104:
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581:
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472:"Cooked powder residue" is the name for the waste material generated by cooking down or distilling muck. It will contain residual solvent, powdered filter material (diatomite), carbon, non-volatile residues, lint, dyes, grease, soils, and water. The waste sludge or solid residue from the still contains residual solvent, water, soils, carbon, and other non-volatile residues. Used filters are another form of waste, as is waste water, which are also subject to regulation by the
424:
404:
from the machine then passes through a chiller unit where solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry cleaning machines use a closed-loop system in which the chilled air is reheated and recirculated. This results in high solvent recovery rates and reduced air pollution. In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchloroethylene were vented to the atmosphere because it was regarded as cheap and believed to be harmless.
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177:
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water molecules interferes with weak attractions within the fiber, resulting in the loss of the fiber's original shape. After the laundry cycle, water molecules will evaporate. However, the original shape of the fibers has already been distorted and this commonly results in shrinkage. Non-polar solvents prevent this interaction, protecting more delicate fabrics.
871:(also called "propylene glycol ethers") are a class of organic solvents which were introduced in the 1990s as an alternative to PCE. These solvent mixes are flammable, but are considered comparable to high flash hydrocarbons in fire hazard. They are not considered to be carcinogenic, and have relatively benign persistence and environmental effects.
380:. The condensed solvent is fed into a separator unit where any remaining water is separated from the solvent, and the refined solvent fed into the clean solvent tank. The ideal flow rate is roughly 8 liters of solvent per kilogram of garments per minute (very approximately one gallon per pound of garments), depending on the size of the machine.
676:(PCE or "perc", tetrachloroethylene) has been in use since the 1930s. PCE is the most common solvent, the "standard" for cleaning performance. It is a highly effective cleaning solvent, and it is thermally stable, recyclable, and has low toxicity and a pleasant smell. PCE is recycled by distillation at its boiling point (121 °C).
432:
299:, so it can be reused to clean further loads or safely disposed of. Most modern enclosed machines also incorporate a computer-controlled drying sensor, which automatically senses when all detectable traces of PCE have been removed. This system ensures that only small amounts of PCE fumes are released at the end of the cycle.
688:(IARC). There is a possibility that it is carcinogenic to humans in long term, but the evidence is limited since most of the evaluated dry-cleaners had heavy smoking and drinking habits. The exposure to tetrachloroethylene in a typical dry cleaner is considered far below the levels required to cause any risk.
294:
Machines of this era were described as "vented"; their drying exhausts were expelled into the atmosphere, the same as many modern tumble-dryer exhausts. This contributed to environmental contamination, and much potentially reusable solvent was lost to the atmosphere. Today, much stricter controls on
530:
can be removed by dry cleaning. Some need to be treated with spotting solvents – sometimes by steam jet or by soaking in special stain-remover liquids – before garments are washed or dry cleaned. Also, garments which have been stored in soiled condition for a long time
403:
During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a stream of warm air (60–63 °C; 140–145 °F) that circulates throughout the basket, evaporating traces of solvent left after the spin cycle. The air temperature is controlled to prevent heat damage to the garments. The exhausted warm air
363:
A dry cleaning machine is similar to a combination of a domestic washing machine and clothes dryer. Garments are placed in the washing or extraction chamber (referred to as the "basket" or "drum"), which constitutes the core of the machine. The washing chamber contains a horizontal-axis, perforated
891:
dibutyl acetal, also referred to as "butylal", loosely referred to as "acetal", and trademarked as SolvonK4) is a bipolar solvent that removes water-based stains and oil-based stains. Because the solvent is relatively new in cleaning applications, there has been relatively little specific research
803:
to the cleaning chamber. Liquid carbon dioxide is then pumped into the cleaning chamber from a separate storage vessel by a hydraulic or electrically driven pump (which preferably has dual pistons). The pump increases the pressure of the liquid carbon dioxide to approximately 900 to 1,500 psi
383:
A typical wash cycle lasts for 8–15 minutes depending on the type of garments and degree of soiling. During the first three minutes, solvent-soluble soils dissolve into the perchloroethylene and loose, insoluble soil comes off. It takes 10–12 minutes after the loose soil has come off to remove any
835:
is low. As mentioned in the
Mechanisms section, dry cleaning utilizes both chemical and mechanical properties to remove stains. When solvent interacts with the fabric's surface, the friction dislocates dirt. At the same time, the friction also builds up an electrical charge. Fabrics are very poor
679:
The solvent can cause color bleeding/loss, especially at higher temperatures. In some cases it may damage special trims, buttons and beads on some garments. It is better for oil-based stains (which account for about 10% of stains) than more common water-soluble stains (coffee, wine, blood, etc.).
