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in 1992, it would be disbanded however it would reform in 1994 to fight the
Taliban and was composed of Hazaras, Tajiks, and Uzbeks. The group was supported by a number of countries, such as the United States, Iran, Russia, and India. In 1997, the Northern Alliance killed 2,000 members of the Taliban
420:
who would do the same to them. In 1998, the United
Nations accused the Taliban of denying emergency food by the UN's World Food Program to 160,000 hungry and starving people (most of whom were Hazaras and Tajiks) "for political and military reasons". The UN stated that the Taliban were starving
766:
77:
As a geographically fragmented state, Afghanistan is separated into as many as 14 ethnic groups that have historically faced divisions that devolved into political violence. This conflict reached its culminating point in the 1990s with the rise of the
Taliban.
224:, the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and to unite Pashtuns living in both states. This issue and others saw political groups in Afghanistan increasingly forming along ethnic lines. For example, Pashtun nationalists banded together to form
500:
troops, some of whom were reported as looting, raping and kidnapping. These crimes were said to have occurred when the troops were disarming
Pashtuns accused of being former Taliban supporters in northern Afghanistan during the early stages of the
466:. Once in control, the Taliban began to kill people based on their ethnicity, especially Hazaras and Uzbeks. Men, women and children were hunted by Taliban forces as a result of the 1500-3000 Taliban fighters executed by the Uzbek
204:
This genocide of the
Hazaras was also perpetrated by Pashtun religious leaders. Members of the Pashtun group were told that they would likely be rewarded by Allah if they participated in this violence towards the Hazaras.
181:
of
Afghanistan between 1880 and 1901. During this time, the historic ethnic majority held by the Pashtuns fluctuated greatly. The number of Pashtuns decreased in 1893 after Rahman ceded Pashtun held areas to
255:(PDPA) which would take control of the government until and remain in power until 1992. On April 27, 1978, perpetrators of the revolution assassinated Daud and took control of the government.
337:
160:. The country's mountainous terrain, rivers, and lack of infrastructure limit communication and travel between these zones which reinforces existing divides between major ethnic groups.
796:
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from the country, even going so far as to order their murders. During this time, the
Hazaras were set apart from Afghanistan's other ethnic groups due to their status as
1038:
918:
235:
came into power as the president of
Afghanistan. Though he is considered to be an authoritarian leader, he declared Afghanistan to be a republic during his rule.
293:
would be brutally suppressed between June and July of 1979 with over 10,000 Hazaras being arrested and executed. The
Khalqists would also carpet bomb the city of
551:
348:
252:
183:
1307:
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in
Afghanistan was likely to increase due to the escalation of conflict between factions. Thousands of Pashtun people became refugees as they fled Uzbek
1312:
57:
44:
371:
208:
During this period of conflict, around 60% of Afghanistan's Hazaras were killed and even more were forced to migrate into surrounding countries.
116:
in 2014. According to the representative survey, 43% of the population identifies as Pashtun, 27% as Tajik, 15% as Hazara, 8% as Uzbek, 2% as
354:
in 1992, Afghan governments had favored Pashto in the media and over 50% of Afghan media was in Pashto. After 1992 with the formation of the
408:
movement in the mid-1990s flying Mig-21s and driving T-62 Tanks. The Taliban would begin committing atrocities against their opponents, the
691:
719:
Marie, Farzana (2013). "Confronting Misconstrued Histories: Creativity Strategies in the Hazara Struggle toward Identity and Healing".
502:
186:. However, the Pashtun population soon returned to higher numbers when the Emir resettled many of the group into the country's north.
1221:
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616:
455:
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902:
863:
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Afghanistan's ethnic groups are, for the most part, separated into 4 distinct zones of the country. These zones are referred to as
112:
and others who make up less than 2% each. The most recent figures on the ethnic affiliations come from a survey conducted by the
1063:
169:
201:
Muslims. As a Sunni Muslim and a member of the Pashtun majority, Abdul Rahman Kahn encouraged violence against the Hazaras.
