Sauna - Knowledge

2131:. Duluth, Minnesota, at its peak, had as many as 14 public saunas. Indeed, among Finnish farms in Great Lakes "sauna country", the cultural geographer Matti Kaups, found that 90% had sauna structures - more even than the farms in Finland. Elsewhere, sauna facilities are normally provided at health clubs and at hotels, but there is no tradition or ritual to their use. To avoid liability, many saunas operate at only moderate temperatures and do not allow pouring water on the rocks. A wider range of sauna etiquette is usually acceptable in the United States compared to other countries, with the exception that most mixed-sex saunas usually require some clothing such as a bathing suit to be worn. These are uncommon, however, as most saunas are either small private rooms or in the changing rooms of health clubs or gyms. There are few restrictions and their use is casual; bathers may enter and exit the sauna as they please, be it nude, with a towel, dripping wet in swimsuits or even in workout clothes (the latter being very unusual). Like many aspects of US culture, there are few prescribed conventions and the bather should remain astute to "read" the specific family or community's expectations. Besides the Finnish Americans, the older generation of Korean-Americans still uses the saunas as it is available to them. Sauna societies are beginning to emerge in colleges across America, with the first one being formed at 347: 724: 2055:, (also known as the Russian banya), as it is referred to among the locals, is similar in context to public bathhouses in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The banya is a large setting with many different rooms. There is at least one sauna (Finnish style), one cold pool of water, a relaxation area, another sauna where fellow-sauna goers beat other fellow-sauna goers with the leafy birch, a shower area, a small cafeteria with a TV and drinks, and a large common area that leads to the other areas. In this large area, there are marble bed-like structures where people lie down and receive a massage either by another sauna-member or by a designated masseur. In the resting area, there are also other bed-like structures made of marble or stone attached to the ground where people lie down to rest between different rounds of sauna or at the very end of their banya session. There is also a large public locker area where one keeps one's clothes as well as two other more private locker areas with individual doors that can lock these two separate locker rooms. 917:) is one of the earliest forms of the sauna. It is simply a room containing a pile of rocks, but without a chimney. A fire is lit directly under the rocks and after a while the fire is extinguished. The heat retained in the rocks, and the earlier fire, becomes the main source for heating the sauna. Following this process, the ashes and embers are removed from the hearth, the benches and floor are cleaned, and the room is allowed to air out and freshen for a period of time. The smoke deposits a layer of soot on every surface, so if the benches and back-rests can be removed while the fire is alight the amount of cleaning necessary is reduced. Depending on size of the stove and the airing time, the temperature may be low, about 60 °C (140 °F), while the humidity is relatively high. The tradition almost died out in Finland, but was revived by enthusiasts in the 1980s. These are still used in present-day Finland by some enthusiasts, but usually only on special occasions such as Christmas, New Year's, Easter, and 1917:) for that, either an employee of the sauna complex or a volunteer. Aufguss sessions can take up to 10 minutes, and take place according to a schedule. During an Aufguss session, the Saunameister uses a large towel to circulate the hot air through the sauna, intensifying sweating and the perception of heat. Once the Aufguss session has started it is not considered good manners to enter the sauna, as opening the door would cause loss of heat (Sauna guests are expected to enter the sauna just in time before the Aufguss. Leaving the session is allowed, and is advised when feeling too hot or otherwise uncomfortable). Aufguss sessions are usually announced by a schedule on the sauna door. An Aufguss session in progress might be indicated by a light or sign hung above the sauna entrance. Cold showers or baths shortly after a sauna, as well as exposure to fresh air in a special balcony, garden or open-air room ( 587: 305: 1706: 1980:, saunas have a long tradition and are often found as part of recreational facilities, as well as public swimming pools. Many people are regular goers, while many never go. Saunas became more popular after about the year 2000, when large aquaparks and wellness centers began to include them. Nudity is increasingly tolerated, and many places prohibit the use of swimsuits; however, most people cover themselves with a towel. Showers are typically semi-private. Having men and women only days was the norm in the past, but today, men-only facilities are rare, while women-only hours are sometimes provided. 1928:, customs are generally the same as in Germany and Austria, although you tend to see more families (parents with their children) and young people. Also in respect to socializing in the sauna the Swiss tend more to be like the Finns, Scandinavians or Russians. Also in German-speaking countries, there are many facilities for washing after using the sauna, with 'dunking pools' (pools of very cold water in which a person dips themselves after using the sauna) or showers. In some saunas and steam rooms, scented salts are given out which can be rubbed into the skin for extra aroma and cleaning effects. 1750: 1466: 1909:, most public swimming pool complexes have sauna areas; in these locales, nudity is the generally accepted rule, and benches are expected to be covered by people's towels. These rules are strictly enforced in some public saunas. Separate single-sex saunas for both genders are rare, most places offer women-only and mixed-gender saunas, or organize women-only days for the sauna once a week. Loud conversation is not usual as the sauna is seen as a place of healing rather than socializing. Contrary to Russia and Nordic countries, pouring water on hot stones to increase humidity ( 1738: 1965: 716: 602: 1521: 986: 642: 936: 1726: 634: 247: 1997: 1989: 6865: 1769: 2167: 1879: 1829: 1044: 393:, where they fought on the same side. Saunas were so important to Finnish soldiers that they built them not only in mobile tents but even in bunkers. After the war, the German soldiers brought the custom back to Germany and Austria, where it became popular in the second half of the 20th century. The German sauna culture also became popular in neighbouring countries such as Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. 568: 1031:

the surface of the skin. The heat produced by far-infrared saunas is generally lower, making it more tolerable for people who cannot withstand the high temperatures of traditional saunas. Infrared heat penetrates more deeply into fat and the neuromuscular system resulting in a more vigorous sweat at lower temperature than traditional saunas. These effects are favorable for the neuromuscular system to recover from maximal

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where it is then forced downwards. Consequently, the heat of fresh steam may sometimes be felt most strongly in the furthest corners of the sauna. Users increase the duration and the heat gradually over time as they adapt to the sauna. When pouring water onto the stove, it cools down the rocks, but carries more heat into the air via advection, making the sauna warmer.

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common. In Iran, unlike Finland, sitting in a sauna is mostly seen as part of the spa/club culture, rather than a bathing ritual. It is most usually perceived as a means for relaxation or detoxification (through perspiration). Having a sauna room on private property is considered a luxury rather than a necessity. Public saunas are segregated and nudity is prohibited.

6848: 6803: 1844:, single-gender saunas are the most common type. Nudity is expected in the segregated saunas but usually forbidden in the mixed saunas. Sauna sessions tend to be shorter, and cold showers are shunned by most. In the United Kingdom, where public saunas are becoming increasingly fashionable, the practice of alternating between the sauna and the 458:. In Finland, there are built-in saunas in almost every house, including communal saunas in the older apartment buildings; since the 80s, private saunas have often been built into the bathrooms of typical Finnish flats in apartment buildings, sometimes even in student housing. There are also a number of public saunas in Finland, including 1390:, saunas are found mainly in hotels, swimming pools, and health clubs and if used by both men and women, nudity is often forbidden, even if implicitly. In gyms or health clubs with separate male and female change rooms, nudity is permitted; however, members are usually asked to shower before using the sauna and to sit on a towel. 5056:." "At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality". The following declaration was unanimously passed." 889:, smoke saunas, and steam saunas. There are two main types of stoves: continuous heating and heat storage type. Continuously heating stoves have a small heat capacity and can be heated up on a fast on-demand basis, whereas a heat storage stove has a large heat (stone) capacity and can take much longer to heat. 146: 1535:

believed saunas were inhabited by spirits. In folk tradition sauna was not only the place where one washed but also used as the place where brides were ceremoniously washed, where women gave birth and the place the dying made their final bed. The folk tradition related to the Estonian sauna is mostly

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The sauna is an important part of daily life, and families bathe together in the home sauna. There are at least 2 million saunas in Finland according to official registers. The Finnish Sauna Society believes the number can actually be as high as 3.2 million saunas (population 5.5 million). Many Finns

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shutter opened a soft warmth flow into the otherwise relatively cold (60 °C; 140 °F) sauna. This heat is soft and clean because, thanks to combustion, the stove stones glow red, even white-hot, and are freed of dust at the same time. When bathing the heat-storage sauna will become as hot as

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Far-infrared saunas utilize infrared light to generate heat. Unlike traditional saunas that heat the body indirectly through the air or by conduction from heated surfaces, far-infrared saunas use infrared panels or other methods like a sauna blanket that emit far-infrared light, which is absorbed by

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where the oldest known saunas were made from pits dug in a slope in the ground and primarily used as dwellings in winter. The sauna featured a fireplace where stones were heated to a high temperature. Water was thrown on the hot stones to produce steam and to give a sensation of increased heat. This

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A continuous fire stove, instead of stored heat, is a relatively recent invention. There is a firebox and a smokestack, and stones are placed in a compartment directly above the firebox. It takes a shorter time to heat than the heat-storage sauna, about one hour. A fire-heated sauna requires manual

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The smoke-sauna stove is also used with a sealed stone compartment and chimney (a heat storage-stove) which eliminates the smoke odour and eye irritation of the smoke sauna. A heat storage stove does not give up much heat in the sauna before bathing since the stone compartment has an insulated lid.

