35:
223:, to ship heroin along maritime routes. Southwest Asian heroin (mainly from Afghanistan) represents as much as 22 percent of the heroin entering northwest China. Chinese authorities believe that these trends will increase and they attribute these increases to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in China. China is being forced to develop a complex counter-drug strategy that includes prevention, education, eradication, interdiction, and rehabilitation.
310:
1513:. Preferences between opium and heroin/morphine, and methods of administration, differ from region to region within China. The use of heroin and opium has increased among the younger population, as income has grown and the youth have more free time. China considers crystal methamphetamine abuse second to heroin/morphine as a major drug problem. The use of MDMA has only recently become popular in China's growing urban areas.
4552:
4142:
3496:
3109:
2876:
4562:
1126:
4152:
689:
430:. The unrestricted availability of these chemicals in the country facilitates the production of large quantities of crystal methamphetamine. Seizure information indicates that methamphetamine laboratories are located in provinces along the eastern and southeastern coastal areas. Many of the traffickers for the clandestine crystal methamphetamine laboratories are from
744:
forces. Furthermore, many traffickers believe they have a better chance of surviving a firefight than the outcome of any legal proceedings. In China, sentencing for drug trafficking could include capital punishment. For example, the seizure of 50 grams or more of heroin or crystal methamphetamine could result in the use of the death penalty by the
Government.
993:
286:, are chemically extracted from the plant material and processed for pharmaceutical purposes. These chemicals are then sold domestically and for export. China and India are the major producers of these chemicals extracted from the ephedra plant. In addition to government-controlled farms, the ephedra plant grows wildly in many parts of the
1647:(NNCC), composed of 25 departments, including the Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Health and General Administration of Customs. The NNCC leads the nation's drug control work in a unified way, and is responsible for international drug control cooperation, with an operational agency based in the Ministry of Public Security.
1698:
along the China–Myanmar border. The
Government of China encourages and provides assistance for alternative crop programs in Myanmar along the China–Myanmar border. China is also building on Memoranda of Understanding that are currently in place with Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and the
1520:
reports the rise in the use of ketamine, easy to mass-produce in illicit labs in southern China, particularly among the young. Because of its low cost, and low profit margin, drug peddlers rely on mass distribution to make money, thus increasing its penetrative power to all, including schoolchildren.
2320:
Vol 4, No 1. Feb 2006. This issue of the China and
Eurasia Forum Quarterly provides insights and detailed analyses on narcotics problems and associated economic and social issues. The featured research papers suggest what can be done by the international community to help curb the illegal drug trade
1678:
China also participates in a drug control program with Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and the United States. This program is designed to enhance information sharing and coordination of drug law enforcement activities by countries in and around the
Central Asian Region.
1682:
In June 2000, China and the United States signed a Mutual Legal
Assistance Agreement (MLAT). This treaty subsequently went into effect on March 8, 2001. In 1999, China and the United States signed a Bilateral Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement. However, this agreement has not yet been activated. A
1289:
Increases in pseudoephedrine diversion were noted, beginning with the seizures in March and April 2003 of four shipments of product destined for Mexico. The seizures occurred in the United States and Panama, and totaled over 22 million, 60-milligram pseudoephedrine tablets. The source of supply has
743:
to protect their drug shipments from theft by rival organizations. Many firefights occur along the
Myanmar–China border, where larger drug shipments are more prevalent. Traffickers also arm themselves to avoid being captured by the police, and some smugglers are better armed than the local police
1251:
in cocaine production. Both chemicals are targeted because they are the chemicals most often preferred, and most widely used, by illicit drug manufacturers. However, the effectiveness of
Operation PURPLE has been declining recently, since participant nations are exporting significant amounts of
1047:
In addition to
Southeast Asian heroin entering into China, Southwest Asian heroin enters northwestern China from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. Chinese authorities state that Southwest Asian heroin (mainly originating from Afghanistan) represents as much as 20 percent of the heroin that
385:
government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops.
723:
Reporting on the activities of drug trafficking organizations in China is sparse. However, Chinese officials report that drug traffickers are dividing their large shipments into smaller ones in order to minimize losses in case of seizure. Chinese officials also report that drug traffickers are
187:
destined for the United States. China is developing a significant MDMA production, trafficking, and consumption problem. Although China has taken actions through legislation and regulation of production and exportation of precursor chemicals, extensive action is required to control the illicit
1334:(China's central bank) began several structural reforms such as the establishment of two new divisions, the Payment Trade Supervisory Division and the Money Laundering Working Division. The People's Bank of China also prepared guidelines for use by financial institutions to report suspicious
1322:
was not considered a significant problem in China. However, with the booming economy promoting greater trade investment and the ever-increasing number of foreign bank branches opening throughout the country, it appears that China may become an emerging money laundering center.
1656:
1225:
1000:
China shares a 2000 km border with
Myanmar, as well as smaller but significant borders with Laos and Vietnam. Chinese officials state that the majority of heroin entering China comes over the border from Myanmar. This heroin then transits southern China, through
1533:
in China, 1,326,000 of which were addicted to heroin, accounting for 53.6% of the addict population. Some unofficial estimates range as high as 12 million drug addicts. Of the registered drug addicts, 83.7 percent are male and 73.9 percent are under the age of 35.
1097:, China that had occurred days before. Although the San Francisco seizures were much smaller than the Shenzhen seizure, the capabilities of these trafficking groups appear to be significant. Chinese officials seized over 3 million Ecstasy tablets in China in 2002.
1690:
China has over 30 MLATs with 24 nations covering both civil and criminal matters. In 1996, China signed MLATs that gave specific attention to drug trafficking with Russia, Mexico, and
Pakistan. China also signed a drug control cooperation agreement with India.