178:
517:
set up a panel to investigate continuing ethnic violence as he believes it is hampering the military efforts to contain the
668:
919:"The First Urban Protest against the Soviet Occupation: The February 1980 Kabul Uprising - Afghanistan Analysts Network"
397:
359:
93:
1253:"A NATION CHALLENGED: ETHNIC VIOLENCE; Pashtuns, Once Favored by Taliban, Now Face Retribution in Afghanistan's North"
87:
49:
1157:
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people for their military agenda and using humanitarian assistance as a weapon of war. The colonization of
483:
767:"The Durand Line: The Afghan-Pakistani Border Region between Pashtunistan, Tribalistan, and Talibanistan"
632:
546:
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forming their own secular enclaves while nominally loyal to Hezbi Islami in their fight against the
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the sole language of the Afghan government and the lingua franca, they did so by undermining
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that was separate from Afghanistan. This hypothetical state was intended to exist along the
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247:. This period of turmoil involved a coup led by Afghan Army officers loyal to the
217:
121:
797:"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover"
321:
221:
198:
657:
299:
Tajik led Islamist uprising backed by the new fundamentalist government in Iran
528:
194:
1016:
301:. It is estimated over 25,000 people were killed in the bombing of Herat.
35:
445:
422:
279:
117:
101:
587:"Sources of Tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective"
1024:
992:
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from the original on August 14, 2021 – via U.S. Army War College.
438:
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267:
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During this time, the Pashtuns sought the creation of an independent
109:
97:
1039:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch"
1008:
189:
In the 1880s and 1890s, Abdul Rahman Khan fought for the removal of
1238:"Afghanistan: Armed conflict poses risk of further ethnic violence"
274:. Most of the PDPA leadership was arrested except Amin who ordered
430:
401:
381:
309:
294:
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executing over 7,000 Hazaras in the span of a couple of months. A
282:
275:
248:
228:, a political party that fought for the creation of Pashtunistan.
333:
1112:"U.N. says Taliban starving hungry people for military agenda"
29:
459:
that they had captured in conflicts between the two groups.
638:. Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2014. p. 211
285:
regime would launch mass repression especially against the
1189:
Modern Islamist Movements: History, Religion, and Politics
444:
The Northern Alliance was formed in originally as an Anti
340:
at the time was only in Pashto and not Dari. Up until the
505:
which removed the dominantly Pashtun Taliban from power.
894:
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present
633:"Afghanistan in 2014 – A survey of the Afghan people"
462:
On August 8, 1998, the Taliban launched an attack on
959:
Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq
856:
Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq
831:
Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq
611:(1st ed.). Sussex Academic Press. p. 262.
239:
Khalqist Rule (1978-1979) and Civil War (1979-1992)
1272:"Panel investigates Afghanistan's ethnic violence"
1214:Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia
1064:"Afghan opposition steps up anti-Taliban campaign"
879:Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia
366:Continued Civil War and Taliban Rule (1992-2001)
8:
993:"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan"
936:Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91
897:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 104.
721:Arizona Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
552:Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan
278:officers to launch the Saur Revolution. The
270:at the time blamed Daoud while Daoud blamed
328:. The Khalqist regime also sought to make
656:Hanley, Colonel Robert (August 4, 2011).
961:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 77.
833:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 77.
658:"Ethnic Violence, Impact on Afghanistan"
429:was a major part of the ideology of the
253:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
60:of all important aspects of the article.
568:
474:left an estimated 5,000 to 6,000 dead.
1043:Afghanistan Analysts Network – English
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1240:. Human Rights Watch. 8 October 2001.
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7:
790:
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685:
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580:
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316:changed the official map to include
92:There are 14 nationally recognized
692:"Afghanistan: Who are the Hazaras?"
585:Siddique, Abubakar (January 2012).
372:Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–98)
362:, this number dropped drastically.
324:as new "frontier provinces" of the
1270:Nakamura, David (15 August 2010).
1251:Gall, Carlotta (23 January 2002).
25:
1308:Political violence in Afghanistan
266:murdered on April 17, 1978. Many
1313:Political history of Afghanistan
1191:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 207.
1177:Afghanistan Justice project, 120
1165:United States Institute of Peace
795:Ruttig, Thomas (25 April 2018).
531:
304:In 1979 under General Secretary
34:
1293:Human Rights Watch Backgrounder
665:Center for Strategic Leadership
448:alliance against the perceived
376:Following the overthrow of the
48:may be too short to adequately
503:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
58:provide an accessible overview
18:Ethnic violence in Afghanistan
1:
818:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 67–82.
