1890:: "Concerning Bronze Age samples from the Mongolian Altai mountains analyzed in the present study, 100% of the mtDNA lineages (3 different lineages from 2 archaeological sites) belong to East Eurasian haplogroups, an opposite profile to that detected in the West side of the Altai , . On the other hand, in the Iron Age samples of Mongolian Altai, the same proportion (50%) of East and Western Eurasian lineages were found, evidencing a perfect admixture between East and Western Eurasian lineages as in other Iron Age populations from central Asia and Siberia , , , , . Combined with the previous studies performed so far in the Altai region, our results suggest that the Altai represented a boundary to gene flow up to the beginning of the Iron Age and that during the Scythian period of the Altai (5th to 3rd century BC) there were demographic events in the region that led to a population admixture in both sides of the Altai. Half of the shared haplotypes between ancient populations from Central Asia and South Siberia represent lineages present in both pre-Iron Age and Iron Age populations and all of these lineages have a west Eurasian origin. Moreover, considering both shared and non-shared haplotypes, it seems that the number of West Eurasian lineages does not increase in the Iron Age. These results allow us to hypothesise that the substrate of mtDNA lineages is already present in pre-Iron Age populations of the central Asia and that in the Iron Age (Scythian period) a population expansion lead to the admixture of pre-existing lineages. Thus, the admixture profile observed in the region during the Iron Age would not derive from a migratory movement from west to east, as has been hypothesised, but would represent a local population expansion in different directions. This population expansion, however, would be probably be a consequence of the introduction of new technology by the adoption of a new culture, supporting the idea of cultural transmission against the demic diffusion during Scythian period."
1854:"Studies on ancient mitochondrial DNA of this region suggest that the Altai Mountains played the role of a geographical barrier between West and East Eurasian lineages until the beginning of the Iron Age. After the 7th century BC, coinciding with Scythian expansion across the Eurasian steppes, a gradual influx of East Eurasian sequences in Western steppes is detected. However, the underlying events behind the genetic admixture in Altai during the Iron Age are still unresolved: 1) whether it was a result of migratory events (eastward firstly, westward secondly), or 2) whether it was a result of a local demographic expansion in a ‘contact zone’ between European and East Asian people. In the present work, we analyzed the mitochondrial DNA lineages in human remains from Bronze and Iron Age burials of Mongolian Altai"
2292:
that there are genetic substructures within
Mongolians corresponding to Ölöd, Chahar, and Inner Mongolian clusters, which is consistent with their tribe classifications. The substructure is shaped by the relatedness of Mongolians to West Eurasians. Mongolians and Kazakhs are on a genetic cline in terms of different proportions of West Eurasian related admixture from 6% to 40%. The genetic source for the West Eurasian ancestry was most likely Bronze Age Steppe population-related. We note that the small number of sampled individuals from different tribes is a limitation of the study. However, our findings are consistent with archaeological and ancient genomic evidence that the Bronze Age Steppe populations shaped the culture and genetic makeup of northern Eurasia through rapid expansion (Allentoft et al., 2015)."
1878:: "These molecular data raise two likely hypotheses for the origin of the genetic diversity and admixture among the Iron Age inhabitants of the Altai: 1) people holding west Eurasian lineages arrived at Altai Mountains with the eastward migration of Scythians and, once settled, they began to establish relationships with the neighbouring communities from East Asia holding East Eurasian lineages; 2) this was the result of the admixture between the native people inhabiting either sides of the Altai Mountains (people with West Eurasian lineages in Western Altai and East Eurasian lineages in the Eastern Altai), as a result of a demographic expansion during the Scythian period. Hence, the second hypothesis would provide support to the cultural transmission against the demic diffusion during the Scythian period."
2119:, p. 372: "These results suggest that Turk cultural customs were imposed by an East Asian minority elite onto central steppe nomad populations, resulting in a small detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, we also find that steppe nomad ancestry in this period was extremely heterogeneous with several individuals being genetically distributed at the extremes of the first principal component (Figure 2) separating Eastern and Western descent. Based on this notable heterogeneity, we interpret that during Medieval times, the steppe populations were exposed to gradual admixture from the East, while interacting with incoming west Eurasians. The strong variation is a direct window into ongoing admixture processes and to the multi-ethnic cultural organization of this period."