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The temperature on different parts of the body can be adjusted by shielding one's body with a towel. Shielding the face with a towel has been found to reduce the perception of heat. Some may wish to put an additional towel or a special cap over the head to avoid dryness. Few people can sit directly

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The heat is greatest closest to the stove. Heating from the air is lower on the lower benches as the hot air rises. The heat given by the steam can be very different in different parts of the sauna. As the steam rises directly upwards, it spreads across the roof and travels out towards the corners,

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Finer control over the perceived temperature can be achieved by choosing a higher-level bench for those wishing for a hotter experience, or a lower-level bench for a more moderate temperature. A good sauna has a relatively small temperature gradient between the various seating levels. Doors need to

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every now and then, or to leave some food outside for him. It is said that he warned the people if a fire was threatening the sauna or punished people who behaved improperly in it—for example, slept, or played games, argued, were generally noisy or behaved otherwise immorally there. Such creatures

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The most common modern sauna types are those with electric stoves. The stones are heated up and kept on temperature using electric heating elements. There is a thermostat and a timer (typically with eight hours' maximum delay time, followed by one hour's continuous heating time) on the stove. This

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Cooling down by immersing oneself in water (in a shower, lake or pool) is a part of the sauna cycle and is as important as the heating. However, it is advisable that healthy people and heart patients alike should take some precautions if plunging into very cold water straight after coming from the

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A modern sauna with an electric stove usually takes about 15–30 minutes to heat up. Some users prefer taking a shower beforehand to speed up perspiration in the sauna. When in the sauna, people often sit on a towel for hygiene and put a towel over their heads if the face feels too hot but the body

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see the sauna as part of a wider spa culture. Most commonly, mixed genders use the sauna together and wear swimsuits. Single-sex saunas are rare, as well as those which impose nudity although the practice is growing and a number of spas have a towel-only policy on designated days. The most common

1319:, public bathhouses were commonplace in Japan, the number of customers have dwindled as more people were able to afford houses and apartments equipped with their own private baths as the nation became wealthier. As a result, many sentōs have added more features such as saunas in order to survive. 258:

islands of Scotland have many ancient stone structures for normal habitation, some of which incorporate areas for fire and bathing. It is possible some of these structures also incorporated the use of steam in a way similar to the sauna, but this is a matter of speculation. The sites are from the

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Although cultures in all corners of the world have imported and adapted the sauna, many of the traditional customs have not survived the journey. Today, public perception of saunas, sauna "etiquette" and sauna customs vary hugely from country to country. In many countries sauna going is a recent

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is the result of autonomic responses trying to cool the body. Users are advised to leave the sauna if the heat becomes unbearable, or if they feel faint or ill. Some saunas have a thermostat to adjust the temperature, but the owner of the sauna and the other bathers expect to be consulted before

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Saunas in the UK have until recently been afterthoughts in hotel spas or places where getting steamy had another, seedier connotation. But after Liz Watson and Katie Bracher created a pop-up Finnish-style sauna on Brighton beach using a converted horse box in 2018, a wave of mobile or permanent

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The third type of sauna is one that is rented by a group of friends. It is similar to the public banya bath house type, except that it is usually more modern and luxurious, and is often rented by groups of friends by the hour for the use of partying and socialising. Here it can be single-sex or

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saunas are found in many places, and are known as 'badstu' or 'bastu' (from 'badstuga' "bath cabin, bath house"). In Norway and Sweden, saunas are common in almost every public swimming pool and gym. The public saunas are generally single-sex and may or may not permit use of swimwear. Rules for

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as سونای خشک "dry sauna" and سونای بخار "steam sauna", with the dry type customarily boasting a higher temperature. A cold-water pool (and/or more recently a cold Jacuzzi) is almost always accompanied and towels are usually provided. Adding therapeutic or relaxing essential oils to the rocks is

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In Africa, the majority of sauna facilities are found in a more upmarket hotel, spa and health club environments and predominantly share both sauna heater technology and design concepts as applied in Europe. Even though outdoor temperatures remain warmer and more humid, this does not affect the

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even when water is thrown on the hot stones and vaporized. Thus, they remain dry. In contrast, the sauna bathers are at about 60–80 °C (140–176 °F), which is below the dew point, so that water is condensed on the bathers' skin. This process releases heat and makes the steam feel hot.

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The second type of sauna is the Finnish sauna type one can find in any gym throughout the world or a hotel. It could be in the locker room or mixed (i. e. male and female together). Attitudes towards nudity are very liberal and people are less self-conscious about their nude bodies.

759:; and that risk reduction increases with duration and frequency of use; this reduction is more pronounced when sauna bathing is combined with exercise, compared with either of these practices alone. Tentative evidence supports that the heat stress from saunas is associated with reduced 1658:

The contemporary Baltic sauna is similar to others in the north-eastern part of Europe: it varies according to personal preference, but is typically around 55–70 °C (131–158 °F), humidity 60–90%, with steam being generated by pouring water on the hot stones. Traditionally,

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in front of the stove without feeling too hot from the radiant heat, but this may not be reflected in their overall body temperature. As the person's body is often the coolest object in a sauna room, steam will condense into water on the skin; this can be confused with perspiration.

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changes are made. The sauna stove and rocks are very hot—one must stay well clear of them to avoid burns, particularly when water is thrown on the rocks, which creates an immediate blast of steam. Combustibles on, or near the stove have been known to cause fires.

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age, dating to approximately 4000 B.C.E. Archaeological sites in Greenland and Newfoundland have uncovered structures very similar to traditional Scandinavian farm saunas, some with bathing platforms and "enormous quantities of badly scorched stones".

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saunas have relatively low humidity levels in which steam is generated by pouring water on the hot stones. This allows air temperatures that could evaporate water to be tolerated and even enjoyed for longer periods of time. Steam baths, such as the

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Under many circumstances, temperatures approaching and exceeding 100 °C (212 °F) would be completely intolerable and possibly fatal to a person exposed to them for long periods of time. Saunas overcome this problem by controlling the

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Conceição, Lino Sergio Rocha; Queiroz, Jessica Gonçalves de; Neto, Mansueto Gomes; Martins-Filho, Paulo Ricardo Saquete; Carvalho, Vitor Oliveira (1 March 2018). "Effect of Waon Therapy in Individuals With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review".

373:. As the Finns migrated to other areas of the globe, they brought their sauna designs and traditions with them. This led to a further evolution of the sauna, including the electric sauna stove, which was introduced in 1938 by Metos Ltd in 2253:, women spend hours in a makeshift sauna tent during a month following childbirth. The steam is typically infused with several herbs. It is believed that the sauna helps the new mother's body return to its normal condition more quickly. 1365:

on their skin as a beauty treatment. The sauna is always heated by wood fire and herbs are added either directly to the boiling water or steam jet in the room. The sitting lounge is mix gender but the steam rooms are gender separated.

