabia: Cannibalism caused by the Soviet regime].
1654:
1562:
1546:
1356:
1265:
544:
316:
1687:
809:
5800:
5561:
5061:
4483:
3696:
3648:
3554:
3415:
3375:
3278:
3218:
3208:
3196:
3141:
2960:
2354:
2329:
2108:
1000:
617:
488:
484:
generally attempted to disassociate and downplay any links between itself and the famine.
449:
Although famines were taking place in various parts of the USSR in 1932–1933, for example
428:
225:
198:
969:
781:
319:, to combat starvation there; 1,127 trains were sent between fall 1921 and August 1922.
5805:
4785:
4503:
4431:
3711:
3701:
3313:
3186:
2447:
2413:
2137:
2090:
1635:
659:
642:
398:
308:
271:
on December 30, 1921. The U.S. Congress appropriated $ 20,000,000 for relief under the
256:
185:
57:
1532:"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931 – 1934"
1070:
547:, but there was no risk of famine. After that year the Soviet Union started importing
5850:
5544:
5493:
5014:
5010:
4456:
4364:
3420:
3325:
2834:
2573:
2164:
1370:
1277:
1011:
See David McFadden et al., Constructive Spirit: Quakers in Revolutionary Russia, 2004
285:
268:
1977:
1792:
1558:
853:
243:
After the outbreak of the Russian famine of 1921–1923, the European director of the
5593:
4247:
4068:
3462:
3201:
2186:
2176:
1759:
1586:
1307:
831:
354:
333:
297:
202:
78:
61:
1269:
1179:"The History Place – Genocide in the 20th Century: Stalin's Forced Famine 1932–33"
691:"Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000), Report No. A 0401"
224:. An estimated 16 million people may have been affected and up to 5 million died.
1920:
1899:
1229:
Kokaisl, Petr. "Soviet collectivisation and its specific focus on central Asia."
752:
17:
5476:
4110:
4072:
4064:
3686:
3670:
3584:
3526:
2396:
2203:
2080:
1361:
1344:
612:
177:
1717:"70 de ani de la foamea din Basarabia: Canibalism provocat de regimul sovietic"
1300:
Zhe: Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies
5361:
4100:
2425:
2085:
2075:
1969:
1550:
86:
1446:
1047:
5531:
4320:
4315:
4137:
4030:
3860:
3521:
2070:
1762:[A secret and hidden history: the famine of 1946-47 in Bessarabia].
607:
384:
371:
289:
206:
70:
1658:
1384:
Motyl, Alexander (2010). "Deleting the Holodomor: Ukraine unmakes itself".
808:. Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Archived from
5487:
1345:"Ukraine and Russia: Legacies of the imperial past and competing memories"
5603:
5526:
4310:
3855:
3589:
3549:
543:
After 1947 there were no known famines. The drought of 1963 caused panic
49:
1055:
1031:
895:
716:
4202:
3706:
2430:
1213:
Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution
521:
517:
505:
enforced. Animals in the city were slaughtered and eaten. Instances of
417:
311:
ordered to move trains full of grain from Ukraine to the Volga region,
288:. The ARA's famine relief operations ran in parallel with much smaller
82:
45:
3431:
1760:"O istorie secretizată și ocultată: foametea din 1946-47 în Basarabia"
1032:"Soviet Agricultural Policies in the Ukraine and the 1921–1922 Famine"
145:), and again between 1906 and 1908 (affecting 19 to 29 governorates).
5508:
2039:
737:
Lucas, Henry S. "The great European famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317."
551:
548:
337:
Areas of most disastrous Soviet famine of 1932–1933 marked with black
312:
293:
281:
264:
53:
4618:
4125:
4003:
2008:
420:
362:
350:
332:
184:
176:
168:
2548:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1922:
The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective
696:. Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel
4237:
4013:
1640:"The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines"
260:
5334:
4622:
3435:
2012:
137:
Tsarist Russia experienced a famine in 1901–1902 (affecting 49
4222:
4042:
1326:"The German-Russian Genocide: Remembrance in the 21st Century"
5330:
1881:
The Famine of 1946–1947 in the USSR: Origins and Consequences
34:
An American charity postcard showing the scale of the deadly
4676:
Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom
1492:"Genocide or "A Vast Tragedy"? | Literary Review of Canada"
341:
The second major Soviet famine happened during the initial
1877:Голод в СССР 1946–1947 годов: происхождение и последствия
1883:] (in Russian). Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press.