1866:: "Archaeological findings, almost entirely provided by burial site discoveries, documented that the Scythians had European morphological features , , . However, several recent works focusing on ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Eastern Scythian burials , , , , , , revealed that this population has a mixed mtDNA composition of West and East Eurasian lineages. This is particularly interesting for the timing of the early contacts between European and Asian people in Altai because all ancient DNA samples analysed so far from Central Asia belonging to a period before the Iron Age bore West Eurasian lineages , ."
2557:"The major ancestry components in the Kyrgyz are from Baikal hunter-gatherer (i.e., Russia_Shamanka_Eneolithic; 59.3–69.8%) and Iranian farmer–related ancestries (16–23.8%). The remaining minor ancestry components are from Anatolian farmers (5.1–5.6%), Western European hunter-gatherers (5.3–6.6%) and ANE-related Tarim_EMBA1 (3.2–5.3%). The ancestry profiles of Tajik populations can be dissected into five components from related ancestries of Iranian farmer (43.8–52.8%), ANE (13.3–15.8%), Western European hunter-gatherer (9.5–11.8%), Baikal hunter-gatherer (7.7–17.1%), and Anatolian farmer (9.7–15.6%)."
2333:"The major ancestry components in the Kyrgyz are from Baikal hunter-gatherer (i.e., Russia_Shamanka_Eneolithic; 59.3–69.8%) and Iranian farmer–related ancestries (16–23.8%). The remaining minor ancestry components are from Anatolian farmers (5.1–5.6%), Western European hunter-gatherers (5.3–6.6%) and ANE-related Tarim_EMBA1 (3.2–5.3%). The ancestry profiles of Tajik populations can be dissected into five components from related ancestries of Iranian farmer (43.8–52.8%), ANE (13.3–15.8%), Western European hunter-gatherer (9.5–11.8%), Baikal hunter-gatherer (7.7–17.1%), and Anatolian farmer (9.7–15.6%)."
843:
896:. The authors suggested that central Asian nomadic populations may have been Turkicized by an East Asian minority elite, resulting in a small but detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, these authors also found that Türkic period individuals were extremely genetically diverse, with some individuals being of near complete West Eurasian descent. To explain this diversity of ancestry, they propose that there were also incoming West Eurasians moving eastward on the Eurasian steppe during the Türkic period, resulting in admixture.
2198:: "Türk (550-750 CE). Göktürkic tribes of the Altai Mountains established a political structure across Eurasia beginning in 552 CE, with an empire that ruled over Mongolia from 581-742 CE (Golden, 1992). A brief period of disunion occurred between 659-682 CE, during which the Chinese Tang dynasty laid claim over Mongolia...We analyzed individuals from 5 Türk sites in this study: Nomgonii Khundii (NOM), Shoroon Bumbagar (Türkic mausoleum; TUM), Zaan-Khoshuu (ZAA), Uliastai River Lower Terrace (ULI), and Umuumur uul (UGU)."
30:
38:
46:
2210:: "We observe a clear signal of male-biased WSH admixture among the EIA Sagly/Uyuk and during the Türkic period (i.e., more positive Z scores; Figure 5B), which also corresponds to the decline in the Y chromosome lineage Q1a and the concomitant rise of the western Eurasian lineages such as R and J (Figure S2A)."
2408:
Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov
Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor
823:
human remains from the Altai region found evidence of a mixture of West
Eurasian and East Asian maternal lineages. Prior to the Iron Age, all ancient maternal lineages in the Altai region were of West Eurasian origin, however Iron Age specimens show that Western Eurasian lineages were reduced by 50%,
2466:
Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kumar, Ganesh Prasad Arun; Akhmetova, Vita; Babalyan, Konstantin; Boulygina, Eugenia; Kharkov, Vladimir; Gubina, Marina; Khidiyatova, Irina; Khitrinskaya, Irina; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Khusainova, Rita; Konovalova, Natalia
2526:
Shan-Shan Dai, Xierzhatijiang
Sulaiman, Jainagul Isakova, Wei-Fang Xu, Najmudinov Tojiddin Abdulloevich, Manilova Elena Afanasevna, Khudoidodov Behruz Ibrohimovich, Xi Chen, Wei-Kang Yang, Ming-Shan Wang, Quan-Kuan Shen, Xing-Yan Yang, Yong-Gang Yao, Almaz A Aldashev, Abdusattor Saidov, Wei Chen,
2302:
Shan-Shan Dai, Xierzhatijiang
Sulaiman, Jainagul Isakova, Wei-Fang Xu, Najmudinov Tojiddin Abdulloevich, Manilova Elena Afanasevna, Khudoidodov Behruz Ibrohimovich, Xi Chen, Wei-Kang Yang, Ming-Shan Wang, Quan-Kuan Shen, Xing-Yan Yang, Yong-Gang Yao, Almaz A Aldashev, Abdusattor Saidov, Wei Chen,
2291:
pp. 5-11: "Chinese
Kazakhs shared significant more alleles with West Eurasians than any other Mongolian groups. We here confirm the genetic substructure within three Mongolian groups and Chinese Kazakhs was caused by the different amounts of West Eurasian related admixture in them." "We showed
2222:: "The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."