816:Afghanistan: A Modern History
745:"The Genocide of the Hazaras"
690:Hucal, Sarah (27 June 2016).
594:CIDOB Policy Research Project
258:The coup was orchestrated by
243:1978 saw the spawning of the
1134:Council on Foreign Relations
991:Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995).
923:www.afghanistan-analysts.org
858:. Hoover Institution Press.
801:Afghanistan Analysts Network
398:Islamic State of Afghanistan
360:Islamic State of Afghanistan
94:ethnic groups in Afghanistan
891:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
88:Demographics of Afghanistan
1329:
771:Internationales Asienforum
481:
369:
170:1888–1893 Hazara uprisings
167:
85:
1216:. ABC-CLIO. p. 106.
765:Schetter, Conrad (2013).
609:Human Rights and Religion
513:In 2010 Afghan President
1212:Clements, Frank (2003).
957:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
854:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
829:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
291:Hazara uprising in Kabul
1276:San Francisco Chronicle
1156:Milani, Mohsen (2010).
1045:(in Pashto). 2017-08-21
431:Afghan Communist regime
1187:Armajani, Jon (2012).
1158:"Iran and Afghanistan"
1130:"What Is the Taliban?"
1088:"Cookies not enabled?"
484:Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif
478:The War in Afghanistan
272:Hezbi Islami Gulbuddin
814:Rasanayagam, Angelo.
607:Gearon, Liam (2002).
492:voiced the fear that
482:Further information:
470:militia. This act of
423:Pashtuns in the north
370:Further information:
140:Geographic Separation
86:Further information:
1092:verify1.newsbank.com
547:Crime in Afghanistan
450:Pashtun ethnocentric
427:Pashtun nationalism
306:Nur Muhammad Taraki
743:Gier, Nicholas F.
539:Afghanistan portal
519:Taliban insurgency
509:Political measures
490:Human Rights Watch
1118:. 7 January 1998.
881:by Frank Clements
378:Najibullah Regime
175:Abdul Rahman Kahn
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1287:Further reading
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494:ethnic violence
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468:Junbish-i Milli
404:would join the
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346:Dr Najibullah's
260:Hafizullah Amin
251:faction of the
245:Saur Revolution
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997:Asian Survey
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702:. Retrieved
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640:. Retrieved
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515:Hamid Karzai
512:
487:
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443:
390:Hezbi Islami
388:allied with
375:
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257:
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218:Pashtunistan
215:
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197:rather than
188:
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132:, and 1% as
96:, including
91:
82:Demographics
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
386:Afghan Army
322:Balochistan
314:Afghanistan
268:Parchamites
222:Durand Line
1302:Categories
1139:2020-12-02
1097:2020-12-02
1073:2020-12-02
1049:2023-07-23
947:Roy, p.108
642:2017-03-20
563:References
453:Najibullah
262:, who had
1017:0004-4687
727:: 86–108.
699:Aljazeera
488:In 2001,
402:Khalqists
382:Khalqists
342:overthrow
297:during a
231:In 1973,
212:1901-1978
164:1880-1901
130:Nuristani
66:July 2020
50:summarize
777:: 47–70.
704:21 April
669:Archived
525:See also
435:Monarchy
283:Khalqist
276:Khalqist
177:was the
158:Kandahar
128:, 1% as
124:, 1% as
120:, 2% as
102:Pashtuns
1025:2645419
446:Pashtun
439:Taliban
410:Hazaras
406:Taliban
400:. Many
384:in the
287:Hazaras
280:Pashtun
191:Hazaras
134:Pashaye
118:Turkmen
106:Hazaras
1220:
1195:
1023:
1015:
965:
901:
862:
837:
615:
456:regime
418:Uzbeks
416:, and
414:Tajiks
352:regime
336:. The
330:Pashto
156:, and
126:Baloch
110:Uzbeks
98:Tajiks
1161:(PDF)
1021:JSTOR
748:(PDF)
695:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
636:(PDF)
590:(PDF)
394:Tajik
356:Tajik
295:Herat
249:Khalq
199:Sunni
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