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701:, which must be replenished before the following mating. When a male finds a suitable spot for the behavior, other males can quickly join and hundreds of butterflies may become attracted to the site. Multiple species may join the group, but the butterflies do not evenly distribute between species. Instead,
947:
male butterflies have been seen to chase females of butterfly species with similar visual cues, which has led researchers to believe that these visual recognition strategies form the basis of sexual partner selection in this species. However, more research is needed to identify how different aspects
923:
Julia butterfly copulation is always terminated by the males after the ground phase. The female remains at the mating site as the male flies away. This raises the idea of an evolutionary basis for this behavior based on a conflict of interests between males and females of the species. This conflict
906:
are sex-specific and can include receptive and non-receptive behaviors by the females of the species. Some female behaviors regarded as showing non-receptiveness include abdomen raising and overflight, in which the female attempts to fly higher than the male during the aerial phase of courtship. On
880:
continues to beat his wings above and in front of the female, while both face the same direction. The female butterfly then opens and vibrates her hind wings and front wings. Her hind wings are fully opened, while her forewings are only partially so. At the same time, the female emits scent glands
430:
is characterized by elongated orange wings with black wing markings that vary by subspecies. Black markings are mainly located near the wing tips. Male Julia butterflies can be identified by their brighter orange color, compared to the duller orange exhibited by females . Images of many Julia
529:
flights take place throughout the year in southern
Florida and southern Texas, but especially during the fall. The butterfly in its U.S. range has been seen to occasionally migrate as far north as Nebraska. However, south of its United States range, the Julia butterfly generally does not
907:
the other hand, a female behavior such as shutting her wings has been found to be a key receptive behavior. For males, persistence did not seem to be a key driver of success, as behaviors performed by persistent males, such as hovering over the female did not often lead to copulation.
809:
The caterpillars of the Julia butterfly have pink, gray, and black coloration throughout their body with maroon and cream patches. Long, branched, black spines also cover their entire body. A cream-colored, inverted Y-shaped mark can be seen on the front of the caterpillar's head.
964:
are caterpillars, they can cause a skin rash on humans if touched. This is likely from the yellow liquid that is produced from the tips of the long, black spines that cover its body, which is emitted as a predator deterrent related to their cyanogenic glycosides
910:
The inability of persistent males—meaning those that carried on extended courtship behavior – to increase copulation has led to researchers theorizing female copulation acceptance as the primary determinant of successful copulation in
1659:
Ross, Gary N.; Fales, Henry M.; Lloyd, Helen A.; Jones, Tappey; Sokoloski, Edward A.; Marshall-Batty, Kimberly; Blum, Murray S. (June 2001). "Novel
Chemistry of Abdominal Defensive Glands of Nymphalid Butterfly Agraulis vanillae".
805:
caterpillars eat slots into the leaves of their hostplant once they emerge from their egg. However, they do not have nests in their hostplants. They instead use the remaining part of the leaf as a protected area to rest on.
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in order to produce tears that the butterflies can drink. Observations of this from points 1500 km apart, were probably the first time scientific observations were coordinated via films broadcast on terrestrial television.
881:
from her raised abdomen. The male then beats his wings behind and then in front of the female once again. If the female is satisfied by the courtship, she lowers her abdomen and shuts her wings in preparation for mating.
988:
from an exporter butterfly farm in Costa Rica and released them during
Buddhist ceremonies and weddings. The released butterflies have now colonized areas of Thailand and Malaysia and established a wild population.
864:
involves a very specific sequence of steps that can be categorized into three sequential phases: an aerial phase, an air-ground phase, and a ground phase. The observed courtship steps are outlined in detail below:
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eggs tend to be a light yellow color when laid, which turns to a darker orange or brown shade before hatching. Each of the butterfly's eggs are separately laid onto new leaf tendrils of its host plant, usually the
1561:
Mega, Nicolás
Oliveira; AraĂşjo, Aldo Mellender de (2009). "Analysis of the mating behavior and some possible causes of male copulatory success in Dryas iulia alcionea (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)".
411:
Its mating behavior is complex and involves a prolonged courtship whose outcome appears to be controlled by the female. This raises questions pertaining to the occurrence of the evolution of sexual conflict.
509:
prefer open, sunny breaks in the subtropical and tropical forests it inhabits. The butterfly is also common in open areas such as gardens, cattle grazing lands, and forest clearings, due to human impact.
