245:-based tablets as well as LCD tablet versions of the Nook and Kindle. Unlike previous dedicated e-readers, tablet computers are multi-functional, utilize LCD touchscreen displays, and are more agnostic to e-book vendor apps, allowing for the installation of multiple e-book reading apps. Many Android tablets accept external media and allow uploading files directly onto the tablet's file system without resorting to online stores or cloud services. Many tablet-based and smartphone-based readers are capable of displaying PDF and DJVU files, which few of the dedicated e-book readers can handle. This opens a possibility to read publications originally published on paper and later scanned into a digital format. While these files may not be considered e-books in their strict sense, they preserve the original look of printed editions. The growth in general-purpose tablet use allowed for further growth in the popularity of e-books in the 2010s.
86:("e-ink") rather than an LCD screen. This yields much longer battery life — the battery can last for several weeks — and better readability, similar to that of paper even in sunlight. Drawbacks of this kind of display include a slow refresh rate and (usually) a grayscale-only display, which makes it unsuitable for sophisticated interactive applications such as those found on tablets. This may be perceived as an advantage, however, as the user may more easily focus on reading. The Sony Librie, released in 2004 and the precursor to the
364:, etc.). On the other hand, customers only have the possibility of purchasing books from a limited selection of ebooks in the online shop (accessible via the e-reader) and therefore do not have the possibility of purchasing e-books from the open market. Because of the use of ecosystems, companies are not forced to compete against each other and therefore the cost of e-books do not decrease. With only the option of using an online shop, the social interaction of buying or borrowing a book disappears.
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In 2012, there was a 26% decline in e-reader sales worldwide from a maximum of 23.2 million in 2011. The reason was given for this "alarmingly precipitous decline" was the rise of more general-purpose tablets that provided e-book reading apps along with many other abilities in a similar form factor.
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The graphical design of ebooks underlies the format and technical limits of e-readers because most E-ink readers do not support color displays and they have a limited resolution and size. The reading experience (readability) on E-ink displays (that are not back-illuminated) depends on the lighting
375:
for conventional books was often lower than that of e-books. In legal terms, e-books were considered a service since it was regarded as a temporary lease of the product. Therefore, ebook prices were often similar to paper book prices, even if the production of ebooks has a lower cost. In
October
197:
Research released in March 2011 indicated that e-books and e-readers were more popular with the older generation than the younger generation in the UK. The survey, carried out by Silver Poll, found that around 6% of people over 55 owned an e-reader, compared with just 5% of 18- to 24-year-olds.
65:
Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability, and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantage over printed books is portability: an e-reader is capable of holding thousands of books while
307:
Many of the major book retailers and third-party developers offer e-reader applications for desktops, tablets, and mobile devices, to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independent of dedicated e-book devices. E-reader applications are available for computers running
177:
In 2009, new marketing models for e-books were being developed and a new generation of reading hardware was produced. E-books (as opposed to e-readers) had yet to achieve global distribution. In the United States, the Amazon Kindle model and
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135:-style ribbon of miniaturized text which could be scrolled past a magnifying glass, and would allow the reader to adjust the type size. He envisioned that eventually words could be "recorded directly on the palpitating ether".
1433:
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131:, which describes "a simple reading machine which I can carry or move around, attach to any old electric light plug and read hundred-thousand-word novels in 10 minutes". His hypothetical machine would use a
249:
In 2013, ABI Research claimed that the decline in the e-reader market was due to the aging of the customer base. In 2014, the industry reported e-reader sales worldwide to be around 12 million, with only
863:
382:
has expressed concern about the perceived loss of freedom or privacy that comes with e-readers, namely the inability to read whatever a reader prefers without the possibility of being tracked.
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The introduction of e-readers brought substantial changes to the publishing industry, also awakening fears and predictions about the possible disappearance of books and print periodicals.
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Until late 2013, the use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing. In
November 2013, the FAA allowed use of e-readers on airplanes at all times if set to
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predicted that by 2018 e-books would make up over 50% of total consumer publishing revenue in the U.S. and UK, while at that time, e-books were over 30% of the share of the revenue.
269:(China and Vietnam). At the end of 2015, eMarketer estimated that there were 83.4 million e-reader users in the US, with the number predicted to grow by 3.5% in 2016. In late 2014,
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and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers that would allow Apple to distribute e-books. The iPad includes a built-in app for e-book reading called
1622:
Colbjørnsen, Terje (2014-06-10). "Digital divergence: analysing strategy, interpretation and controversy in the case of the introduction of an ebook reader technology".
686:
105:
library or an e-book retailer, allowing the user to buy, borrow, and receive digital e-books. An e-reader may also download e-books from a computer or read them from a
2026:
146:, a technology which allows a display screen to reflect light like ordinary paper without the need for a backlight. Among the first commercial e-readers were Sony's
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was the first color e-reader on the market, but its muted colors were criticized. Since 2021, color E-ink readers have been introduced into the market.
