435:– "(1) It is unlawful for any person to drive or otherwise operate a vehicle within this state who (a) is under the influence of intoxicating liquor; (b) is under the influence of any other substance which has impaired such person's ability to operate a motor vehicle; (c) has an alcohol concentration of eight one-hundredths percent (.08%) or more for persons who are above the legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages under state law, or two one-hundredths percent (.02%) or more for persons who are below the legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages under state law, in the person's blood based upon grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath as shown by a chemical analysis of such person's breath, blood or urine administered as authorized by this chapter; (d) is under the influence of any drug or controlled substance, the possession of which is unlawful under the Mississippi Controlled Substances Law; or (e) has an alcohol concentration of four one-hundredths percent (.04%) or more in the person's blood, based upon grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath as shown by a chemical analysis of such person's blood, breath or urine, administered as authorized by this chapter for persons operating a commercial motor vehicle."
646:– "It shall be unlawful for any person to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train (i) while such person has a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent or more by weight by volume or 0.08 grams or more per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a chemical test administered as provided in this article, (ii) while such person is under the influence of alcohol, (iii) while such person is under the influence of any narcotic drug or any other self-administered intoxicant or drug of whatsoever nature, or any combination of such drugs, to a degree which impairs his ability to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train safely, (iv) while such person is under the combined influence of alcohol and any drug or drugs to a degree which impairs his ability to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train safely, or (v) while such person has a blood concentration of any of the following substances at a level that is equal to or greater than: (a) 0.02 milligrams of cocaine per liter of blood, (b) 0.1 milligrams of methamphetamine per liter of blood, (c) 0.01 milligrams of phencyclidine per liter of blood, or (d) 0.1 milligrams of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine per liter of blood. A charge alleging a violation of this section shall support a conviction under clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v)."
618:– "(A) It is unlawful for a person to drive a motor vehicle within this State while under the influence of alcohol to the extent that the person's faculties to drive a motor vehicle are materially and appreciably impaired, under the influence of any other drug or a combination of other drugs or substances which cause impairment to the extent that the person's faculties to drive a motor vehicle are materially and appreciably impaired, or under the combined influence of alcohol and any other drug or drugs or substances which cause impairment to the extent that the person's faculties to drive a motor vehicle are materially and appreciably impaired. A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of the offense of driving under the influence and, upon conviction, entry of a plea of guilty or of nolo contendere, or forfeiture of bail must be punished as follows:"
476:
150 50 (c) Cocaine metabolite 150 50 (d) Heroin 2,000 50 (e) Heroin metabolite: (1) Morphine 2,000 50 (2) 6-monoacetyl morphine 10 10 (f) Lysergic acid diethylamide 25 10 (g) Marijuana 10 2 (h) Marijuana metabolite 15 5 (i) Methamphetamine 500 100 (j) Phencyclidine 25 10
308:– Statute 42-4-1301 – Colorado law prohibits a person from driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs or while the person's ability to drive is impaired by alcohol or drugs. Section IV states "If at such time the driver's blood contained five nanograms or more of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol per milliliter in whole blood, as shown by analysis of the defendant's blood, such fact gives rise to a permissible inference that the defendant was under the influence of one or more drugs." DUI-D cases often involve these two police tools: (1) a voluntary Drug Recognition Evaluation (DRE) which is similar to a field sobriety test and allows police officers to draw conclusions about a drivers impairment, and (2) a blood test to screen and confirm traces of drug use in a defendant's system.
565:(vi) The person has a concentration of L.S.D. in the person's urine of at least twenty-five nanograms of L.S.D. per milliliter of the person's urine or a concentration of L.S.D. in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least ten nanograms of L.S.D. per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma. (vii) The person has a concentration of marihuana in the person's urine of at least ten nanograms of marihuana per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of marihuana in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least two nanograms of marihuana per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma."
1539:
expert forensic witnesses before courts to interpret results on a case by case basis. These laws can make their cases much easier to win if they only have to prove the presence of a controlled substance in the blood or urine, without a prescription. The logic in zero tolerance jurisdictions is that the trade off of more efficient prosecutions of potentially impaired individuals is well worth the possible erroneous convictions of a lesser number of drivers who may not in fact be impaired, because the driver was already violating the law by using a controlled substance without a prescription.
608:
shall not preclude a conviction based on other admissible evidence. Proof of guilt under this section may also be based on evidence that the person charged was under the influence of intoxicating liquor, drugs, toluene, or any controlled substance defined in chapter 28 of title 21, or any combination of these, to a degree which rendered the person incapable of safely operating a vehicle. The fact that any person charged with violating this section is or has been legally entitled to use alcohol or a drug shall not constitute a defense against any charge of violating this section."