327:
Non-polar solvents are also good for some fabrics, especially natural fabrics, as the solvent does not interact with any polar groups within the fabric. Water binds to these polar groups which results in the swelling and stretching of proteins within fibers during laundering. Also, the binding of
855:
is expensive – up to $ 90,000 more than a PCE machine, making affordability difficult for small businesses. Some cleaners with these machines keep traditional machines on-site for more-heavily soiled textiles, but others find plant-derived enzymes to be equally effective and more
290:
From the customer's perspective, dry cleaning businesses are either "plants" or "drop shops". The former does on-site cleaning, while a drop shop receives garments from customers, sends them to a large plant, and then has the cleaned garments returned to the shop for pickup by the customer. The
1501:
Commission
Regulation (EU) 2018/35 of 10 January 2018 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (‘D4’) and
391:
At the end of the wash cycle, the machine starts a rinse cycle where the garment load is rinsed with freshly distilled solvent dispensed from the solvent tank. This pure solvent rinse prevents discoloration caused by soil particles being deposited back into the garment from the "dirty" working
367:
During the wash cycle, the chamber is filled approximately one-third full of solvent and begins to rotate, agitating the clothing. The solvent temperature is maintained at 30 °C (86 °F) or lower, as a higher temperature may damage it. During the wash cycle, the solvent in the chamber
906:
than PCE. This allows faster cleaning, but can damage some synthetic beads and sequins if not used correctly. Healthwise, there are reported risks associated with nPB such as numbness of nerves. Environmentally, it is approved by the US EPA. It is among the more expensive solvents, but it has
395:
After the rinse cycle, the machine begins the extraction process, which recovers the solvent for reuse. Modern machines recover approximately 99.99% of the solvent employed. The extraction cycle begins by draining the solvent from the washing chamber and accelerating the basket to
1458:
877:("siloxane" or "liquid silicone", trademarked Siloxane D5), was initially popularized by GreenEarth Cleaning. It is more expensive than PCE. It is marketed as an eco-friendly product that degrades quickly in the environment, but is controlled in the European Union due to its
798:
dry cleaning process involves charging a sealed chamber which has been loaded with clothes, using gaseous carbon dioxide from a storage vessel to approximately 200 to 300 psi (14 to 21 bar) of pressure. This step in the process is initiated as a precaution to avoid
469:, removes fine insoluble soil and non-volatile residues, along with dyes from the solvent. Finally, the solvent passes through a polishing filter, which removes any contaminants not previously removed. The clean solvent is then returned to the working solvent tank.
739:-based solvents are less aggressive but also less effective than PCE. Although hydrocarbons are combustible, risk of fire or explosion can be minimized when they are used properly; a fire-suppression system may also be required. Hydrocarbons are considered to be
691:
It is estimated that 50% to 70% of dry cleaners in the US were using PCE as of 2012. Alternative solvents are available, but these may require major changes in equipment, procedures, and operator training. Flammable solvents may require installation of expensive
522:
of perchloroethylene is around 1.62 g/cm at room temperature (62% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of absorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under typical forces during the spin extraction cycle, unless the mesh bag provides mechanical support.
282:(also called perchloroethylene or PCE) as the solvent. It has excellent cleaning power and is nonflammable and compatible with most garments. Because it is stable, tetrachloroethylene is readily recycled, but it is persistent if released into the environment.