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158:. Several others were introduced around 1998, but did not gain widespread acceptance. Electronic paper was incorporated first into the
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1394:
1165:"Nearly 18 Million Media Tablets Shipped in 2010 with Apple Capturing 83% Share; eReader Shipments Quadrupled to More Than 12 Million"
884:
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for content sales and delivery. The iPad, the first commercially profitable tablet, was followed in 2011 by the release of the first
1711:
Sangwan, Sunanda; Siguaw, Judy A.; Guan, Chong (2009-10-30). "A comparative study of motivational differences for online shopping".
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displays are not back-illuminated and therefore seem to cause no more eye strain than a traditional book and less eye strain than
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E-readers can hold thousands of books limited only by their memory and use the same physical space as a conventional book. Most
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2018:
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E-readers are usually designed to only offer access to the online shop of one provider. This structure is referred to as
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1668:
Colbjørnsen, Terje (2014-04-07). "What is the VAT? The policies and practices of value added tax on ebooks in Europe".
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170:, a device which, upon its release in 2007, sold out within five and a half hours. The Kindle includes access to the
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508:(Europe and Russia): PocketBook Touch, PocketBook Mini, PocketBook Touch Lux, PocketBook Color Lux, PocketBook Aqua
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Baccino, Thierry; Tissier, Geoffrey; Pedrotti, Marco; Drai-Zerbib, Véronique; Benedetto, Simone (2013-12-27).
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Benedetto, Simone; Drai-Zerbib, Véronique; Pedrotti, Marco; Tissier, Geoffrey; Baccino, Thierry (2013-12-27).
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study from March 2011, sales for all e-readers worldwide rose to 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were
59:
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and helps smaller companies (e.g. Kibano
Digireader) to compete against multinational companies (like
109:. However, the use of memory cards is decreasing as most of the 2010s era e-readers lack a card slot.
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1109:"Turning the tables, the electronic ink screen updated from only black and white to rich colors"
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2018, the EU allowed its member countries to charge the same VAT for ebooks as for paper books.
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919:. Literature by Design: British and American Books 1880–1930. Houston: Rice University Press.
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1989:"Kindle Features: Search, X-Ray, Knowledge (XXG) and Dictionary Lookup, Instant Translations"
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1486:"E-readers and the death of the book: Or, new media and the myth of the disappearing medium"
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E-readers can instantly download content from supported public libraries by using apps like
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weighing less than one. Another advantage is the convenience provided by add-on features.
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An e-reader is a device designed as a convenient way to read e-books. It is similar in
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856:"Everything You Need to Know About Using a MicroSD Card With Your Amazon Fire Tablet"
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371:, media products, including paper books, often have a tax reduction. Therefore, the
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An idea similar to that of an e-reader is described in a 1930 manifesto written by
1426:"Cleared for take-off: Europe allows use of e-readers on planes from gate to gate"
471:(France): Cybook Opus, Cybook Orizon, Cybook Odyssey, Cybook Odyssey HD FrontLight
1898:
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Tolino (Germany): Tolino Shine, Tolino Shine 2 HD, Tolino Vision, Tolino Vision 2
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were the dominant e-reading devices. By March 2010, some reported that the
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1299:"Tablets aren't killing e-readers, it's clog-popping wrinklies – analyst"
482:
399:
94:
1807:"E-Books: Freedom or Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
1756:"The European Union has decided that ebooks are really books, after all"
1510:
3197:
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183:
151:
2048:"Guidemaster: Ars tests and picks the best e-readers for every budget"
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1349:
Many
Thought the Tablet Would Kill the Ereader. Why It Didn't Happen.
257:
distributing e-readers globally and various regional distribution by
118:
55:
502:(Europe, Russia, China and Vietnam): Onyx Boox Max2, Onyx Boox Note
406:
notes that 85% of its e-reader users look up a word while reading.
402:. Some e-readers link to definitions or translations of key words.
280:. European authorities followed this guidance the following month.
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25:
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1782:"The Danger of E-Books - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
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may have been selling more units than the Kindle in the US. The
179:
2809:
2104:
748:"Kindle vs. Nook vs. iPad: Which e-book reader should you buy?"
2172:
1212:"iPad iBooks app US-only, McGraw-Hill absent from Apple event"
1186:
325:
54:
that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital
688:
Managing
Knowledge and Scholarly Assets in Academic Libraries
995:. Wiki.mobileread.com (2011-11-20). Retrieved on 2012-04-12.
1833:"The Role of e-books in Reshaping the Publishing Industry"
1395:"Kindle DX: Must You Turn it Off for Takeoff and Landing?"