103:) is also sometimes considered part of Central Asia due to its Central Asian cultural ties and traditions, although geographically it is East Asian. Most central Asians belong to religions which were introduced to the area within the last 1,500 years, such as
1049:. By the end of the Iron Age, East Asian ancestry was introduced via historical Turko-Mongol groups, but that type of ancestry remained low among remaining Indo-Iranian-speakers, while it makes up to 50% among modern
931:
during the Türkic period in
Mongolia. Admixture between East and West Eurasian ancestors of the Türkic samples was dated to 500 CE, or roughly 8 generations prior. Three of the Türkic-affiliated males carried the
2244:
Zhao, Jing; Wurigemule, null; Sun, Jin; Xia, Ziyang; He, Guanglin; Yang, Xiaomin; Guo, Jianxin; Cheng, Hui-Zhen; Li, Yingxiang; Lin, Song; Yang, Tie-Lin; Hu, Xi; Du, Hua; Cheng, Peng; Hu, Rong (December 2020).
1942:
Our analysis of uniparental markers highlights in
Central Asia the differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations in their sex-specific differentiation and shows good congruence with anthropological
907:
burial sites in
Mongolia. The authors described the Türk samples as highly diverse, carrying on average 40% West Eurasian, and 60% East Eurasian ancestry. West Eurasian ancestry in the Türks combined
1388:
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derive a significant part of their ancestry from East Asian-related populations (c. 59.3–69.8%), as well as from
Iranian-related sources. Modern Iranian-speaking Central Asians (
1704:
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2328:
1709:
An estimated 500,000–600,000 Baloch live in southern Afghanistan, concentrated in southern Nimroz Province, and to a lesser degree in Helmand and Kandahar provinces.
1737:
2806:
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1601:
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1900:
Heyer, Evelyne; Balaresque, Patricia; Jobling, Mark A.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Chaix, Raphaelle; Segurel, Laure; Aldashev, Almaz; Hegay, Tanya (2009).
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912:
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ancestry in the Türks was largely inherited from male ancestors, which also corresponds with the marked increase of paternal haplogroups such as
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and East Asian lineages increased by 50%. The authors suggested that the rise of East Asian mtDNA lineages likely happened within the Iron Age
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1026:, or as 40-55% Eastern Asian and 45-60% European/West Asian. Ancestry related to one of the earliest inhabitants, particularly the
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is not always considered part of the region, but when it is, Central Asia has a total population of about 122 million (2016);
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1744:(in Russian). Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences (47): 58–62. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
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1002:), in contrast to Turkic-speaking Central Asians, have less Northeast Asian ancestry (7.7–18.6%), but harbor another
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1382:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
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904:
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2647:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"
2048:
Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina (2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes".
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Mapping the Global Muslim Population. A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population
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Genetic distance between different Eurasian populations and frequency of West- and East-Eurasian components.
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2970:"Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping"
2343:
Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (2022-01-14).
2247:"Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping"
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2234:: "Table S2, S2C_SexHaplogroups, Supplementary Materials GUID: E914F9CE-9ED4-4E0F-9172-5A54A08E9F6B
775:
120:
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Zerjal, Tatiana; Wells, Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira Yusupovna; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan (October 2002).
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1806:"Tracing the Origin of the East-West Population Admixture in the Altai Region (Central Asia)"
1627:
1223:, significant communities are also located in the other four Soviet republics in the region.
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populations in southern Central Asia. Iron Age Central Asians were descended from historical
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2849:. Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010. Archived from the
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261:
3011:"A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia"
2569:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia"
2345:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia"
1755:"Chitra Rajora asked: What is India's diaspora policy in Central Asian countries? - IDSA"
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Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia.