375:– An operator of a motor vehicle whose alcohol concentration is greater than or equal to .08 grams and less than .15 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath commits a Class C Misdemeanor. Driving with any schedule I or II substance as defined by IC 25-48-2 (such as marijuana, methamphetamine or cocaine) or its metabolite in his/her body commits a Class C Misdemeanor, punishable by up to 60 days in prison and up to a $ 500 fine. (IC 9-30-5-1)"
604:– "§ 31-27-2 Driving under influence of liquor or drugs. – (a) Whoever drives or otherwise operates any vehicle in the state while under the influence of any intoxicating liquor, drugs, toluene, or any controlled substance as defined in chapter 28 of title 21, or any combination of these, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor except as provided in subdivision (d)(3) and shall be punished as provided in subsection (d) of this section.
1486:
1243:
968:
168:
27:
1363:
845:
302:– "A. It is unlawful for a person to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle in this state under any of the following circumstances: 1. While under the influence of intoxicating liquor, any drug, a vapor releasing substance containing a toxic substance or any combination of liquor, drugs or vapor releasing substances if the person is impaired to the slightest degree."
1322:
1145:
804:
1543:
cultural norms and the target group's behaviour, separating impairment and driving. An approach that appears to be working most successfully to reduce drug driving, based on the
Australian experience of matching public health guidelines, such as no driving for approximately 3 hours after cannabis use, with targeted legal intervention (the saliva test drug detection threshold).
296:– Statute 28.35.030 – "(a) A person commits the crime of driving while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, inhalant, or controlled substance if the person operates or drives a motor vehicle or operates an aircraft or a watercraft while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, intoxicating liquor, inhalant, or any controlled substance, singly or in combination"
1429:
1186:
911:
98:'s Drug Evaluation and Classification program (DEC), a drug is "any substance that, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of the person to operate a vehicle safely." Under this definition, alcohol would be classified as a drug. For the purposes of this article, drug impaired driving is the use of drugs other than alcohol and the effect on driving.
481:
to cause the defendant to have a concentration of alcohol of 0.08 or more in their blood or breath. A defendant who intends to offer this defense at a trial or preliminary hearing must, not less than 14 days before the trial or hearing or at such other time as the court may direct, file and serve on the prosecuting attorney a written notice of that intent."
1017:
than their blood alcohol levels should strictly impart - due to the frequent addition of other drugs. If the historic assumptions about formulae to setting alcohol limits at particular levels to reduce harm (by anticipated degrees) in the target demographic are defunct, the implications for impaired driving reduction policy are major.
1299:
standards, at such a level that countries other than the United States have erroneously assumed that the average person would be impaired by the drug detected to a degree that crash risk is significantly raised. The original levels stated by SAMHSA were determined and established simply to detect any
1291:
This controversy is reduced by reducing the potential for wrongful convictions in two ways; firstly, if blood tests are used to obtain convictions, most legal frameworks outside the United States require corroborating evidence of impairment to support that the blood test result represents impairment.
558:
The person has a concentration of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) in the person's urine of at least ten nanograms of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) in the person's whole blood
475:
Urine (ng/ml) Blood (ng/ml) Prohibited substance (a) Amphetamine 500 100 (b) Cocaine
81:
is above a certain level (currently 0.08% in most of the United States and 0.05% in Utah). There is some controversy with "per se" DUID laws in that a driver with any detectable quantity of controlled substances may not in fact be impaired and the detectable quantity in blood or sweat may be only the
1127:
The Land
Transport Act 1998 makes it illegal for New Zealanders to drive or attempt to drive "while impaired and their blood contains evidence of use of qualifying drug". The definition of impaired is defined as being under the influence "to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control
1056:
Drivers who are taking legally prescribed medication will be required to closely follow their doctor's and drug manufacturer's guidance when taking the medication. If the driver is found to be carrying more than the set levels in their system, outside of the set guidelines, they will be guilty of an
764:
If the police have reasonable grounds to believe that a motorist's ability to drive is impaired by a drug, they can make a demand for samples of oral fluids, urine or blood for analysis. If the motorist refuses to provide the sample, it is an offence, and carries exactly the same potential penalties
607:
B. Any person charged under subsection (a) of this section whose blood alcohol concentration is eight one-hundredths of one percent (.08%) or more by weight as shown by a chemical analysis of a blood, breath, or urine sample shall be guilty of violating subsection (a) of this section. This provision
554:
The person has a concentration of heroin in the person's urine of at least two thousand nanograms of heroin per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of heroin in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least fifty nanograms of heroin per milliliter of the person's
550:
The person has a concentration of cocaine metabolite in the person's urine of at least one hundred fifty nanograms of cocaine metabolite per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of cocaine metabolite in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least fifty nanograms
546:
The person has a concentration of cocaine in the person's urine of at least one hundred fifty nanograms of cocaine per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of cocaine in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least fifty nanograms of cocaine per milliliter of the
480:
4. If consumption is proven by a preponderance of the evidence, it is an affirmative defense under paragraph c of subsection 1 that the defendant consumed a sufficient quantity of alcohol after driving or being in actual physical control of the vehicle, and before their blood or breath was tested,
