511:, or mental, factors of DUI offenders. Characteristics such as gender, marital status, and age of these DWI offenders were similar to those in other populations. Approximately 25% of female and 21% of male offenders had received "a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse" and 62% of females and 70% of males "received a diagnosis of alcohol dependence." All of the offenders had at least one DWI and males were more likely to have multiple citations. In terms of drinking patterns approximately 25% stated that "they had drunk alcohol with in the past day, while an additional 32% indicated they had drunk within the past week." In regards to domestic drinking, "25% of the sample drank at least once per week in their own homes." Different items were tested to see if they played a role in the decision to drink alcohol, which includes socializing, the expectation that drinking is enjoyable, financial resources to purchase alcohol, and liberation from stress at the work place. The study also focused on two main areas, "
839:
420:
641:
389:. The analysis in the Grand Rapids paper relied primarily on univariate statistics, which could not isolate the effects of age, gender, and drinking practices from the effects of other variables. In particular, when the data is re-analyzed by constructing separate BAC-crash rate graphs for each drinking frequency, there are no J-shapes in any of the graphs and collision rates increase starting from 0% BAC. The analysis of the Grand Rapids study was biased by including drivers younger than 25 and older than 55 that did not drink often but had significantly higher crash rates even when not drinking alcohol. A newer study using data from 1997-1999 replicated the Grand Rapids dip but found that adjusting for covariates using logistic regression made the dip disappear.
337:
in visual functions (rapid tracking of a moving target), a decline in the ability to perform two tasks at the same time (divided attention)"; (2) A BAC of .05 will result in "educed coordination, reduced ability to track moving objects, difficulty steering, reduced response to emergency driving situations"; (3) A BAC of .08 will result in "oncentration, short-term memory loss, speed control, reduced information processing capability (e.g., signal detection, visual search), impaired perception"; (4) A BAC of .10 will result in "educed ability to maintain lane position and brake appropriately"; and (5) A BAC of .15 will result in "ubstantial impairment in vehicle control, attention to driving task, and in necessary visual and auditory information processing."
466:
antisocial later in their lives. The majority of the sample, 72%, came from what is considered more "normal" circumstances. This group was older when they began drinking, came from families without a history of alcoholism, were relatively well-behaved as children, were not as physically and emotionally affected by alcohol when compared with the rest of the study, and had the less emotional complications, such as anxiety and depression. The smaller portion of the sample, 28%, comes from what is generally considered less than desirable circumstances, or "not normal". They tended to start drinking heavily earlier in life and "exhibited more premorbid risk factors, had a more severe substance abuse and psychosocial impairment."
341:
steering wheel. Impairment of performance is seen at BACs of as little as 0.7 mg/mL (0.066%)." Another form of tests is a choice reaction task, which deals more primarily with cognitive function. In this form of testing both hearing and vision are tested and drivers must give a "response according to rules that necessitate mental processing before giving the answer." This is a useful gauge because in an actual driving situation drivers must divide their attention "between a tracking task and surveillance of the environment." It has been found that even "very low BACs are sufficient to produce significant impairment of performance" in this area of thought process.
369:. The main finding of the Grand Rapids study was that for higher values of BAC, the collision risk increases steeply; for a BAC of 0.15%, the risk is 25 times higher than for zero blood alcohol. The BAC limits in Germany and many other countries were set based on this Grand Rapids study. Subsequent research showed that all extra collisions caused by alcohol were due to at least 0.06% BAC, 96% of them due to BAC above 0.08%, and 79% due to BAC above 0.12%. One surprising aspect of the study was that, in the main analysis, a BAC of 0.01â0.04% was associated with a lower risk of collisions than a BAC of 0%, a feature referred to as the
431:. As of 2015, for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, driving under the influence of alcohol has been one of the main causes of mortality. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, alcohol-related crashes cause approximately $ 37 billion in damages annually. DUI and alcohol-related crashes have produced an estimated $ 45 billion in damages every year. The combined costs of towing and storage fees, attorney fees, bail fees, fines, court fees, ignition interlock devices, traffic school fees and DMV fees mean that a first-time DUI charge could cost thousands to tens of thousands of dollars.
771:
470:
tended to have less legal issues than the typical male offender. Some specific issues females dealt with were that "almost half of the female alcoholics had previously attempted to commit suicide, and almost one-third had suffered from anxiety disorder." In contrast with females, males were more likely to have in-depth problems and more involved complications, such as "a more complex problem profile, i.e. more legal, psychological, and work-related problems when compared with female alcoholics." In general the sample, when paralleled with control groups, was tested to be much more impulsive in general.
494:", especially in the area of depression. Through this testing a previously overlooked character trait of DUI offenders was uncovered by the "low scores on the openness to experience domain." This area "includes intellectual curiosity, receptivity to the inner world of fantasy and imagination, appreciation of art and beauty, openness to inner emotions, values, and active experiences." In all these various factors, there is only one which indicates relapses for driving under the influence: depression.
537:
alcohol than more healthy coping mechanisms and alcohol can cause more anger which can result in a vicious circle of drinking more alcohol to deal with alcohol-related issues. This is a not the way professionals tell people how to best deal with the struggles of everyday life and calls for "the need to develop internal control and self-regulatory mechanisms that attenuate stress, mollify the influence of relapse-based cues, and dampen urges to drink as part of therapeutic interventions."
721:
often with significant consequences (usually license suspension)". A driver must give their full consent to comply with testing because "anything short of an unqualified, unequivocal assent to take the
Breathalyzer test constitutes a refusal." It has also been ruled that defendants are not allowed to request testing after they have already refused in order to aid officers' jobs "to remove intoxicated drivers from the roadways" and ensure that all results are accurate.
38:
350:
3639:
458:
characteristics. There are a wide variety of characteristics common among DUI offenders which are discussed, including: "anxiety, depression, inhibition, low assertiveness, neuroticism and introversion". There is also a more specific personality type found, typically more antisocial, among repeat DUI offenders. It is not uncommon for them to actually be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (
329:
99:
551:
890:
520:
be arrested for DWI offenses, and report more adverse alcohol-related consequences." However, effects of alcohol on females vary because the female metabolism processes alcohol significantly when compared to males, which increases their chances for intoxication. The largest indicator for drinking was situational cues which comprised "indicators tapping
673:(zero-tolerance) to 0.08%. Some countries have no limits or laws on blood alcohol content. Some jurisdictions have multiple levels of BAC for different categories of drivers. In some jurisdictions, impaired drivers who injure or kill another person while driving may face heavier penalties. Some jurisdictions have judicial guidelines requiring a
217:
805:
However, in
Scotland, lowering the legal limit of blood alcohol content from 0.08% to 0.05% did not result in fewer road traffic collisions in two years after the introducing the new law. One possible explanation is that this might be due the poor publicity and enforcement of the new law and the lack of random breath testing.