832:"Russian Famine; Typhus and Scurvy Result From Bad Diet"
583:
Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
1131:"Ukraine – The famine of 1932–33 | history – geography"
5725:
International Conference on Population and Development
1519:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 441 note 145.
300:
clandestinely renewed the export of grain to Europe.
992:
See Lance Yoder's "Historical Sketch" in the online
193:
The early 1920s saw a series of famines. The deadly
5778:
5703:
5655:
5634:
5517:
5463:
5414:
5368:
5229:
5156:
5110:
5003:
4967:
4934:
4846:
4768:
4656:
4528:
4502:
4422:
4336:
4281:
4188:
4151:
4091:
3994:
3956:
3876:
3738:
3729:
3679:
3627:
3618:
3470:
3157:
2912:
2736:
2480:
2279:
2214:
2056:
2047:
1949:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited"
2004:The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933
896:"WGBH American Experience. The Great Famine | PBS"
1244:Kazakh Nomads and the New Soviet State, 1919-1934
1231:AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics
994:Mennonite Central Committee Photograph Collection
689:Golubev, Genady; Nikolai Dronin (February 2004).
181:Three children who are dead from starvation, 1921
4311:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1898:Dronin, Nikolai M.; Edward G. Bellinger (2005).
1215:. Princeton University Press. pp. 117–120.
1612:"History of St. Petersburg during World War II"
1409:"Ukraine clashes with Russia over 1930s famine"
834:. Los Angeles Herald. March 24, 1899. p. 2
573:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes
389:
52:and crop failures occurred on the territory of
5346:
4634:
3447:
2024:
757:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
125:Southern: 1901, 1906, 1921, 1939, 1948, 1995.
8:
1117:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
404:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
97:In the 17th century, Russia experienced the
5750:United Nations world population conferences
1515:Davies, R. W. and S. G. Wheatcroft (2004).
5663:Population and housing censuses by country
5353:
5339:
5331:
4887:Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery
4641:
4627:
4619:
4342:
3735:
3624:
3454:
3440:
3432:
2918:
2742:
2486:
2285:
2053:
2031:
2017:
2009:
1155:"The Great Famine – History Learning Site"
5072:Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
1999:Art and photographs from the Great Famine
1793:"Food security in the Russian Federation"
1779:An Economic History of the USSR 1917–1951
1360:
879:An Economic History of the USSR 1917–1991
684:
682:
680:
554:for its livestock in increasing amounts.
5386:Estimates of historical world population
251:, began negotiations with Soviet deputy
238:International Committee of the Red Cross
29:
4671:Industrialization in the Russian Empire
2684:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1653:(5). Oxford University Press: 603–630.
676:
3480:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1468:"Russia Denies Stalin's Killer Famine"
1246:. Diss. University of Sheffield, 2015.
122:Central: 1920, 1924, 1936, 1946, 1984.
113:List of post-1900 droughts and famines
77:, which affected the territory of the
5148:Federal subjects by unemployment rate
2242:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
1904:. Central European University Press.
1710:
1708:
1587:"The Siege of Leningrad, 1941 – 1944"
1324:Sinner, Samuel D. (August 28, 2005).
1094:
1092:
588:Mass killings under communist regimes
349:include the 1932–33 confiscations of
234:International Save the Children Union
7:
5819:
5315:
3381:Unified Sports Classification System
1847:"Drought halts Russia grain exports"
1328:. lib.ndsu.nodak.edu. Archived from
776:
774:
5755:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
5118:Natural resources of Primorsky Krai
1692:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
1069:Fawkes, Helen (November 24, 2006).
205:, especially national republics of
75:collectivization policy in the USSR
5133:Federal subjects by GDP per capita
2679:Commonwealth of Independent States
1781:. Penguin Books. pp. 373–375.
1758:Ursu, Valentina (7 January 2017).
1071:"Legacy of famine divides Ukraine"
25:
5647:Population and Development Review
5077:Pension and Social Insurance Fund
4758:Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1715:Ciochină, Simion (29 July 2016).
881:. Penguin Books. pp. 88–89.
578:Criticism of communist party rule
5831:
5830:
5818:
5695:Population concern organizations
5401:Projections of population growth
5314:
5305:
5304:
4748:Medvedev modernisation programme
4603:
4602:
4590:
1816:Mungai, Christine (2015-11-03).
968:HAVEN, CYNTHIA (April 4, 2011).
563:temporary ban on grain exports.