291:
latter setup minimized the risk of fire or dangerous fumes created by the cleaning process. At the time, dry cleaning had been accomplished by using two separate machines—one for the cleaning process and the second to remove the solvent from the garments.
400:, causing much of the solvent to spin free of the fabric. Until this time, the cleaning is done in normal temperature, as the solvent is never heated during dry cleaning process. When no more solvent can be spun out, the machine starts the drying cycle.
295:
solvent emissions have ensured that all dry cleaning machines in the
Western world are fully enclosed, and no solvent fumes are vented to the atmosphere. In enclosed machines, solvent extracted during the drying process is recovered and purified by
754:(TCE) is more aggressive than PCE but is very rarely used today. With superior degreasing properties, it was often used for industrial workwear/overalls cleaning in the past. It is chemically related to tetrachloroethylene. TCE is classified as
683:
The toxicity of tetrachloroethylene is "moderate to low" and "reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing". Tetrachloroethylene is classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) by the
840:
is dissipated through the solvent. This discharge does not occur in liquid carbon dioxide, and the build-up of an electrical charge on the surface of the fabric attracts the dirt back on to the surface, diminishing the cleaning efficiency.
368:(commonly known as the "cage" or "tackle box") is passed through a filtration chamber and then fed back into the "cage". This is known as the cycle, and is continued for the wash duration. The solvent is then removed and sent to a
907:
advantages of faster cleaning, lower temperatures, and quick drying times. In 2016, the state of
Massachusetts listed the solvent as a "Higher Hazard Substance" due to increased concerns about its health and environmental effects.
323:
are non-polar and tend to selectively extract many compounds that cause stains. These stains would otherwise only dissolve in aqueous detergent mixtures at high temperatures, potentially damaging delicate fabrics.
384:
ground-in insoluble soil from garments. Machines using hydrocarbon solvents require a wash cycle of at least 25 minutes because of the much slower rate of solvation of solvent-soluble soils. A dry cleaning
1115:
In
Britain America the discovery was for long attributed to a supposed Paris tailor by name of Jolly-Belin Actually the discoverer of drycleaning was not named Jolly-Belin but Jean-Baptiste Jell
364:
drum that rotates within an outer shell. The shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the garment load. The basket capacity is between about 10 and 40 kilograms (22 and 88 lb).
443:
steps before it is returned to the washing chamber. The first step is a button trap, which prevents small objects such as lint, fasteners, buttons, and coins from entering the solvent pump.
1215:
450:(called "muck") accumulates on the lint filter. The muck is removed regularly (commonly once per day) and then processed to recover solvent trapped in the muck. Many machines use "spin
315:
bind water, leading to swelling of the fabric and leading to wrinkling, which is minimized when these materials are treated with tetrachloroethylene or other dry cleaning solvents.
804:(62 to 103 bar). A separate sub-cooler reduces the temperature of the carbon dioxide by 2 to 3 °C (3.6 to 5.4 °F) below the boiling point, in an effort to prevent
703:
solvent for dry cleaning, there is considerable interest in finding a "drop-in" substitute solvent which could be used with minimal changes to existing equipment and procedures.
550:). A bar underneath the circle indicates that only mild cleaning processes are recommended. A crossed-out empty circle indicates that an item should not be dry cleaned at all.
1456:, Townsend, Carl W.; Chao, Sidney C. & Purer, Edna M., "Liquid carbon dioxide cleaning system employing a static dissipating fluid", published 1998-07-28
1243:
878:
275:(TCE), but they gradually were phased out as their adverse health effects became more known. TCE may still occasionally be used for spot cleaning of difficult stains.
411:) cycle cools the garments and removes further traces of solvent by circulating cool outside air over the garments and then through a vapor recovery filter made from
546:
for dry cleaning is a circle. It may have the letter "P" inside it to indicate perchloroethylene solvent, or the letter "F" to indicate a flammable solvent (German:
1624:
759:
473:
103:
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superior to conventional methods, but the
Drycleaning and Laundry Institute commented on its "fairly low cleaning ability" in a 2007 report. Supercritical CO
1372:
685:
592:
1522:
Ceballos, Diana M.; Whittaker, Stephen G.; Lee, Eun Gyung; Roberts, Jennifer; Streicher, Robert; Nourian, Fariba; Gong, Wei; Broadwater, Kendra (2016).