110:
Due to the overwhelming number of impairing substances that are not alcohol, drugs are classified into different categories for detection purposes. Drug impaired drivers still show impairment during the battery of standardized field sobriety tests, but there are additional tests to help detect drug
106:
Testing for alcohol concentration is performed using three methods – blood, breath, or urine. For law enforcement purposes, breath is the preferred method, since results are available almost instantaneously. Drug testing screens are typically performed in scientific laboratories so that the results
1538:
have found it difficult to prove that a driver was impaired from using a controlled substance. Practical difficulties included the transient effects of some drugs wearing off before either police or doctors had a chance to assess many suspects for impairment, and also the expense of having to call
1303:
In
Germany where more economical sweat tests are used, it is not possible to calibrate detection to a level linked to impairment, and all users may be identified. So unless there has been injury caused there is no criminal charge, but only an administrative one of driving with drugs present, which
542:
The person has a concentration of amphetamine in the person's urine of at least five hundred nanograms of amphetamine per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of amphetamine in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least one hundred nanograms of amphetamine per
1307:
Systems where there is a penalty after detection of target drugs are sometimes misnamed zero tolerance for the foregoing reasons. Genuine zero tolerance jurisdictions (ones not applying rational cut offs) are generally failing to substantially reducing drugged driving, where it has been a problem
1016:
Drug impaired driving is today suspected by the
European Road Safety Observatory of being the reason that drink driving crash rates no longer reduce in direct proportion to reducing or plateaued numbers of drunk drivers found on roads. It is believed that the remaining ones are carrying more risk
611:
Some Rhode Island police agencies utilize Drug
Recognition Experts (DREs) who have received specialized training to accurately identify drug impairment, pursuant to a standardized procedure. A study showed DRE officers to accurately identify a substance used by a driver 86.5 percent of the time.
466:
Inhales, ingests, applies or otherwise uses any chemical, poison or organic solvent, or any compound or combination of any of these, to a degree which renders the person incapable of safely driving or exercising actual physical control of a vehicle, to drive or be in actual physical control of a
1542:
There is a tension with such an approach and enhanced road safety. Promoting zero drug use, as with alcohol prohibition, is not a realistic goal and
Policing and Court resources are clearly best targeted at hazardous use. The most successful laws for reducing drink driving have sought to modify
1052:
Recent UK legislation effective 2 March 2015 has introduced a series of new offences into the realm of road traffic law. The government has sought to tackle the belated increased number of drivers operating vehicles with a high measure of proscribed and prescribed drugs in their system. The new
451:
Is found by measurement within 2 hours after driving or being in actual physical control of a vehicle to have a concentration of alcohol of 0.08 or more in their blood or breath, to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle on a highway or on premises to which the public has
1131:'Qualifying drugs' include Class A drugs such as heroin, LSD and methamphetamine; Class B drugs such as amphetamines (speed), morphine and opium; and some Class C drugs, such as cannabis and BZP (the psychoactive ingredient in most illegal "party pills"); prescription medicines.
1304:
does not infer impairment or lack of it. This is similar to a speeding ticket as a disincentive for potentially risky behaviour. However if injury was caused, a process of further evidence gathering of driver impairment may be triggered, which can lead to a criminal violation.
538:
Except as provided in division (K) of this section, the person has a concentration of any of the following controlled substances or metabolites of a controlled substance in the person's whole blood, blood serum or plasma, or urine that equals or exceeds any of the following:
467:
vehicle on a highway or on premises to which the public has access. The fact that any person charged with a violation of this subsection is or has been entitled to use that drug under the laws of this State is not a defense against any charge of violating this subsection.
1308:
originally. However, in
Australia where the use of calibrated devices create de facto limits for common impairing illicit substances, roadside detections and self reporting of drug driving in national telephone surveys have reduced by 25% over the last 3–4 years.
1292:
This ranges from suspects being required to undertake physical co-ordination tests, to computerised pupil reaction tests, to use of witness accounts of general behaviour and erratic driving, and may include expert testimony as to expected impacts on performance.
495:
After having consumed sufficient alcohol that he has, at any relevant time after the driving, an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more. The results of a chemical analysis shall be deemed sufficient evidence to prove a person's alcohol concentration;
325:
A chemical test indicating .08% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or greater, or the presence of any drug, prescription or illegal, substance is sufficient for a DUI conviction. You may be arrested for DUI with a chemical test greater than .05%"
470:
3. It is unlawful for any person to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle on a highway or on premises to which the public has access with an amount of a prohibited substance in their blood or urine that is equal to or greater
2180:
2856:
593:
The individual is under the combined influence of alcohol and a drug or combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the individual's ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of the
117:
The DEC program breaks down detection into a 12-step process that a government-certified Drug
Recognition Expert (DRE) can use to determine the category or categories of drugs that a suspect is impaired by. The 12 steps are
1300:
drug use; these data were promulgated for testing for individuals in sensitive employment positions regarding public safety and/or national security. Studies have shown that this use can be as long as weeks in the past.