5877:Agriculture in the Soviet Union
5796:Human impact on the environment
5730:Population Action International
5045:SWIFT ban against Russian banks
4753:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
782:"The Russian Famine of 1891–92"
5745:United Nations Population Fund
1647:Cambridge Journal of Economics
481:regarded as an act of genocide
245:American Relief Administration
1:
5867:Disasters in the Soviet Union
4143:Political abuse of psychiatry
3935:Congress of People's Deputies
2589:Political abuse of psychiatry
1739:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
1270:10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741
1102:. Princeton University Press.
945:"Famine in Russia, 1921–1922"
593:1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan
385:1932–1933 famine's death toll
93:Pre-1900 droughts and famines
73:, the cause of which was the
5067:National Card Payment System
4710:Monetary reforms in Russia (
3234:Traditions and superstitions
1435:"Ukraine's forgotten famine"
1433:Marson, James (2009-11-18).
1258:Journal of Genocide Research
475:Holodomor in modern politics
442:Journal of Genocide Research
5892:Famines in the Soviet Union
5770:World Population Foundation
5760:World Population Conference
5673:World population milestones
5143:Federal subjects by poverty
4957:Vehicle registration plates
4872:Rolling stock manufacturers
4306:Academy of Medical Sciences
2900:Water supply and sanitation
1591:www.eyewitnesstohistory.com
1466:Young, Cathy (2015-10-31).
1362:10.1016/j.euras.2014.05.005
1349:Journal of Eurasian Studies
751:Jordan, William C. (1996).
623:Russian famine of 1921–1922
305:1921–1923 famine in Ukraine
211:1921–22 famine in Tatarstan
195:Russian famine of 1921–1922
36:Russian famine of 1921–1922
5913:
5642:Population and Environment
4733:National Priority Projects
1343:Kappeler, Andreas (2014).
638:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
633:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
603:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933
598:Kazakh famine of 1919–1922
472:
439:during the famine. A 2020
382:
326:
323:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
228:was honored with the 1922
69:, colloquially called the
5857:Economic crises in Europe
5814:
5552:Human population planning
5376:Demographics of the world
5300:
4743:Great Recession in Russia
4584:
4345:
3400:
2921:
2745:
2489:
2288:
1970:10.1080/09668130701291899
1964:(4). Routledge: 663–693.
1919:Ganson, Nicholas (2009).
1551:10.1080/09668130500199392
1496:Literary Review of Canada
1036:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
920:"Fridtjof Nansen – Facts"
545:slaughtering of livestock
343:push for collectivization
273:Russian Famine Relief Act
189:Starving children in 1922
67:Great Famine of 1931–1933
5557:Compulsory sterilization
5292:Types of business entity
5123:Federal districts by GDP
2674:Prime Minister of Russia
1947:Ellman, Michael (2007).
1876:
1616:www.saint-petersburg.com
1530:Ellman, Michael (2005).
1211:Allen, Robert C (2003).
329:Soviet famine of 1932–33
5499:Malthusian growth model
5282:Exclusive economic zone
5272:Social entrepreneurship
5138:Federal subjects by HDI
5128:Federal subjects by GRP
4904:Pharmaceutical industry
4597:Soviet Union portal
3112:Social entrepreneurship
3001:Forced public apologies
2936:Anti-American sentiment
1135:Encyclopedia Britannica
1100:Famine: a short history
284:epidemic then ravaging
157:of 1917 and subsequent
103:Great Famine of 1315–17
5626:Zero population growth
5621:Sustainable population
5545:Malthusian catastrophe
5504:Overshoot (population)
5381:Demographic transition
5277:Social security system
5038:Central Bank of Russia
4985:Information technology
4926:Science and technology
4489:Stalinist architecture
4243:Science and technology
4153:Ideological repression
4081:Soviet Airborne Forces
4019:Destruction battalions
2860:Social security system
2843:Science and technology
2509:Classified information
2335:Central Russian Upland
1925:. Palgrave Macmillan.
394:
353:and other food by the
345:during the 30s. Major
338:
190:
182:
174:
38:
5735:Population Connection
5599:Mere addition paradox
5438:Physiological density
5082:Social Insurance Fund
4271:List of metro systems
3824:Collective leadership
3321:Russian tsars regalia
2654:Intelligence agencies
2377:Great Russian Regions
2121:Expansion (1500-1800)
1875:Zima, V. F. (1999).
1688:"Famine of 1946–1947"
1313:on September 3, 2006.