1621:. In the Customs General Administration, the Smuggling Prevention Department plays the major role in intercepting illegal drug shipments. The Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security handles all criminal investigations involving
95:
is influenced by factors such as history, location, size, population, and current economic conditions. China has one-sixth of the world's population and a large and expanding economy. China's large land mass, close proximity to the
1586:
Demand reduction efforts target individuals between the ages of 17 and 35, since this is the largest segment of drug users. These efforts include, but are not limited to, media campaigns and establishment of drug-free communities.
1569:
programs are provided in China, although the compulsory treatment is more common. Most addicts who attend these centers do so involuntarily upon orders from the Government. Voluntary treatment is provided at centers operated by
754:
Muslims of pushing heroin on Uyghurs. Heroin has been vended by Hui dealers. There is a typecast image in the public eye of heroin being the province of Hui dealers. Hui have been involved in the Golden Triangle drug area.
1294:
in Hong Kong. Additional investigations have revealed other companies in Hong Kong that have been engaged in supplying substantial amounts of pseudoephedrine to firms, sometime fictitious, shells or fronts, in Mexico.
394:, with 20 per cent of soldiers regarding themselves as addicted during the peak of the epidemic in 1971. In 2003, China was estimated to have four million regular drug users and one million registered drug addicts.
1574:
Bureaus, but these programs are more expensive and many people cannot afford to attend them. Addicts who return to drug use after having received treatment, and cannot be cured by other means, may be sentenced to
719:
minority groups that reside outside of China. These groups reside, and are actively involved in drug trafficking in regions such as Myanmar, Cambodia, Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States.
1606:
1327:
3959:
3909:
2887:
3737:
351:
3566:
1017:
to the southeastern coastal areas, and then on to international markets. Heroin is transported by various overland methods to ports in China's southeastern provinces of Guangdong and Fujian.
3914:
1310:
production operations in their country. Seizures of precursor chemicals in China increased from 50 metric tons in 1991 to 383 metric tons in 1997; only 300 metric tons were seized in 2002.
2669:
3702:
191:
China not only continues to be a major transit route for Southeast Asian heroin bound for international drug markets, but also for Southwest Asian heroin entering northwestern China from
3707:
3457:
252:
and is primarily cultivated for domestic use. In 2002, approximately 1.3 metric tons of cannabis were seized in China, with over 80 percent of cannabis seized being less than 20 grams.
4090:
2664:
1602:
3687:
490:
Sources: Chinese Government Information,1991–2002, and the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), U.S. Department of State, 2002, and INCSR January 2003-June 2003.
119:
China's status in drug trafficking has changed significantly since the 1980s, when the country for the first time opened its borders to trade and tourism after 40 years of relative
3376:
2237:
3259:
1224:
To combat the diversion of precursor chemicals, China implemented several regulations on the control of precursor chemicals between 1992 and 1998, including adoption of the 1988
4016:
2262:
3717:
3904:
3022:
355:
1521:
The journal cites social workers saying that four people can get high by sharing just HK$ 20 worth of ketamine, and estimates 80 per cent of young drug addicts take 'K'.
3551:
2674:
207:
transits southern China to various international markets by maritime transport. Drug traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in coastal cities, such as
1326:
China, however, has taken some initial steps to begin investigation of money laundering activities. An Economic Crimes Investigation Department was established in the
3712:
3536:
2314:
4441:
3062:
2816:
1583:. These centers are run under conditions similar to prisons, including isolation from the outside world, restricted patient movement and a paramilitary routine.
3677:
3436:
2990:
1078:. Although much of the crystal methamphetamine is consumed locally, some is available for shipment to other markets throughout Southeast Asia. Several ports in
2895:
163:
each year, and imports an additional 20,000 metric tons from the United States and Singapore. Reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to
2329:
1267:(LONO) system. China will not allow exports of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine without a positive affirmation by authorities in the importing country as to the
1147:
4001:
3929:
2946:
2707:
2187:
3742:
3727:
3396:
2856:
2694:
1668:
1712:
3611:
2375:
2151:
4059:
3747:
2681:
2605:
1700:
1346:
3967:
4466:
461:). Most MDMA production in China is for domestic consumption. MDMA tablets are also imported from the Netherlands into China to meet the demand.
476:
reporting in 2006 indicates that MDMA tablets in China cost only US$ 0.06 to produce, while the tablets sell for as much as US$ 36 in Shanghai.
4586:
3762:
3722:
3692:
3017:
1687:
on law enforcement cooperation allows the two countries to provide assistance on drug investigations and prosecutions on a case-by-case basis.
4517:
4386:
3037:
2799:
2080:
2053:
2026:
1999:
1980:
1836:
1672:
1664:
359:
4193:
4006:
3939:
3884:
3682:
3426:
3217:
2997:
2783:
1722:
1271:
of the consignee. For those countries that do not issue import permits, a letter of non-objection must be provided to Chinese authorities.
1217:
each year, and imports an additional 20,000 metric tons from the United States and Singapore. China is also the second largest producer of
1028:
in Fujian for shipment to international drug markets. Traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in northeast cities, such as
2967:
56:
4616:
3416:
3165:
2626:
2565:
2445:
2336:
2233:
1660:
1542:
4527:
3593:
2920:
2258:
1614:
4011:
1040:
efforts along the Myanmar–China border have forced some traffickers to send heroin from Myanmar to China's southeastern provinces by
4596:
4326:
4216:
4049:
3991:
3944:
3697:
3561:
2952:
2778:
2702:
2452:
1173:
78:
4486:
2212:
4336:
4236:
4083:
3752:
3640:
3368:
3139:
2940:
2686:
2651:
2490:
1618:
1303:
725:
387:
363:
168:
97:
4286:
4122:
3924:
3770:
3277:
3134:
3032:
2523:
2495:
1786:
1765:
1642:
1186:
China is of paramount importance in global cooperative efforts to prevent the diversion of precursor chemicals. With its large
1090:
236:
Cannabis grows naturally throughout southwestern China, and is legally cultivated in some areas of China for use in commercial
104:, and numerous coastal cities with large and modern port facilities make it an attractive transit center for drug traffickers.