314:– "In Delaware, you may be arrested for Driving Under the Influence (DUI) if you are driving, operating, or in actual physical control of a vehicle, an off-highway vehicle, or a moped while under the influence of
289:
In the United States, 19 states have laws in effect that punish drug impaired driving. All states excluding West
Virginia have a Drug Recognition Expert program. The following states have drug statutes enacted:
639:
2. Alcohol concentration in the blood shall be based upon grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood, and alcohol concentration in the breath shall be based upon grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath."
516:
The person has a concentration of ninety-six-thousandths of one per cent or more but less than two hundred four-thousandths of one per cent by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's blood serum or
1053:
offences detail at least 8 illegal drugs and 8 legally prescribed drugs, which have been given set levels to be tested. Illegal drugs will have a 'trace' level set that would constitute a criminal offence.
523:
The person has a concentration of eleven-hundredths of one gram or more but less than two hundred thirty-eight-thousandths of one gram by weight of alcohol per one hundred milliliters of the person's urine.
589:
The individual is under the influence of a drug or combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the individual's ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of the
2123:
2176:
2150:
1025:
In
Ireland, it is illegal to drive a motor vehicle if one's ability to drive is impaired by a drug. This is the same offence as driving while impaired by alcohol and carries less penalties than
411:
With any amount of cocaine or a Schedule 1 controlled substance in your body. (For more information about Schedule 1 drugs, see section 7212 of the Michigan Public Health Code; MCL 333.7212.)"
513:
The person has a concentration of eight-hundredths of one per cent or more but less than seventeen-hundredths of one per cent by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's whole blood.
628:
has sufficient alcohol in the person's body that a subsequent chemical test shows that the person has a blood or breath alcohol concentration of .05 grams or greater at the time of the test;
2853:
520:
The person has a concentration of eight-hundredths of one gram or more but less than seventeen-hundredths of one gram by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten liters of the person's breath.
1296:
1781:
597:
The individual is under the influence of a solvent or noxious substance in violation of 18 Pa.C.S. § 7303 (relating to sale or illegal use of certain solvents and noxious substances)."
159:
DREs are qualified to offer expert testimony in court that pertains to impaired driving on drugs. The use of the 12-step process is scientifically validated by numerous field studies.
1773:
581:
Schedule II or Schedule III controlled substance, as defined in The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, which has not been medically prescribed for the individual; or
2283:
345:
Under the combined influence of any two or more of the substances specified in paragraphs 1 through 3 of this subsection to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive"
69:
countries now have "per se" DUID laws that presume a driver is impaired if they are found to have any detectable quantity of controlled substances in their body while operating an
2026:
2260:
631:
is under the influence of alcohol, any drug, or the combined influence of alcohol and any drug to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely operating a vehicle; or
425:
having an alcohol concentration (AC) of .08 (.08 means .08 percent alcohol concentration, which is 8/10,000ths by volume) or more at the time or within two hours of doing so;
571:– "(d) Controlled substances.--An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle under any of the following circumstances:
488:– "(a) Offense. – A person commits the offense of impaired driving if he drives any vehicle upon any highway, any street, or any public vehicular area within this State:
2635:
698:
to drive a motor vehicle if one's ability to drive is impaired by a drug. This is the same offence as driving while impaired by alcohol and carries the same penalties as
709:
can elect which method to proceed under, based on the seriousness of the offence, but if harm has occurred to another person, the charge must proceed by indictment.
559:
or blood serum or plasma of at least ten nanograms of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
368:
under the combined influence of alcohol, other drug or drugs, or intoxicating compound or compounds to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely driving"
535:
The person has a concentration of two hundred thirty-eight-thousandths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per one hundred milliliters of the person's urine.
529:
The person has a concentration of two hundred four-thousandths of one per cent or more by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's blood serum or plasma.
95:
506:– "(A)(1) No person shall operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this state, if, at the time of the operation, any of the following apply:
1806:
790:
In addition to the driving prohibitions as part of the sentence for the criminal offence, the provinces can impose licence suspensions under provincial law.
2886:
578:
Schedule I controlled substance, as defined in the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L.233, No.64), known as The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act;
2935:
1068:
Driving under the influence of drugs "to an extent as to be incapable of having proper control" is illegal. The Police may require suspects to undergo an
362:
under the influence of any intoxicating compound or combination of intoxicating compounds to a degree that renders the person incapable of driving safely;
114:
The Drug Evaluation and Classification program is designed to detect a drug impaired driver and classify the categories of drugs present in their system.
2660:
2606:
2837:
2818:
773:
Upon a conviction for drug-impaired driving, there is in all cases a mandatory driving prohibition as part of the sentence under the Criminal Code:
1645:
532:
The person has a concentration of seventeen-hundredths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten liters of the person's breath.
2457:
1920:
1852:
2581:
2552:
2523:
2494:
2436:
2407:
2378:
2346:
526:
The person has a concentration of seventeen-hundredths of one per cent or more by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's whole blood.