1159:History Learning Site
1098:Gráda, C. Ó. (2010).
1030:NAKAI, KAZUO (1982).
526:South Eastern Ukraine
459:Volga German Republic
336:
255:for Foreign Affairs,
188:
180:
173:Starving boy, c. 1921
172:
33:
5765:World Population Day
5720:Church of Euthanasia
5609:Non-identity problem
5584:Political demography
5540:Human overpopulation
4666:Droughts and famines
4233:Net material product
4176:Censorship of images
4093:Political repression
4053:Soviet Border Troops
3986:First Deputy Premier
3570:1965 economic reform
3565:Soviet space program
3388:World Heritage sites
2765:Droughts and famines
2318:Environmental issues
2066:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1659:10.1093/cje/24.5.603
1291:Ertz, Simon (2005).
1183:www.historyplace.com
741:5.4 (1930): 343-377.
128:Eastern: 1911, 1931.
5887:Droughts by country
5872:Disasters in Russia
5614:Reproductive rights
5445:Population dynamics
5396:Population momentum
5206:Central Black Earth
4301:Academy of Sciences
4116:Population transfer
4060:Soviet Armed Forces
3923:Congress of Soviets
3904:Presidium/Politburo
3868:Soviet anti-Zionism
3717:West Siberian Plain
3595:Revolutions of 1989
3532:Great Patriotic War
3517:New Economic Policy
3239:Forms of addressing
2848:Academy of Sciences
2805:Financial districts
2669:President of Russia
2594:Political divisions
2554:Freedom of assembly
2436:West Siberian Plain
2182:Great Patriotic War
2143:February Revolution
1957:Europe-Asia Studies
1777:Nove, Alec (1952).
1764:Radio Europa Liberă
1539:Europe-Asia Studies
1517:The Years Of Hunger
900:American Experience
877:Nove, Alec (1992).
812:on October 11, 2019
107:famine of 1891–1892
99:famine of 1601–1603
5862:Droughts in Europe
5740:Population Matters
5455:Population pyramid
5433:Population density
5428:Population decline
5111:Regional economies
4942:Telecommunications
4899:Petroleum industry
4738:Stabilization Fund
3946:Military Collegium
3814:Capital punishment
3692:Caucasus Mountains
3605:Post-Soviet states
3485:Russian Revolution
3289:Russian given name
2875:Telecommunications
2825:Petroleum industry
2689:State of emergency
2534:Far-right politics
2499:Capital punishment
2345:Meshchera Lowlands
2199:Russian Federation
2155:October Revolution
1735:"Famine of 1946–7"
999:2012-02-04 at the
949:www2.warwick.ac.uk
924:www.nobelprize.org
655:Aleksey Shakhmatov
628:Siege of Leningrad
558:Post-Soviet Russia
502:Siege of Leningrad
379:Demographic impact
339:
278:William N. Haskell
253:People's Commissar
249:Walter Lyman Brown
191:
183:
175:
155:Russian Revolution
39:
5897:Famines in Russia
5844:
5843:
5715:7 Billion Actions
5589:Population ethics
5482:Carrying capacity
5391:Population growth
5328:
5327:
5048:
5040:
5033:
4980:Grocery retailing
4909:Chemical industry
4769:Natural resources
4690:Financial crises
4650:Economy of Russia
4616:
4615:
4580:
4579:
4572:Hammer and sickle
4514:and their groups
4512:Soviet dissidents
4291:Communist Academy
4208:Economic planning
4184:
4183:
4077:Soviet Air Forces
3996:Security services
3916:General Secretary
3899:Central Committee
3841:Political parties
3773:Brezhnev Doctrine
3768:Foreign relations
3725:
3724:
3666:Autonomous okrugs
3580:Soviet–Afghan War
3560:Sino-Soviet split
3502:Russian Civil War
3429:
3428:
3396:
3395:
2976:Domestic violence
2908:
2907:
2830:Russian oligarchs
2755:Aircraft industry
2732:
2731:
2709:Mass surveillance
2699:Search and rescue
2664:Political parties
2544:Foreign relations
2476:
2475:
2275:
2274:
2267:Historical cities
2126:Tsardom of Russia
1932:978-0-230-61333-1
1911:978-963-7326-10-3
1668:on March 25, 2009
974:news.stanford.edu
858:www.domarchive.ru
715:Smitha, Frank E.