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Yamamoto, Toshimichi; Senda, Tomoki; Horiba, Daiki; Sakuma, Masayoshi (December 2013).
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990:(60–94%), with a variable amount of West Eurasian admixture (6–40%) from a Bronze Age
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2874:"The homeland of Proto-Tungusic inferred from contemporary words and ancient genomes"
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The ancestry of modern Central Asian populations is significantly derived from later
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Guarino-Vignon, Peter; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; et al. (2022).
1531:"Total population by nationality (assessment at the beginning of the year, people)"
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2469:"Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe"
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Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology
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2753:"Religious Intelligence - Country Profile: Kazakhstan (Republic of Kazakhstan)"
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1972:
49:
Map of the countries of Central Asia, Afghanistan (occasionally included), the
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Zhao, Jing; Wurigemule, Wurigemule; Sun, Jin; Xia, Ziyang (October 2020).
1449:
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2929:"Y-chromosome evidence confirmed the Kerei-Abakh origin of Aksay Kazakhs"
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2779:"Religious Intelligence - Country Profile: Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic)"
2607:
The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China
2078:
1720:
3789:
3719:
2927:
Wen, Shao-Qing; Sun, Chang; Song, Dan-Lu; Huang, Yun-Zhi (April 2020).
2890:
1723:
Central Asia and The Caucasus. Journal of Social and Political Studies.
1721:
KOKAISLOVÁ, Pavla, KOKAISL Petr. Ethnic Identity of The Baloch People.
1260:
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component (8%) associated with indigenous South Asians (represented by
983:
243:
1902:"Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia"
3274:
1673:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
1552:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
1179:
1147:
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soldiers buried between ca. 300 AD and 700 AD. 50% of the samples of
680:
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131:, however, was introduced to Central Asia over 2,200 years ago, and
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3314:
2131:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
877:
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100:
36:
2627:
Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050 | Pew Research Center
1352:
1030:, is still found in low amounts among modern-day Central Asians.
3195:
2529:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"
2411:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"
2305:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"
349:
3154:
2527:
Lu-Feng Cheng, Min-Sheng Peng, Ya-Ping Zhang (25 August 2022).
2303:
Lu-Feng Cheng, Min-Sheng Peng, Ya-Ping Zhang (25 August 2022).
63:
The nations which make up Central Asia are five of the former
3054:"Y-chromosome lineage in five regional Mongolian populations"
1033:
A 2022 study confirmed the genetic continuity between modern
3150:
3081:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
868:, while the other 50% belonged to East Eurasian haplogroups
3058:
Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series
2056:(7705). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 369–374.
915:
ancestry, while the East Eurasian ancestry was related to
892:, while one specimen carried the West Eurasian haplogroup
235:, who are officially categorized as Tajiks in Tajikistan.
1957:"Genetic landscape of Eurasia and "admixture" in Uyghurs"
899:
A 2020 study analyzed genetic data from 7 early medieval
2691:. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (October 2009)
1761:. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 2021-05-31
1389:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1357:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1331:, 733 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
2847:"The results of the national population census in 2009"
2636:. Pewforum.org (2 April 2015). Retrieved on 2017-01-20.
157:
The below are demographic data on the ethnic groups in
1320:
Guarino-Vignon, P., Marchi, N., Bendezu-Sarmiento, J.
87:, which have a total population of about 76 million.
41:
The ethnolinguistic patchwork of Central Asia in 1992
2862:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chuan-Chao_Wang
1499:"Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)"
4130:
4013:
3885:
3688:
3522:
3323:
3188:
2872:Wang, Chuan-Chao; Robbeets, Martine (April 2020).
2728:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1705:Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center
1416:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1154:, 140,000 people in Kazakhstan and Afghanistan; (
1955:Li, Hui; Cho, Kelly; Kidd, J.; Kidd, K. (2009).
1387:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
1206:. While a significant number of them are Sunni.
2038:, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 128, 130, 70, 73.
2035:
2023:
2014:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 60, 62, 127, 130.
2011:
856:in May 2018 examined the remains of four elite
2116:
1045:, who settled in the region at the end of the
3166:
2702:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"
1887:
1875:
1863:
1475:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
1376:
1374:
880:belonged mainly to East Eurasian haplogroups
8:
3079:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018).