1810:, both in major cities and in smaller municipalities, mixed-gender nudity is the generally accepted rule. Some saunas might offer women-only (or "bathing suit only") times for people who are less comfortable with mixed-gender nudity; 538:. In some spa centers, there are the so-called special "snow rooms," also known as cold saunas or cryotherapy. Operating at a temperature of −110 °C (−166 °F), the user is in the sauna for a period of only about 3 minutes. 2184:

is strictly connected to the sauna. It can be translated as "sauna steam" and refers to the steam vapour created by splashing water on the heated rocks. In many languages related to Finnish, there is a word corresponding to

3949:; Thipse, Madhura; Mahdi, Maleka Ben; Azad, Sharlin; Davies, Ross; Ruel, Marc; Silver, Marc A.; Hakami, Lale; Mesana, Thierry; Leenen, Frans; Mussivand, Tofy (2020). "Can heat therapy help patients with heart failure?". 2110:

s in the colony New Sweden around the Delaware River. The Swedish governor at the time had a bathhouse on Tinicum Island. Today sauna culture enjoys its greatest popularity in the Lake Superior Region, specifically the

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should use sauna cautiously to reduce the risk of a drop in blood pressure. In people with cardiovascular disease, sauna usage is generally safe, as long as their condition is stable. However, sauna bathing is

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hot room, as the rapid cooling of the body produces considerable circulatory stress. It is considered good practice to take a few moments after exiting a sauna before entering a cold plunge, and to enter a

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The sauna became very popular especially in Scandinavia and the German-speaking regions of Europe after the Second World War. German soldiers had experienced Finnish saunas during their fight against the

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traditional ceremonial cultures, is a location for a spiritual ceremony. The focus is on the ceremony, and the sweating is only secondary. Unlike sauna traditions, and most forcefully in the case of the

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take at least one a week, and much more when they visit their summer cottage in the countryside. Here the pattern of life tends to revolve around the sauna, and a nearby lake used for cooling off.

222:) is a room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of these facilities. The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire. A 1956:) and have additional services, for example a cold plunge pool, resting areas, jacuzzi, showers and crushed ice bucket. Aufguss sessions, led by a qualified sauna master, are becoming popular. 979:. The upper part of the stove is often insulated with rock wool and firebricks. Heat-storing stoves are also found with electric heating, with similar service but no need to maintain a fire. 561:, which also holds 150 people but is more spacious. However, in Czeladz, south Poland, there is now a sauna for 300 people, sporting light shows, theatre and needing several sauna masters. 1338:. The word "sauna" is used a lot for its 'English appeal'; however, it does not strictly refer to the original Fennoscandian steam rooms that have become popular throughout the world. The 1655:

and by the end of the 16th century, the city already had 60 of them with a countless number of private ones. In Latvian lands, bathhouses became particularly popular in the 19th century.

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There has been widespread research into the health benefits and risks that come from sauna usage; most studies have focused on the Finnish sauna specifically. Sauna bathing leads to mild

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traditions that consisted of having steam bath sessions followed by cold water baths. Pedra Formosa is the original name given to the central piece of the steam bath in pre-Roman times.

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Today there are a wide variety of sauna options. Heat sources include wood, electricity, gas and other more unconventional methods such as solar power. There are wet saunas, dry saunas,

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swimwear and towels for sitting on or covering yourself differ between saunas. Removing body hair in the sauna, staring at other's nudity or spreading odors is considered impolite.

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described various rituals the Baltic people practiced in sauna. For example, sauna was a primary place for women to give birth and rites would be performed for the Baltic goddess

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and cognates do not necessarily mean a building or space built for bathing. It can also mean a small cabin or cottage, such as a cabin for a fisherman. The word is the best known

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that was believed to live in the sauna. He was always treated with respect, otherwise, he might cause much trouble for people. It was customary to warm up the sauna just for the

1695:. Dry air sauna of 80–110 °C (176–230 °F) and very low humidity became popular relatively recently; despite being a misconception, it is sometimes locally described as 297:, to treat sick poor people; these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand. Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today, and 1737: 4768: 654:

hat" may be worn to shield the head from the heat; this allows the wearer to increase the heat on the rest of the body. The temperature of one's bath can be controlled via:

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A cultural legacy of Eastern European Jews in America is the culture of 'shvitz', which used to be widespread in the East Coast and occasionally in the Pacific West Coast.

3000: 2965:"Sauna, sweat and science - Quantifying the proportion of condensation water versus sweat using a stable water isotope ((2)H/(1)H and (18)O/(16)O) tracer experiment" 5448: 4667: 2051:

In modern Russia, there are three different types of saunas. The first one, previously very popular especially during the 20th century, is the public sauna or the

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identical to that surrounding the Finnish sauna. On New Year's Eve, a sauna would be held before midnight to cleanse the body and spirit for the upcoming year.

2213:, which both mean "soul", referring to the sauna's old, spiritual essence. The same dual meaning of both "spirit" and "(sauna) steam" is also preserved in the 1952:). In many larger spas, you can find a separate sauna section that can only be used with a separate entrance ticket. These units are often called sauna world ( 4989:

Saunas in the state, part of a tradition with roots in the 1800s, have been especially popular since the pandemic as more people seek a communal experience.

3751:"Combined Effect of Sauna Bathing and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Deaths in Caucasian Men: A Long-term Prospective Cohort Study" 377:. Although sauna culture is more or less related to Finnish and Estonian culture, the evolution of the sauna took place around the same time in Finland and 4822: 2096: 487:, where the humidity approaches 100%, will be set to a much lower temperature of around 50 °C (122 °F) to compensate. The "wet heat" would cause 4249:"Heat stress and fetal risk. Environmental limits for exercise and passive heat stress during pregnancy: a systematic review with best evidence synthesis" 1756: 1295:, most gyms, hotels and almost all public swimming pools have indoor saunas. It is very common for swimming pools to have two saunas which are known in 3030: 4870:

saunas have appeared, mostly at the seaside or beside lakes. There are more than 100 around the UK and Ireland, according to the British Sauna Society

397: 369:, with a chimney. Air temperatures averaged around 75–100 °C (167–212 °F) but sometimes exceeded 110 °C (230 °F) in a traditional 1315:). The saunas are almost always gender separated, often required by law, and nudity is a required part of proper sauna etiquette. While right after 692:

or a lake by stepping into it gradually, rather than immediately immersing oneself fully. In summer, a session is often started with a cool shower.

3163: 5488: 2158:, the sweat lodge ceremonies have been robustly defended as an exclusively Native expression of spirituality rather than a recreational activity. 985: 3219:

Buguet A (2007). "Sleep under extreme environments: Effects of heat and cold exposure, altitude, hyperbaric pressure and microgravity in space".

699:. Some public pools, major sports centers and resorts also contain a sauna. Therapeutic sauna sessions are often carried out in conjunction with 4549: 2775: 5466: 5456: 3801:

Pizzey, Faith K.; Smith, Emily C.; Ruediger, Stefanie L.; Keating, Shelley E.; Askew, Christopher D.; Coombes, Jeff S.; Bailey, Tom G. (2021).

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Sauna traditions in Estonia are almost identical to Finland as saunas have traditionally held a central role in the life of an individual.

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a continuous fire-type sauna (80–110 °C; 176–230 °F) but more humid. The stones are usually durable heatproof and heat-retaining

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Simmons SE, Mündel T, Jones DA (September 2008). "The effects of passive heating and head-cooling on perception of exercise in the heat".

771:. These benefits are more pronounced in persons with low cardiovascular function. Evidence exists for the benefit of sauna on people with 470:. Unlike many other countries, Finnish people usually prefer to be naked instead of wearing a swimsuit, towel, or other kind of clothing. 5037: 6819: 5373: 2146: 601: 304: 6910: 680:

dry out in the heat. Jewelry or anything metallic, including glasses, will get hot in the sauna and can cause discomfort or burning.

5438: 4700: 2947: 2733: 2663: 132: 4941: 775:. Frequent Finnish-style sauna usage (4-7 times per week) is associated with a decreased risk of neurovascular diseases, including 4441: 1279:

general application or intended sauna experience offered within these commercial environments offering a traditional sauna and or

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sauna-going plays a central social role. These countries also have the tradition of massaging fellow sauna-goers with leafy, wet

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Pregnant women can use saunas as long as their core temperature does not exceed 39.0 °C (102.2 °F), as this may be

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Garcia Quintela, Marco (February 2015). "Iron Age Saunas of Northern Portugal: State of the Art and Research Perspectives".

3060: 2747: 1913:, lit: "Onpouring") is not normally done by the sauna visitors themselves; larger sauna areas have a person in charge (the 6920: 5601: 4851: 4554: 664:

positioning: the higher benches are hotter, whereas the lower benches are cooler. Children often sit on the lower benches.

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Mozaffarieh, Maneli; Flammer, Josef (2007). "A novel perspective on natural therapeutic approaches in glaucoma therapy".

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Bender T, Nagy G, Barna I, Tefner I, Kádas E, Géher P (2007). "The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels".

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Nordskog, M., Hautala, A (2010)The Opposite of Cold-The Northwoods Finnish Sauna Tradition; University of Minnesota Press

6649: 5188: 3123:"The effects of face cooling on the prolactin response and subjective comfort during moderate passive heating in humans" 1855:

There is a fast growing new British sauna culture consisting mainly of 'wild' outdoor spas, popping up all over the UK.