791:
872:
approaches the female from behind. Then, the female takes flight, with the male flying in front of and above the female. This position is taken by the male so that the female can smell the male's
697:. It involves male butterflies crowding around damp ground in order to drink dissolved minerals through a process of water filtration. During copulation, the male butterfly uses minerals in his
355:
Its wingspan ranges from 82 to 92 mm, and it is colored orange (brighter in male specimens) with black markings; this species is somewhat unpalatable to birds and belongs to the "orange"
876:
and become sexually stimulated. Next, the female attempts to fly higher than the male, which can be seen as an anti-copulatory behavior, before landing. After that, the male
813:
Larvae emit noxious chemicals in their larval stage because of the trace cyanide in their hostplant. This makes the larvae unpalatable to certain bird species, especially
663:
vines have gone further by producing small leaves that look like a perfect place for the butterflies to lay eggs but break off at the stem within a few days, carrying the
893:
spend the majority of their time searching for females to mate with. Females of this butterfly species can mate four times in their lifetime, which is unusual for female
653:, as the butterflies attempt to gain better survival for their laid eggs and the plants attempt to stop their destruction from larval feeding. Many members of the genus
2647:
2034:
840:, the male Julia butterfly spends the majority of its time looking for mates. At night, the butterfly roosts close to the ground, either in a small group or alone.
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828:
has five larval stages, and at the fifth, the larva becomes a pupa. The pupa of the Julia butterfly is grayish-white in color, and somewhat resembles a dead leaf.
454:, the Julia butterfly is commonly distributed. The butterfly is also widespread throughout a number of the Caribbean islands, with endemic subspecies located in
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The egg of the butterfly measures about 1.2 mm in height and 1.0 mm in diameter. They have approximately 20 vertical ridges and 13 horizontal ridges.
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1246:
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1506:
915:. For example, the only male behavioral acts found to be indicative of successful copulation occurred in response to signals of female receptiveness.
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are commonly admired for their coloration. As a diurnal species of butterfly that is quite active during the day, Julia butterfly are often found in
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that make the butterfly unpalatable to its predators, which come from a mixture of storage from their hostplant and larval synthesis. The mimicry in
679:. The butterflies have thus evolved to be more discerning in their egg placement, and better able to detect strategies used by their host plant, the
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2622:
2522:
2300:
1265:
1377:
2612:
1866:
Beck, Jan; MĂĽhlenberg, Eva; Fiedler, Konrad (1999-04-01). "Mud-puddling behavior in tropical butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals?".
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2061:
1635:
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1968:
Burg, Noah A.; Pradhan, Ashman; Gonzalez, Rebecca M.; Morban, Emely Z.; Zhen, Erica W.; Sakchoowong, Watana; Lohman, David J. (2014-08-13).
1339:
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943:(of color and body size) of the butterfly as a key factor that may suggest an evolutionary basis towards understanding sexual selection.
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involves other butterfly species having evolved to look similar to the Julia butterfly in order to convey their presumed unpalatability.
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2313:
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1320:
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1358:
1925:
Benson, Woodruff W. (1971). "Evidence for the
Evolution of Unpalatability Through Kin Selection in the Heliconinae (Lepidoptera)".
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is common in the tropical and subtropical areas of North, Central, and South
America. In South America, throughout countries like
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As adults, males and females feed differently based on their reproductive needs. As mentioned further down, males engage in
534:. The butterfly's flight pattern can be fast or slow, and is usually seen around the middle story of their forest habitat.
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1214:
1151:
1500:
Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996): Palatability and escaping ability in
Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds (
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because it is long-lived and active throughout the day. However, the caterpillars are spiky and may cause a skin rash.
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2209:
362:
This butterfly is a fast flier and frequents clearings, paths, and margins of forests and woodlands. It feeds on the
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arises because of a difference in reproductive interests between the male and the female that has its beginnings in
1970:"Inferring the Provenance of an Alien Species with DNA Barcodes: The Neotropical Butterfly Dryas iulia in Thailand"
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2357:
939:(by which a female accepts or denies a male suitor) are not completely understood. Some studies have reported the
200:
1471:
Lamas, G. (editor) (2004). Atlas of
Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea – Papilionoidea.
2425:
2127:
928:. Sexual selection studies favor forms of sexual conflict such as this one to be one of the major sources of
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514:
can be found on a few main hostplants (or shrubs in Latin
America) including the passion vine of the family
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overlaps with the ranges of other butterflies which sometimes leads to conflict. For example, the ranges of
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2318:
2214:
741:
531:
396:
183:
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470:, among others. Moving further north, the species can be commonly witnessed in Central America up into
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when the two species have breeding populations in similar areas and within the same geographic range.