2551:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2327:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2853:on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
2615:Study on Current Muslim Population in China
1780:"Среднеазиатские арабы | Народы Казахстана"
3173:
3159:
3151:
1736:Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000).
1074:
162:
33:Population pyramid of Central Asia in 2023
3118:
3034:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2502:
2484:
2442:
2384:
2172:
2154:
2077:
2026:, Supplementary Table 9, Rows 44, 87, 88.
1980:
1927:
1917:
1839:
1829:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1053:Central Asians in northern Central Asia.
1738:Республика в зеркале переписей населения
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1347:
1345:
44:
28:
1341:
3015:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2867:https://synaptic.bio/publications/8629
2544:
2320:
1650:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1643:
1600:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1593:
1546:
1544:
1014:can be modeled as 48.8–65.1% Iron Age
172:Total roughly estimated population in
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2129:Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020).
1146:700,000 and 1.5 million Buddhists in
919:. The authors also observed that the
169:Center of population in Central Asia
7:
1477:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1.
2755:. 30 September 2007. Archived from
1725:Volume 13, Issue 3, 2012, p. 45-55.
1309:History of the Jews in Central Asia
986:derive most of their ancestry from
153:List of ethnic groups in Tajikistan
1961:American Journal of Human Genetics
1535:Bureau of Statistics of Kyrgyzstan
25:
1353:"World Population Prospects 2022"
1804:González-Ruiz, Mercedes (2012).
1018:, and 34.9–51.2% Eastern Steppe
2611:2010 Islam by province, page 29
2415:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1786:from the original on 2015-02-10
1446:"The History of Zoroastrianism"
1299:Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis
815:An analysis of Scytho-Siberian
145:Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan
2781:. 6 April 2008. Archived from
2656:. October 2009. Archived from
1698:"Cultural Orientation Balochi"
864:belonged to the West Eurasian
1:
2986:10.1080/03014460.2020.1837952
2263:10.1080/03014460.2020.1837952
850:A genetic study published in
18:Ethnic groups of Central Asia
4159:Demographics of Central Asia
3070:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.133
1831:10.1371/journal.pone.0048904
1067:Christianity in Central Asia
149:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
2878:Evolutionary Human Sciences
876:. The extracted samples of
53:, and surrounding countries
4190:
3542:Countries by ethnic groups
3537:Contemporary ethnic groups
2613:. Data from: Yang Zongde,
2593:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
2369:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
2147:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
2117:Damgaard & Marchi 2018
1973:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.024
1097:South and East of region:
1060:
142:
56:
3111:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
2945:10.1038/s10038-020-0759-1
2933:Journal of Human Genetics
2901:21.11116/0000-0006-4DEB-C
2486:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3
2156:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
2070:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
940:, two carried haplogroup
523:Far eastern and northern
2809:August 29, 2006, at the
2617:, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
1511:: Languages of the World
1063:Buddhism in Central Asia
988:Ancient Northeast Asians
917:Ancient Northeast Asians
905:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
817:matrilineal DNA lineages
135:, over 2,500 years ago.
4174:History of Central Asia
4169:Culture of Central Asia
3654:Torres Strait Islanders
3499:Ethnopsychopharmacology
3243:In-group and out-groups
2974:Annals of Human Biology
2251:Annals of Human Biology
1919:10.1186/1471-2156-10-49
1081:Approximate population
1028:Ancient North Eurasians
994:source. Similarly, the
248:Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
3900:Cultural appropriation
3800:Lineage-bonded society
2804:Religious Freedom Page
2427:10.1093/molbev/msac179
1240:Throughout the region
903:skeletal remains from
847:
421:Central and Northwest
54:
42:
34:
3925:Ethnic interest group
3760:Ethnicity in censuses
3710:Cultural assimilation
3211:Ethnolinguistic group
1707:. 2019. p. 111.
1391:, Population Division
1359:, Population Division
1084:Center of population
1071:Islam in Central Asia
1035:Indo-Iranian-speaking
992:Western Steppe Herder
921:Western Steppe Herder
845:
48:
40:
32:
4164:Central Asian people
4138:Minzu (anthropology)
4107:Separatist movements
3970:Ethnographic village
3795:Legendary progenitor
3430:Transidioethnography
3233:Hyphenated ethnicity
3228:Ethnographic realism
3221:Ethnoreligious group
2759:on 30 September 2007
2036:Damgaard et al. 2018
2024:Damgaard et al. 2018
2012:Damgaard et al. 2018
1246:Western Christianity
1212:Eastern Christianity
950:maternal haplogroups
934:paternal haplogroups
59:Demographics of Asia
4005:Multinational state
4000:Model minority myth
3887:Multiethnic society
3805:Linguistic homeland
3216:Ethnonational group
3103:2018Natur.557..369D
2595:– via Nature.