278: 4609: 859:. A one-year study in Finland showed that only 67 (2.6%) of sudden deaths in saunas were non-accidental, mostly due to 331:; "smoke sauna". These differed from present-day saunas in that they were operated by heating a pile of rocks called a 6905: 6900: 6895: 6479: 5649: 5368: 3803:"The effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and peripheral vascular function: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2112: 1925: 1588: 935: 289:

was touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses. In the early 15th century, Buddhist monks maintained

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are believed to exist in different cultures. The Russian banya has an entirely corresponding character called a

2221:. There is an old Finnish saying, "saunassa ollaan kuin kirkossa",—one should behave in the sauna as in church. 1508: 617: 6661: 6587: 6459: 6101: 5481: 5210: 2044:

or, in the absence of lake, just to roll around in the snow naked and then go back inside. Russian traditional

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the amount of water thrown on the stove: this increases humidity, so that sauna bathers perspire more copiously

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fashion and attitudes towards saunas are changing, while in others traditions have survived over generations.

4771:[Bathing wisdom: how to strengthen your body in the sauna yourself, increase your beauty and relax]. 822:

Sauna bathing coupled with alcohol consumption or dehydration increases the risk of sudden death; the use of

343:- you can see similarities with Finnish word). A properly heated "savusauna" yields heat for up to 12 hours. 92: 6045: 5285: 5151: 5144: 3037: 2353:

Minna Hannuksela and Samer Ellahham state the opposite, namely that sauna bathing does not affect fertility.

2150: 1221: 1141: 1101: 327:

so high that people could take off their clothes. The first Finnish saunas were always of a type now called

59: 335:

by burning large amounts of wood for about 6 to 8 hours and then letting out the smoke before enjoying the

6930: 6666: 5606: 5579: 5298: 4590: 1346:(사우나) usually refers to bathhouses with Jacuzzis, hot tubs, showers, steam rooms, and related facilities. 1013:

Fire-heated saunas are common in cottages, where the extra work of maintaining the fire is not a problem.

860: 843: 799:

people and improvement of appetite loss present with normal body weight is achievable with sauna bathing.

776: 768: 715: 542: 66: 35: 2048:

is quite similar to Finnish sauna, despite the popular misconception that the Finnish sauna is very dry.

1496: 1484: 1326:, saunas are essentially public bathhouses. Various names are used to describe them, such as the smaller 1069:

Many cultures have sweat baths, though some have more spiritual uses while others are purely secular. In

339:, a Finnish term meaning, collectively, both the steam and the heat of a sauna (same term in Estonian is 6602: 6406: 5947: 5841: 5611: 5433: 4437:"Effects of far-infrared sauna bathing on recovery from strength and endurance training sessions in men" 3171: 2619: 2328: 806:

is insufficient, but the frequency of sauna sessions is correlated with a diminished risk of developing

362: 6381: 2536: 99: 950: 755:

There is evidence that long-term exposure to Finnish-style sauna is correlated with a reduced risk of

6671: 6447: 6177: 6030: 5679: 5556: 5320: 5220: 5077: 4088: 3775: 3661: 2303: 839: 756: 324: 6644: 6452: 5626: 5531: 5353: 2399: 1664: 1545: 831: 792: 5701: 4971: 3749:

Laukkanen, Jari A.; Laukkanen, Tanjaniina; Khan, Hassan; Babar, Maira; Kunutsor, Setor K. (2018).

2827: 641: 81: 6577: 6432: 6091: 5731: 5674: 5631: 5616: 5546: 5541: 5348: 5200: 5139: 4976: 4876: 4394:"Far-infrared saunas for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: summary of published evidence" 4345: 4278: 4169: 4112: 4061: 3974: 3832: 3731: 3700: 3674: 3602: 3544: 3436: 3341: 3244: 3103: 1862:, prior to the arrival of the Romans in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. The historian 1425:

typically between 70 and 100 °C (158 and 212 °F). This induces relaxation and promotes

1032: 1010:

labor in the form of maintaining the fire during bathing; the fire can also be seen as a hazard.

764: 741: 462:, a sauna located in Tampere, that was first established in 1906 by Hermanni and Maria Lahtinen. 6290: 3850:

Li, Zhongyou; Jiang, Wentao; Chen, Yu; Wang, Guanshi; Yan, Fei; Zeng, Tao; Fan, Haidong (2021).

2565: 4247:

Ravanelli, Nicholas; Casasola, William; English, Timothy; Edwards, Kate M.; Jay, Ollie (2019).

2707: 2683: 1421:

A sauna session can be a social affair in which the participants disrobe and sit or recline in

633: 494:

In a typical Finnish sauna, the temperature of the air, the room and the benches are above the

6469: 6376: 6182: 5310: 5258: 5107: 4657: 4470: 4417: 4337: 4329: 4270: 4229: 4211: 4161: 4153: 4104: 4053: 4045: 4010: 3966: 3928: 3879: 3871: 3852:"Acute and short-term efficacy of sauna treatment on cardiovascular function: A meta-analysis" 3824: 3780: 3723: 3666: 3594: 3536: 3495: 3477: 3428: 3387: 3333: 3298: 3271: 3236: 3144: 3095: 2943: 2878: 2788: 2729: 2659: 2481: 2194: 1608: 1448: 1123: 467: 218: 4132: 381:

countries; they all have valued the sauna, its customs and traditions until the present day.

6925: 6722: 6494: 6209: 5962: 5664: 5621: 5378: 5124: 4827: 4460: 4450: 4407: 4319: 4309: 4260: 4219: 4203: 4145: 4096: 4037: 4002: 3958: 3918: 3910: 3863: 3814: 3770: 3762: 3715: 3656: 3646: 3584: 3526: 3485: 3467: 3418: 3379: 3325: 3228: 3134: 3087: 2214: 2190: 2128: 2040:

baths are strictly single-sex. During wintertime, sauna-goers often run outdoors for either

1996: 1988: 1812: 1672: 1555: 1471: 1434: 1296: 1118: 874: 459: 423: 419: 390: 282: 209: 163: 1768: 6807: 6464: 6205: 6172: 6158: 6072: 5972: 5853: 5696: 5393: 5343: 5129: 5070: 4795: 3851: 3710:. Advances in the Risk Stratification, Prevention, and Treatment of Sudden Cardiac Death. 2873: 2414: 2283: 2232: 2207: 2166: 2088: 1878: 1841: 1532: 1161: 1153: 1054: 856: 852: 848: 745: 503:

be kept closed and used quickly to maintain the temperature and to keep the steam inside.

455: 354: 4489:"Lehdistötiedote: Suomalainen saunominen halutaan Unescon kulttuuriperinnön luetteloihin" 783:, relative to those individuals who used sauna once per week. Individuals suffering from 530:

center and gyms include sauna facilities. They may also be present at public and private

4945: 4092: 2509: 1828: 1043: 246: 6915: 6890: 6795: 6783: 6756: 6614: 6474: 6295: 6163: 6111: 6077: 6065: 6060: 5931: 5926: 5596: 5536: 5156: 5053: 4614: 4465: 4436: 4412: 4393: 4224: 4191: 4100: 3923: 3898: 3490: 3455: 2379: 2092: 2036:(Russian: Баня) is widely used also when referring to a public bath. In Russia, public 1973: 1859: 1837: 1687:

are used too. Sauna enthusiasts also make twigs from other trees and plants, including

1652: 1632: 1576: 1308: 886: 760: 749: 511: 231: 3897:

Källström M, Soveri I, Oldgren J, Laukkanen J, Ichiki T, et al. (November 2018).