2294:
1933:
1235:
China fully participates in the DEA's Operations TOPAZ and PURPLE, which are international monitoring initiatives that target
4426:
4381:
4351:
4276:
4251:
3919:
3556:
3541:
3472:
3124:
2849:
2457:
2121:
1760:
1610:
1151:
4522:
4481:
1815:
Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (2015-03-04). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade".
1637:
4366:
4346:
3546:
3072:
2405:
2368:
1955:
1750:
735:
In China many individuals and criminal organizations involved in drug trafficking are increasingly arming themselves with
362:(INCB) data, China produces approximately 14 metric tons (31,000 lb) of legal opium per year for use in the domestic
4491:
4496:
4436:
4431:
4401:
4396:
4356:
4301:
4261:
4241:
4112:
4095:
4054:
3981:
3657:
3598:
3573:
3499:
3381:
3187:
3172:
3152:
3148:
3092:
3007:
2480:
1727:
1538:
370:
4321:
2615:
4446:
4421:
4316:
4306:
4281:
4266:
4226:
4117:
3972:
3795:
3583:
3509:
3391:
3315:
3067:
3052:
2962:
2879:
2753:
2420:
1684:
1079:
4532:
4411:
4406:
1136:
1052:. This trend is increasing, and is attributed to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in the
49:
43:
4476:
4361:
1970:
1906:
1190:, China remains a source country for legitimately produced chemicals that are diverted for production of heroin and
1089:
Some MDMA traffickers in China are linked directly to the United States. In June 2001, tablets from seizures in two
4606:
4451:
4376:
4341:
4291:
4231:
4221:
4044:
3986:
3934:
3790:
3732:
3207:
3197:
3047:
2977:
2910:
2811:
2659:
2638:
2560:
2440:
2415:
2410:
1862:
1794:
1580:
4331:
4311:
4246:
1155:
1140:
4537:
4456:
4416:
4391:
4371:
4271:
4145:
3899:
3669:
3606:
3514:
3486:
3482:
3352:
3337:
3239:
3192:
3182:
3082:
2842:
2610:
2585:
2430:
1331:
299:
4296:
1601:
At the national level, the agencies specifically responsible for the control of legal and illicit drugs are the
60:
4208:
4186:
3876:
3841:
3820:
3531:
3526:
3462:
3431:
3297:
3112:
3057:
3042:
2935:
2905:
2632:
2528:
2361:
2176:
2070:
2043:
2016:
1291:
450:
1264:
4611:
4601:
4591:
3949:
3889:
3775:
3645:
3635:
3623:
3364:
3325:
3287:
3212:
3012:
2957:
2900:
2435:
1498:
1420:
1075:
951:
683:
403:
390:
region. The remnant opium trade primarily served Southeast Asia, but spread to American soldiers during the
378:
374:
152:
2148:
4078:
3616:
3519:
3332:
3305:
3282:
3272:
3202:
3129:
2773:
2575:
2518:
1240:
1218:
2096:
4073:
3976:
3805:
3244:
2763:
2723:
2600:
1335:
699:
Many of the individuals involved in the international trafficking of Southeast Asian heroin are ethnic
4160:
4034:
3866:
3800:
3650:
3467:
3347:
3267:
3177:
3117:
3002:
2738:
2733:
2543:
1717:
1695:
1596:
4506:
4179:
4039:
3785:
3628:
3342:
3227:
3222:
3102:
2930:
1633:
1576:
1566:
1339:
1083:
771:
Source: Chinese Government, 1995–2001; DEA Beijing, 2002 and INCSR (China), January 2003-June 2003.
464:
Some laboratory operators in China mix MDMA powder, imported from Europe, with substances, such as
261:
4561:
3894:
3861:
3815:
3810:
3386:
3320:
2925:
2748:
2322:
1887:
1307:
1071:
1041:
879:
419:
136:
124:
2343:
3846:
3836:
3452:
3143:
3097:
3087:
2985:
2548:
2485:
2475:
2076:
2049:
2022:
1995:
1976:
1949:
1879:
1842:
1832:
1187:
724:
increasingly using women, children, and poor, uneducated farmers to body-carry drugs from the
473:
472:, while making the Ecstasy tablets. Given the availability of the precursor chemicals needed,
1989:
123:. As trade with Southeast Asia and elsewhere increased, so did the flow of illicit drugs and
4155:
3851:
3780:
3504:
3406:
3401:
3234:
2865:
2768:
2758:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2126:
1871:
1824:
1755:
1694:
China and Myanmar continue dialogue on counter-drug issues, such as drug trafficking by the
1319:
1236:
1228:
in 1993. Additionally, the Government further improved regulations to strengthen control of
1214:
736:
716:
712:
708:
160:
113:
1093:
San Francisco investigations were linked to the same source as a 300,000-tablet seizure in
3077:
2804:
2595:
2513:
2425:
2400:
2384:
2155:
1626:
1546:
1283:
1279:
1260:
1105:
431:
423:
344:
279:
265:
241:
184:
176:
109:
101:
17:
4026:
3421:
3157:
2915:
2553:
2204:
2045:
Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building
1545:(AIDS) cases. Chinese officials are becoming increasingly concerned about the abuse of
1530:
1350:
1298:
Also, reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to morphine/heroin
336:
270:
4580:
4555:
4101:
3856:
3310:
3249:
3027:
1891:
1571:
1537:
In 2001, intravenous heroin users accounted for 70.9 percent of the confirmed 22,000
1226:
U.N. Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
693:
2283:
1740:
1037:
120:
437:
Because of its increasing popularity with young party goers in Beijing, Shanghai,
1112:, Liu was sentenced to death for drug trafficking, and in 2009 Liu was executed.