786:
which requires the driver to blow into a mouthpiece on the device before starting or continuing to operate the vehicle. This tool is used in rehabilitation programmes and for school buses. Studies have indicated that ignition interlock devices can reduce drunk driving offences by between 35% and 90%,
469:
Various characteristics associated with drunk drivers were found more often in one gender than another. Females were more likely to be affected by both mental and physical health problems, have family and social problems, have a greater drug use, and were frequently unemployed. However, the females
406:
The participants believed that they were recovering from the adverse effects of alcohol much more quickly than they actually were. This feeling of perceived recovery is a plausible explanation of why so many people feel that they are able to safely operate a motor vehicle when they are not yet fully
880:
In Europe, about 25% of all road fatalities are alcohol-related, while very few
Europeans drive under the influence of alcohol. According to estimates, 3.85% of drivers in European Union drive with a BAC of 0.2 g/L and 1.65% with a BAC of 0.5 g/L and higher. For alcohol in combination with drugs and
720:
In most jurisdictions (with the notable exception of a few, such as Brazil), refusing consent is a different crime than a DWI itself and has its own set of consequences. There have been cases where drivers were "acquitted of the DWI offense and convicted of the refusal (they are separate offenses),
506:
In addition to these societal restraints, DUI offenders ignore their own personal experience, including both social and physical consequences. The study "Cognitive
Predictors of Alcohol Involvement and Alcohol consumption-Related Consequences in a Sample of Drunk-Driving Offenders" was performed in
410:
This thought process and brain function that is lost under the influence of alcohol is a very key element in regards to being able to drive safely, including "making judgments in terms of traveling through intersections or changing lanes when driving." These essential driving skills are lost while a
804:
Reduction of legal limit from 0.8 g/L to 0.5 g/L reduced fatal crashes by 2% in some
European countries; while similar results were obtained in the United States Lower legal limit (0.1 g/L in Austria and 0 g/L in Australia and the United States) have helped to reduce fatalities among young drivers.
795:
A designated driver programme helps to separate driving from drinking in social places such as restaurants, discos, pubs, bars. In such a programme, a group chooses who will be the drivers before going to a place where alcohol will be consumed; the drivers abstain from alcohol. Members of the group
519:
cues" that result from "social influences in drinking situations." The two largest factors between tested areas were damaging alcohol use and its correlation to "drinking urges/triggers." Once again different behaviors are characteristic of male and female. Males are "more likely to abuse alcohol,
340:
Several testing mechanisms are used to gauge a person's ability to drive, which indicate levels of intoxication. One of these is referred to as a tracking task, testing handâeye coordination, in which "the task is to keep an object on a prescribed path by controlling its position through turning a
336:
Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC. NHTSA reports that the following blood alcohol levels (BAC) in a driver will have the following predictable effects on his or her ability to drive safely: (1) A BAC of .02 will result in a "ecline
184:
In the United
Kingdom, there are two separate offences to do with alcohol and driving. The first is "Driving or attempting to drive with excess alcohol" (legal code DR10), the other is known as "In charge of a vehicle with excess alcohol" (legal code DR40) or "drunk in charge" due to the wording of
531:
It may be that internal forces are more likely to drive DWI offenders to drink than external, which is indicated by the fact that the brain and body play a greater role than social influences. This possibility seems particularly likely in repeat DWI offenders, as repeat offences (unlike first-time
473:
Another commonality among the whole group was that the DUI offenders were more underprivileged when compared with the general population of drivers. A correlation has been found between lack of conscientiousness and accidents, meaning that "low conscientiousness drivers were more often involved in
402:
both rose and fell over an 8-hour period." The researchers found through the study that as the students became more drunk there was an increase in their mistakes "and the recovery of the underlying cognitive impairments that lead to these errors is slower, and more closely tied to the actual blood
320:
senses. People that are intoxicated also have a much more narrow area of usable vision than people who are sober. The information the brain receives from the eyes "becomes disrupted if eyes must be turned to the side to detect stimuli, or if eyes must be moved quickly from one point to another."
275:
Alcohol is a depressant, which mainly affects the function of the brain. Alcohol first affects the most vital components of the brain and "when the brain cortex is released from its functions of integrating and control, processes related to judgment and behavior occur in a disorganized fashion and
243:
In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15%, or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. There have been cases in Canada where officers have come upon a
397:
A direct effect of alcohol on a person's brain is an overestimation of how quickly their body is recovering from the effects of alcohol. A study, discussed in the article "Why drunk drivers may get behind the wheel", was done with college students in which the students were tested with "a hidden
255:
measure the intoxication of the suspect by asking them to do certain activities or by examining their eyes and responses. The validity of the testing equipment/methods for determining breath and blood alcohol and mathematical relationships between breath/blood alcohol and intoxication levels have
457:
Although situations differ and each person is unique, some common traits have been identified among drunk drivers. In the study "personality traits and mental health of severe drunk drivers in Sweden", 162 Swedish DUI offenders of all ages were studied to find links in psychological factors and
434:
Traffic collisions are predominantly caused by driving under the influence for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, it is one of the main causes of mortality. According to the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, alcohol-related collisions cause approximately $ 37 billion in
319:
One of the main effects of alcohol is severely impairing a person's ability to shift attention from one thing to another, "without significantly impairing sensory motor functions." This indicates that people who are intoxicated are not able to properly shift their attention without affecting the
689:
Criminologist HungâEn Sung has concluded in 2016 that with regards to reducing drunk driving, law enforcement has not generally proven to be effective. Worldwide, the majority of those driving under the influence do not end up arrested. At least two thirds of alcoholâinvolved fatalities involve
536:
and thus turn to alcohol for the answer. Examples of such issues "include fights, arguments, and problems with people at work, all of which imply a need for adaptive coping strategies to help the high-risk drinker to offset pressures or demands." DWI offenders would typically prefer to turn to
465:
It is also common for offenders to use drinking as a coping mechanism, not necessarily for social or enjoyment reasons, when they are antisocial in nature and have a father with a history of alcoholism. Offenders who begin drinking at an earlier age for thrills and "fun" are more likely to be
316:. There are a number of factors that affect the time in which BAC will reach or exceed 0.08, including weight, the time since one's recent drinking, and whether and what one ate within the time of drinking. A 170lb male can drink more than a 135lb female, before being over the BAC level.