3383: 2083: 873:

One study has found that genital heat stress from frequent sauna sessions could cause

838:

all serve as reasons to decrease the duration of sauna sessions. Individuals prone to

6884: 6484: 6401: 6341: 6253: 6224: 5896: 5858: 5812: 5724: 5706: 5669: 5654: 5591: 5516: 5406: 5303: 5293: 5233: 5228: 5166: 4349: 3978: 3836: 3735: 3635:"Cardiovascular and Other Health Benefits of Sauna Bathing: A Review of the Evidence" 3573:"Effects of heat and cold on health, with special reference to Finnish sauna bathing" 3548: 3440: 2268: 2174: 2103: 2032: 2011: 2004: 1620: 1604: 1416: 1179: 1132: 1049: 803: 772: 700: 651: 578: 531: 507: 378: 370: 235: 150: 30:

This article is about a small room or house. For a Finnish metal music festival, see

4769:"Pēršanās gudrības: Kā pirtī pašam stiprināt miesu, vairot skaistumu un relaksēties" 4116: 3678: 3606: 3367: 3248: 2776:"Smoke sauna tradition in Võrumaa added to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List" 791:. It also is associated with a reduced risk and symptom relief from the symptoms of 422:

word referring to both the traditional Finnish bath and to the bathhouse itself. In

6634: 6504: 6391: 6386: 6356: 6336: 6229: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6168: 6120: 6115: 6010: 5870: 5526: 5521: 5511: 5428: 5358: 5325: 4856: 4282: 4173: 4065: 4006: 3345: 3139: 3122: 3107: 2445: 2041: 1358: 1316: 1280: 1191: 1096: 1070: 704: 677: 672: 523: 386: 106: 3577:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

4852:"'It lowers inhibition': how saunas are challenging UK pubs as the place to meet" 4265: 4248: 3651: 3634: 2202: 925:). Smoke saunas are popular in the southern Estonia and smoke sauna tradition in 6727: 6712: 6524: 6361: 6277: 6268: 6248: 6219: 6153: 5824: 5817: 5802: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5759: 5574: 5423: 5178: 3531: 3514: 3423: 3406: 2655: 2142: 1902: 1867: 1803: 1422: 1335: 1216: 1149: 1062: 902: 867: 737: 689: 298: 269: 223: 48: 4149: 3899:"Effects of sauna bath on heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3766: 3719: 3701:"Is sauna bathing protective of sudden cardiac death? A review of the evidence" 3589: 3572: 3193: 6737: 6707: 6639: 6529: 6442: 6411: 6396: 6346: 6315: 5982: 5967: 5797: 5777: 5767: 5716: 5659: 5564: 5418: 5401: 5363: 5275: 5248: 5205: 5183: 4552:[Latvian bathhouse traditions are learnt in the festival of bathers]. 4455: 4041: 3329: 3232: 3091: 2318: 2288: 2263: 1936: 1899: 1716: 1644: 1600: 1439: 1397:

culture, which shares many similarities with its Finnish counterpart (mökki).

1367: 1327: 1110: 976: 926: 787:

could have symptomatic improvement from sauna, and it could be beneficial for

401: 309: 227: 4515: 4333: 4215: 4157: 4049: 3875: 3867: 3481: 2882: 6544: 6489: 6427: 6331: 6233: 6143: 6086: 6025: 5998: 5957: 5829: 5315: 5265: 5243: 3946: 3750: 2964: 2313: 2200:. Originally this word meant "spirit" or "life", as in e. g. Hungarian 2120: 2116: 1636: 1383: 1225: 922: 811: 807: 695:

In some countries the closest and most convenient access to a sauna is at a

554: 495: 431: 273:, is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in the 260: 4474: 4421: 4341: 4274: 4207: 4165: 4057: 4014: 3970: 3932: 3883: 3828: 3784: 3727: 3670: 3598: 3540: 3499: 3472: 3391: 3337: 3240: 3148: 3099: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2071: 1455:), to slap the skin and create further stimulation of the pores and cells. 545:, the world's largest sauna is the Koi Sauna in the Thermen & Badewelt 442: 4233: 4108: 3302: 3275: 2649: 2374: 1816:

reported in 2008 that women-only, bathing suit-required times are drawing

6702: 6697: 6656: 6619: 6609: 6519: 6326: 6305: 6282: 6258: 6243: 6133: 5989: 5977: 5891: 5846: 5335: 5270: 5253: 3432: 2394: 2308: 2293: 2250: 1977: 1906: 1883: 1807: 1712: 1362: 1339: 1312: 1210: 1136: 1127: 835: 823: 788: 546: 488: 475: 463: 365:, the sauna evolved to use a wood-burning metal stove with rocks on top, 17: 5016: 4695: 4133:"Clinical Implications of Thermal Therapy in Lifestyle-Related Diseases" 549:, Germany. It measures 166 square meters, holds 150 people and sports a 6854: 6558: 6548: 6539: 6534: 6366: 6351: 6310: 6300: 6138: 6096: 6020: 5952: 5921: 5903: 5875: 5807: 5238: 5173: 5134: 2323: 2278: 2273: 1895: 1891: 1845: 1692: 1648: 1640: 1596: 1475: 1394: 1168: 1105: 1075: 827: 608: 535: 479: 319: 6837: 5005:. Duluth, Minnesota: The Finnish Daily Publishing Company. p. 39. 4324: 4314: 4297: 4130:

Biro, Sadatoshi; Masuda, Akinori; Kihara, Takashi; Tei, Chuwa (2003).

3962: 3914: 3633:

Laukkanen, Jari A.; Laukkanen, Tanjaniina; Kunutsor, Setor K. (2018).

414: 6871: 6681: 6553: 6238: 6214: 6187: 6148: 6082: 6040: 6003: 5993: 5916: 5909: 5865: 5792: 5093: 3819: 3802: 2237: 2017: 1863: 1781: 1777: 1688: 1387: 1235: 1199: 1184: 1175: 1088: 780: 593: 574: 558: 519: 484: 255: 3456:"Clinical Effects of Regular Dry Sauna Bathing: A Systematic Review" 1564:. Both countries have long bathhouse traditions, dating back to the 4612:[Lithuanian or Russian sauna? What does the history say?]. 2106:, the earliest saunas that arrived with the colonists were Swedish 466:

even has a sauna built into one of the gondolas of a ferris wheel,

398:

Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

145: 6624: 6592: 6582: 6562: 6437: 6128: 6055: 6050: 5834: 5751: 5003:

Americanization of the Finnish People in Houghton County, Michigan

4744:[The whole truth about the sauna and its queen the twig]. 2298: 2228: 2165: 2155: 2127:, which are home to large populations of Swedish and particularly 2082: 2070: 2026: 2021: 1995: 1987: 1963: 1877: 1827: 1767: 1684: 1660: 1628: 1616: 1565: 1430: 1426: 1331: 1323: 1304: 1230: 1206: 1042: 929:

was added into UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2014.

796: 722: 714: 640: 632: 527: 515: 441: 374: 345: 303: 245: 144: 3014: 6732: 6717: 6676: 6629: 6597: 6572: 6567: 6514: 6035: 6015: 5747: 5021: 4192:"The Health Hazards of Saunas and Spas and How to Minimize Them" 2124: 2076: 1592: 1350: 1292: 1092: 5720: 5066: 4972:"Sweating Buckets, and Loving It: Minnesotans and Their Saunas" 4582: 2868:"Finland launches rival to the London Eye – with a sauna cabin" 645:

A small pool for cooling down; usually filled with cold water

1680: 1599:

river. The chronicle also mentions the year 1215 baths of the

707:; these are gentle exercises that do not exacerbate symptoms. 696: 550: 234:

is often referred to as a type of sauna, but according to the

42: 6813: 2840: 2030:(веник) in Russian. In Russian-speaking communities the word 1743:

Lithuanian sauna with the mythological decorations of witches

190: 172: 5054:

Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality

1104:(which uses only hot dry air). In the Americas there is the 4364: 454:

The sauna known in the western world today originates from

196: 178: 4725:

Latvijas Enciklopēdiskā vārdnīca, Nacionālais Apgāds, 2002

2687:(republished online by Saskatchewan Gen Web Julia Adamson) 534:. As an additional facility, a sauna may have one or more 5062: 3405:

Patrick, Rhonda P; Johnson, Teresa L. (15 October 2021).

3515:"Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan" 3407:"Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan" 1940:

types of saunas are the very hot and dry Finnish sauna (

1755:

Latvian bathhouse with a pond built in 1862 in Kurzeme,

1393:

In Canada, saunas have increasingly become a fixture of

1022:

type of heating is generally used only in urban saunas.

830:, also increases the risk. Being severely obese, having 4965: 4963: 3164:"Sauna Health Benefits: Are saunas healthy or harmful?" 1858:

In Portugal, the steam baths were commonly used by the

553:

aquarium. The title may now belong to Cape East Spa in

226:

in a sauna is typically used to measure temperature; a

4550:"Latvijas pirts tradīcijas apgūst pirtnieku festivālā" 4544: 4542: 4435:

Mero A, Tornberg J, Mäntykoski M, Puurtinen R (2015).