343:
produced in these areas is not converted into heroin, but is consumed locally by
4565:
3578:
2533:
2392:
1787:"Made in China: China's Role in Transnational Crime and Illicit Financial Flows"
1550:
1502:
1306:. Domestically, Chinese officials express concern over the increasing number of
1195:
1125:
1101:
1065:
391:
324:
287:
192:
156:
2728:
2621:
2538:
1299:
1210:
1203:
1053:
765:
747:
382:
309:
200:
4171:
1883:
1846:
4067:
3996:
2344:
Illegal drugs, policy change and state power: The case of Contemporary China
1820:
1554:
1506:
1468:
1426:
1392:
1338:, and to sensitize the public about new regulations on money laundering and
1275:
1268:
1256:
1229:
1206:
1199:
1109:
1010:
915:
729:
704:
688:
442:
427:
303:
283:
220:
172:
1875:
1828:
3588:
2467:
1910:
1745:
1490:
1248:
1244:
1094:
1049:
469:
465:
446:
275:
245:
212:
196:
164:
140:
2337:
The Southeast Asian and Chinese Connection to Drug Trade in Central Asia
1108:
and made more than US$ 5.5 billion from it. In 2006, during the term of
992:
386:
Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the
298:
For the history of opium use within China and the Chinese diaspora, see
4107:
2505:
1191:
1033:
1029:
1006:
751:
740:
438:
350:
Legal cultivation of the opium poppy occurs on farms controlled by the
332:
216:
208:
204:
144:
108:
has played an important role in the country's history since before the
2177:"A People's War: China's Struggle to Contain its Illicit Drug Problem"
1478:
1436:
1402:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1002:
700:
453:
officials report significant increases in the domestic production of
328:
249:
180:
1349:
sanctioned individuals in China accused of money laundering for the
2834:
1082:
serve as transit points for crystal methamphetamine transported by
2353:
1622:
1494:
991:
843:
687:
340:
203:. A majority of the Southeast Asian heroin that enters China from
105:
183:; these precursor chemicals are subsequently used to manufacture
1860:
Hevia, James Louis (2003). "Opium, Empire, and Modern History".
1510:
1446:
1255:
Additionally, Chinese authorities further control the export of
692:
Part of the US$ 207 million seized from alleged drug trafficker
454:
237:
148:
4175:
2838:
2357:
3910:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1119:
28:
2072:
Communist multiculturalism: ethnic revival in southwest China
3738:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
1202:. China and its neighbor India are the leading exporters of
274:) is cultivated under strict government control. The active
175:
and has been a source country for much of the ephedrine and
3567:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
2339:, Analyst, Johns Hopkins University, SAIS, August 27, 2003.
1247:
base into heroin, and potassium permanganate is used as an
3915:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1389:
Southeast Asian heroin (price per 1 unit = 700 grams)
2670:
National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention
1282:
exported to Mexico, and subsequently used to manufacture
1274:
China is a source country for significant amounts of the
1036:, to ship heroin via maritime routes. Increased Chinese
1020:
Heroin is transported to Guangdong and to the cities of
2665:
National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
1785:
Mavrellis, Channing; Cassara, John (October 27, 2022).
1243:, respectively. Acetic anhydride is used to synthesize
3688:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
2018:
Women and Heroin Addiction in China's Changing Society
2122:"US sanctions suspected drug cartel money launderers"
1252:
potassium permanganate to non-participant countries.
339:, and the remote regions of the northwest frontier.
159:
nations. China produces over 100,000 metric tons of
4505:
4465:
4207:
4025:
3958:
3875:
3829:
3761:
3668:
3481:
3445:
3363:
3296:
3258:
2976:
2886:
2792:
2716:
2650:
2504:
2466:
2391:
1663:as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the 1971 U.N.
1617:oversees implementation of the laws regulating the
354:and the National Drug Administration Bureau of the
240:manufacturing. Most of the illicit cultivation of
3552:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
2675:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2075:. University of Washington Press. pp. 140–.
1991:Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China
1972:Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China
1489:The major drugs of choice are injectable heroin,
377:(CCP) depended on taxes from opium cultivated in
2696:Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture
2149:We have a way; where's the will to tackle drugs?
188:diversion and smuggling of precursor chemicals.
3713:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
3537:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
2827: * only in special administrative regions
2817:China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
2284:"CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES , 1971"
1934:"Banned in China for sex, drugs, disaffection"
1367:Wholesale drug prices in China (U.S. dollars),
434:groups based in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan.
4187:
3678:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
2850:
2369:
1936:. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007
1591:Drug law enforcement agencies and legislation
1529:As of 2013, there were 2,475,000 registered
155:, which are used by many Southeast Asian and
8:
3718:National Financial Regulatory Administration
327:in China is negligible in provinces such as
171:. China is also a leading exporter of bulk
3930:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2947:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
2708:National Healthcare Security Administration
2048:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 128–.
1154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4194:
4180:
4172:
4151:
3905:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
3743:State Administration for Market Regulation
3728:National Development and Reform Commission
2857:
2843:
2835:
2376:
2362:
2354:
2330:China's War on Narcotics: Two Perspectives
1817:New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution
1669:International Criminal Police Organization
1209:in the world. China produces over 100,000
3612:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
1671:(INTERPOL), and has been a member of the
1174:Learn how and when to remove this message
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
3748:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
2682:National Medical Products Administration
1701:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1365:
1347:United States Department of the Treasury
762:
483:
418:) is facilitated by the availability of
308:
42:This article includes a list of general
2097:"Money talks in capturing drug suspect"
1777:
1713:Crime in the People's Republic of China
1561:Treatment and demand reduction programs
1074:, traffickers produce large amounts of
3723:National Bureau of Statistics of China
3693:China Securities Regulatory Commission
2069:Susan K. McCarthy (15 December 2011).