176:. Specific terms used to describe alcohol-related driving offenses include "drinking and driving", "drunk driving", and "drunken driving". Most DUI offenses are alcohol-related so the terms are used interchangeably in common language, and "drug-related DUI" is used to distinguish.
502:
Not only can personality traits of DUI offenders be dissimilar from the rest of the population, but so can their thought processes, or cognitive processes. They are unique in that "they often drink despite the severity of legal and financial sanctions imposed on them by society."
198:. A separate offense in the 1988 Act applies to bicycles. While the 1872 Act is mostly superseded, the offense of being "drunk while in charge ... of any carriage, horse, cattle, or steam engine" is still in force; "carriage" has sometimes been interpreted as including
677:
for certain situations. DUI convictions may result in multi-year jail terms and other penalties ranging from fines and other financial penalties to forfeiture of one's license plates and vehicle. In many jurisdictions, a judge may also order the installation of an
690:
repeat drinking drivers. Sung, commenting on measures for controlling drunk driving and alcoholârelated accidents, noted that the ones that have proven effective include "lowering legal blood alcohol concentrations, controlling liquor outlets, nighttime driving
868:
In the United States, local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1996, compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983. In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DWI offenders were in
193:
created a narrower offense of driving (or being in charge of) a vehicle while having breath, blood, or urine alcohol levels above the prescribed limits (colloquially called "being over the limit"). These provisions were re-enacted in the
656:
Additional country-specific limits are not taken into account: Some EU-member states have different penalties for different limits and have different limits for novice drivers and professional drivers. These limits are not mentioned.
384:
Studies of alcohol impairment on tests of driving ability have found that impairment starts as soon as alcohol is detectable. Thus, the literature has for the most part treated the Grand Rapids Dip as a statistical effect, similar to
251:(e.g., asking the suspect to stand on one leg) to having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol content while driving. However, this does not preclude the simultaneous existence and use of the older subjective tests in which
532:
offences) are not positively correlated with the availability of alcohol. Another cognitive factor may be that of using alcohol to cope with problems. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the DWI offenders do not use proper
443:
are taken into consideration as they all are involved in DUI's. Over 7.7 million underage people ages 12â20 claim to drink alcohol, and on average, for every 100,000 underage
Americans, 1.2 died in drunk-driving traffic crashes.
462:) and exhibit some of the following personality traits: "low social responsiveness, lack of self-control, hostility, poor decision-making lifestyle, low emotional adjustment, aggression, sensation seeking and impulsivity".
716:
There are laws in place to protect citizens from drunk drivers, called implied consent laws. Drivers of any motor vehicle automatically consent to these laws, which include the associated testing, when they begin driving.
478:, modesty, tender mindedness", but significantly lower in the areas of "ideas (intellectual curiosity), competence, achievement striving and self-discipline." The sample also tested considerably higher than the norm in "
838:
296:, balance problems, and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness, and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes
787:
including 60% for a
Swedish study, 67% for the CDCP, and 64% for the mean of several studies. The US may require monitoring systems to stop intoxicated drivers in new vehicles as early as 2026.
621:
to arrest an individual for suspicion of driving under the influence (DUI). The
Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS) is sometimes categorized as part of
640:
3050:
1680:"Underage Drinking." National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/underagedrinking/underagefact.htm.
419:
2013:
2303:
2974:
617:
To attempt to determine whether a suspect is impaired, police officers in the United States usually will administer field sobriety tests to determine whether the officer has
435:
damages annually. Every 51 minutes someone dies from an alcohol-related collision. When it comes to risk-taking there is a large male predominance, as personality traits,
877:, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986. In the United States, DUI and alcohol-related collisions produce an estimated $ 45 billion in damages every year.
2979:
2384:
1879:
48:
669:
The laws relating to drunk driving vary significantly between countries, particularly the BAC limit before a person is charged with a crime. Thresholds range from the
2077:
1284:
Blomberg, Richard D.; Peck, Raymond C.; Moskowitz, Herbert; Burns, Marcelline; Fiorentino, Dary (August 2009). "The Long Beach/Fort Lauderdale relative risk study".
3361:
2923:
1384:
625:, although it is not part of the series of performance tests. Commercial drivers are subject to PBT testing in some US states as a "drug screening" requirement.
381:
study of German data similarly found that the risk of collisions appeared to be lower for drivers with a BAC of 0.04% or less than for drivers with a BAC of 0%.
232:
is the preferred method, since results are available almost instantaneously. A measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as a BAC of 0.08% (8
276:
the proper operation of behavioral tasks becomes disrupted." Alcohol weakens a variety of skills that are necessary to perform everyday tasks. Drinking enough
820:
introduction of breath testing devices by the police in the 1970s had a significant effect, but alcohol remains a factor in 25% of all fatal crashes in Europe
2265:
224:
Depending on the jurisdiction, a drunk driver's level of intoxication may be measured by police using three methods: blood, breath, or urine, resulting in a
1166:
144:
3564:
3134:
2193:
2170:
2046:
3116:
2466:
270:
2507:
3104:
2623:
524:(e.g. letting oneself down, having an argument with a friend, and getting angry at something), social (e.g. relaxing and having a good time), and
2113:"Impact of legislation to reduce the drink-drive limit on road traffic accidents and alcohol consumption in Scotland: a natural experiment study"
1028:
1411:, H.-P. KrĂŒger, J. Kazenwadel and M. Vollrath, Center for Traffic Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 WĂŒrzburg, Germany
168:(DUI). These DUI statutes generally cover intoxication by any drug, including alcohol. Such laws may also apply to operating boats, aircraft,
3087:
3663:
2600:
1216:"The Correspondence between Saliva and Breath Estimates of Blood Alcohol Concentration: Advantages and Limitations of the Saliva Method".