1590:
844:
To compensate for the poor solubility and conductivity of supercritical carbon dioxide, research has focused on additives. For increased solubility,
1662:
435:
A Firbimatic Saver Series. This machine uses activated clay filtration instead of distillation. It uses much less energy than conventional methods.
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580:
616:
568:
1025:
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are difficult to bring back to their original color and texture, since irreversible chemical reactions (such as oxidation) may occur over time.
1091:
2033:
1573:
68:
848:
has shown increased cleaning effects for liquid carbon dioxide, as it increases the ability of the solvent to dissolve polar compounds.
644:
207:
The ancient Greeks and Romans had some waterless methods to clean textiles, involving the use of powdered chemicals and absorbent clay (
343:
A modern dry cleaning machine with touchscreen and SPS control. Manufacturer: EazyClean, type EC124. Photo taken prior to installation.
1285:
251:
The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, resulting in government regulation of dry cleaners.
1634:
90:
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is an alternative to PCE; however, it is inferior in removing some forms of grime. Additive surfactants improve the efficacy of CO
2071:
1932:
1924:
632:
556:
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solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had improved cleaning power. Early solvents were
1247:
1168:
142:(known in the industry as "perc") is the most commonly used solvent, although alternative solvents such as hydrocarbons, and
1914:
1620:
727:
higher than 60 °C (140 °F), are considered to be safer than traditional hydrocarbon solvents. Examples include
1888:
1655:
962:
874:
514:
Fragile items, such as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings, may be protected by enclosing them in a loose
61:
55:
2122:
933:) was once widely used in dry cleaning as the first chlorinated solvent, but its use was abandoned after its high
2132:
954:
740:
604:
377:
1376:
72:
1473:
483:(0.5–1.5%) are added to the working solvent, and are essential to its functionality. These detergents emulsify
164:
1360:
331:
The usage of an effective solvent coupled with mechanical friction from tumbling effectively removes stains.
1648:
832:
693:
503:
Garments should be carefully checked for foreign objects before being placed in the machine. Items such as
415:
and polymer resins. After the aeration cycle, the garments are clean and ready for pressing and finishing.
1680:
980:
462:
397:
339:
864:
For decades, efforts have been made to replace PCE. These alternatives have not proven popular thus far:
2117:
1709:
940:
711:
1301:
943:
was also used in dry cleaning, until its use was banned due to its harmful effects on the ozone layer.
2091:
926:
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903:
623:
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279:
35:
31:
2054:
1958:
1893:
1727:
1030:
975:
950:
837:
466:
219:
1439:
Drycleaning and
Laundry Institute. "The DLI White Paper: Key Information on Industry Solvents."
487:
soils and keep soil from redepositing on garments. Depending on the machine's design, either an
1570:
1524:"Occupational exposures to new dry cleaning solvents: High-flashpoint hydrocarbons and butylal"
1704:
1553:
1342:
1281:
1164:
1133:
1087:
1081:
773:
751:
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673:
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pens may dissolve in the solvent bath, damaging the entire batch of textiles. Certain textile
455:
272:
208:
143:
139:
1127:
1054:"America's always had black inventors – even when the patent system explicitly excluded them"
351:
Series 3 dry cleaning machine with PLC control. Manufacturer: BÖWE Textile
Cleaning; Germany.
2047:
2040:
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1543:
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732:
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312:
241:
1989:
1878:
1819:
1757:
1699:
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884:
218:
Modern solvent-based dry cleaning may have originated in 1821 with
American entrepreneur
1268:
E.-L. Dreher; T. R. Torkelson; K. K. Beutel (2011). "Chlorethanes and
Chloroethylenes".