2726:

Nackt; Kulturgeschichte eines Tabus im 20. Jahrhundert

6767: 3460:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

193: 187: 175: 169: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4079:

Kauppinen K (1997). "Facts and fables about sauna".

2510:"Jjimjilbang: a microcosm of Korean leisure culture" 748:, promoting longevity as well as protection against 230:

can be used to measure levels of humidity or steam.

6690: 6503: 6420: 6267: 6110: 5940: 5884: 5758: 5642: 5555: 5502: 5447: 5392: 5334: 5284: 5219: 5100: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4585:[The antiquity of Lithuanian steam baths]. 2987:"Ready for your -110° spa treatment? - Macleans.ca" 2463: 2461: 2459: 2227:, literally translated as "sauna elf", is a little 184: 166: 73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4721: 4719: 4131: 3571:Heinonen, Ilkka; Laukkanen, Jari A. (1 May 2018). 2866: 2189:. The same approximate meaning is used across the 2115:, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, and parts of 404:" in 2014 and "Sauna culture in Finland" in 2020. 4610:"Lietuviška ar rusiška pirtis? Ką sako istorija?" 1824:United Kingdom, Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe 1631:. At that time, sauna traditions were similar in 1591:describes a bathhouse built around 1196 near the 1307:, many saunas exist at sports centers and public 4690: 4688: 1549: 802:Evidence for the use of sauna for depression or 4387: 4385: 4298:"Do lifestyle practices impede male fertility?" 3699:Laukkanen, Jari A.; Kunutsor, Setor K. (2019). 3513:Patrick, Rhonda P.; Johnson, Teresa L. (2021). 3121:Mündel T, Hooper PL, Bunn SJ, Jones DA (2006). 1140:; in Canada and the United States, a number of 4942:"Moscow's bathhouses: how to enjoy your sauna" 4916:"Bei zu heißem Aufguss Sauna lieber verlassen" 4742:"Visa tiesa apie pirtį ir jos karalienę vantą" 2906: 2904: 2771: 2769: 5732: 5078: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3366:L Hannuksela, Minna; Ellahham, Samer (2001). 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 1559: 400:under two entries: "Smoke sauna tradition in 353:. Illustration of a Finnish sauna in 1804 by 8: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4296:Leisegang, Kristian; Dutta, Sulagna (2021). 2969:Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 2728:; Christian Brandstätter Verlag; Wien 2004; 2677: 2675: 2643: 2641: 2566:"Kiln Saunas Make a Comeback in South Korea" 1647:as well as some West Slavic lands. In 1536, 1478:, the oldest working public sauna in Finland 314:in the middle of the 20th century in Finland 5739: 5725: 5717: 5085: 5071: 5063: 4081:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3856:European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2720: 2718: 2716: 2620:"New Finland Sauna / New Finlandin saunat" 1832:Pedra formosa-lusitanian sauna front stone 1757:The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia 767:, and therefore also decrease the risk of 637:Interior of a modern home sauna in Finland 5042:, Indian Country Today Media Network, LLC 4464: 4454: 4411: 4323: 4313: 4264: 4223: 3922: 3818: 3796: 3794: 3776:1983/31d2942a-5b17-420b-bd28-b5a35e6a0659 3774: 3662:1983/875f218f-f6a3-46e8-bdbc-ea005e174ab9 3660: 3650: 3588: 3530: 3489: 3471: 3422: 3138: 2913:"Good Clean Fun: Finland's Steamy Saunas" 1252:Countries that visit the sauna naked are 1174:(almost identical to the Finnish sauna), 1148:cultures have various kinds of spiritual 491:if the temperature were set much higher. 396:Sauna culture has been registered in the 267:The traditional Korean sauna, called the 133:Learn how and when to remove this message 5036:Looking Horse, Arvol (16 October 2009), 4185: 4183: 3025: 3023: 2442:"Bronze age 'sauna' unearthed on Orkney" 1611:. These baths are also mentioned in the 238:organizations, infrared is not a sauna. 6826: 6774: 5052:Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (10 June 1993) " 2613: 2611: 2366: 2346: 1701: 1615:. Sauna had a considerable role in the 1461: 981: 970:When the sauna bath is started and the 931: 563: 4874: 4673:from the original on 30 September 2023 1117: 1047:Depiction in the mid-1920s of a rural 650:feels comfortable. In Russia, a felt " 4970:Londoño, Ernesto (17 February 2024). 4823:"Moslima's ontdekken badkledingsauna" 4821:Langendoen, Claudia (10 March 2008). 4740:Prascevičienė, Rasa (22 April 2010). 3368:"Benefits and risks of sauna bathing" 2475: 2473: 2440:Gillett, Karrie (29 September 2015). 661:the length of one's stay in the sauna 217: 208: 7: 5113:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing 4794:Ribbing, Magdalena (18 March 2016). 3757:. Update in Vascular Medicine 2018. 3221:Journal of the Neurological Sciences 3061:"Bare facts of the sauna in Finland" 2889:from the original on 12 January 2022 2415:"Don't Call it Sauna – Sauna Digest" 71:adding citations to reliable sources 4593:from the original on 20 March 2023. 3755:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 3708:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 1571:The 13th century bathhouses in the 4589:(in Lithuanian). 10 January 2010. 4583:"Lietuviškų garinių pirčių senovė" 4253:British Journal of Sports Medicine 4101:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51764.x 3454:Hussain, Joy; Cohen, Marc (2018). 2748:"Saunakultur und Bekleidungsfrage" 2684:"New Finland Homecoming 1888–1988" 2618:Maki, Albert (20 September 2010). 1651:gained a royal privilege to build 1087:), traits of which survive in the 994:type sauna stove stone compartment 281:in the 15th century. Supported by 25: 4701:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 4196:American Journal of Public Health 4138:Experimental Biology and Medicine 2911:Holt, Kermit (15 November 1970). 2815:Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja 2746:Kast, Günter (18 November 2014). 2564:Sang-hun, Choe (26 August 2010). 2067:North America and Central America 1852:in Northern Europe) has emerged. 810:, and it might be beneficial for 426:other than Finnish and Estonian, 6863: 6846: 6829: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6751: 6750: 5700: 5691: 5690: 4030:Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 3372:The American Journal of Medicine 3194:"The Health Benefits of a Sauna" 2830:, Statistics Finland, 2011-06-22 1848:in short seatings (considered a 1795:Sauna in the Dutch language area 1748: 1736: 1724: 1711:Traditional Lithuanian sauna in 1704: 1583:, as they were practised by the 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1464: 1260:and those who bring a towel are 984: 949: 934: 616: 600: 585: 566: 162: 47: 5039:Concerning the deaths in Sedona 4514:Bosworth, Mark (October 2013). 4365:"The Far-Infared Sauna Blanket" 2865:Orange, Richard (17 May 2016). 2817:. WSOY: Helsinki. pp. 1131–1132 1818:Muslim women in the Netherlands 1772:Swedish sauna house on the lake 1256:, those who wear swim wear are 58:needs additional citations for 4767:Rožāne, Keita (26 June 2022). 4618:(in Lithuanian). 13 April 2020 4534:The Old Estonian Folk Religion 4007:10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.01.008 3140:10.1113/expphysiol.2006.034629 3015:http://www.palacsaturna.pl/en/ 2682:Birt, Hazel Lauttamus (1988). 2075:Wood-heated floating sauna on 1039:Other sweat bathing facilities 543:Guinness Book of World Records 1: 5602:Nudity in American television 4898:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4850:Tapper, James (12 May 2024). 3384:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00671-9 2828:Buildings and summer cottages 1731:Latvian sauna covered in snow 318:Western saunas originated in 32:Sauna Open Air Metal Festival 4922:(in German). 3 February 2019 4558:(in Latvian). 14 August 2016 4266:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097914 3652:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.04.008 3162:Publishing, Harvard Health. 2942:. EDP Sciences. p. 59. 1802:can be found throughout the 719:Sauna whisks and herbal teas 279:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 5650:Imagery of nude celebrities 5374:Social nudity organizations 4363:Publishing, Sauna Blanket. 3532:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111509 3424:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111509 2113:Upper Peninsula of Michigan 1992:Russian banya in Antarctica 1960:Czech Republic and Slovakia 1926:German-speaking Switzerland 1679:) are the most common, but 1589:Livonian Chronicle of Henry 6947: 5585:Nudity in live performance 4881:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 4642:Batarags, Ričards (2013). 4536:, Indiana University, 1971 4516:"Why Finland loves saunas" 4495:(in Finnish). 5 March 2018 4150:10.1177/153537020322801023 3995:Journal of Cardiac Failure 3767:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.03.005 3720:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.05.001 3590:10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2017 3289:Kaszubowski U (2007). "". 3059:Norros, Mikko (May 2009). 3001:"Welcome to Cape East Spa" 2793:UNESCO Intangible Heritage 2789:"Sauna culture in Finland" 2162:Traditions and old beliefs 2009: 1948:) and the infrared sauna ( 1792: 1414: 744:responsible for repairing 29: 6911:Finnish words and phrases 6746: 5688: 5384:Timeline of social nudity 5118:Nakedness and colonialism 4656:(in Latvian). Drukātava. 4456:10.1186/s40064-015-1093-5 4399:Canadian Family Physician 4042:10.1517/14728214.12.2.195 3330:10.1007/s00421-007-0469-9 3262:Sohr C (March 1983). "". 