1947:
2318:The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
2171:
2169:
2167:
1665:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1638:National Narcotics Control Commission
360:International Narcotics Control Board
7:
3940:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
3885:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
3683:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
1723:Shanghai Drug Abuse Treatment Centre
1330:to focus on illicit activities. The
1152:adding citations to reliable sources
3417:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
1661:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
1543:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
358:. According to United Nations (UN)
2921:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
2259:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
2234:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1655:China is a party to the 1988 U.N.
1615:State Food and Drug Administration
1104:, who produced up to 31 tonnes of
996:China's borders (click to enlarge)
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3945:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
3698:General Administration of Customs
3562:China Reform Holdings Corporation
2953:Scientific Outlook on Development
2779:Violence against doctors in China
2703:General Administration of Customs
2348:The Journal of Contemporary China
2332:, Silk Road Paper, December 2006.
2328:Swanström, Niklas L.P., He, Yin,
1932:Michael Mackey (April 29, 2004).
1683:May 1997 United States and China
1263:through the voluntary use of the
381:as major sources of revenue. The
4560:
4551:
4550:
4150:
4141:
4140:
3992:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan
3753:State Administration of Taxation
3641:Stock Exchange Executive Council
3495:
3494:
3108:
3107:
2875:
2874:
2300:from the original on 2017-12-09.
2193:from the original on 2017-09-27.
1286:destined for the United States.
1124:
347:groups in these isolated areas.
139:necessary for the production of
33:
4002:2015–16 stock market turbulence
3925:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
2265:from the original on 2017-11-10
2240:from the original on 2017-11-10
2215:from the original on 2017-11-29
1766:Legality of cannabis by country
1376:
1086:to international drug markets.
1070:Due to the availability of the
494:
127:from, into, and through China.
4518:British Indian Ocean Territory
3920:Northeast China Revitalization
3557:China Internet Investment Fund
3542:China Government Guidance Fund
2688:Hong Kong Department of Health
2321:in China and Eurasia regions.
2147:Yeung, Philip (9 April 2010),
1988:Safran William (13 May 2013).
1969:Safran William (13 May 2013).
1761:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
1611:Customs General Administration
1565:Both voluntary and compulsory
1290:been identified as legitimate
732:and other provinces in China.
485:Drug-related arrests in China,
1:
4587:Illegal drug trade by country
4012:China–United States trade war
3877:Regional economic initiatives
3830:National economic initiatives
3547:China-Africa Development Fund
2941:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
1907:"Opium History, 1858 to 1940"
1751:Illicit drug use in Australia
1314:Drug-related money laundering
314:
167:and heroin refineries in the
4113:List of Chinese by net worth
4096:China Compulsory Certificate
4007:Protein export contamination
3658:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
3574:China Investment Corporation
3038:Business process outsourcing
2800:China–Cornell–Oxford Project
2481:Traditional Chinese medicine
2205:"Narcotics Control in China"
1728:Wilful Blindness (2021 book)
1539:human immunodeficiency virus
750:drug dealers are accused by
371:Chinese Communist Revolution
268:farms, where ephedra grass (
3427:Water supply and sanitation
2784:Water supply and sanitation
2350:, 4: pp. 14–34 (1993).
1994:. Routledge. pp. 36–.
1975:. Routledge. pp. 36–.
1685:Memorandum of Understanding
1667:. China is a member of the
1607:Ministry of Public Security
1328:Ministry of Public Security
764:Drug seizures in China (in
323:Illicit cultivation of the
135:China is a major source of
93:illegal drug trade in China
4633:
4617:Illegal drug trade in Asia
4202:Illegal drug trade in Asia
3935:Rise of Central China Plan
3733:National Energy Commission
2812:China Family Panel Studies
2660:National Health Commission
1863:China Review International
1795:Global Financial Integrity
1594:
1581:re-education through labor
1063:
681:
297:
227:Cultivation and processing
4546:
4131:
3968:2005–2011 property bubble
3900:China Western Development
3607:Dalian Commodity Exchange
2872:
2825:
2431:Patriotic Health Campaign
2335:Swanström, Niklas L. P.,
2015:Huan Gao (15 July 2011).
1954:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1445:
1419:
1388:
300:History of opium in China
116:in the mid-19th century.
18:Drug trafficking in China
4597:Law enforcement in China
4267:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3842:Belt and Road Initiative
3821:Rural credit cooperative
3594:Foreign exchange reserve
3527:Beijing Financial Street
2936:Socialist market economy
2611:Swine influenza outbreak
2411:Healthcare system reform
2160:South China Morning Post
2021:. Taylor & Francis.
1651:Treaties and conventions
1518:South China Morning Post
1357:Drug abuse and treatment
1292:pharmaceutical companies
379:revolutionary base areas
4528:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4084:Globalization and women
3950:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
3890:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
3670:Government institutions
3646:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
3636:Shanghai Metal Exchange
3624:Shanghai Stock Exchange
3288:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
3273:Megalopolises in China
2491:Pharmaceutical industry
2436:China Welfare Institute
1619:pharmaceutical industry
1499:crystal methamphetamine
1421:Crystal methamphetamine
1265:Letter of Non-Objection
1076:crystal methamphetamine
952:Crystal methamphetamine
684:Triad (organized crime)
404:crystal methamphetamine
375:Chinese Communist Party
364:pharmaceutical industry
352:Ministry of Agriculture
153:crystal methamphetamine
63:more precise citations.