2009:
1963:
1862:
1852:
1788:
1548:
1523:
934:
784:
543:
319:
In terms of mechanism, dry cleaning selectively solubilizes stains on the article. The
264:
176:
2111:
2096:
1778:
1773:
1737:
868:
800:
2081:
1999:
1953:
1783:
1742:
985:
957:. In the 1970s CFC-113 was marketed as "the solvent of the future", under the name
888:
824:
is a mild solvent overall, which lowers its ability to aggressively attack stains.
755:
720:
665:
369:
296:
1539:
1419:
1321:"Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops in Tehran, Iran"
1108:
1968:
1793:
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921:
728:
724:
484:
451:
447:
260:
1499:
1216:"Assessment of Alternatives to Perchloroethylene for the Dry Cleaning Industry"
359:
Many dry cleaners place cleaned clothes inside thin clear plastic garment bags.
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1984:
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to clean fabrics. He opened the first dry cleaning service in Paris in 1845.
225:
French dye-works operator Jean Baptiste Jolly developed his own method using
1829:
1824:
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480:
355:
245:
131:
17:
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230:
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115:
1319:
Azimi Pirsaraei, S. R.; Khavanin, A; Asilian, H; Soleimanian, A (2009).
1883:
1857:
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946:
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320:
237:
153:
135:
123:
119:
1302:"Tetrachloroethylene (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 63, 1995)"
236:
Flammability concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from
152:
Most natural fibers can be washed in water but some synthetics (e.g.,
2086:
2004:
1994:
1694:
373:
187: with: better historical coverage and citations. You can help by
130:. Clothes are instead soaked in a water-free liquid solvent (usually
311:
Structure of cellulose, the main constituent of cotton. The many OH
1635:
Alternatives to Perchloroethylene Used in Professional Garment Care
1398:
1246:. GINETEX - Swiss Association for Textile Labelling. Archived from
920:– flammable and explosive, relatively low 38 °C (100 °F)
431:
1948:
1898:
743:(VOC) pollutants. Hydrocarbons retain about 10-12% of the market.
710:
664:
527:
465:
cartridge filter. This filter, which contains activated clays and
430:
422:
354:
346:
338:
306:
163:
127:
102:
156:) react poorly with water and should be dry cleaned if possible.
439:
Working solvent from the washing chamber passes through several
1644:
1502:
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (‘D5’) (Text with EEA relevance. )
278:
By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had started to use
508:
171:
40:
1373:"Dry-cleaning with CO2 wins award [Science] Resource"
1132:. Reed Business Information. 13 February 1986. pp. 33–.
715:
A modern dry cleaning machine for use with various solvents
1640:
669:
Perchloroethylene is the main solvent used in dry cleaning
1420:"Liquid/supercritical carbon dioxide/dry cleaning system"
1110:
Laundering and Cleaning: Yesterday, To-day, and To-morrow
1004:
In some sources incorrectly referred to as "Jolly-Belin"
511:
are "loose" and will shed dye during solvent immersion.
168:
Italian dry cleaning machine used in France in the 1960s
808:
which could lead to premature degradation of the pump.
188:
1591:"Massachusetts Chemical Fact Sheet: N-propyl bromide"
461:
After the lint filter, the solvent passes through an
222:. Jennings referred to his method as "dry scouring".
2064:
2018:
1977:
1941:
1907:
1871:
1840:
1812:
1766:
1720:
1687:
407:
After the drying cycle is complete, a deodorizing (
1528:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
1474:"There's a Better Way to Dry Clean Your Clothes"
1075:
1073:
1026:"Dry Cleaning Your Wool Sweaters? Don't Bother"
902:, Fabrisolv, DrySolv) are solvents with higher
1637:, Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute
1270:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1153:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
598:Very gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents
1656:
1625:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1399:"How can we use carbon dioxide as a solvent?"
1375:. Resource.wur.nl. 2010-10-12. Archived from
1359:EPA Releases Final Health Assessment for TCE
760:United States Environmental Protection Agency
474:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1920:Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union
479:To enhance cleaning power, small amounts of
454:", which remove the muck from the filter by
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
686:International Agency for Research on Cancer
27:Cleaning of fabrics in non-aqueous solvents
1663:
1649:
1641:
1630:NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Drycleaning
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1151:Tirsell, David C. (2000). "Dry Cleaning".