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overlap; in some cases, gulf fritillaries can sometimes be subjected to competition and fighting from
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2331:
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1981:
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20:
1743:
de la Rosa, Carlos L (2014-05-01). "Additional observations of lachryphagous butterflies and bees".
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Mating can occur within two weeks of the Julia butterfly's exit from the chrysalis. As adults, male
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have evolved to produce very tough, thick leaves that are hard to break down by caterpillars. Some
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1942:
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2017:
1999:
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JRG Turner, M Andrews, A McGregor "Drinking crocodile tears: the only use for a butterfly" -
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Fabricius, sometimes called the
Flambeau (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Entomologist vol. 100 p. 8
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2007:
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butterflies do) – also use pollen from flowers to gain nutrients needed for egg production.
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2012:
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Benson, WW; Brown, S Jr; Gilbert, LE (1975). "Coevolution of plants and herbivores".
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is a peculiar social behavior engaged in by a number of butterfly species, including
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Females, meanwhile, besides visiting certain flower species for their nectar, like
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19:"Julia butterfly" redirects here. For the activist and environmentalist, see
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1708:
Brown, K S (1981-01-01). "The Biology of Heliconius and Related Genera".
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The butterflies of North America : a natural history and field guide
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are now too widespread in the region to eradicate. They feed on invasive
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vines actually mimic eggs of the butterfly species that use it as a
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386:, the eye of which the butterfly irritates to produce tears. Its
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2088:: 115. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, New York.
344:, and in summer can sometimes be found as far north as eastern
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and others usually remain near members of their own species.
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butterfly subspecies can be found at the bottom of the page.
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plants almost exclusively, specifically those of subgenuses
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area during the summer). The geographic distribution of
2077:
Butterflies and Moths of North America (BMNA) (2008).
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behavior in order to gain valuable minerals for their
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Two Julia butterflies drinking tears from turtles in
2394:
2149:
1533:"The real butterfly effect – not chaos, but wonder"
919:
Evolutionary basis of sexual selection and conflict
1623:
597:. They have also been seen to agitate the eyes of
952:’s physical features factor into mate selection.
478:(and can occasionally be found to move into the
1630:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
844:’s adult lifespan lasts for less than a month.
8:
1787:Antenna (Royal Entomological Society London)
726:species that employ this protective tactic.
323:) butterfly. The sole representative of its
997:species around its invasive range, usually
984:, obtained Julia butterflies, specifically
649:butterflies) have shown strong evidence of
2137:
2084:Miller, L. D. & Miller, J. Y. (2004).
899:butterflies who generally mate just once.
52:
38:
27:
2011:
1993:
1745:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
736:caterpillars, contains trace amounts of
2648:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
2052:R. R. Askew and P. A. van B. Stafford,
1800:"Butterflies of Amazonia – Dryas iulia"
1420:
1147:
2042:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
1703:
1701:
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740:. This has led to the development of
716:butterflies are part of the “orange”
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7:
2577:7e6a238f-d47b-4ae2-9bbd-102450115736
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1487:JRG Turner 1967 The generic name of
1722:10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.002235
629:Hostplant coevolutionary strategies
319:, is a species of brush-footed (or
2628:Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago
1519:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x
14:
2054:Butterflies of the Cayman Islands
1789:1986, volume 10 (3) pages 119-120
1531:Barkham, Patrick (6 April 2011).
2668:Lepidoptera of the United States
2121:
2107:
2056:(Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2008)
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1142:(Miller & Steinhauser, 1992)
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2623:Butterflies of Central America
1:
2613:Butterflies described in 1775
1117:– (Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador)
1027:– (Suriname, Bolivia, Brazil)
732:, the primary food source of
2643:Nymphalidae of South America
1995:10.1371/journal.pone.0104076
1106:(Enrico & Pinchon, 1969)
720:complex, one of the similar
1710:Annual Review of Entomology
1662:Journal of Chemical Ecology
299:(often incorrectly spelled
2684:
836:After emerging from their
415:The species is popular in
18:
1576:10.1007/s10164-009-0163-y
980:. One butterfly house in
902:Many mating behaviors in
621:(as both male and female
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67:Scientific classification
65:
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2081:. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.
1622:Scott, James A. (1997).