356:
the alcohol concentration in the person's blood or breath is 0.08 or more based on the definition of blood and breath units in Section 11 501.2;
1384:
1335:
1158:
866:
817:
2317:
2101:
1727:
2771:
1596:
2291:
2076:
1534:
Varying DUID laws have been passed over the last 15 years in response to both increasing roles of drug driving in road tolls, and the fact
1702:
2746:
2001:
2685:
342:
Under the intentional influence of any glue, aerosol, or other toxic vapor to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive;
2800:
2726:
2708:
2022:
1521:
1468:
1410:
1349:
1278:
1225:
1172:
1003:
950:
892:
831:
86:. Research on factors associated with engaging in DUID is receiving increasing attention to develop more effective countermeasures.
2252:
2201:
1948:
1972:
2627:
365:
under the influence of any other drug or combination of drugs to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely driving;
1388:
870:
1827:
726:
for a first offence, a minimum fine of $ 1,000, with the possibility of a term of imprisonment up to a maximum of 18 months;
787:
In all cases, these periods of prohibition are in addition to the time for which the accused is sentenced to imprisonment.
729:
for a second offence, a fine of up to $ 5,000, and a minimum term of imprisonment of 30 days, up to a maximum of 18 months;
2230:
748:
if bodily harm to another person has been caused the impaired driving, potential imprisonment up to a maximum of 10 years;
732:
for a third offence, a fine of up to $ 5,000 and a minimum term of imprisonment of 120 days, up to a maximum of 18 months.
422:
under the influence of alcohol, a controlled substance, or (knowingly) a hazardous substance, or any combination of these;
499:
With any amount of a Schedule I controlled substance, as listed in G.S. 90 89, or its metabolites in his blood or urine."
634:
has a blood or breath alcohol concentration of .08 grams or greater at the time of operation or actual physical control.
612:
Their testimony remains subject to court challenge, including impeachment through the results of toxicological testing.
408:
With a bodily alcohol content of 0.17 or more. (This "High BAC" crime is one of the driving while intoxicated offenses.)
752:
50:
1895:
1802:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1341:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1164:
932:
928:
921:
823:
681:
428:
having any amount or the metabolites of a schedule I or II controlled substance, other than marijuana, in the body"
1065:
Deterring drug-driving is one of the work priorities of the Police. The Court may disqualify the driver for life.
2874:
2930:
2051:
1373:
1069:
855:
2656:
624:– "1. A person may not operate or be in actual physical control of a vehicle within this state if the person:
2815:
2602:
405:
With a bodily alcohol content of 0.08 or more. (This crime is one of the driving while intoxicated offenses.)
77:
for the substance. This is similar to the "per se" DUI/DWI laws that presume a driver is impaired when their
2834:
1866:
1392:
1377:
874:
859:
232:
1036:
conducts roadside impairment testing of those who are believed to be under the influence of drugs such as
695:
2465:
1295:
Secondly, when saliva tests are used (Australia), a cut off threshold is calibrated in fitting with U.S.
1033:
78:
58:
2915:
1656:
2573:
2544:
2515:
2486:
2428:
2399:
2370:
2338:
352:– "A person shall not drive or be in actual physical control of any vehicle within this State while:
1916:
385:
While under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or other drug or a combination of such substances.
74:
1752:
172:
83:
31:
2313:
2097:
1723:
2767:
1588:
1560:
246:
2072:
2742:
1698:
1580:
745:
if no harm has occurred to another person, potential imprisonment up to a maximum of 5 years;
652:- Driving with a blood level of THC in excess of 5 nanograms can result in a DUI conviction.
418:– "1) to drive, operate, or be in control of any motor vehicle anywhere in the state while:
332:- (a) A person shall not drive or be in actual physical control of any moving vehicle while:
2681:
1572:
1026:
699:
260:
402:
While intoxicated, or impaired, by alcohol, illegal drugs, and some prescribed medications.
339:
Under the influence of any drug to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive;
2860:
2841:
2822:
2804:
2797:
2730:
2723:
2712:
2705:
1108:
1077:
658:– "It is illegal in Wisconsin for a driver over the age of 21 to operate a motor vehicle:
551:
of cocaine metabolite per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
336:
Under the influence of alcohol to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive;
274:
1997:
2205:
1941:
722:
If a charge is tried summarily, the accused faces the following sentences if convicted:
510:
The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.
1084:
1073:
706:
315:
256:
194:
186:
182:
1976:
1485:
1242:
967:
167:
2924:
1592:
1092:
463:
Is under the combined influence of intoxicating liquor and a controlled substance; or
268:
236:
200:
62:
46:
2253:"Some states put a THC limit on pot-smoking drivers — Here's why California doesn't"
780:
for a second offence, a minimum prohibition of 2 years, up to a maximum of 5 years;
741:
If a charge is tried by indictment, the penalties upon conviction are more severe:
264:
214:
26:
705:
A charge of impaired driving can be tried either summarily or by indictment. The
1831:
1559:
Hasan, Razi; Watson, Barry; Haworth, Narelle; Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar (2022).