215:-based solvents for specialized cleaning.
1547:
1336:
836:conductors, but usually this build-up of
586:Gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents
574:Dry clean, hydrocarbon solvent only (HCS)
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
427:Solvent reprocessing machinery (Germany)
248:alternative to gasoline-based solvents.
54:This article includes a list of general
1472:Tarantola, Andrew (16 September 2014).
1401:. Contemporary topics in school science
1052:Johnson, Shontavia (15 February 2017).
1016:
997:
787:is almost entirely nontoxic (but is an
552:
211:). By the 1700s, the French were using
892:into health and environmental effects.
458:while it is back washed with solvent.
879:persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic
860:Other solvents: niche, emerging, etc.
851:Machinery for use of supercritical CO
7:
2034:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
1598:TURI: Toxics Use Reduction Institute
1362:September 2011. Accessed 2011-09-28.
1223:TURI: Toxics Use Reduction Institute
1086:. SAGE Publications. pp. 135–.
827:One deficiency with supercritical CO
1441:The Western Cleaner & Launderer
1244:"Professional textile care symbols"
107:A dry-cleaner in East Germany, 1975
1571:"HAZARD EVALUATION 1-Bromopropane"
699:Because PCE has been the longtime
244:(white spirit) as a slightly less
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1113:. Iliffe Technical Publications.
1080:Oladele Ogunseitan (3 May 2011).
134:, as opposed to water which is a
2072:Baths and wash houses in Britain
1933:Worshipful Company of Launderers
1925:Laundry Workers Industrial Union
1024:Hunter, Jennifer (22 May 2019).
643:
631:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
476:(US EPA) and local authorities.
175:
45:
1580:July 2003. Accessed 2014-Jan-22
735:' EcoSolv, and Pure Dry. These
2128:Occupational safety and health
791:risk in high concentrations).
548:Feuergefährliches Schwerbenzin
1:
1915:Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
1540:10.1080/15459624.2016.1177648
1083:Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide
856:environmentally sustainable.
650:Very gentle cleaning with PCE
255:Shift to chlorinated solvents
1600:. UMass Lowell. October 2016
963:Imperial Chemical Industries
875:Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
723:, characterized as having a
562:Professional cleaning symbol
114:is any cleaning process for
446:Over time, a thin layer of
263:, dry cleaners began using
2149:
388:"soap" may also be added.
30:For the British band, see
29:
1678:
1225:. UMass Lowell. June 2012
741:volatile organic compound
1338:10.2486/indhealth.47.155
1278:10.1002/14356007.o06_o01
1161:10.1002/14356007.a09_049
1107:Ancliffe Prince (1965).
694:fire-suppression systems
638:Gentle cleaning with PCE
1272:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
833:electrical conductivity
707:High flash hydrocarbons
75:more precise citations.
1681:List of laundry topics
981:List of laundry topics
816:rated supercritical CO
716:
670:
436:
428:
360:
352:
344:
316:
169:
108:
941:1,1,1-Trichloroethane
895:Brominated solvents (
714:
668:
499:Garment compatibility
434:
426:
372:unit consisting of a
358:
350:
342:
310:
240:, to develop in 1924
167:
106:
2092:Self-service laundry
1929:Project Laundry List
927:Carbon tetrachloride
419:Solvent reprocessing
269:carbon tetrachloride
34:. For the film, see
2027:Barbier v. Connolly
953:, is now banned as
624:tetrachloroethylene
495:detergent is used.