3233:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.040 3092:10.1007/s00421-007-0652-z 2334:World Sauna Championships 2133:Gustavus Adolphus College 2097:Morse Township, Minnesota 1921:) are considered a must. 1874:German-speaking countries 1613:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle 1581:Chronicon terrae Prussiae 1514:Sauna building in Finland 1490:A modern sauna in Finland 1433:twigs with fresh leaves ( 1429:. People use a bundle of 1167:). In Europe we find the 785:musculoskeletal disorders 732:Potential health benefits 623:Modern sauna in Highgrove 592:Modern collective sauna, 6460:Multi-family residential 5439:Clothing-optional events 5211:Clothing laws by country 4645:Latviskais pirts rituāls 3868:10.1177/1474515120944584 3519:Experimental Gerontology 3411:Experimental Gerontology 2813:Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004): 2537: 2482: 1573:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1548:, bathhouse or sauna is 1526:Estonian sauna on a lake 1353:, herbal steam sauna or 450:) are used in the sauna. 254:Areas such as the rocky 5504:Social nudity advocates 5286:Issues in social nudity 5152:Breastfeeding in public 5001:Niemi, Clemens (1921). 3807:Experimental Physiology 3639:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2648:Aaland, Mikkel (1978). 1623:. In the 17th century, 1374:tea is usually served. 5607:Nudity in music videos 5580:Nude photography (art) 5299:Sexual objectification 5101:Nakedness and clothing 4208:10.2105/AJPH.81.8.1034 2963:Zech, Michael (2015). 2708:Metos Ltd (in Finnish) 2626:. Saskatchewan Gen Web 2591:"Helsinkiläinen sauna" 2177: 2145:, used by a number of 2099: 2080: 2007: 1993: 1969: 1887: 1833: 1789:Dutch-speaking regions 1773: 1676: 1668: 1575:were mentioned in the 1560: 1550: 1119:[temaːsˈkalːi] 1115:Nahuatl pronunciation: 1102:Victorian Turkish bath 1083:(from Greek βαλανεῖον 1066: 861:coronary heart disease 844:valvular heart disease 818:Potential health risks 769:cardiovascular disease 728: 727:Sauna bather in winter 720: 646: 638: 451: 358: 315: 251: 153: 36:Sauna (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 5617:Nudity in advertising 5612:Nudity in print media 5412:Nude swimming classes 3318:Eur. J. Appl. Physiol 3080:Eur. J. Appl. Physiol 2940:Physics in daily life 2329:Taiwanese hot springs 2169: 2086: 2074: 1999: 1991: 1967: 1881: 1831: 1771: 1046: 1005:Continuous fire sauna 752:and chronic illness. 726: 718: 644: 636: 445: 363:Industrial Revolution 349: 307: 250:A Finnish smoke sauna 249: 148: 6921:Traditional medicine 5680:Softcore pornography 5557:Depictions of nudity 5321:Wardrobe malfunction 5221:Nudity and sexuality 4796:"Bastustil? - DN.SE" 4650:Latvian sauna ritual 3473:10.1155/2018/1857413 2975:– via Pub Med. 2938:Hermans, Jo (2012). 2826:Finland in Figures, 2624:New Finland District 2304:Purification Rundown 1607:which were built in 1540:Latvia and Lithuania 1378:Australia and Canada 1370:tea known in lao as 1334:, and the elaborate 1017:Electric stove sauna 1000:Continuous heat-type 840:postural hypotension 757:sudden cardiac death 325:apparent temperature 308:Women in Sauna with 67:improve this article 5906: / Guest room 5627:Glamour photography 5575:Nude modeling (art) 5532:Henry S. Huntington 4093:1997NYASA.813..654K 2480:한영준 (10 May 2016). 2452:on 6 November 2020. 2400:The Free Dictionary 2016:In many regions of 1944:), the steam room ( 1411:Finland and Estonia 1234:. In some parts of 1026:Far-infrared saunas 832:high blood pressure 793:respiratory illness 777:Alzheimer's disease 742:heat shock proteins 434:in many languages. 361:As a result of the 6906:Finnish inventions 6901:Culture of Estonia 6896:Culture of Finland 6382:Servants' quarters 5675:Nude psychotherapy 5632:Erotic photography 5547:Richard Ungewitter 5542:Elton Raymond Shaw 5379:Anarchist naturism 5369:Naturist magazines 5349:Christian naturism 5201:Nudity and protest 5140:Nudity in religion 5025:. 22 October 1993. 4977:The New York Times 3043:on 1 October 2008. 2845:rajaportinsauna.fi 2841:"Rajaportin sauna" 2570:The New York Times 2178: 2100: 2081: 2008: 2001:In a Russian Banya 1994: 1970: 1888: 1834: 1774: 1625:Matthäus Prätorius 1619:traditions of the 1502:A sauna in Estonia 1067: 1053:by Russian artist 1033:endurance exercise 965:Heat storage-sauna 765:arterial stiffness 746:misfolded proteins 740:, which activates 729: 721: 647: 639: 452: 359: 316: 252: 154: 6765: 6764: 6183:Janitorial closet 5917:Bedsit / Miniflat 5714: 5713: 5311:Indecent exposure 5259:Feminist stripper 4663:978-9984-853-78-9 4392:Beever R (2009). 4315:10.1111/and.13595 4190:Press, E (1991). 4144:(10): 1245–1249. 3963:10.1111/aor.13659 3951:Artificial Organs 3915:10.1002/clc.23077 3909:(11): 1491–1501. 3905:(Meta-analysis). 3264:Z Gesamte Inn Med 2724:Manfred Scheuch: 2595:Nationaal Archief 2129:Finnish Americans 2091:on the shores of 1764:Norway and Sweden 1653:public bathhouses 1533:Ancient Estonians 1406:Nordic and Baltic 893:Heat storage-type 795:. Weight loss in 541:According to the 468:SkyWheel Helsinki 210:[ˈsɑu̯nɑ] 143: 142: 135: 117: 27:Type of bathhouse 16:(Redirected from 6938: 6876: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6842: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6822: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6754: 6753: 6723:Home improvement 6495:Studio apartment 6287:Kitchen-related 5963:Conversation pit 5750:and spaces of a 5741: 5734: 5727: 5718: 5704: 5694: 5693: 5665:Nudity in combat 5622:Nude photography 5354:Freikörperkultur 5125:Childhood nudity 5087: 5080: 5073: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4944:. Archived from 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4828:Algemeen Dagblad 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4737: 4726: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4655: 4639: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4606: 4595: 4594: 4579: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4546: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4458: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4327: 4317: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4268: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4202:(8): 1034–1037. 4187: 4178: 4177: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3926: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3822: 3820:10.1113/EP089424 3813:(6): 1317–1334. 3798: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3705: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3664: 3654: 3645:(8): 1111–1121. 3630: 3611: 3610: 3592: 3583:(5): R629–R638. 3568: 3553: 3552: 3534: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3475: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3426: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3170:. 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Archived from 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2371: 2354: 2351: 2191:Finnic languages 2087:An old sauna of 2024:bunches, called 1860:Castrejos people 1813:Algemeen Dagblad 1752: 1740: 1728: 1708: 1585:Lithuanian dukes 1563: 1553: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1472:Rajaportin sauna 1468: 1246:Around the world 1162:Anishinaabemowin 1121: 1116: 988: 953: 938: 875:male infertility 851:in persons with 620: 607:Modern sauna in 604: 589: 570: 512:Western European 460:Rajaportin Sauna 446:Wooden buckets ( 424:Finnic languages 391:Continuation War 323:would raise the 301:are ubiquitous. 293:clinics, called 283:Sejong the Great 232:Infrared therapy 221: 219:[ˈsɑu̯n] 216: 212: 207: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 138: 131: 127: 124: 118: 116: 75: 51: 43: 21: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6875:from Wikivoyage 6869: 6864: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6841:from Wiktionary 6835: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821:sister projects 6820: 6818:at Knowledge's 6812: 6802: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6757:Category: Rooms 6742: 6686: 6507: 6499: 6465:Secondary suite 6416: 6291:butler's pantry 6263: 6206:Mechanical room 6159:Electrical room 6118: 6106: 5936: 5880: 5854:Recreation room 5754: 5745: 5715: 5710: 5684: 5638: 5551: 5498: 5443: 5394:Nude recreation 5388: 5344:Naturist resort 5330: 5280: 5215: 5130:Sex segregation 5096: 5091: 5061: 5060: 5051: 5047: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4982: 4980: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4873: 4862: 4860: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4748:(in Lithuanian) 4739: 4738: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4704:(in Lithuanian) 4694: 4693: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4581: 4580: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4527: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4259:(13): 799–805. 4246: 4245: 4241: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4027: 4026: 4022: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3686: 3632: 3631: 3614: 3570: 3569: 3556: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3365: 3364: 3353: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3227:(1–2): 145–52. 