777:
for a first offence, a minimum prohibition of 1 year, up to a maximum of 3 years;
381:– "Iowa's OWI law states that it is unlawful to operate a motor vehicle in Iowa:
1748:
1362:
844:
668:
With a detectable amount of a restricted controlled substance in their blood; or
208:
190:
2226:
2776:
2151:"Legal marijuana puts drug recognition experts to the test to keep roads safe"
1576:
1535:
70:
1083:
Regarding common drugs, the Road Safety Council reminds drivers to check the
2284:"No chemical threshold to mark marijuana impairment for California drivers"
1584:
448:
Has a concentration of alcohol of 0.08 or more in their blood or breath; or
16:
Driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of an impairing substance
2682:"COMMISSIONer's OPERATIONAL PRIORITIES 2018 | Hong Kong Police Force"
1891:
1112:
1104:
1037:
240:
178:
The DEC program recognizes seven separate categories of impairing drugs:
1646:"Preventing road traffic injury: A public health perspective for Europe"
2783:
2124:"Drug recognition experts trained to determine if a driver is on drugs"
1100:
1041:
671:
While under the influence of a controlled substance or any other drug."
204:
1774:"LexisNexis® Custom Solution: Colorado Revised Statutes Research Tool"
1561:"A systematic review of factors associated with illegal drug driving"
1096:
250:
222:
66:
20:
2047:
1076:) Impairment Test. Suspects who fail the test shall surrender their
783:
for a subsequent offence, a minimum prohibition of at least 3 years.
662:
With a Blood/Breath Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or greater;
166:
45:, in the context of its legal definition, is the act of driving a
25:
1870:
391:
While having any amount of a controlled substance in one's body."
1116:
543:
milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
319:
277:– marijuana fits in this category, as does its active component
226:
2778:
Check the side effects of your drug medication before you drive
2603:"Ontario: Driver's Handbook - Other Ways to Lose Your Licence"
1496: with: examples and additional citations. You can help by
1480:
1422:
1356:
1315:
1253: with: examples and additional citations. You can help by
1237:
1179:
1138:
978: with: examples and additional citations. You can help by
962:
904:
838:
797:
751:
if a death has been caused by the impaired driving, potential
278:
218:
2910:
82:
remnants of drug use in days or weeks past. It is against
1297:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
584:
metabolite of a substance under subparagraph (i) or (ii).
2798:
https://www.police.gov.hk/info/doc/rs_pm/driver/d09.pdf
2724:
https://www.police.gov.hk/info/doc/rs_pm/driver/d01.pdf
2706:
https://www.police.gov.hk/info/doc/rs_pm/driver/d08.pdf
1497:
1254:
979:
492:
While under the influence of an impairing substance; or
1449:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1206:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
931:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
388:
While having an alcohol concentration of .08 or more.
2875:"DWI and Drugs: A Look at Per Se Laws for Marijuana"
575:
There is in the individual's blood any amount of a:
2854:
Drugs: Driving while affected by drugs or medicines
460:Is under the influence of a controlled substance;
1087:before driving. The law prohibits driving with
755:, with the possibility of parole after 7 years.
694:In Canada, it is an offence under the federal
547:person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
445:Is under the influence of intoxicating liquor;
398:- Under Michigan law, it is illegal to drive:
96:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
8:
2743:"Drug Driving | Hong Kong Police Force"
2657:"Drug drive legislation: am I fit to drive?"
769:Driving prohibitions and licence suspensions
1391:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1350:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1173:Learn how and when to remove these messages
873:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
832:Learn how and when to remove these messages
665:While under the influence of an intoxicant;
441:– "1. It is unlawful for any person who:
61:, is prohibited in many countries. Several
1699:"Governor's Highway Safety Administration"
1693:
1691:
1682:Drug Evaluation and Classification Program
1632:Drug Evaluation and Classification Program
1618:Drug Evaluation and Classification Program
2549:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 255(1),(2.2),(3.2)"
1522:Learn how and when to remove this message
1469:Learn how and when to remove this message
1411:Learn how and when to remove this message
1279:Learn how and when to remove this message
1226:Learn how and when to remove this message
1004:Learn how and when to remove this message
951:Learn how and when to remove this message
893:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:will be admissible in evidence at trial.
2873:Cordova Jr., Charles R. (1 March 2007).
2365:
2363:
1445:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1202:Relevant discussion may be found on the
927:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2460:Corrections and Conditional Release Act
1551:
456:2. It is unlawful for any person who:
555:whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
7:
2263:from the original on 2 February 2019
2149:Zamore, Allegra (22 November 2023).
1389:adding citations to reliable sources
871:adding citations to reliable sources
765:as the offence of impaired driving.
73:and that the driver has no doctor's
57:, or Driving Under the Influence of
34:, warning drivers about drug testing
21:DHCPv6 § DHCP_unique_identifier
2122:Sacharcyzk, Tamara (22 June 2022).
2936:Hazardous motor vehicle activities
1684:. NHTSA. pp. Sec. II Pg. 3–4.
1565:Accident Analysis & Prevention
171:Relative risk of a crash based on
14:
2889:from the original on 10 July 2024
1634:. NHTSA. pp. Sev IV Pg. 5–6.
1331:This section has multiple issues.
1154:This section has multiple issues.