280:tetrachloroethylene
36:Dry Cleaning (film)
32:Dry Cleaning (band)
2055:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1959:Industrial laundry
1728:Combo washer dryer
1576:2013-11-06 at the
1031:The New York Times
976:Fabric restoration
838:static electricity
717:
671:
539:The international
467:activated charcoal
437:
429:
361:
353:
345:
317:
220:Thomas L. Jennings
170:
109:
2123:Clothing industry
2105:
2104:
1705:Laundry detergent
1325:Industrial Health
1093:978-1-4522-6621-3
758:to humans by the
752:Trichloroethylene
747:Trichloroethylene
701:de facto standard
674:Perchloroethylene
661:Perchloroethylene
456:centrifugal force
273:trichloroethylene
205:
204:
140:Perchloroethylene
101:
100:
93:
16:(Redirected from
2140:
2133:Cleaning methods
2048:Pearson v. Chung
2041:Muller v. Oregon
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1623:provided by the
1609:
1608:
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1065:
1064:
1058:The Conversation
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1021:
1005:
1002:
955:ozone-unfriendly
918:Stoddard solvent
881:characteristics.
813:Consumer Reports
774:Supercritical CO
766:Supercritical CO
733:Chevron Phillips
647:
635:
619:
610:Do not dry clean
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
413:activated carbon
242:Stoddard solvent
200:
197:
179:
172:
144:supercritical CO
96:
89:
85:
82:
76:
71:this article by
62:inline citations
49:
48:
41:
21:
2148:
2147:
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2014:
1990:Dispensing ball
1973:
1937:
1903:
1879:Colour fastness
1867:
1836:
1808:
1762:
1758:Washing machine
1716:
1700:Fabric softener
1683:
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1669:
1617:
1612:
1603:
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1593:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1578:Wayback Machine
1569:
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1534:(10): 759–769.
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1397:Mohamed, Azmi.
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1003:
999:
994:
972:
949:(Freon-113), a
937:was discovered.
932:
914:
900:-propyl bromide
885:Dibutoxymethane
862:
854:
830:
823:
819:
797:
782:
777:
771:
769:
749:
709:
663:
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185:needs expansion
162:
149:are also used.
147:
97:
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77:
67:Please help to
66:
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39:
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2010:Washing paddle
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1964:Laundry symbol
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1863:Laundry starch
1860:
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1853:Clothes hanger
1850:
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1820:Clothes folder
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1621:Hazard Summary
1616:
1615:External links
1613:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1563:
1514:
1491:
1464:
1445:
1443:, August 2007.
1432:
1411:
1389:
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1352:
1311:
1306:www.inchem.org
1293:
1287:978-3527306732
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935:hepatotoxicity
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828:
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785:Carbon dioxide
780:
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767:
764:
748:
745:
731:'s DF-2000 or
708:
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544:laundry symbol
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286:Infrastructure
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209:fuller's earth
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1908:Organizations
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1779:Clothes horse
1777:
1775:
1774:Clothes dryer
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Tunnel washer
1736:
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1393:
1390:
1379:on 2012-03-12
1378:
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1279:
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1264:
1261:
1250:on 2013-05-28
1249:
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1129:New Scientist
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948:
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916:
915:
911:
905:
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894:
890:
886:
883:
880:
876:
873:
870:
869:Glycol ethers
867:
866:
865:
859:
857:
849:
847:
842:
839:
834:
825:
815:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:thermal shock
792:
790:
786:
778:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
706:
704:
702:
697:
695:
689:
687:
681:
677:
675:
667:
660:
656:Solvents used
655:
646:
641:
634:
629:
625:
618:
613:
606:
601:
594:
589:
582:
577:
570:
565:
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396:350–450
393:
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190:
186:
183:This section
181:
178:
174:
173:
166:
159:
157:
155:
150:
148:
141:
137:
136:polar solvent
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
95:
92:
84:
74:
70:
64:
63:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2118:Dry cleaning
2082:Laundry room
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2000:Laundry ball
1954:Housekeeping
1784:Clothes line
1743:Wet cleaning
1733:Dry cleaning
1732:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:
1566:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1507:, retrieved
1505:, 2018-01-10
1500:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1422:. 1993-12-06
1414:
1403:. Retrieved
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1367:
1355:
1331:(2): 155–9.