514:last major famine
230:Nobel Peace Prize
159:Russian Civil War
27:Historical Survey
18:Drought in Russia
16:(Redirected from
5904:
5882:Droughts in Asia
5834:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5791:Green Revolution
5572:Two-child policy
5567:One-child policy
5490:
5450:Population model
5406:World population
5355:
5348:
5341:
5332:
5318:
5317:
5308:
5307:
5257:Russian oligarch
5158:Economic regions
5057:Federal Treasury
5043:
5036:
5028:
4816:Renewable energy
4796:Geothermal power
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4343:
4251:
4106:Collectivization
3851:Marxism–Leninism
3736:
3625:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3409:
3356:Russian language
3299:National symbols
2919:
2838:
2795:Fishing industry
2785:Economic regions
2780:Defence industry
2743:
2487:
2441:Russian Far East
2340:Northwest Russia
2298:Cities and towns
2286:
2148:Russian Republic
2054:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1980:. Archived from
1953:
1936:
1915:
1894:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1824:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1661:. Archived from
1644:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1561:. Archived from
1536:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1332:on July 8, 2008.
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1233:5.4 (2013): 121.
1227:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
892:
886:
885:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
802:
796:
795:
793:
792:
778:
769:
768:
754:The Great Famine
748:
742:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
717:"Russia to 1700"
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
695:
686:
534:
407:
223:
21:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5810:
5774:
5708:
5706:
5699:
5651:
5630:
5579:Overconsumption
5562:Family planning
5519:
5513:
5486:
5470:
5467:
5459:
5421:
5418:
5410:
5364:
5359:
5329:
5324:
5296:
5225:
5152:
5106:
5062:Moscow Exchange
5021:Account Chamber
4999:
4963:
4930:
4842:
4764:
4652:
4647:
4617:
4612:
4591:
4589:
4576:
4524:
4498:
4418:
4332:
4277:
4249:
4223:Internet domain
4218:Five-year plans
4180:
4147:
4087:
3990:
3952:
3884:Communist Party
3872:
3831:Passport system
3721:
3697:European Russia
3675:
3614:
3555:Khrushchev Thaw
3534:(World War II)
3512:Creation treaty
3466:
3460:
3430:
3425:
3412:
3405:
3392:
3351:Public holidays
3346:Political jokes
3331:Personification
3284:Names of Russia
3153:
3072:Life expectancy
2904:
2836:
2728:
2579:Law enforcement
2472:
2458:Protected areas
2355:Smolensk Upland
2350:Oka–Don Lowland
2330:European Russia
2271:
2210:
2096:Mongol invasion
2043:
2037:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1642:
1636:Ellman, Michael
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1472:The Daily Beast
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1413:The Irish Times
1407:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1112:Snyder, Timothy
1110:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:Wayback Machine
991:
987:
978:
976:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
943:
942:
938:
929:
927:
918:
917:
913:
904:
902:
894:
893:
889:
876:
875:
871:
862:
860:
852:
851:
847:
837:
835:
830:
829:
825:
815:
813:
804:
803:
799:
790:
788:
780:
779:
772:
765:
750:
749:
745:
736:
732:
722:
720:
714:
713:
709:
699:
697:
693:
688:
687:
678:
673:
668:
651:
649:Notable victims
618:List of famines
569:
560:
541:
528:
509:were reported.
498:
489:Robert Conquest
477:
471:
409:
396:
387:
381:
331:
325:
226:Fridtjof Nansen
217:
199:European Russia
167:
151:
135:
115:
95:
43:Russian history
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5806:Sustainability
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5779:Related topics
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5668:Largest cities
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5488:I = P × A × T
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5287:Shadow economy
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:North Caucasus
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5052:Federal budget
5049:
5041:
5034:
5023:
5018:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4990:Music industry
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4935:Infrastructure
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4882:Space industry
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4266:Rail transport
4263:
4261:Railway system
4253:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3981:Deputy Premier
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3964:Heads of state
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3932:
3929:Supreme Soviet
3926:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3846:State ideology
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3712:Ural Mountains
3709:
3704:
3702:North Caucasus
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Space industry
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:Urban planning
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2539:Federal budget
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:North Caucasus
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2382:Highest points
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2325:Extreme points
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2138:Russian Empire
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042: articles
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1942:
1941:External links
1939:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1838:
1808:
1784:
1769:
1750:
1726:
1704:
1679:
1627:
1603:
1578:
1545:(6): 823–841.