4123:Science and technology
4017:2020–2021 reform spree
3771:International rankings
3617:Beijing Stock Exchange
3283:Suzhou Industrial Park
3278:Special Economic Zones
2606:Disease-related deaths
2566:lead poisoning scandal
2524:Cardiovascular disease
2042:Yongming Zhou (1999).
1332:People's Bank of China
1241:potassium permanganate
1232:during 1999 and 2000.
1219:potassium permanganate
1100:Another case involved
997:
715:, or members of other
696:
320:
3473:Intellectual property
2968:1949–1976 wage reform
2911:Industrial Revolution
2534:Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
2458:Organ transplantation
2209:www.china-embassy.org
2101:www.chinadaily.com.cn
1876:10.1353/cri.2004.0076
1829:10.4324/9781315702124
1048:enters the northwest
995:
691:
682:Further information:
312:
4442:United Arab Emirates
4161:Economy of East Asia
3867:Youth Business China
3703:Ministry of Commerce
3651:SZSE Component Index
3268:Dalian Software Park
2406:Disease surveillance
1823:. pp. 263–297.
1718:Drug policy of China
1696:United Wa State Army
1597:Drug policy of China
1423:(price per kilogram)
1148:improve this section
244:in China appears in
4469:limited recognition
3708:Ministry of Finance
3629:SSE Composite Index
3599:Hedge fund industry
3446:Law and regulations
3153:academic publishing
2931:Four Modernizations
1579:in labor camps for
1374:
1372:Source: DEA Beijing
1340:terrorist financing
1116:Precursor chemicals
1084:containerized cargo
1072:precursor chemicals
880:Precursor chemicals
773:
492:
420:precursor chemicals
137:precursor chemicals
125:precursor chemicals
4118:Chinese economists
4091:National Standards
3987:2007 slave scandal
3895:Bohai Economic Rim
3862:Made in China 2025
3811:Internal migration
3796:Standard of living
3584:Financial services
3458:Labor contract law
3412:Illegal drug trade
3382:World Trade Center
3218:Telecommunications
3166:equipment industry
2998:Advanced materials
2963:Population history
2926:Great Leap Forward
2880:Companies of China
2754:Population history
2744:Illegal drug trade
2441:Hospitals in China
2421:Health informatics
2154:2019-01-06 at the
1634:Chinese government
1603:Ministry of Health
1449:(price per tablet)
1366:
1345:In July 2024, the
1194:, as well as many
998:
763:
697:
678:Trafficking groups
484:
321:
264:owns and operates
262:Chinese Government
242:cannabis as a drug
4607:Politics of China
4574:
4573:
4511:other territories
4169:
4168:
3982:2007 stock bubble
3847:Common prosperity
3837:Beijing Consensus
3791:Income inequality
3260:Development Zones
2832:
2831:
2627:COVID-19 pandemic
2561:Iodine deficiency
2476:Medicine in China
2082:978-0-295-80041-7
2055:978-0-8476-9598-0
2028:978-1-136-66156-3
2001:978-1-136-32416-1
1982:978-1-136-32423-9
1905:Alfred W. McCoy.
1838:978-1-317-46391-7
1525:Addict population
1487:
1486:
1373:
1188:chemical industry
1184:
1183:
1176:
985:
984:
772:
737:automatic weapons
675:
674:
491:
313:China opium den,
114:Second Opium Wars
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
4624:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4523:Christmas Island
4209:Sovereign states
4196:
4189:
4182:
4173:
4156:Outline of China
4154:
4153:
4144:
4143:
3977:pet food recalls
3852:Dual circulation
3603:Stock Exchanges
3532:Financial system
3498:
3497:
3437:Trading partners
3183:Renewable energy
3111:
3110:
2878:
2877:
2866:Economy of China
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2591:Pneumonic plague
2529:Chronic diseases
2519:Blue-ear disease
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
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2299:
2288:
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2145:
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2138:
2136:
2135:
2127:Voice of America
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2039:
2033:
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2012:
2006:
2005:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1913:on April 4, 2007
1909:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1895:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1782:
1756:Mexican Drug War
1659:, the 1961 U.N.
1646:
1375:
1371:
1320:money laundering
1237:acetic anhydride
1215:acetic anhydride
1179:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1128:
1120:
1042:fishing trawlers
1032:, Shanghai, and
774:
770:
493:
489:
319:
316:
161:acetic anhydride
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
59:this article by
50:inline citations
37:
36:
29:
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4482:Northern Cyprus
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3871:
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3757:
3664:
3477:
3463:Labor relations
3441:
3359:
3292:
3254:
3140:Pharmaceuticals
2972:
2906:Five-year plans
2882:
2868:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2805:The China Study
2788:
2712:
2646:
2639:Omicron variant
2514:Avian influenza
2500:
2462:
2453:Medical schools
2426:Barefoot doctor
2387:
2385:Health in China
2382:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2286:
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2277:
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2227:
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2156:Wayback Machine
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1734:Other countries
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1657:Drug Convention
1653:
1640:
1627:methamphetamine
1599:
1593:
1563:
1547:methamphetamine
1527:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1362:Drugs of choice
1359:
1316:
1304:Golden Triangle
1284:methamphetamine
1280:pseudoephedrine
1261:pseudoephedrine
1180:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1145:
1129:
1118:
1106:methamphetamine
1068:
1062:
1060:Synthetic drugs
990:
769:
761:
726:Golden Triangle
686:
680:
488:
487:1991–2003
486:
482:
451:law enforcement
432:organized crime
424:pseudoephedrine
402:Manufacture of
400:
398:Synthetic drugs
388:Golden Triangle
345:ethnic minority
317:
307:
296:
280:pseudoephedrine
258:
234:
229:
185:methamphetamine
177:pseudoephedrine
169:Golden Triangle
133:
102:Golden Crescent
98:Golden Triangle
85:
74:
68:
65:
55:Please help to
54:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4630:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4612:Drugs in China
4609:
4604:
4602:Trade in China
4599:
4594:
4592:Crime in China
4589:
4579:
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4027:Related topics
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3776:Social welfare
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3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Postal history
3394:
3392:Communications
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3369:infrastructure
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:Oil refineries
3323:
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3294:
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3290:
3285:
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3275:
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3105:
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3068:Electric power
3065:
3063:Electric motor
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Historical GDP
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Iron rice bowl
2913:
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2903:
2898:
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2583:
2578:
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2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:Plasma Economy
2546:
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2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
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2460:
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2449:
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2446:Classification
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Women's health
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2342:Yang Dali L. "
2340:
2333:
2326:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2291:United Nations
2275:
2250:
2225:
2196:
2163:
2140:
2113:
2088:
2081:
2061:
2054:
2034:
2027:
2007:
2000:
1981:
1961:
1924:
1897:
1870:(2): 307–326.