1927:The American Naturalist
1674:10.1023/A:1010372114144
1017:Listed alphabetically:
969:Introduced invasiveness
956:Interaction with humans
758:caterpillar with spikes
303:), commonly called the
2663:Lepidoptera of Ecuador
2653:Lepidoptera of Bolivia
2618:Butterflies of Jamaica
2086:The Butterfly Handbook
1502:Tyrannus melancholicus
1072:– (Dominican Republic)
799:
798:emerging from its pupa
759:
667:eggs with them. Other
550:
380:Scandix pecten-veneris
2658:Lepidoptera of Mexico
2633:Lepidoptera of Brazil
1888:10.1007/s004420050770
794:
754:
742:cyanogenic glycosides
709:Protective coloration
686:Mud-puddling behavior
545:
352:have been described.
2118:at Wikimedia Commons
1804:learnbutterflies.com
986:Dryas iulia moderata
932:in certain insects.
496:Dryas iulia moderata
402:yellow passionflower
382:), and the tears of
366:of flowers, such as
332:, it is native from
21:Julia Butterfly Hill
16:Species of butterfly
2426:Dryas (Nymphalidae)
2040:at Markku Savela's
1986:2014PLoSO...9j4076B
1880:1999Oecol.119..140B
1757:2014FrEE...12..210D
1564:Journal of Ethology
1507:Biol. J. Linn. Soc.
1000:Passiflora suberosa
390:feeds on leaves of
1144:– (Cayman Islands)
1006:Passiflora foetida
853:Courtship behavior
800:
760:
580:Tryphostemmatoides
551:
397:Passiflora affinis
2600:
2599:
2585:Open Tree of Life
2379:Open Tree of Life
2143:Taxon identifiers
2112:Media related to
2097:
2062:978-87-88757-85-9
2038:(Fabricius, 1775)
1765:10.1890/14.wb.006
1637:978-0-8047-2013-7
1477:978-0-945417-28-6
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1079:(Fabricius, 1775)
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1043:(Fabricius, 1775)
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941:sexual dimorphism
718:MĂĽllerian mimicry
376:shepherd's-needle
357:MĂĽllerian mimicry
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2126:Data related to
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2079:Julia Heliconian
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2015:
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1933:(943): 213–226.
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1176:D. i. dominicana
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1070:(Boddaert, 1783)
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1049:D. i. dominicana
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982:Phuket, Thailand
978:butterfly houses
868:First, the male
417:butterfly houses
309:Julia heliconian
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269:Fabricius, 1775
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259:Species synonymy
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1521:(HTML abstract)
1504:, Tyrannidae).
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1209:
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1200:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1103:D. i. martinica
1081:– (Puerto Rico)
1063:– (St. Vincent)
1058:D. i. framptoni
1015:
971:
958:
935:The methods of
921:
887:
885:Mating behavior
855:
850:
834:
823:
789:
770:
765:
711:
688:
631:
566:(also known as
556:larvae feed on
540:
524:
504:
492:gulf fritillary
437:
425:
305:Julia butterfly
204:
197:
191:
178:
158:
69:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2681:
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2671:
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2480:
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2362:
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2297:
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2232:
2219:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2171:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2133:at Wikispecies
2119:
2103:
2102:External links
2100:
2099:
2098:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2045:
2027:
1980:(8): e104076.
1960:
1939:10.1086/282719
1917:
1874:(1): 140–148.
1858:
1831:(4): 659–680.
1815:
1791:
1778:
1735:
1716:(1): 427–457.
1695:
1651:
1636:
1589:
1570:(1): 123–132.
1542:
1523:
1513:(4): 351–365.
