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Anti-substance attitudes were also found to be effected by the program. At the 8 and 14-month follow-ups, the program participants reported lower expectations of positive consequences of substance use compared with students who did not receive the
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refused offers of substances. Adolescent narratives revealed for resistance strategies—Refuse, Explain, Avoid, and Leave that became known as the REAL strategies. These narratives became the basis for a multicultural school-based substance use
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Gosin, M., Marsiglia, F.F., & Hecht, M.L. (2003) Keepin’ it REAL: A drug resistance curriculum tailored to the strengths and needs of pre-adolescents of the
Southwest. The Journal of Drug Education, 33, 2,
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Hecht, M.L., & Driscoll, G. (1994). A comparison of the communication, social, situational, and individual factors associated with alcohol and other drugs. International
Journal of the Addictions, 29,
330:. With this work, Miller-Day and Hecht identified the four resistance strategies (Refuse, Avoid, Explain, and Leave) that are the core of the DRS Project. Since then the project expanded to include
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curriculum. More specifically, Hecht and his colleagues created keepin’ it REAL and field tested the curriculum, which they later implemented in thirty five middle schools in
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Alberts, J.K., Hecht, M.L., Miller-Rassulo, M., & Krizek, R.L. (1992). The communicative process of drug resistance among high school students. Adolescence, 27, 203-226.
517:. Participants in the program reported a lower use of the three substances than the students who did not receive the program. Effects lasted for up to 14 months for
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Hecht, M.L., Graham, J.W. & Elek, E. (2006). The Drug
Resistance Strategies Intervention: Program Effects on Substance Use. Health Communication, 20, 267-276.
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Hecht, M.L., & Johnson, A. (2005). keepin’ it R.E.A.L.: A Culturally
Grounded Substance Abuse Prevention Curriculum. Behavioral Health Management, 25, 45-48.
322:, and develop positive familial attitudes. They first obtained funding from NIDA and launched the Project (DRS1) in 1989. Initial research was conducted in two
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Alberts, J.K., Miller-Rassulo, & Hecht, M.L. (1991). A typology of drug resistance strategies. Journal of
Applied Communication Research, 19, 129-151.
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An intervention summary of keepin’ it REAL can be found on SAMHSA’s
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In the 1980s, Drs. Michelle Miller-Day and
Michael Hecht’s research in interpersonal and interethnic communication at
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version of the curriculum reported smaller increases in estimates of the number of their friends who used drugs.
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of frequency of use before the program and at two, eight, and fourteen months after students completed the
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led them to use narrative and performance theories to study how people's personal stories promote
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where he continued the Drug
Resistance Strategies Project in collaboration with colleagues from
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who have started using substances before keepin’ it REAL as well as those who have not.
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It may require cleanup to comply with
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will engage in ATOD, the kiR lessons include personal stories and language that
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grounding in school-based substance use prevention seen in the
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The DRS project was one of the first programs to examine how
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The findings from this project are in numerous journals of
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Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration
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and promoting reduced and discontinued substances among
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are currently implementing kiR in the following states:
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a
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in assessing what predicts substance use, norms, and
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Starting in 2003, they have been working under a new
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and pre-adolescents how to make decisions and resist
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141:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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430:on the Drug Resistance Strategies Project.
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
422:In 2012, Dr. Michelle Miller-Day moved to
460:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
426:where she continues to work closely with
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
368:. KiR was successful in limiting use of
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355:Arizona
328:Arizona
316:reading
306:History
272:Indiana
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220:tobacco
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150:improve
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