1029:despite being just as dangerous.
813:This section has multiple issues.
1484:
1427:
1361:
1320:
1241:
1184:
1143:
966:
909:
843:
802:
125:Interview with Arresting Officer
2749:from the original on 2017-06-07
2688:from the original on 2018-10-26
2663:from the original on 2019-06-29
2638:from the original on 2021-04-21
2609:from the original on 2020-07-29
2584:from the original on 2015-11-27
2555:from the original on 2014-09-11
2526:from the original on 2014-09-11
2497:from the original on 2014-09-11
2491:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 254(3.4)"
2439:from the original on 2015-10-31
2410:from the original on 2015-10-31
2381:from the original on 2015-10-31
2349:from the original on 2015-09-10
2320:from the original on 2011-10-20
2282:Rahaim, Nick (8 January 2018).
2233:from the original on 2012-05-25
2183:from the original on 2016-03-04
2104:from the original on 2012-04-28
2079:from the original on 2012-11-20
2054:from the original on 2018-01-06
2029:from the original on 2012-04-24
2004:from the original on 2012-05-08
1954:from the original on 2012-05-24
1923:from the original on 2022-03-02
1898:from the original on 2012-04-16
1809:from the original on 2012-04-16
1784:from the original on 2024-07-12
1755:from the original on 2024-07-12
1730:from the original on 2015-09-24
1705:from the original on 2012-05-09
1620:. NHTSA. pp. Sec. 2 Pg. 3.
1599:from the original on 2022-11-09
1339:or discuss these issues on the
1162:or discuss these issues on the
821:or discuss these issues on the
359:under the influence of alcohol;
19:For other uses of "DUID", see
1:
2578:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 259(1)"
2520:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 254(5)"
2433:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 255(3)"
2404:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 255(2)"
2375:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 255(1)"
2343:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 253(a)"
2251:Lyons, Jenna (January 2018).
1057:offence under the new rules.
2628:"RSA.ie - Anti Drug Driving"
249:– synthetic and derivative
53:of an impairing substance.
2952:
2462:, SC 1992 c. 20, s 120(2)"
682:Impaired driving in Canada
679:
18:
2844:, Land Transport Act 1988
2825:, Land Transport Act 1998
2177:"South Carolina Statutes"
2023:"North Carolina Statutes"
1577:10.1016/j.aap.2022.106574
155:Toxicological Examination
1027:alcohol-impaired driving
760:Samples of bodily fluids
700:alcohol-impaired driving
233:Dissociative anesthetics
152:Opinion of the Evaluator
149:Interrogation of Suspect
2257:San Francisco Chronicle
2098:"Rhode Island Statutes"
2073:"Pennsylvania Statutes"
2863:, Community Law Manual
1973:"Mississippi Statutes"
737:Indictable Proceedings
175:
140:Dark Room Examinations
131:Evaluation of the Eyes
128:Preliminary Evaluation
35:
1034:Road Safety Authority
170:
79:blood alcohol content
39:Drug-impaired driving
29:
2314:"Wisconsin Statutes"
1942:"Minnesota Statutes"
1438:factual accuracy is
1385:improve this section
1195:factual accuracy is
920:factual accuracy is
867:improve this section
271:fit in this category
253:fit in this category
243:fit in this category
229:fit in this category
211:fit in this category
197:fit in this category
173:blood alcohol levels
94:According to the US
2294:on 31 December 2019
2227:"Virginia Statutes"
1917:"Michigan Statutes"
1853:"Illinois Statutes"
1803:"Delaware Statutes"
718:Summary Proceedings
247:Narcotic analgesics
122:Breath Alcohol Test
84:road traffic safety
51:under the influence
32:Victoria, Australia
2879:Nevada Law Journal
2859:2020-02-13 at the
2840:2024-07-12 at the
2821:2020-11-14 at the
2803:2019-10-05 at the
2729:2019-10-05 at the
2711:2024-07-12 at the
1867:"Indiana Statutes"
1828:"Georgia Statutes"
1778:www.lexisnexis.com
1749:"Arizona Statutes"
1662:on 30 October 2020
713:Range of Penalties
176:
111:impaired driving.
36:
1998:"Nevada Statutes"
1724:"Alaska Statutes"
1532:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1354:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1177:
1128:of the vehicle".
1089:any concentration
1044:and many others.