3321:
3246:
474:
driving accidents than other drivers." When tested the drivers scored very high in the areas of "depression, vulnerability (to stress),
758:
restricting places where alcohol can be bought and consumed, such as banning the sale of alcohol in petrol stations and transport cafes
3219:
3045:
2986:
2657:
2319:
1271:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). BAC Estimator . Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1992.
730:
140:
2020:
483:
3604:
3584:
3027:
1119:
1092:
598:
85:
55:
Specific details are given for laws in the U.S. and prevalence in Europe, but these details are missing for other parts of the world
770:
3038:
2834:
2258:
2185:
1380:
928:
3668:
3214:
2694:
2647:
1359:
2162:
2859:
2677:
2481:
1404:
1256:
576:
572:
2160:
Four in Ten Criminal Offenders Report Alcohol as a Factor in Violence: But Alcohol-Related Deaths and Consumption in Decline
2379:
1506:
3300:
3267:
3055:
2529:
2471:
2389:
2374:
2364:
664:
3642:
2994:
2308:
2251:
2206:
1606:
918:
686:
that are easily distinguishable from regular plates, known in popular parlance as "party plates" or "whiskey plates".
281:
225:
165:
122:
2051:
1767:"Cognitive predictors of alcohol involvement and alcohol-related consequences in a sample of drunk-driving offenders"
1053:
561:
67:
3510:
3473:
3251:
2502:
2394:
580:
565:
3409:
3075:
2964:
2517:
2426:
2369:
1901:
783:
679:
3538:
358:
2940:
1923:
228:, breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), or urine result. For law enforcement purposes, breath analysis using a
3589:
3331:
3204:
2476:
353:
Grand Rapids (Borkenstein's) relative risk of a crash based on blood alcohol levels versus more recent data
3162:
3109:
3065:
2950:
2918:
2709:
2682:
1136:
612:
403:
alcohol concentration, than the more rapid reduction in participants' subjective feeling of drunkenness."
378:
305:
285:
248:
190:
107:
2955:
2539:
2534:
2438:
2400:
2293:
436:
399:
211:
195:
130:
1322:
2111:
Lewsey, Jim; Haghpanahan, Houra; Mackay, Daniel; McIntosh, Emma; Pell, Jill; Jones, Andy (June 2019).
699:
256:
been criticized. Improper testing and equipment calibration is often used in defense of a DUI or DWI.
3515:
3502:
3446:
3261:
2879:
2672:
2524:
2421:
1832:
1010:
952:
674:
386:
902:
3594:
3468:
3209:
3194:
3144:
2849:
2839:
2618:
2548:
2336:
2078:"A lower drink-drive limit in Scotland is not linked to reduced road traffic accidents as expected"
423:
Percentage of US car crash fatalities where driver blood alcohol level was .01 and above, 1999â2012
407:
recovered from the alcohol they have consumed, indicating that the recovery rates do not coincide.
301:
1703:
Huckba, B. (July 2010). "Personality traits and mental health of severe drunk drivers in Sweden".
1421:
Hurst, Paul M.; Harte, David; Frith, William J. (October 1994). "The Grand Rapids dip revisited".
3426:
3369:
3351:
3344:
3285:
3184:
3177:
3139:
3099:
2905:
2806:
2721:
2699:
2553:
2512:
2274:
2093:
1946:
1794:
1728:
1663:
1488:
984:
670:
186:
63:
1967:
Ogundipe, K. A.; Weiss, K. J. (2009). "Drunk driving, implied consent, and self-incrimination".
1924:"Cuyahoga County Council's finalists for boards of revision include employee with criminal past"
735:
The United States has extensive case law and law enforcement programs related to drunk driving.
515:
cues", or internal cues, that are reactions "to internal psychological or physical events" and "
813:
Enforcing the legal limit for alcohol consumption is the usual method to reduce drunk driving.
3456:
3326:
3189:
3167:
3070:
2945:
2889:
2667:
2606:
2596:
2568:
2544:
2142:
2134:
1976:
1860:
1786:
1720:
1655:
1560:
1480:
1438:
1301:
1252:
1115:
1088:
1082:
923:
428:
313:
2084:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 10 September 2019.
1109:
528:
cues (e.g. how good it tasted, passing by a liquor store, and heightened sexual enjoyment)."
3673:
3439:
3389:
3033:
2969:
2935:
2928:
2811:
2778:
2768:
2124:
2085:
2056:
1850:
1840:
1778:
1712:
1645:
1550:
1540:
1472:
1430:
1293:
237:
199:
161:
1821:"Temporal Alcohol Availability Predicts First-Time Drunk Driving, but Not Repeat Offending"
1529:"Driving under the influence of alcohol: frequency, reasons, perceived risk and punishment"
3609:
3290:
3275:
3256:
2761:
2756:
2630:
2189:
2166:
1408:
711:
695:
98:
1634:"Heritability of DUI convictions: a twin study of driving under the influence of alcohol"
1192:
1836:
3624:
3434:
3414:
3376:
3241:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2450:
2416:
2282:
2182:
2019:. European Commission, Directorate General for Transport. February 2018. Archived from
1855:
1820:
1555:
1528:
1245:
683:
618:
525:
475:
252:
169:
126:
2112:
748:
Studies have shown that there are various methods to help reduce alcohol consumption:
349:
3657:
3599:
3480:
3384:
3280:
2869:
2801:
2751:
2746:
2731:
2726:
2704:
2613:
2580:
2445:
2097:
1667:
1434:
521:
516:
512:
277:
134:
2159:
1798:
1732:
1351:
3559:
3549:
3339:
2635:
1492:
1460:
533:
491:
479:
362:
288:
and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes
229:
1401:
898:
244:
suspect who is unconscious after a crash and officers have taken a blood sample.
1845:
247:
With the advent of a scientific test for BAC, law enforcement regimes moved from
3490:
3485:
3356:
3236:
3126:
3019:
2791:
2736:
2341:
1945:
Sung, Hung-En (15 February 2007). "Alcohol and Crime". In Ritzer, George (ed.).
682:. Some jurisdictions require that drivers convicted of DUI offenses use special
550:
440:
233:
103:
1897:
328:
312:(unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression, and possibly fatal
17:
3619:
3451:
3399:
3394:
3229:
3199:
3172:
3082:
2864:
2844:
2773:
2356:
2346:
1782:
1716:
1545:
1527:
Alonso, Francisco; Pasteur, Juan C.; Montero, Luis; Esteban, Cristina (2015).