1268:"RIP e-book readers? Rise of tablets drives e-reader drop"
101:
and the built-in software can provide a link to a digital
2100:
1187:"iPad – See the web, email, and photos like never before"
885:"Will Memory Cards Be Phase Out for eReaders Altogether?"
1063:
Nook outnumbers Kindle in March, says
Digitimes Research
1358:
eMarketer, February 29, 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
777:
The one gadget I can't live without… is not my phone
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913:Brown, Robert "Bob" (2009). Saper, Craig J. (ed.).
2019:"What are the most looked up words on the Kindle?"
1939:Barzillai, Mirit; Thomson, Jenny M. (2018-09-30).
797:"Sony LIBRIe – The first ever E-ink e-book Reader"
90:, was the first e-reader to use electronic paper.
261:(US/UK), Tolino (Germany), Icarus (Netherlands),
1484:Ballatore, Andrea; Natale, Simone (2015-05-18).
34:Keyboard e-reader displaying a page of an e-book
617:Vocabulary 2.0: Smart Words of the 21st Century
1941:"Children learning to read in a digital world"
2821:
2116:
1139:"E-book popularity set to increase this year"
723:And the most popular way to read an e-book is
8:
2750:Comparison of Android ebook reader software
1456:"How to buy the best ebook reader – Which?"
103:Open Publication Distribution System (OPDS)
3123:
2947:
2860:
2853:
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2814:
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2195:
2123:
2109:
2101:
1330:The State of the e-Reader Industry in 2015
1956:
1915:
1897:
1848:
1837:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
1598:
1580:
1509:
516:Alternative e-readers devices or platform
1831:Maxim, Andrei; Maxim, Alexandru (2012).
1670:International Journal of Cultural Policy
1624:Information, Communication & Society
2745:Comparison of iOS ebook reader software
1040:. Community.zdnet.co.uk. Archived from
577:
562:Supporting platforms for e-book formats
2770:International Digital Publishing Forum
1762:from the original on February 20, 2020
1436:from the original on 25 September 2015
1383:(2014-11-12). Retrieved on 2014-12-05.
1368:"In Europe, Slower Growth for e-Books"
1017:from the original on November 23, 2007
956:"Bob Brown, Godfather of the E-Reader"
666:from the original on February 27, 2021
652:Ray, C. Claiborne (October 24, 2011).
1663:
1661:
1550:
1548:
1278:from the original on January 21, 2013
1038:"Bookeen Cybook OPUS | ZDNet UK"
827:"How to Rent or Borrow eBooks Online"
758:from the original on January 21, 2013
320:, as well as for smartphones running
265:(Eastern Europe and Russia) and Onyx
7:
1089:from the original on January 4, 2014
1085:. Trusted Reviews. 18 January 2012.
567:Open Publication Distribution System
1311:from the original on 16 August 2017
1266:Tibken, Shara (December 12, 2012).
1083:"Ectaco jetBook Color E-ink reader"
954:Schuessler, Jennifer (2010-04-08).
2725:Academic journal publishing reform
1222:from the original on June 27, 2019
1072:, DIGITIMES, Taipei, 26 April 2010
1005:Patel, Nilay (November 21, 2007).
142:in 1997 led to the development of
14:
2017:Kozlowski, Michael (2015-10-14).
1754:Ha, Thu-Huong (October 3, 2018).
1145:from the original on 8 March 2011
3518:
3517:
2074:
685:Bhojaraju, Gunjal (2016-12-28).
662:. Q&A (column). p. D2.
218:(about 800,000 units for 2010).
2054:from the original on 2019-05-28
2029:from the original on 2019-05-07
1999:from the original on 2020-03-04
1813:from the original on 2013-05-10
1788:from the original on 2011-12-26
1534:from the original on 2016-03-15
1466:from the original on 2017-07-18
1407:from the original on 2011-08-30
1297:Smith, Tony (25 January 2013).
1248:from the original on 2010-01-30
1193:from the original on 2013-10-20
1171:. 10 March 2011. Archived from
1119:from the original on 1 May 2021
1007:"Kindle Sells Out in 5.5 Hours"
968:from the original on 2021-03-20
895:from the original on 2017-06-04
866:from the original on 2017-08-09
837:from the original on 2017-05-10
786:Techzim. Retrieved May 17, 2017
705:from the original on 2023-01-17
634:from the original on 2023-01-17
596:from the original on 2017-05-27
174:for e-book sales and delivery.
2093:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1874:"E-Readers and Visual Fatigue"
1557:"E-Readers and Visual Fatigue"
986:MobileRead Wiki – Rocket eBook
746:Falcone, John (July 6, 2010).
162:that was released in 2004 and
154:with special caddies) and the
1:
586:"Best E-Book Readers of 2017"
1899:10.1371/journal.pone.0083676
1850:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.178
1682:10.1080/10286632.2014.904298
1636:10.1080/1369118x.2014.924982
1582:10.1371/journal.pone.0083676
1393:Matt Phillips (2009-05-07).