1522:
1507:
1483:
1458:
1425:
1415:. Apr 29, 2008
1400:
1391:
1376:
1355:(2): 107–115.
1335:
1316:
1283:
1264:(4): 501–526.
1248:
1242:Thomas, Alun.
1235:
1222:
1203:
1194:
1170:
1146:
1122:
1104:
1088:
1061:
1022:
1013:
1004:
985:
960:
936:
911:
887:
869:
845:
823:
797:
770:
763:
743:
730:
707:
675:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
660:Alexander Blok
657:
650:
647:
646:
645:
643:Trofim Lysenko
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
568:
565:
559:
556:
540:
537:
497:
494:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
399:Timothy Snyder
388:
383:Main article:
380:
377:
327:Main article:
324:
321:
309:Vladimir Lenin
257:Maxim Litvinov
166:
163:
150:
147:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
123:
114:
111:
94:
91:
58:Russian Empire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5909:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
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5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
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5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5837:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Bennett's law
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5707:organizations
5702:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
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5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
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5643:
5640:
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5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
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5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
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5577:
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5570:
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5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5546:
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5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Kaya identity
5492:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
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5356:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5321:
5313:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:East Siberian
5189:
5187:
5186:West Siberian
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Excise stamps
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:Digital ruble
5012:
5011:Russian ruble
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:Pipe Industry
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Food industry
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Nuclear power
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4686:Privatization
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4609:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Printed media
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4402:Cyrillisation
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:Working class
4368:
4366:
4365:Soviet people
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Energy policy
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:Supreme Court
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3031:Mental health
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2524:Criminal code
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2504:Civil Service
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2165:Russian state
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2015:
2014:
2011:
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1997:
1987:on 2007-10-14
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1890:0-7734-3184-5
1886:
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1868:
1852:
1851:Express.co.uk
1848:
1842:
1839:
1828:on 2017-02-20
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1579:
1568:on 2009-02-27
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1386:World Affairs
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787:
786:www.loyno.edu
783:
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766:
764:1-4008-0417-5
760:
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719:. fsmitha.com
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451:in Kazakhstan
447:
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393:
386:
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365:areas and in
364:
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348:
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335:
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322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
292:, Jewish and
291:
287:
286:Soviet Russia
283:
279:
274:
270:
269:Leonid Krasin
266:
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250:
246:
241:
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80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
37:
32:
19:
5823:
5635:Publications
5594:Antinatalism
5532:
5509:World3 model
5369:Major topics
5262:Homelessness
5252:Trade unions
5201:Northwestern
5196:Volga-Vyatka
5102:Billionaires
5087:Stock market
4877:Shipbuilding
4853:Engineering
4811:Oil reserves
4681:Soviet Union
4665:
4588:
4360:Demographics
4350:Antisemitism
4203:Central Bank
4121:Forced labor
4069:Spetsnaz GRU
3889:organisation
3797:Human rights
3746:Constitution
3629:Subdivisions
3507:Russian SFSR
3463:Soviet Union
3309:Coat of arms
3269:Martial arts
3177:Army culture
3167:Architecture
3137:Witch trials
3092:Prostitution
3038:Human rights
2971:Demographics
2885:Trade unions
2855:Shipbuilding
2815:Homelessness
2775:Central Bank
2770:Car industry
2764:
2609:Conservatism
2519:Constitution
2514:Conscription
2187:Eastern Bloc
2177:Soviet Union
2170:Russian SFSR
2100:Feudal Rus'
1989:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1961:
1955:
1921:
1900:
1880:
1855:. Retrieved
1853:. 2010-08-05
1850:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1821:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1753:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:
1729:
1720:
1696:. Retrieved
1694:. 2015-06-19
1691:
1682:
1672:December 17,
1670:. Retrieved
1663:the original
1650:
1646:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1542:
1538:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1439:The Guardian
1438:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1330:the original
1319:
1308:the original
1303:
1299:
1286:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1081:December 17,
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1064:
1042:(1): 43–61.