1493:
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1318:
1316:
1309:D. i. moderata
1307:
1300:
1298:
1291:D. i. moderata
1289:
1282:
1280:
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1261:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1237:D. i. alcionea
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1221:D. i. alcionea
1219:
1212:
1210:
1203:D. i. alcionea
1201:
1194:
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1158:D. i. alcionea
1156:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1112:D. i. moderata
1109:
1108:– (Martinique)
1100:
1091:
1088:(Clench, 1975)
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1025:(Cramer, 1779)
1022:D. i. alcionea
1014:
1011:
1003:and sometimes
970:
967:
957:
954:
937:mate selection
920:
917:
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684:
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627:
595:spermatophores
539:
538:Food resources
536:
523:
520:
516:Passifloraceae
503:
500:
436:
433:
424:
423:Identification
421:
290:
289:
288:
287:
285:(misspelling)
279:
277:(misspelling)
271:
255:
254:
246:
234:Genus synonymy
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2203:
2197:
2193:
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2172:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2131:(Nymphalidae)
2130:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2095:0-7641-5714-0
2092:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
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2039:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
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1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
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1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:Papilio iulia
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:D. i. nudeola
1341:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:D. i. nudeola
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1267:
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1259:
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1227:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1135:– (St. Kitts)
1131:
1130:D. i. warneri
1128:
1124:(Bates, 1934)
1122:
1121:D. i. nudeola
1119:
1115:(Riley, 1926)
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:– (St. Lucia)
1097:(Riley, 1926)
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:D. i. fucatus
1065:
1061:(Riley, 1926)
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1034:(Riley, 1926)
1032:
1031:D. i. carteri
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
963:
955:
953:
951:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
918:
916:
914:
908:
905:
900:
898:
897:
892:
884:
882:
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
859:
852:
847:
845:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
820:
818:
816:
811:
807:
804:
797:
793:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:passionflower
774:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
729:Passifloracae
725:
724:
719:
715:
708:
706:
704:
700:
699:spermatophore
696:
692:
685:
683:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
647:
643:(among other
642:
638:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
619:
614:
613:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
561:
560:
555:
549:
544:
537:
535:
533:
528:
521:
519:
517:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
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457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
432:
429:
422:
420:
418:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
392:passion vines
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
283:
280:
275:
274:Papilio julia
272:
267:
266:Papilio iulia
264:
262:
260:
252:HĂĽbner, 1819
250:
247:
242:
239:
237:
235:
229:
226:
222:
219:
218:
212:
207:
202:
196:
194:
188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
176:
175:D. iulia
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2395:
2150:
2128:
2114:
2085:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2030:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1713:
1709:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1625:
1567:
1563:
1537:the Guardian
1536:
1526:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1408:Grand Cayman
1402:
1389:Grand Cayman
1383:
1370:Grand Cayman
1364:
1345:
1326:
1308:
1290:
1271:
1253:D. i. delila
1252:
1236:
1220:
1202:
1175:
1157:
1138:
1133:(Hall, 1936)
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1054:– (Dominica)
1052:(Hall, 1917)
1048:
1040:D. i. delila
1039:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
985:
973:
972:
961:
959:
949:
944:
934:
922:
912:
909:
903:
901:
894:
890:
888:
877:
874:scent scales
869:
867:
861:
860:behavior in
856:
848:Reproduction
841:
835:
825:
824:
812:
808:
802:
801:
795:
782:
772:
771:
763:Life history
755:
745:
733:
728:
722:
713:
712:
702:
694:
691:Mud-puddling
689:
680:
668:
664:
660:
654:
645:
640:
633:
632:
622:
616:
610:
608:
591:mud-puddling
588:
584:Plectostemma
583:
579:
573:
567:
563:
557:
553:
552:
526:
525:
511:
506:
505:
495:
487:
483:
439:
438:
435:Distribution
427:
426:
414:
410:
408:) in Texas.
405:
395:
394:, including
379:
371:
361:
354:
336:to southern
328:
327:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
294:
293:
281:
273:
265:
258:
256:
248:
240:
233:
231:
214:
192:
190:
174:
173:
154:
153:
144:Heliconiinae
47:Dorsal view
31:
25:
2638:Heliconiini
2510:iNaturalist
2420:Wikispecies
2340:NatureServe
2275:iNaturalist
2192:Dryas-iulia
2181:Dryas iulia
2175:Wikispecies
2151:Dryas iulia
2115:Dryas iulia
2064:, pp. 62-65
2036:Dryas iulia
1453:Dryas iulia
1272:D. i. iulia
1190:Caterpillar
1094:D. i. lucia
1090:– (Florida)
1085:D. i. largo
1076:D. i. iulia
1045:– (Jamaica)
1036:– (Bahamas)
962:Dryas iulia
862:Dryas iulia
773:Dryas iulia
714:Dryas iulia
651:coevolution
554:Dryas iulia
468:Puerto Rico
440:Dryas iulia
428:Dryas iulia
388:caterpillar
296:Dryas iulia
282:Dryas julia
209:Subspecies
193:Dryas iulia
140:Subfamily:
134:Nymphalidae
124:Lepidoptera
32:Dryas iulia
2607:Categories
1809:2017-10-03
1751:(4): 210.