803:. 2004-03-25. Archived from
3555:Electronic paper technology
2740:Comparison of ebook readers
1432:. London. 9 December 2013.
93:Many e-readers can use the
3571:
3268:Personal digital assistant
1036:Take, First (2010-09-11).
225:launched a multi-function
116:
18:
16:Device for reading e-books
3513:
166:in 2006, followed by the
138:The establishment of the
21:E-reader (disambiguation)
2765:iBooks Author Conference
1502:10.1177/1461444815586984
263:PocketBook International
208:Barnes & Noble Nooks
52:mobile electronic device
3545:Dedicated ebook devices
3505:Wireless sensor network
2462:Atlantis Word Processor
2402:OverDrive Media Console
2213:Barnes & Noble Nook
1725:10.1145/1644953.1644957
1490:New Media & Society
1400:The Wall Street Journal
557:Comparison of e-readers
188:Barnes & Noble Nook
3278:Portable data terminal
2304:Adobe Digital Editions
1958:10.5210/fm.v23i10.9437
654:"The Weight of Memory"
304:
271:PricewaterhouseCoopers
35:
3461:Information appliance
3283:Portable media player
3226:Handheld game console
2760:Electronic publishing
1244:. Apple. 2010-01-27.
1242:"Apple Launches iPad"
889:The eBook Reader Blog
291:
284:E-reader applications
119:E-book § History
82:, but often features
29:
3236:Mobile data terminal
3216:Electronic organizer
2888:Intelligent terminal
2258:Plastic Logic Reader
2083:at Wikimedia Commons
1218:. January 28, 2010.
303:desktop environment.
221:On January 27, 2010
192:Ectaco jetBook Color
19:For other uses, see
2795:Semantic publishing
2785:Reflowable document
2585:Amazon Kindle Store
1890:2013PLoSO...883676B
1713:ACM SIGMIS Database
1573:2013PLoSO...883676B
464:Nook GlowLight Plus
354:(digital) ecosystem
3493:Computer-on-module
3351:Digital wristwatch
3153:Mobile workstation
2923:Video game console
2883:Internet appliance
2595:Barnes & Noble
2263:PocketBook eReader
2163:Kindle File Format
2096:. Merriam-Webster.
1380:The New York Times
1373:2015-10-26 at the
1354:2016-03-02 at the
1339:September 24, 2015
1335:2015-11-19 at the
1068:2015-03-15 at the
991:2016-04-15 at the
961:The New York Times
782:2017-05-16 at the
728:2017-09-25 at the
659:The New York Times
452:Barnes & Noble
305:
259:Barnes & Noble
36:
3532:
3531:
3481:Rugged smartphone
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3067:Small form factor
2893:Interactive kiosk
2803:
2802:
2713:
2712:
2683:Project Gutenberg
2642:Sony Reader Store
2590:Baen Free Library
2580:Apple Books Store
2525:Oxygen XML Editor
2505:iStudio Publisher
2491:Help & Manual
2425:
2424:
2352:Google Play Books
2318:
2079:Media related to
1496:(10): 2379–2394.
1167:(Press release).
891:. 31 March 2017.
698:978-1-5225-1742-9
627:978-93-84049-15-7
431:Kindle Paperwhite
417:Popular e-readers
150:(which was using
140:E Ink Corporation
42:, also called an
3562:
3521:
3520:
3356:Calculator watch
3339:Activity tracker
3124:
2948:
2861:
2854:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2678:Internet Archive
2570:
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2437:ABBYY FineReader
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736:. November 2010.
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620:. Notion Press.
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386:Positive aspects
380:Richard Stallman
198:According to an
144:electronic paper
84:electronic paper
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3293:Ultra-mobile PC
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2790:Self-publishing
2709:
2700:Standard Ebooks
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2477:Calligra Author
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2332:Bluefire Reader
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2050:. 23 May 2019.
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227:tablet computer
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80:tablet computer
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2978:Personal super
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2735:Braille e-book
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2233:Hanlin eReader
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2228:enTourage eDGe
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2081:E-book readers
2070:
2069:External links
2067:
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2064:
2039:
2009:
1980:
1931:
1884:(12): e83676.
1864:
1823:
1798:
1773:
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1703:
1676:(3): 326–343.
1657:
1614:
1567:(12): e83676.
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1203:
1178:
1175:on 2014-10-28.
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997:
978:
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847:
831:Money crashers
818:
807:on 14 May 2013
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691:. IGI Global.
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460:Nook GlowLight
449:
443:Kindle Oasis 2
418:
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384:
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337:
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285:
282:
206:, followed by
204:Amazon Kindles
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2908:Smart speaker
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860:How to geek
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870:2017-05-26
841:2017-05-26
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