1014:
1013:
1006:
996:
995:
961:
960:
953:
903:
902:
895:
836:
753:life imprisonment
261:volatile solvents
134:Psychomotor Tests
2943:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2851:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2813:
2807:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2721:
2715:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2464:. Archived from
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2290:. Archived from
2288:Business Journal
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2204:. Archived from
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1975:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1869:. Archived from
1863:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1655:. Archived from
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1556:
1527:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:reliably sourced
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1365:
1357:
1346:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1284:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:reliably sourced
1188:
1187:
1180:
1169:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1032:As of 2014, the
1009:
1002:
991:
988:
970:
963:
956:
949:
945:
942:
936:
933:reliably sourced
913:
912:
905:
898:
891:
887:
884:
878:
847:
839:
828:
806:
805:
798:
707:Crown prosecutor
265:anesthetic gases
235:– drugs such as
217:– Drugs such as
203:– Drugs such as
185:– Drugs such as
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2931:Causes of death
2921:
2920:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2861:Wayback Machine
2852:
2848:
2842:Wayback Machine
2833:
2829:
2823:Wayback Machine
2814:
2810:
2805:Wayback Machine
2796:
2792:
2775:
2772:Wayback Machine
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2731:Wayback Machine
2722:
2718:
2713:Wayback Machine
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2202:"Utah Statutes"
2200:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2048:"Ohio Statutes"
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1892:"Iowa Statutes"
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1494:needs expansion
1475:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1444:
1436:This section's
1432:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1382:
1366:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1251:needs expansion
1232:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1201:
1193:This section's
1189:
1185:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1125:
1109:methamphetamine
1078:driving licence
1063:
1050:
1023:
1010:
999:
998:
997:
992:
986:
983:
976:needs expansion
957:
946:
940:
937:
926:
918:This section's
914:
910:
899:
888:
882:
879:
864:
848:
807:
803:
796:
771:
762:
739:
720:
715:
692:
684:
678:
477:
287:
195:benzodiazepines
183:CNS depressants
165:
163:Drug categories
146:Injection Sites
104:
92:
30:A road sign in
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2905:External links
2903:
2901:
2900:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2790:
2759:
2734:
2716:
2698:
2673:
2648:
2619:
2594:
2565:
2536:
2507:
2478:
2449:
2420:
2391:
2359:
2330:
2305:
2274:
2243:
2218:
2193:
2168:
2141:
2114:
2089:
2064:
2039:
2014:
1989:
1964:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1858:
1844:
1819:
1794:
1765:
1740:
1715:
1687:
1673:
1637:
1623:
1609:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1287:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1248:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1080:for 24 hours.
1074:police station
1062:
1059:
1049:
1048:United Kingdom
1046:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1011:
994:
993:
973:
971:
959:
958:
917:
915:
908:
901:
900:
851:
849:
842:
837:
811:
810:
808:
801:
795:
792:
785:
784:
781:
778:
770:
767:
761:
758:
757:
756:
749:
746:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
727:
719:
716:
714:
711:
691:
685:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
641:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
616:South Carolina
599:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
585:
582:
579:
563:
562:
561:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
501:
500:
497:
493:
486:North Carolina
483:
482:
474:
473:
472:
468:
464:
461:
454:
453:
449:
446:
430:
429:
426:
423:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
393:
392:
389:
386:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
347:
346:
343:
340:
337:
286:
283:
282:
281:
272:
269:aerosol sprays
254:
244:
230:
212:
201:CNS stimulants
198:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
103:
100:
91:
88:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2948:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
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1536:prosecutors
1312:Enforcement
1135:Controversy
1123:New Zealand
433:Mississippi
143:Muscle Tone
137:Vital Signs
65:states and
2925:Categories
2885:(2): 570.
2835:Section 12
2753:2018-11-01
2692:2018-11-01
2667:2019-06-29
2659:. GOV.uk.
2642:2016-11-18
2632:www.rsa.ie
2613:2014-10-09
2588:2015-11-02
2559:2015-11-02
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2324:2012-04-16
2298:2 February
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1603:2022-11-22
1571:: 106574.
1547:References
1336:improve it
1159:improve it
818:improve it
680:See also:
650:Washington
71:automobile
1593:246764749
1447:talk page
1372:does not
1342:talk page
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1070:objective
1061:Hong Kong
929:talk page
854:does not
824:talk page
656:Wisconsin
416:Minnesota
318:or other
257:Inhalants
102:Detection
2887:Archived
2857:Archived
2838:Archived
2819:Archived
2801:Archived
2770:and the
2747:Archived
2727:Archived
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2181:Archived
2157:. NBC 10
2102:Archived
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2002:Archived
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1703:Archived
1597:Archived
1585:35152044
1505:May 2018
1459:May 2018
1440:disputed
1401:May 2018
1262:May 2018
1216:May 2018
1197:disputed
1113:cannabis
1105:ketamine
1072:(at the
1038:cannabis
987:May 2018
941:May 2018
922:disputed
883:May 2018
690:Offences
644:Virginia
594:vehicle.
590:vehicle.
396:Michigan
350:Illinois
312:Delaware
306:Colorado
275:Cannabis
241:Ketamine
67:European
63:American
2893:10 June
2784:YouTube
1666:2 March
1393:removed
1378:sources
1101:cocaine
1042:cocaine
1021:Ireland
875:removed
860:sources
517:plasma.
452:access.
373:Indiana
330:Georgia
316:alcohol
300:Arizona
251:opiates
205:cocaine
187:alcohol
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676:Canada
439:Nevada
294:Alaska
225:, and
223:peyote
193:, and
49:while
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471:than:
320:drugs
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2155:WJAR
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1581:PMID
1376:any
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504:Ohio
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285:Laws
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