1476:
1297:
2138:
486:, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety,
3554:
3461:
3295:
3094:
3060:
2913:
2884:
2854:
2786:
2741:
2714:
2591:
2562:
2497:
2331:
2326:
796:
who do not drive would be expected to pay for a taxi when it is their turn.
775:
755:
restricting opening hours of places where alcohol can be bought and consumed
508:
2146:
1980:
1864:
1790:
1724:
1659:
1582:"Impaired Driving - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)"
1564:
1484:
1305:
2089:
1442:
842:
US poster from 1994 with the message that "drinking and driving don't mix"
3224:
3154:
2818:
487:
366:
293:
289:
1650:
1633:
1323:"Preventing road traffic injury: A public health perspective for Europe"
3316:
2874:
2433:
823:
fines appear to have little effect on reducing alcohol-impaired driving
173:
1507:"Driver Characteristics and Impairment at Various BACs â Introduction"
897:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
216:
2243:
2129:
870:
691:
297:
427:
Drunk driving is one of the largest risk factors that contribute to
220:
A law enforcement grade Breathalyzer, specifically an Alco-Sensor IV
308:(potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a
3614:
3522:
2687:
1766:
1014:
846:
Education programmes used to reduce drunk driving levels include:
837:
769:
418:
348:
327:
215:
97:
1581:
874:
459:
309:
2247:
1144:
2047:"Congress Mandates New Car Technology to Stop Drunken Driving"
883:
853:
driver improvement courses on alcohol (rehabilitation courses)
544:
31:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1143:. Advisory Council for Prosecuting Attorneys. Archived from
639:
1402:
Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk
1819:
Schofield, Timothy B.; Denson, Thomas F. (7 August 2013).
1461:"Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs on Driver Performance"
826:
driving licence measures with a duration of 3 to 12 months
1969:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1173:. Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles
694:
for minors, educational treatment programs combined with
160:
In the United States, most states have generalized their
3051:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
850:
driver education in schools and in basic driver training
27:
Operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol
881:
medicines, the rates are respectively 0.35% and 0.16%.
59:
1522:
1520:
1059:. Sentencing Guidelines Council. May 2008. p. 188
782:
One tool used to separate drinking from driving is an
332:
Relative risk of a crash based on blood alcohol levels
1765:
Scheier, L. M.; Lapham, S. C.; Câde Baca, J. (2008).
1352:"Drunk Driving â How Alcohol Affects Driving Ability"
1247:
Encyclopedia of drugs, alcohol and addictive behavior
2304:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
1385:
The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents
800:
Reducing the legal blood alcohol concentration limit
3577:
3531:
3501:
3425:
3309:
3153:
3125:
3018:
3009:
2975:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
2898:
2827:
2579:
2490:
2459:
2409:
2355:
2292:
2281:
1244:
2980:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
2385:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
1533:Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
1137:"Nevada's Driving Under the Influence (DUI) laws"
1108:Hannibal, Martin; Hardy, Stephen (4 March 2013).
1962:
1960:
1958:
1459:Ogden, E. J.D.; Moskowitz, H. (September 2004).
1454:
1452:
1167:"Florida DUI and Administrative Suspension Laws"
3362:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
2235:"Why drunk drivers may get behind the wheel."
1279:
1277:
1922:Gus Chan, The Plain Dealer (10 January 2011).
1705:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
1397:
1395:
1393:
774:An ignition interlock device (red arrow) in a
2259:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
45:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2924:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
2183:DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision
1884:Mobility and transport â European Commission
1576:
1574:
985:"Why drunk drivers may get behind the wheel"
979:
977:
975:
973:
2045:Yen, Hope; Krisher, Tom (9 November 2021).
634:Legal blood alcohol limit levels in Europe
579:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3565:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
3135:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
3015:
2289:
2266:
2252:
2244:
2194:United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
2171:United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
1632:Anum, EA; Silberg, J; Retchin, SM (2014).
1317:
1315:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1054:"Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines"
829:imprisonment is the least effective remedy
411:person is under the influence of alcohol.
2467:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
2128:
1854:
1844:
1649:
1554:
1544:
1076:
1074:
599:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
1214:Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.
3105:Legal drinking age in the United States
1948:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
1381:Robert F. Borkenstein papers, 1928â2002
944:
284:(BAC) of 0.03â0.12% typically causes a
1111:Practice Notes on Road Traffic Law 2/e
3088:List of dry communities by U.S. state
1362:from the original on 26 December 2016
189:. In relation to motor vehicles, the
7:
2601:List of methanol poisoning incidents
761:increasing the minimum drinking age.
577:adding citations to reliable sources
143:, alcohol is involved in 32% of all
3322:Alcohol consumption recommendations
3247:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
1611:Administrative Office of the Courts
1029:"Drunk Driving Fatality Statistics"
286:flushed, red appearance in the face
240:with no need to prove impairment.
3046:Alcohol packaging warning messages
2658:Alcohol use among college students
2320:Drunk driving in the United States
1423:Accident Analysis & Prevention
731:Drunk driving in the United States
651:Key: 0.05 = 0.5% = 0.5 gram/liter
121:in British English) is the act of
25:
3605:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
3585:Index of alcohol-related articles
3028:Administrative License Suspension
2207:"Impaired Driving: Get the Facts"
1220:, 1 Jan. 1993. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
1081:Merritt, Jonathan (9 July 2009).
3638:
3637:
3039:Alcoholic beverage control state
2835:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
2239:(2010). Web. 2 September 2010.
929:Mobile phones and driving safety
888:
766:Separating drinking from driving
752:increasing the price of alcohol.
549:
448:Characteristics of drunk drivers
36:
2648:Alcohol in association football
1084:Law for Student Police Officers
507:Albuquerque, New Mexico on the
2860:List of deaths through alcohol
2678:Epidemiology of binge drinking
2482:Subjective response to alcohol
698:suspension for offenders, and
265:Effects on cognitive processes
1:
3345:Sweat alcohol content monitor
2380:Alcoholism in rural Australia
1898:"Legal BAC limits by country"
1878:Anonymous (17 October 2016).
1218:Journal of Studies in Alcohol
1114:. Routledge. pp. 57â68.
644:Map of Europe with BAC levels
172:, horse-drawn carriages, and
3268:Adult Children of Alcoholics
3056:Drunk driving law by country
2472:Long-term effects of alcohol
2390:Disease theory of alcoholism
2375:Alcoholism in family systems
2365:Alcohol and Native Americans
2052:U.S. News & World Report
1846:10.1371/journal.pone.0071169
1435:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90026-4
1243:Mattila, Maurice J. (2001).