1039:
1035:
1025:
1016:
1007:
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:
963:
952:. Retrieved
948:
939:
928:. Retrieved
923:
914:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
882:
878:
872:
861:. Retrieved
857:
848:
836:. Retrieved
826:
816:December 17,
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
800:
789:. Retrieved
785:
753:
746:
738:
733:
723:December 17,
721:. Retrieved
710:
700:December 17,
698:. Retrieved
561:
542:
511:
499:
486:
478:
462:
448:
440:
414:
410:
402:
395:
390:
370:
340:
307:. Moreover,
302:
298:Soviet Union
242:
203:Volga region
192:
152:
142:
139:governorates
136:
116:
96:
79:Volga region
40:
5518:Society and
5477:Biocapacity
5221:Kaliningrad
5211:Far Eastern
4801:Natural gas
4791:Electricity
4776:Agriculture
4464:Phraseology
4409:Prohibition
4397:Linguistics
4382:Drug policy
4375:1989 census
4296:Cybernetics
4198:Agriculture
4111:Great Purge
4073:Soviet Navy
4065:Soviet Army
3937:(1989–1991)
3931:(1938–1991)
3925:(1922–1936)
3909:Secretariat
3780:Gun control
3687:Caspian Sea
3671:Closed city
3600:Dissolution
3585:Perestroika
3527:Great Purge
3361:tea culture
3214:Fairy tales
3077:Open access
3050:Immigration
3011:Gun control
2750:Agriculture
2719:Term limits
2629:Martial law
2624:Nationalism
2619:Irredentism
2614:Imperialism
2397:Caspian Sea
2313:Environment
2308:Earthquakes
2204:Union State
2192:Dissolution
2091:Kievan Rus'
2081:Early Slavs
1797:www.fao.org
613:Hunger Plan
529: [
507:cannibalism
500:During the
461:, the name
453:, parts of
437:Afghanistan
218: [
201:(including
153:During the
81:in Russia,
41:Throughout
5851:Categories
5705:Events and
5520:population
5466:Population
5417:Population
5362:Population
4914:Metallurgy
4862:Automotive
4504:Opposition
4494:Television
4474:Propaganda
4447:Literature
4321:Naukograds
4316:Sharashkas
4250:(currency)
4228:Inventions
4171:Censorship
4101:Red Terror
3785:Government
3659:Autonomous
3642:Autonomous
3575:Stagnation
3538:Evacuation
3366:Television
3341:Philosophy
3274:Mass media
3264:Literature
3259:Inventions
3021:Healthcare
2956:Corruption
2946:Censorship
2837:(currency)
2714:Separatism
2659:Opposition
2644:Neo-Nazism
2634:Monarchism
2604:Liberalism
2599:Propaganda
2559:Government
2426:North Asia
2227:Journalism
2086:East Slavs
2076:Sarmatians
1991:2009-07-22
1857:2017-01-03
1832:2017-01-03
1802:2017-01-03
1744:2017-01-03
1698:2017-01-03
1621:2017-01-03
1597:2017-01-03
1572:2019-10-22
1501:2017-01-03
1477:2017-04-10
1452:2017-04-10
1419:2017-04-10
1188:2017-01-03
1164:2017-01-03
1140:2017-01-03
979:2017-04-21
954:2017-04-21
930:2017-01-03
905:2017-01-03
863:2021-06-13
791:2017-01-03
666:References
215:in Ukraine
143:guberniyas
87:Kazakhstan
5801:Migration
5678:6 billion
5237:Companies
4947:Transport
4699:2014–2017
4565:Republics
4553:Republics
4541:Republics
4392:Languages
4256:Transport
4138:Holodomor
4031:Militsiya
3969:President
3861:Stalinism
3763:Elections
3637:Republics
3620:Geography
3610:Nostalgia
3522:Stalinism
3224:Festivals
3117:Sociology
3067:Languages
2986:Education
2890:Transport
2724:Terrorism
2569:Judiciary
2563:Apparatus
2529:Elections
2494:Anarchism
2468:Far North
2419:Volcanoes
2404:Mountains
2281:Geography
2160:Civil war
2071:Scythians
1869:Notations
1822:MG Africa
1447:0261-3077
1371:144575672
1278:226316468
1048:0363-5570
671:Footnotes
608:Holodomor
539:1947–1991
463:Holodomor
372:Holodomor
317:Petrograd
290:Mennonite
207:Idel-Ural
71:Holodomor
5836:Category
5604:Natalism
5527:Eugenics
5310:Category
5216:Northern
5092:Taxation
4975:Gambling
4968:Services
4857:Aircraft
4847:Industry
4608:Category
4161:Religion
4048:Chairmen
3894:Congress
3856:Leninism
3836:Propiska
3731:Politics
3590:Glasnost
3550:Cold War
3490:February
3416:Category
3294:Nobility
3254:Internet
3249:Heraldry
3244:Graffiti
3229:Folklore
3172:Armorial
3102:Religion
3087:Polygamy
3026:HIV/AIDS
3006:Funerals
2996:Feminism
2966:Deafness
2951:Citizens
2941:Cannabis
2926:Abortion
2870:Taxation
2810:Gambling
2800:Forestry
2649:Military
2482:Politics
2463:Wildlife
2409:Caucasus
2372:Glaciers
2252:Military
2237:Internet
2215:By topic
2109:Vladimir
2104:Novgorod
2058:Timeline
1978:53655536
1638:(2000).