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3058: 3057: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3031:"The sauna use" 3029: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2917:Chicago Tribune 2910: 2909: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2874:Daily Telegraph 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2778:ERR, 27.11.2014 2774: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2457: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2284:Destination spa 2259: 2233:tutelary spirit 2180:A Finnish word 2164: 2147:Native American 2089:Listening Point 2069: 2014: 1986: 1962: 1934: 1876: 1842:Southern Europe 1826: 1797: 1791: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1720: 1709: 1595:on the bank of 1542: 1527: 1524: 1515: 1512: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1488: 1479: 1469: 1419: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1380: 1289: 1276: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1248: 1214:and the Korean 1146:Native American 1114: 1055:Boris Kustodiev 1041: 1028: 1019: 1007: 1002: 995: 989: 967: 960: 954: 945: 939: 900: 895: 887:infrared saunas 883: 857:aortic stenosis 853:unstable angina 849:contraindicated 826:drugs, such as 820: 734: 713: 631: 624: 621: 612: 605: 596: 590: 581: 571: 456:Northern Europe 440: 410: 355:Giuseppe Acerbi 351:Bain Finlandais 244: 214: 205: 183: 165: 161: 139: 128: 122: 119: 76: 74: 64: 52: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6944: 6942: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6860: 6843: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6556: 6551: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:Servants' hall 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6203: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6166: 6164:Equipment room 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6080: 6078:Secret passage 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5712: 5711: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 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4959: 4948:on 31 May 2017 4933: 4907: 4888: 4842: 4813: 4786: 4759: 4727: 4715: 4684: 4662: 4629: 4615:Bernardinai.lt 4596: 4569: 4538: 4532:Ivar Paulson, 4525: 4506: 4480: 4427: 4406:(7): 691–696. 4381: 4355: 4288: 4239: 4179: 4122: 4071: 4036:(2): 195–198. 4020: 4001:(3): 204–206. 3984: 3957:(7): 680–692. 3938: 3889: 3842: 3790: 3761:(6): 635–641. 3741: 3714:(3): 288–293. 3684: 3612: 3554: 3505: 3446: 3417:(3): 489–492. 3397: 3378:(2): 118–126. 3351: 3308: 3291:Z Urol Nephrol 3281: 3254: 3211: 3200:. 14 June 2020 3185: 3174:on 5 June 2020 3168:Harvard Health 3154: 3133:(6): 1007–14. 3113: 3070: 3046: 3019: 3006: 2992: 2978: 2955: 2948: 2930: 2900: 2857: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2780: 2765: 2738: 2712: 2699: 2671: 2664: 2637: 2607: 2582: 2556: 2527: 2516:. 1 April 2010 2501: 2469: 2455: 2432: 2421:. 12 July 2017 2406: 2386: 2380:Dictionary.com 2365: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2163: 2160: 2093:Burntside Lake 2068: 2065: 2010:Main article: 1985: 1982: 1974:Czech Republic 1961: 1958: 1933: 1930: 1919:Frischluftraum 1875: 1872: 1838:United Kingdom 1825: 1822: 1820:to the sauna. 1793:Main article: 1790: 1787: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1703: 1577:Hypatian Codex 1541: 1538: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1470: 1463: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1379: 1376: 1288: 1285: 1275: 1272: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1205:. In Asia the 1073:there was the 1040: 1037: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 990: 983: 966: 963: 962: 961: 955: 948: 946: 940: 933: 899: 896: 894: 891: 882: 879: 819: 816: 804:skin disorders 761:blood pressure 750:muscle atrophy 733: 730: 712: 711:Health effects 709: 678:Contact lenses 666: 665: 662: 659: 630: 627: 626: 625: 622: 615: 613: 606: 599: 597: 591: 584: 582: 572: 565: 532:swimming pools 508:North American 478:. The hottest 439: 436: 418:is an ancient 409: 406: 243: 240: 141: 140: 55: 53: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6943: 6932: 6931:Hot-air baths 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6874: 6873: 6872:Travel guides 6861: 6857: 6856: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6775: 6771: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505:Architectural 6502: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6485:Semi-detached 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6402:Swimming pool 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Great chamber 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6254:Wiring closet 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225:Semi-basement 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885:Private rooms 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5859:billiard room 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:dirty kitchen 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Nudity clause 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Nude calendar 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:Body painting 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Lee Baxandall 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5494:South America 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:San Francisco 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472:North America 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407:Nude swimming 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5304:Pornification 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5294:Sexualization 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5234:Exhibitionism 5232: 5230: 5229:Intimate part 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5194:United States 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5167:Finnish sauna 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4369:Sauna Blanket 4366: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4308:(1): e13595. 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087:(1): 654–62. 4086: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3947:Ye, Winnie N. 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862:(2): 96–105. 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324:(4): 371–82. 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3293:(in German). 3292: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3270:(6): 207–13. 3269: 3266:(in German). 3265: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3065:thisisFINLAND 3062: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2949:9782759807055 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2861: 2858: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734:3-85498-289-5 2731: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665:0-88496-124-9 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2350: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269:Balneotherapy 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2175:Pekka Halonen 2172: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2151:First Nations 2148: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2104:United States 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2012:Banya (sauna) 2006: 2005:Vitaly Tikhov 2002: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Public saunas 1796: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:Baltic people 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1417:Finnish sauna 1410: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1273: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1238:there is the 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:European Jews 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:First Nations 1139: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1059:Russian Venus 1056: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1004: 999: 993: 987: 982: 980: 978: 973: 964: 958: 952: 947: 943: 937: 932: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 897: 892: 890: 888: 880: 878: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 817: 815: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773:heart failure 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 731: 725: 717: 710: 708: 706: 702: 701:physiotherapy 698: 693: 691: 685: 681: 679: 674: 670: 663: 660: 657: 656: 655: 653: 643: 635: 628: 619: 614: 610: 603: 598: 595: 588: 583: 580: 579:Therme Erding 576: 569: 564: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 524:South African 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 500: 497: 492: 490: 486: 481: 477: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 449: 444: 438:Modern saunas 437: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416: 407: 405: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 382: 380: 376: 372: 371:Finnish sauna 368: 364: 356: 352: 348: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 313: 312: 306: 302: 300: 299:Korean saunas 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275:Sejong Sillok 272: 271: 265: 262: 257: 248: 241: 239: 237: 236:Finnish sauna 233: 229: 225: 220: 211: 201: 159: 152: 151:Finnish sauna 147: 137: 134: 126: 123:December 2022 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: – 83: 79: 78:Find sources: 72: 68: 62: 61: 56:This article 54: 50: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6870: 6858:from Commons 6853: 6836: 6815: 6635:Roof lantern 6387:Smoking room 6371: 6357:Long gallery 6337:Drawing room 6323:Conservatory 6230:Storm cellar 6201:Storage room 6197:Utility room 6193:Laundry room 6169:Furnace room 5760:Shared rooms 5705: 5695: 5527:Ilsley Boone 5522:Paul Bindrim 5512:Kurt Barthel 5434:Nude beaches 5429:Nude wedding 5359:Gay naturism 5326:Strip search 5161: 5048: 5038: 5031: 5020: 5017:"The Shvitz" 5011: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4981:. 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