2585:2022NatSR..12..733G
2361:2022NatSR..12..733G
2062:2018Natur.557..369D
1822:2012PLoSO...748904G
1219:Mainly in northern
1037:Central Asians and
952:were identified as
121:Syriac Christianity
3985:Middleman minority
3945:Ethnic pornography
3940:Ethnic nationalism
3845:Pantribal sodality
3785:Imagined community
3310:Symbolic ethnicity
3238:Indigenous peoples
3206:Ethnographic group
2891:10.1017/ehs.2020.8
2687:2011-05-19 at the
2632:2017-08-02 at the
2573:Scientific Reports
2349:Scientific Reports
2141:(4): 890–904.e29.
1888:González-Ruiz 2012
1876:González-Ruiz 2012
1864:González-Ruiz 2012
1150:, 8.44 million in
1008:Andamanese peoples
944:, and one carried
848:
231:. It includes the
55:
43:
35:
4146:
4145:
4067:Ethnic stereotype
3980:Indigenous rights
3965:Ethnographic film
3950:Ethnic theme park
3910:Dominant minority
3905:Diaspora politics
3895:Consociationalism
3830:National language
3715:Cultural identity
3705:Cross-race effect
3649:Aboriginal groups
1504:SIL International
1290:
1289:
1024:Mongolian Plateau
808:
807:
16:(Redirected from
4181:
4037:Ethnic cleansing
4032:Ethnic bioweapon
3915:Ethnic democracy
3524:Groups by region
3474:Ethnomethodology
3457:Ethnomathematics
3447:Ethnolinguistics
3343:Ethnoarchaeology
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3122:
3073:
3064:(1): e260-e261.
3048:
3038:
3005:
2980:(7–8): 620–628.
2964:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2854:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2819:
2813:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2533:academic.oup.com
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2488:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2309:academic.oup.com
2299:
2293:
2290:
2257:(7–8): 620–628.
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2158:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1921:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1727:, ISSN 1404-6091
1718:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1675:. Archived from
1669:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1626:. Archived from
1625:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1579:. Archived from
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1554:. Archived from
1548:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1422:. Archived from
1412:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1304:Turkic migration
1172:Tungusic peoples
1125:.(most dense in
1075:
575:100,000–200,000
535:Meskhetian Turks
163:
21:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4126:
4072:Ethnic violence
4020:
4018:ethnic conflict
4016:
4009:
3990:Minority rights
3930:Ethnic majority
3881:
3865:Detribalization
3820:Nation-building
3755:Ethnic religion
3698:
3694:
3684:
3591:Central America
3518:
3489:Ethnophilosophy
3484:Ethnomusicology
3462:Ethnostatistics
3420:Person-centered
3390:Autoethnography
3319:
3184:
3179:
3141:
3139:
3095:Nature Research
3078:
3051:
3008:
2967:
2926:
2871:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2811:Wayback Machine
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2785:on 6 April 2008
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2689:Wayback Machine
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2663:on 19 June 2018
2660:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2634:Wayback Machine
2625:
2621:
2604:
2600:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1735:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:"Archived copy"
1619:
1618:
1609:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1577:"Archived copy"
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1426:on June 1, 2007
1414:
1413:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1317:
1295:
1073:
1059:
1051:Turkic-speaking
948:. The analyzed
826:Scythian period
813:
811:Genetic history
629:50,000–100,000
308:Northwest China
262:Northwest China
155:
141:
61:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Indigenization
4094:
4089:
4087:Ethnosymbolism
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Ethnic penalty
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Model minority
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Ethnopluralism
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3920:Ethnic enclave
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3630:Southeast Asia
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3509:Ethnosemiotics
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Ethnomuseology
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3338:Ethnic studies
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Supraethnicity
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3258:Minority group
3255:
3253:Metroethnicity
3250:
3248:Meta-ethnicity
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3075:
3074:
3049:
3027:10.1086/342096
3006:
2965:
2939:(9): 797–803.