1415:References
1013:Subspecies
995:Passiflora
930:speciation
896:Heliconius
723:Heliconian
681:Passiflora
669:Passiflora
661:Passiflora
656:Passiflora
646:Heliconian
635:Passiflora
618:Eupatorium
575:Polyanthea
569:Passiflora
559:Passiflora
350:subspecies
348:. Over 15
104:Arthropoda
61:Side view
2004:1932-6203
1896:0029-8549
1868:Oecologia
1825:Evolution
1773:1540-9309
1730:0066-4170
1403:D. i. zoe
1384:D. i. zoe
1365:D. i. zoe
1139:D. i. zoe
926:anisogamy
858:Courtship
838:chrysalis
673:hostplant
564:Astrophea
522:Migration
359:complex.
321:nymphalid
201:Fabricius
169:Species:
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
2536:LepIndex
2458:BugGuide
2434:BioLib:
2411:Q3040180
2405:Wikidata
2345:2.119867
2314:LepIndex
2293:10265969
2223:BugGuide
2199:BioLib:
2189:BAMONA:
2166:Q1768694
2160:Wikidata
2022:25119899
1974:PLOS ONE
1955:84261089
1912:20103546
1904:28308154
1853:28563089
1682:11504024
1646:49698782
1584:31479690
1406:female,
1349:female,
1277:Trinidad
1256:female,
1126:– (Cuba)
991:D. iulia
974:D. iulia
950:D. iulia
945:D. iulia
913:D. iulia
904:D. iulia
891:D. iulia
878:D. iulia
870:D. iulia
842:D. iulia
826:D. iulia
815:tanagers
803:D. iulia
796:D. iulia
756:D. iulia
746:D. iulia
734:D. iulia
703:D. iulia
695:D. iulia
677:oviposit
665:D. iulia
641:D. iulia
623:D. iulia
527:D. iulia
512:D. iulia
507:D. iulia
490:and the
488:D. iulia
484:D. iulia
480:Nebraska
460:Dominica
406:P. lutea
368:lantanas
346:Nebraska
317:flambeau
249:Colaenis
241:Alcionea
225:Synonyms
215:14, see
130:Family:
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
2502:1893309
2267:5128034
2013:4132105
1982:Bibcode
1947:2459551
1876:Bibcode
1845:2407076
1753:Bibcode
1690:2815219
1258:Jamaica
738:cyanide
612:Lantana
603:turtles
599:caimans
548:Ecuador
532:migrate
502:Habitat
476:Florida
464:Bahamas
452:Bolivia
448:Ecuador
372:Lantana
342:Florida
203:, 1775)
150:Genus:
120:Order:
114:Insecta
110:Class:
2590:458064
2574:NZOR:
2541:153442
2528:777587
2437:133291
2384:458065
2319:153444
2306:777976
2254:158533
2202:133292
2093:
2060:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1953:
1945:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1851:
1843:
1771:
1728:
1688:
1680:
1644:
1634:
1582:
1475:
1459:BioLib
1437:BioLib
1387:male,
1368:male,
1330:male,
1313:Panama
1295:Panama
1275:male,
1240:Brazil
1224:Brazil
1207:Brazil
780:vine.
582:, and
466:, and
462:, the
450:, and
444:Brazil
384:caiman
374:) and
364:nectar
334:Brazil
311:, the
163:, 1807
161:HĂĽbner
2567:33452
2515:50074
2489:19358
2476:927HM
2463:11841
2396:Dryas
2371:80491
2358:33453
2288:IRMNG
2280:50073
2241:37TXP
2215:21099
2129:Dryas
1951:S2CID
1943:JSTOR
1908:S2CID
1841:JSTOR
1686:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1431:Dryas
960:When
832:Adult
787:Larva
637:vines
472:Texas
338:Texas
329:Dryas
325:genus
315:, or
313:flame
301:julia
155:Dryas
2562:NCBI
2523:ITIS
2497:GBIF
2450:3831
2445:BOLD
2353:NCBI
2332:4416
2327:MONA
2301:ITIS
2262:GBIF
2228:6358
2210:BOLD
2091:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2018:PMID
2000:ISSN
1900:PMID
1892:ISSN
1849:PMID
1769:ISSN
1726:ISSN
1678:PMID
1642:OCLC
1632:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1351:Cuba
1332:Cuba
1178:MHNT
1162:MHNT
821:Pupa
639:and
615:and
601:and
474:and
456:Cuba
400:and
340:and
217:text
2549:NBN
2484:EoL
2471:CoL
2249:EoL
2236:CoL
2008:PMC
1990:doi
1935:doi
1931:105
1884:doi
1872:119
1833:doi
1761:doi
1718:doi
1670:doi
1572:doi
1515:doi
948:of
768:Egg
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