1328:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1269:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1222:
1152:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1082:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1029:
1019:
1000:
986:Wet cleaning
958:
897:
889:formaldehyde
863:
850:
843:
831:is that its
826:
811:
810:
793:
772:
756:carcinogenic
750:
721:hydrocarbons
718:
698:
690:
682:
678:
672:
547:
538:
535:Care symbols
525:
513:
502:
478:
471:
460:
452:disk filters
445:
438:
406:
402:
394:
390:
382:
370:distillation
366:
362:
330:
326:
318:
297:distillation
293:
289:
277:
258:
250:
235:
224:
217:
206:
193:
189:adding to it
184:
151:
112:Dry cleaning
111:
110:
87:
78:
59:
18:Dry Cleaning
1978:Accessories
1969:Washerwoman
1794:Hills Hoist
1753:Wash copper
922:flash point
729:Exxon-Mobil
725:flash point
719:High flash
622:Dry clean,
485:hydrophobic
448:filter cake
265:chlorinated
261:World War I
126:other than
73:introducing
2112:Categories
2097:Tvättstuga
2077:Dhobi Ghat
1985:Clothespin
1848:Box mangle
1804:Dryer ball
1604:2023-09-23
1509:2023-08-10
1485:2016-08-29
1454:US 5784905
1426:2021-01-02
1405:2016-08-29
1383:2013-03-14
1254:2013-07-18
1229:2023-09-23
1170:3527306730
1063:2021-06-19
1012:References
912:Historical
846:2-propanol
806:cavitation
789:asphyxiant
626:(PCE) only
463:absorptive
441:filtration
386:surfactant
213:turpentine
196:March 2023
81:March 2023
56:references
1894:Shrinkage
1841:Finishing
1830:Laundroid
1825:FoldiMate
1748:Washboard
1688:Chemicals
1138:0262-4079
904:KB-values
737:petroleum
481:detergent
392:solvent.
378:condenser
303:Mechanism
246:flammable
132:non-polar
1872:Concepts
1574:Archived
1558:27105306
1347:19367044
970:See also
526:Not all
516:mesh bag
493:cationic
409:aeration
321:solvents
231:gasoline
227:kerosene
122:using a
120:textiles
116:clothing
1942:Culture
1889:Posting
1884:Fulling
1858:Ironing
1813:Folding
1721:Washing
1672:Laundry
1549:5511734
1479:Gizmodo
959:Arklone
947:CFC-113
541:GINETEX
520:density
505:plastic
489:anionic
335:Process
238:Atlanta
160:History
154:viscose
124:solvent
69:improve
2087:Lavoir
2065:Places
2005:Posser
1995:Hamper
1799:Mangle
1767:Drying
1695:Bleach
1556:
1546:
1460:
1345:
1284:
1167:
1136:
1090:
1037:30 May
794:The CO
528:stains
518:. The
374:boiler
313:groups
259:After
58:, but
1949:Dhobi
1899:Stain
1594:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
992:Notes
491:or a
128:water
1710:pods
1554:PMID
1343:PMID
1282:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1134:ISSN
1088:ISBN
1039:2019
929:(CCl
509:dyes
376:and
271:and
229:and
118:and
2019:Law
1544:PMC
1536:doi
1333:doi
1274:doi
1157:doi
961:by
951:CFC
398:rpm
191:.
138:).
2114::
1596:.
1552:.
1542:.
1532:13
1530:.
1526:.
1476:.
1341:.
1329:47
1327:.
1323:.
1304:.
1280:.
1221:.
1179:^
1163:.
1155:.
1072:^
1056:.
1028:.
783:.
762:.
696:.
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
1607:.
1560:.
1538::
1488:.
1429:.
1408:.
1386:.
1349:.
1335::
1308:.
1290:.
1276::
1257:.
1232:.
1173:.
1159::
1140:.
1096:.
1066:.
1041:.
965:.
931:4
898:n
887:(
853:2
829:2
822:2
818:2
796:2
781:2
776:2
768:2
198:)
194:(
146:2
94:)
88:(
83:)
79:(
65:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