791:Designated driver programmes
744:Reducing alcohol consumption
665:Drunk driving law by country
398:maze learning task as their
110:on a suspected drunk driver.
3664:Driving under the influence
2995:International whisk(e)y day
2309:Driving under the influence
2237:Mental Health Weekly Digest
1251:. Macmillan Reference USA.
919:Driving under the influence
859:promotion of safety culture
282:blood alcohol concentration
226:blood alcohol concentration
206:Measurement of intoxication
166:driving under the influence
123:driving under the influence
106:, United States, conduct a
62:, discuss the issue on the
3690:
3511:Christian views on alcohol
3117:List of alcohol laws of US
2395:High-functioning alcoholic
1771:Substance Use & Misuse
1607:"How Much Does a DUI Cost"
1286:Journal of Safety Research
1011:"Alcohol-Impaired Driving"
728:
709:
675:mandatory minimum sentence
662:
610:
268:
209:
137:of a motor vehicle crash.
129:. A small increase in the
3633:
3410:Alcoholic spirits measure
3395:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
3076:Ignition interlock device
2965:Drunken monkey hypothesis
2798:Routes of administration
2427:Alcohol congener analysis
2370:Alcoholism in adolescence
1902:World Health Organization
1783:10.1080/10826080802345358
1717:10.1007/s00127-009-0111-8
1546:10.1186/s13011-015-0007-4
1477:10.1080/15389580490465201
1465:Traffic Injury Prevention
1298:10.1016/j.jsr.2009.07.002
784:ignition interlock device
702:of highârisk offenders."
680:ignition interlock device
53:. The specific issue is:
1350:NHTSA (4 October 2016).
359:Robert Frank Borkenstein
3590:Alcohol and spaceflight
3332:Alcohol server training
3205:Managed alcohol program
2783:Binge drinking devices
2477:Pharmacology of ethanol
816:Experience shows that:
393:Perceived recovery rate
3669:Alcohol-related crimes
3195:Alcohol rehabilitation
3163:Alcohol detoxification
3066:Field sobriety testing
2951:Health effects of wine
2919:International Beer Day
2683:Holiday heart syndrome
2117:Public Health Research
843:
779:
645:
623:field sobriety testing
613:Field sobriety testing
541:Field sobriety testing
484:obsessionsâcompulsions
424:
354:
333:
306:respiratory depression
249:field sobriety testing
221:
111:
3447:Disulfiram-like drugs
2987:Ritual use of alcohol
2956:Wine and food pairing
2941:Apéritif and digestif
2592:Adulterated moonshine
2439:Blood alcohol content
2401:Seeing pink elephants
2090:10.3310/signal-000815
1613:. State of California
841:
773:
643:
437:anti-social behaviour
422:
352:
331:
219:
212:Blood alcohol content
196:Road Traffic Act 1988
131:blood alcohol content
101:
3516:Alcohol in the Bible
3503:Religion and alcohol
3469:General anaesthetics
3262:Alcoholics Anonymous
3220:List of mixed drinks
2673:Alcohol intoxication
2588:Adulterated alcohol
1951:(1 ed.). Wiley.
1926:. Blog.cleveland.com
1407:7 April 2018 at the
706:Implied consent laws
573:improve this section
191:Road Safety Act 1967
141:In the United States
68:create a new article
60:improve this article
47:may not represent a
3595:Gateway drug effect
3381:Low-alcohol drinks
3210:Non-alcoholic drink
3145:Temperance movement
3127:Alcohol prohibition
2850:Gilbert Paul Jordan
2840:Dionysian Mysteries
2624:on college campuses
2619:Alcohol advertising
2337:Public intoxication
1837:2013PLoSO...871169S
1651:10.1017/thg.2013.86
1387:(Researchgate link)
635:
498:Cognitive processes
379:WĂŒrzburg University
371:Grand Rapids Effect
302:anterograde amnesia
300:, unconsciousness,
108:field sobriety test
102:Police officers in
3427:Addiction medicine
3370:Get Your Sexy Back
3310:Alcohol limitation
3286:Sober living house
3252:Twelve-step groups
3185:Brief intervention
3178:Open-container law
3140:Neo-prohibitionism
3100:Legal drinking age
2906:Alcoholic beverage
2807:Alcohol inhalation
2722:Drinking in public
2700:Blackout Wednesday
2558:Beverage-specific
2275:Alcohol and health
2188:2011-08-11 at the
2165:2011-01-18 at the
1638:Twin Res Hum Genet
1033:Responsibility.org
957:Collins Dictionary
844:
809:Police enforcement
780:
671:limit of detection
646:
633:
453:Personality traits
429:traffic collisions
425:
361:studied data from
355:
334:
324:Effects on driving
260:Effects of alcohol
222:
187:Licensing Act 1872
145:traffic fatalities
112:
3651:
3650:
3573:
3572:
3523:Islam and alcohol
3457:Calcium carbimide
3327:Alcohol education
3215:List of cocktails
3190:Designated driver
3168:Alcohol-free zone
3071:Hip flask defence
3005:
3004:
2946:Hangover remedies
2890:Whiskey Rebellion
2880:Six o'clock swill
2668:Austrian syndrome
2607:Surrogate alcohol
2597:Denatured alcohol
2569:Red wine headache
2169:, April 5, 1998,
1880:"The legal limit"
1777:(14): 2089â2115.
1212:Bates, Marsha E.