2924:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2839:
2823:"Turkmenistan"
2814:
2796:
2770:
2744:
2719:
2708:. 2 April 2015
2693:
2674:
2638:
2619:
2598:
2559:
2518:
2467:(2017-12-28).
2458:
2409:(2022-08-25).
2400:
2335:
2294:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2121:
2109:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1967:(6): 934–937.
1947:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1816:(11): e48904.
1796:
1782:(in Russian).
1771:
1746:
1729:
1713:
1689:
1657:
1607:
1568:
1540:
1522:
1490:
1484:978-1784539559
1483:
1471:Foltz, Richard
1462:
1437:
1402:
1370:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:Zoroastrianism
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1058:
1055:
812:
809:
806:
805:
802:
797:
795:Bukharian Jews
791:
790:
787:
778:
772:
771:
768:
762:
756:
755:
752:
743:
737:
736:
733:
728:
722:
721:
718:
713:
707:
706:
703:
698:
692:
691:
688:
683:
677:
676:
673:
668:
662:
661:
658:
652:
646:
645:
642:
637:
631:
630:
627:
621:
615:
614:
611:
602:
596:
595:
592:
583:
577:
576:
573:
567:
561:
560:
557:
552:
546:
545:
542:
537:
531:
530:
527:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
499:
498:
495:
486:
480:
479:
476:
472:North western
470:
464:
463:
460:
450:
444:
443:
440:
435:
429:
428:
425:
419:
413:
412:
409:
400:
394:
393:
390:
377:
371:
370:
367:
362:
356:
355:
352:
339:
333:
332:
329:
324:
318:
317:
314:
305:
295:
294:
291:
286:
280:
279:
276:
259:
253:
252:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
218:
212:
211:
208:
183:
177:
176:
170:
167:
140:
137:
133:Zoroastrianism
57:Main article:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4186:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Ethnocentrism
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Ethnic hatred
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:National myth
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Folk religion
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Ethnic origin
3748:
3746:
3745:Ethnic option
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Northern Asia
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:South America
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:United States
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3514:Ethnotaxonomy
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Ethnomedicine
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Institutional
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Ethnomycology
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Polyethnicity
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Monoethnicity
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:(3): 466–82.
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:. JISMOR, 8.
2608:
2605:Min Junqing.
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1679:on 2010-03-16
1678:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1633:on 2009-02-06
1629:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1583:on 2012-05-29
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1558:on 2010-03-24
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1452:on 2009-09-25
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:Historically
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:and Southern
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Indo-Iranians
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Indo-Iranians
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:East Eurasian
1001:
997:
996:Kyrgyz people
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:-related and
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:haplogroup R1
863:
859:
855:
854:
844:
840:
839:populations.
838:
834:
829:
827:
822:
818:
810:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
751:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Volga Germans
548:
547:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
424:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
309:
306:
304:
300:
297:
296:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
234:
233:Pamiri people
230:
226:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
175:
171:
168:
166:Ethnic group
165:
164:
161:
160:
154:
150:
146:
139:Ethnic groups
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:Ismaili Islam
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
52:
47:
39:
31:
27:
19:
4112:Xenocentrism
4062:Ethnic slurs
4052:Ethnic party
4015:Ideology and
3935:Ethnic media
3877:White ethnic
3870:Neotribalism
3825:Nation state
3765:Ethnofiction
3696:ethnogenesis
3667:
3660:
3641:
3610:Central Asia
3602:
3555:
3548:
3531:
3504:Ethnoscience
3494:Ethnopoetics
3442:Ethnohistory
3380:Ethnogeology
3368:Ethnozoology
3358:Ethnoecology
3348:Ethnobiology
3333:Anthropology
3285:Panethnicity
3201:Ethnic group
3140:. Retrieved
3120:1887/3202709
3090:
3084:
3061:
3057:
3018:
3014:
2977:
2973:
2936:
2932:
2881:
2877:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:
2817:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:Pewforum.org
2705:
2696:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2654:Pewforum.org
2653:
2641:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2521:
2476:
2473:BMC Genetics
2472:
2461:
2418:
2414:
2403:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2297:
2254:
2250:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2112:
2079:1887/3202709
2053:
2049:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1941:
1909:
1906:BMC Genetics
1905:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
1635:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1534:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1474:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1419:
1393:. Retrieved
1361:. Retrieved
1328:
1325:
1321:
1315:Bibliography
1103:Turkmenistan
1094:103,000,000
1032:
978:
898:
851:
849:
833:Indo-Iranian
830:
814:
609:Turkmenistan
586:Turkmenistan
458:Turkmenistan
342:Turkmenistan
202:Turkmenistan
174:Central Asia
159:Central Asia
156:
77:Turkmenistan
62:
26:
4047:Ethnic joke
3855:Tribal name
3840:Origin myth
3815:Mythomoteur
3740:Ethnic flag
3725:Development
3410:Netnography
3385:Ethnography
3375:Ethnocinema
3353:Ethnobotany
3280:Nationality
3097:: 369–373.