1852:
1837:
1819:(0 ed.).
1807:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1652:
1649:
1625:, heroin, and
1595:Main article:
1592:
1589:
1577:rehabilitation
1567:drug treatment
1562:
1559:
1526:
1523:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:Burmese border
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:Sinaloa Cartel
1315:
1312:
1308:synthetic drug
1221:in the world.
1182:
1181:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1080:southern China
1061:
1058:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
760:
757:
717:ethnic Chinese
679:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
575:
569:
568:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
497:
481:
478:
399:
396:
337:Inner Mongolia
295:
292:
288:northern areas
271:ephedra sinica
257:
254:
233:
230:
228:
225:
179:imported into
132:
129:
87:
86:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4629:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:South Ossetia
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:Made in China
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:Globalization
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Go Out policy
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Trade history
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Energy policy
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Pearl farming
3133:
3131:
3130:Online gaming
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Biotechnology
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Vegetarianism
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:Delta variant
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:SARS pandemic
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Mental health
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:Biotechnology
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:In 1990, the
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1572:Public Health
1568:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:found in the
1301:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:This section
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:western parts
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
994:
987:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
954:
953:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
918:
917:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
882:
881:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:
845:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
775:
767:
759:Drug seizures
758:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
694:Zhenli Ye Gon
690:
685:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
495:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
395:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
356:State Council
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
311:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
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69:December 2023
62:
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27:
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4507:Dependencies
4437:Turkmenistan
4402:Saudi Arabia
4256:
4136:
4135:
4100:
4074:Demographics
4066:
4060:Largest SOEs
3806:Urbanization
3515:Central bank
3411:
3245:Video gaming
3125:Mobile phone
2802:
2764:Prostitution
2743:
2724:Demographics
2695:
2687:
2601:Tuberculosis
2347:
2317:
2290:
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2208:
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2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2130:. 2024-07-01
2125:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2071:
2064:
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2010:
1990:
1971:
1964:
1938:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1900:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1816:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1793:
1780:
1741:War on Drugs
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1675:since 1984.
1654:
1631:
1600:
1585:
1564:
1536:
1531:drug addicts
1528:
1517:
1515:
1493:, smokeable
1488:
1369:January 2003
1344:
1336:transactions
1325:
1318:In the past
1317:
1297:
1288:
1273:
1254:
1234:
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1185:
1170:
1161:
1146:Please help
1134:
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1069:
1046:
1038:interdiction
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502:Convictions
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235:
190:
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4566:Asia portal
4467:States with
4387:Philippines
4327:South Korea
4322:North Korea
4217:Afghanistan
4035:Agriculture
3973:2007 export
3801:Foreign aid
3763:Development
3579:CITIC Group
3520:Other banks
3468:Food safety
3178:Real estate
3118:gold mining
3073:Electronics
3003:Aquaculture
2739:Food safety
2734:Environment
2729:Dust storms
2544:Hepatitis B
1641: [
1636:set up the
1551:amphetamine
1503:nimetazepam
1211:metric tons
1196:amphetamine
1102:Liu Zhaohua
1066:Liu Zhaohua
768:) 1995–2003
766:metric tons
480:Trafficking
474:open source
392:Vietnam War
369:During the
325:opium poppy
318: 1896
193:Afghanistan
157:Pacific Rim
61:introducing
4581:Categories
4447:Uzbekistan
4422:Tajikistan
4337:Kyrgyzstan
4317:Kazakhstan
4237:Bangladesh
4227:Azerbaijan
4040:Bankruptcy
3816:Emigration
3786:Corruption
3500:Accounting
3453:Tax system
3353:Geothermal
3223:Television
3188:Securities
3173:Rare earth
3149:Publishing
3093:Hedge fund
3008:Automotive
2978:Industries
2652:Government
2622:SARS-CoV-2
2539:Fujian flu
2393:Healthcare
2309:References
2269:2017-11-10
2244:2017-11-10
2219:2017-11-10
2134:2024-07-02
1801:2022-12-21
1609:, and the
1555:stimulants
1549:and other
1541:(HIV) and
1300:refineries
1269:bona fides
1200:stimulants
1064:See also:
1056:of China.
748:Hui Muslim
449:, Chinese
422:, such as
383:Mao Zedong
290:of China.