924:Designated driver
910:
909:
661:
660:
609:
608:
601:
534:coping mechanisms
387:Simpson's paradox
314:alcohol poisoning
200:mobility scooters
96:
95:
88:
70:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3681:
3641:
3640:
3440:Chlordiazepoxide
3390:Low-alcohol beer
3034:Alcohol monopoly
3016:
2936:Drinking culture
2929:Women in brewing
2812:Vodka eyeballing
2779:Passive drinking
2290:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2240:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2180:
2174:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2130:10.3310/phr07120
2108:
2102:
2101:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2057:Associated Press
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2010:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1762:
1737:
1736:
1700:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1418:
1412:
1399:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1240:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1147:on 22 April 2017
1132:
1126:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
991:. 18 August 2010
981:
968:
967:
965:
963:
949:
892:
891:
884:
856:public campaigns
700:court monitoring
636:
632:
604:
597:
593:
590:
584:
553:
545:
375:Grand Rapids Dip
357:A 1964 paper by
345:Grand Rapids Dip
304:, vomiting, and
238:criminal offense
162:criminal offense
91:
84:
80:
77:
71:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3629:
3610:Self-medication
3569:
3527:
3497:
3435:Benzodiazepines
3421:
3305:
3291:Sobering center
3276:Sober companion
3257:Al-Anon/Alateen
3149:
3121:
3011:
3001:
2894:
2823:
2763:In vino veritas
2757:Hair of the dog
2575:
2491:Adverse effects
2486:
2455:
2405:
2351:
2295:
2294:Alcohol-related
2285:
2277:
2272:
2234:
2229:Further reading
2226:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:Wayback Machine
2181:
2177:
2167:Wayback Machine
2158:
2154:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2011:
1988:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1764:
1763:
1740:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1409:Wayback Machine
1400:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1242:
1241:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1193:"Ethanol Level"
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1135:Nelson, Bruce.
1134:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
971:
961:
959:
953:"drink-driving"
951:
950:
946:
937:
915:
906:
893:
889:
866:
836:
811:
802:
793:
768:
746:
741:
733:
727:
714:
712:Implied consent
708:
667:
631:
629:Laws by country
615:
605:
594:
588:
585:
570:
554:
543:
500:
455:
450:
417:
395:
347:
326:
273:
267:
262:
253:police officers
236:), defines the
214:
208:
182:
158:
153:
92:
81:
75:
72:
57:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Drunken driving
15:
12:
11:
5:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3625:French paradox
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3481:Sulfonic acids
3478:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:Standard drink
3412:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3377:Liquor license
3374:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3242:Temperance bar
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2663:Binge drinking
2660:
2655:
2653:Alcohol powder
2650:
2645:
2643:Alcohol myopia
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2551:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2451:Wine chemistry
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2417:Beer chemistry
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2225:
2224:
2213:. 16 June 2017
2198:
2175:
2152:
2103:
2069:
2037:
2014:"Alcohol 2018"
1986:
1954:
1937:
1914:
1889:
1870:
1811:
1738:
1682:
1673:
1624:
1598:
1570:
1516:
1498:
1471:(3): 185â198.
1448:
1429:(5): 647â654.
1413:
1389:
1373:
1342:
1311:
1292:(4): 285â292.
1273:
1264:
1257:
1222:
1205:
1184:
1158:
1127:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1070:
1045:
1020:
1002:
969:
943:
936:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
914:
911:
908:
907:
896:
894:
887:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
810:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
745:
742:
740:
737:
729:Main article:
726:
723:
710:Main article:
707:
704:
684:license plates
663:Main article:
659:
658:
653:
652:
648:
647:
630:
627:
619:probable cause
611:Main article:
607:
606:
589:September 2024
557:
555:
548:
542:
539:
499:
496:
476:gregariousness
454:
451:
449:
446:
416:
413:
394:
391:
346:
343:
325:
322:
269:Main article:
266:
263:
261:
258:
210:Main article:
207:
204:
181:
180:United Kingdom
178:
170:farm machinery
157:
154:
152:
149:
133:increases the
94:
93:
51:of the subject
49:worldwide view
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3686:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Mood disorder
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:Nitrous oxide
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Fermented tea
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Sober curious
3279:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3008:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Ladies' night
2968:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Rum Rebellion
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Alcohol enema
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Flaming drink
2750:
2748:
2747:Dutch courage
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Drunk walking
2730:
2728:
2727:Drunk dialing
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:Drinking game
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Alcohol abuse
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2581:Social issues
2578:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:breast cancer
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Fusel alcohol
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:Drunk driving
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:, June 1999,
2191:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:NIHR Evidence
2079:
2073:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2026:on 8 May 2019
2022:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:(3): 386â91.
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:(8): e71169.
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:(7): 723â31.
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1511:one.nhtsa.gov
1508:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:, Indiana U.
1382:
1377:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1121:9781135346386
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:9781844455638
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
990:
989:Science Daily
986:
980:
978:
976:
974:
970:
958:
954:
948:
945:
942:
941:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
904:
903:MediaWiki.org
900:
895:
886:
885:
882:
878:
876:
872:
863:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
833:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
808:
806:
799:
797:
790:
788:
785:
777:
772:
765:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
743:
738:
736:
732:
725:United States
724:
722:
718:
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
687:
685:
681:
676:
672:
666:
655:
654:
650:
649:
642:
638:
637:
628:
626:
624:
620:
614:
603:
600:
592:
582:
578:
574:
568:
567:
563:
558:This section
556:
552:
547:
546:
540:
538:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:psychological
518:
517:interpersonal
514:
513:intrapersonal
510:
504:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
471:
467:
463:
461:
452:
447:
445:
442:
438:
432:
430:
421:
414:
412:
408:
404:
401:
392:
390:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
351:
344:
342:
338:
330:
323:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
272:
264:
259:
257:
254:
250:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
218:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
192:
188:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
156:United States
155:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
136:
135:relative risk
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:drink-driving
116:
115:Drunk driving
109:
105:
100:
90:
87:
79:
76:December 2023
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
50:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3560:Gin Act 1751
3550:Bratt System
3543:
3539:
3406:Measurement
3340:Breathalyzer
3110:Shoulder tap
2762:
2636:Beer goggles
2314:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2178:
2155:
2123:(12): 1â46.
2120:
2116:
2106:
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2050:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2021:the original
1972:
1968:
1947:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1873:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1774:
1770:
1708:
1704:
1676:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1591:29 September
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1536:
1532:
1510:
1501:
1468:
1464:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1330:Euro.who.int
1329:
1289:
1285:
1267:
1246:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1140:
1130:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1061:. Retrieved
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
988:
960:. Retrieved
956:
947:
939:
938:
879:
867:
845:
815:
812:
803:
794:
781:
747:
734:
719:
715:
688:
668:
622:
616:
595:
586:
571:Please help
559:
530:
505:
501:
492:psychoticism
480:somatization
472:
468:
464:
456:
433:
426:
409:
405:
396:
383:
374:
370:
363:Grand Rapids
356:
339:
335:
318:
274:
246:
242:
234:basis points
230:breathalyzer
223:
183:
164:statutes to
159:
139:
118:
114:
113:
82:
73:
54:
46:
29:
3540:Beer Street
3491:Homotaurine
3486:Acamprosate
3357:Dry January
3336:Monitoring
3237:Teetotalism
3230:Malt drinks
3020:Alcohol law
2792:Yard of ale
2737:Drunkorexia
2549:intolerance
2342:Rum-running
2062:12 November
1907:21 February
1644:(1): 10â5.