1559:13880089
1120:. p. 53.
1114:(2010).
1075:BBC News
1056:41035958
997:Archived
838:30 April
739:Speculum
567:See also
457:and the
433:Mongolia
423:fled to
236:and the
60:and the
50:droughts
5825:Commons
5468:ecology
5419:biology
5320:Commons
5242:Exports
5166:Central
5026:Banking
5004:Finance
4995:Tourism
4867:Defence
4833:Hunting
4823:Fishery
4658:History
4529:Symbols
4442:Fashion
4424:Culture
4338:Society
4283:Science
4248:Rouble
4190:Economy
4166:Science
3976:Premier
3957:Offices
3819:Leaders
3739:General
3707:Siberia
3680:Regions
3654:Oblasts
3495:October
3472:History
3407:Outline
3219:Fashion
3209:Fashion
3197:Cuisine
3159:Culture
3147:in army
3132:Wedding
3127:Suicide
3122:Smoking
3107:Slavery
3082:Orphans
3055:Illegal
2931:Alcohol
2914:Society
2880:Tourism
2760:Banking
2738:Economy
2583:Prisons
2431:Siberia
2387:Islands
2367:Geology
2303:Climate
2293:Borders
2257:Outline
2232:Judaism
2222:Economy
2049:History
522:Moldova
518:drought
367:Ukraine
83:Ukraine
46:famines
5535:genics
5267:Income
4838:Mining
4828:Timber
4781:Energy
4548:Emblem
4536:Anthem
4484:Sports
4437:Cinema
4432:Ballet
4414:Racism
4387:Family
3877:Bodies
3465:topics
3421:Portal
3376:Sports
3304:Anthem
3192:Cinema
3187:Ballet
3097:Racism
3060:Labour
3016:Health
2981:Doping
2835:Ruble
2820:Mining
2790:Energy
2453:Rivers
2362:Fjords
2262:Postal
2114:Moscow
2040:Russia
1976:
1929:
1908:
1887:
1721:dw.com
1593:. 2006
1557:
1445:
1369:
1276:
1077:. Kiev
1054:
1046:
926:. 2014
761:
552:grains
469:Legacy
455:Russia
421:nomads
418:Kazakh
355:Soviet
347:causes
315:, and
313:Moscow
294:Quaker
282:typhus
265:Latvia
213:) and
209:, see
56:, the
54:Russia
5656:Lists
5246:grain
5230:Other
5181:Volga
5031:Banks
4479:Radio
4457:Opera
4452:Music
4355:Crime
4126:Gulag
4004:Cheka
3649:Krais
3326:Opera
3279:Music
3142:Women
3043:LGBTQ
2961:Crime
2895:Waste
2414:Urals
2392:Lakes
1985:(PDF)
1974:S2CID
1952:(PDF)
1879:[
1666:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1555:S2CID
1535:(PDF)
1367:S2CID
1311:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
1274:S2CID
1052:JSTOR
694:(PDF)
533:]
496:1940s
425:China
363:Kuban
351:grain
259:, in
222:]
165:1920s
149:1910s
141:, or
133:1900s
5171:Ural
4952:Rail
4786:Coal
4727:2022
4722:1998
4717:1993
4712:1991
4704:2022
4694:1998
4560:Flag
4518:List
4326:List
4238:OGAS
4131:List
4014:NKVD
3802:LGBT
3790:List
3756:1977
3751:1936
3314:Flag
3202:Wine
3182:Arts
2247:LGBT
2131:Army
1927:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1674:2016
1443:ISSN
1083:2016
1044:ISSN
840:2021
818:2016
759:ISBN
725:2016
702:2016
549:feed
524:and
512:The
435:and
429:Iran
361:and
261:Riga
85:and
62:USSR
5533:Dys
4043:KGB
4038:MGB
4026:MVD
4009:GPU
3809:Law
2574:Law
1966:doi
1655:doi
1547:doi
1357:doi
1266:doi
359:Don
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4071:•
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