201:Tajikistan
147:, heroin,
44:references
4533:Hong Kong
4487:Palestine
4412:Sri Lanka
4407:Singapore
4287:Indonesia
4137:See also:
4068:The Hongs
4045:Companies
3997:2010 Expo
3387:Transport
3338:Renewable
3321:Oil shale
3053:Container
3023:Aerospace
2749:Pollution
2315:Narcotics
2184:Brookings
1892:143635262
1884:1527-9367
1847:904437646
1821:Routledge
1772:Footnotes
1507:temazepam
1469:Guangzhou
1427:Guangzhou
1397:$ 18,000
1393:Guangzhou
1276:ephedrine
1257:ephedrine
1230:ephedrine
1207:ephedrine
1164:July 2024
1135:does not
1110:Hu Jintao
1011:Guangdong
916:Marijuana
730:Guangdong
713:Cantonese
709:Fujianese
705:Yunnanese
443:Guangzhou
428:ephedrine
304:Opium den
284:ephedrine
276:alkaloids
221:Guangdong
173:ephedrine
121:isolation
4556:Category
4477:Abkhazia
4427:Thailand
4382:Pakistan
4362:Mongolia
4357:Maldives
4352:Malaysia
4252:Cambodia
4146:Category
3589:Renminbi
3407:Shipping
3240:Textiles
3208:Software
3198:Shipping
3193:Sex toys
3162:Railway
3144:pharmacy
3098:Internet
3088:Gambling
3018:Aircraft
3013:Aviation
2986:Industry
2549:HIV/AIDS
2506:Diseases
2486:Pharmacy
2468:Medicine
2295:Archived
2263:Archived
2238:Archived
2213:Archived
2188:Archived
2152:Archived
1950:cite web
1746:Fentanyl
1707:See also
1491:morphine
1460:Shanghai
1381:Location
1342:issues.
1249:oxidizer
1245:morphine
1095:Shenzhen
1050:Xinjiang
741:grenades
728:area to
470:ketamine
466:caffeine
447:Shenzhen
246:Xinjiang
232:Cannabis
213:Shanghai
197:Pakistan
165:morphine
141:fentanyl
131:Overview
4452:Vietnam
4367:Myanmar
4347:Lebanon
4277:Georgia
4232:Bahrain
4222:Armenia
4108:Mingong
4055:Top 500
4050:Largest
3781:Poverty
3510:History
3505:Banking
3487:banking
3483:Finance
3432:Exports
3402:Tourism
3333:Nuclear
3235:Tourism
3228:digital
3083:Fishing
2991:history
2896:History
2888:History
2793:Studies
2769:Smoking
2759:Poverty
2717:Related
2581:Obesity
2571:Leprosy
2323:Details
1940:June 8,
1452:Beijing
1407:18,000
1192:cocaine
1156:removed
1141:sources
1034:Tianjin
1030:Qingdao
1007:Guangxi
671:25,879
658:32,222
645:33,895
632:33,203
619:33,641
606:27,229
593:18,878
580:13,787
499:Arrests
459:Ecstasy
439:Nanjing
333:Ningxia
266:ephedra
256:Ephedra
217:Tianjin
209:Qingdao
205:Myanmar
145:cocaine
57:improve
4497:Taiwan
4432:Turkey
4397:Russia
4332:Kuwait
4312:Jordan
4302:Israel
4262:Cyprus
4247:Brunei
4242:Bhutan
3960:Events
3298:Energy
3113:Mining
3058:Cotton
3048:Coffee
3043:Cement
2901:Reform
2641:(2022)
2635:(2021)
2629:(2020)
2618:(2003)
2596:Stroke
2401:Health
2106:3 June
2079:
2052:
2025:
1998:
1979:
1917:May 4,
1890:
1882:
1845:
1835:
1613:. The
1605:, the
1553:-type
1509:, and
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1463:27–36
1455:27–36
1441:4,000
1437:Xiamen
1431:3,700
1415:5,000
1403:Fuzhou
1384:Price
1198:-type
1026:Fuzhou
1022:Xiamen
1015:Fujian
1003:Yunnan
988:Heroin
969:16,059
809:Heroin
752:Uyghur
701:Kokang
668:31,400
655:42,854
642:40,602
629:39,604
616:37,627
603:34,287
590:24,873
577:18,860
567:9,801
564:12,990
554:7,883
551:10,434
541:6,137
528:6,588
515:5,285
445:, and
416:bingdu
373:, the
329:Yunnan
250:Yunnan
219:, and
199:, and
181:Mexico
46:, but
4538:Macau
4457:Yemen
4417:Syria
4392:Qatar
4372:Nepal
4307:Japan
4282:India
4272:Egypt
4257:China
3422:Ports
3365:Trade
3348:Solar
3213:Steel
3158:Radio
3103:Media
2586:Opium
2298:(PDF)
2287:(PDF)
2191:(PDF)
2180:(PDF)
1888:S2CID
1790:(PDF)
1739:U.S.
1645:]
1623:opium
1495:opium
1009:, to
981:4.53
966:1,608
963:1,334
960:1,599
957:1,304
939:0,751
936:4,493
933:0,106
930:5,079
927:2,408
924:4,876
921:0,466
864:2,428
861:1,193
858:1,215
855:1,880
852:1,745
844:Opium
837:4.07
828:6,281
825:5,364
822:7,358
819:5,478
816:4,347
813:2,376
803:2003
538:7,677
525:7,025
512:8,080
412:shabu
341:Opium
294:Opium
110:First
106:Opium
4377:Oman
4342:Laos
4297:Iraq
4292:Iran
3485:and
3367:and
3343:Wind
3311:Coal
3250:Wine
3203:Silk
3151:and
3142:and
3078:Film
3028:Beer
2108:2022
2077:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1956:link
1942:2007
1919:2007
1880:ISSN
1843:OCLC
1833:ISBN
1673:INCB
1516:The
1511:MDMA
1447:MDMA
1378:Drug
1278:and
1259:and
1239:and
1204:bulk
1139:any
1137:cite
1024:and
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975:4.82
972:20.9
945:N/A
909:N/A
873:N/A
867:2.82
849:1.11
834:9.29
831:13.2
800:2002
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496:Year
468:and
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