1177:19 November
962:14 December
899:Phabricator
441:risk-taking
280:to cause a
151:Terminology
104:Connecticut
3658:Categories
3620:Town drunk
3452:Disulfiram
3400:Small beer
3366:Campaigns
3200:Drunk tank
3173:Dry campus
3083:Dry county
2865:Rum ration
2845:Dipsomania
2774:Pantsdrunk
2567:Red wine:
2357:Alcoholism
2347:Wine fraud
1930:26 January
1539:(11): 11.
1258:0028655419
935:References
864:Prevalence
3555:Dry state
3462:Cyanamide
3296:Sobrietol
3095:Last call
3061:DWI court
2914:Beer mile
2885:Speakeasy
2855:Gin Craze
2787:Beer bong
2742:Dry drunk
2715:Pregaming
2563:Potomania
2545:Tolerance
2535:Pregnancy
2410:Chemistry
2332:Nip joint
2327:Moonshine
2139:2050-4381
2098:241723380
1668:206345742
1586:Nhtsa.gov
1198:7 October
834:Education
739:Solutions
560:does not
509:cognitive
377:. A 1995
64:talk page
3643:Category
3544:Gin Lane
3301:Quit lit
3225:Spritzer
3155:Sobriety
3010:Alcohol
2991:Whiskey
2819:Sconcing
2769:Nightcap
2695:Blackout
2525:Cortisol
2422:Congener
2217:1 August
2186:Archived
2163:Archived
2147:31241879
1981:19767505
1865:23940711
1825:PLOS ONE
1799:25196512
1791:19085438
1733:20165169
1725:19730762
1660:24384043
1617:10 March
1565:25880078
1485:15276919
1405:Archived
1366:19 March
1360:Archived
1306:19778652
1087:. SAGE.
913:See also
488:paranoia
367:Michigan
294:sedation
290:lethargy
174:bicycles
58:You may
3674:Alcohol
3578:Related
3532:History
3317:0-0-1-3
3012:control
2899:General
2875:Shebeen
2828:History
2498:Anxiety
2460:Effects
2434:Ethanol
2283:Alcohol
1856:3737138
1833:Bibcode
1556:4359384
1493:2839336
1443:7999209
1335:2 March
1063:20 June
1038:12 July
1017:. 2018.
901:and on
696:license
692:curfews
581:removed
566:sources
526:somatic
278:alcohol
127:alcohol
3352:FRAMES
2561:Beer:
2554:Weight
2530:Memory
2513:Cancer
2296:crimes
2145:
2137:
2096:
1979:
1863:
1853:
1804:2 July
1797:
1789:
1731:
1723:
1666:
1658:
1563:
1553:
1491:
1483:
1441:
1304:
1255:
1171:FLHSMV
1151:3 July
1118:
1091:
995:2 July
871:prison
776:Scania
439:, and
298:stupor
3615:Spins
3270:(ACA)
3264:(AA):
3030:(ALS)
2910:Beer
2688:Zapoy
2540:Sleep
2508:Brain
2503:Aging
2397:(HFA)
2311:(DUI)
2094:S2CID
2030:8 May
2024:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
1795:S2CID
1729:S2CID
1664:S2CID
1489:S2CID
1356:NHTSA
1326:(PDF)
1141:NVPAC
1057:(PDF)
1015:NHTSA
940:Notes
415:Risks
66:, or
3542:and
2710:list
2219:2017
2143:PMID
2135:ISSN
2064:2021
2032:2019
1977:PMID
1932:2014
1909:2015
1861:PMID
1806:2017
1787:PMID
1721:PMID
1656:PMID
1619:2024
1593:2015
1561:PMID
1481:PMID
1439:PMID
1368:2021
1337:2022
1302:PMID
1253:ISBN
1200:2014
1179:2021
1153:2017
1116:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1065:2022
1040:2024
997:2017
964:2021
875:jail
564:any
562:cite
460:ASPD
310:coma
185:the
117:(or
2631:Sex
2286:use
2211:CDC
2125:doi
2086:doi
1851:PMC
1841:doi
1779:doi
1713:doi
1646:doi
1551:PMC
1541:doi
1473:doi
1431:doi
1294:doi
873:or
778:bus
575:by
400:BAC
373:or
125:of
3660::
2209:.
2141:.
2133:.
2119:.
2115:.
2092:.
2080:.
2055:.
2049:.
1989:^
1973:37
1971:.
1957:^
1900:.
1882:.
1859:.
1849:.
1839:.
1827:.
1823:.
1793:.
1785:.
1775:43
1773:.
1769:.
1741:^
1727:.
1719:.
1709:45
1707:.
1685:^
1662:.
1654:.
1642:17
1640:.
1636:.
1609:.
1584:.
1573:^
1559:.
1549:.
1537:10
1535:.
1531:.
1519:^
1509:.
1487:.
1479:.
1467:.
1463:.
1451:^
1437:.
1427:26
1425:.
1392:^
1358:.
1354:.
1328:.
1314:^
1300:.
1290:40
1288:.
1276:^
1225:^
1169:.
1139:.
1073:^
1031:.
1013:.
987:.
972:^
955:.
490:,
482:,
365:,
292:,
202:.
147:.
2603:)
2599:(
2547:/
2267:e
2260:t
2253:v
2221:.
2196:.
2173:.
2149:.
2127::
2121:7
2100:.
2088::
2066:.
2034:.
1983:.
1934:.
1911:.
1886:.
1867:.
1843::
1835::
1829:8
1808:.
1781::
1735:.
1715::
1670:.
1648::
1621:.
1595:.
1567:.
1543::
1513:.
1495:.
1475::
1469:5
1445:.
1433::
1370:.
1339:.
1308:.
1296::
1261:.
1202:.
1181:.
1155:.
1124:.
1097:.
1067:.
1042:.
999:.
966:.
905:.
602:)
596:(
591:)
587:(
583:.
569:.
89:)
83:(
78:)
74:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