1285:Afghanistan
1237:2,500,000+
1204:Afghanistan
1127:Afghanistan
1115:Afghanistan
1090:Sunni Islam
1022:, from the
565:Belarusians
525:Afghanistan
468:Karakalpaks
454:Afghanistan
423:Afghanistan
346:Afghanistan
327:Afghanistan
316:10,500,000
293:12,500,000
289:Afghanistan
278:13,000,000
251:17,500,000
238:25,000,000
229:Afghanistan
210:36,000,000
190:Afghanistan
125:East Syriac
105:Sunni Islam
89:Afghanistan
67:republics:
51:Caspian Sea
4153:Categories
4122:Xenophobia
4117:Xenophilia
4092:Indigenism
4027:Allophilia
3960:Ethnocracy
3850:Statistext
3780:Historical
3673:Indigenous
3625:South Asia
3561:Indigenous
3295:Population
2832:11 January
2789:11 January
2763:11 January
2737:11 January
2712:11 January
2667:11 January
2538:2022-12-17
2479:(1): 110.
2355:(1): 733.
2314:2022-12-17
2232:Jeong 2020
2220:Jeong 2020
2208:Jeong 2020
2196:Jeong 2020
1790:2015-02-10
1765:2024-09-10
1683:2013-05-02
1637:2012-01-17
1587:2012-07-22
1562:2009-01-02
1509:Ethnologue
1456:2010-02-18
1430:11 January
1336:References
1269:Uzbekistan
1254:Kazakhstan
1233:Irreligion
1221:Kazakhstan
1216:4,000,000
1196:4,000,000
1192:Shia Islam
1143:9,084,000
1131:Uzbekistan
1123:Kazakhstan
1117:, Eastern
1111:Uzbekistan
1107:Kyrgyzstan
1099:Tajikistan
1061:See also:
1047:Bronze Age
980:Mongolians
800:Uzbekistan
785:Tajikistan
781:Uzbekistan
766:Kazakhstan
750:Kyrgyzstan
746:Kazakhstan
731:Kazakhstan
716:Kazakhstan
701:Kazakhstan
686:Kazakhstan
671:Kazakhstan
656:Kazakhstan
640:Kazakhstan
625:Kazakhstan
605:Kazakhstan
590:Uzbekistan
571:Kazakhstan
555:Kazakhstan
540:Kazakhstan
519:Nuristanis
509:Kazakhstan
503:Ukrainians
493:Uzbekistan
489:Kazakhstan
474:Uzbekistan
438:Uzbekistan
427:1,500,000
411:3,237,000
407:Kyrgyzstan
398:Mongolians
392:3,700,000
388:Kyrgyzstan
384:Uzbekistan
380:Kazakhstan
369:4,900,000
365:Kyrgyzstan
354:6,500,000
331:6,500,000
312:Kyrgyzstan
274:Kyrgyzstan
270:Uzbekistan
266:Kazakhstan
264:, Eastern
225:Uzbekistan
221:Tajikistan
206:Kazakhstan
198:Kyrgyzstan
194:Tajikistan
186:Uzbekistan
143:See also:
109:Shia Islam
85:Uzbekistan
81:Tajikistan
73:Kyrgyzstan
69:Kazakhstan
4082:Ethnocide
3955:Ethnoburb
3860:Tribalism
3643:Australia
3635:West Asia
3615:East Asia
3586:Caribbean
3571:Greenland
3452:Ethnology
3325:Ethnology
3263:Influence
3182:Ethnicity
3142:April 11,
3002:222839155
2961:215819594
2827:State.gov
2495:1471-2156
2435:0737-4038
2377:2045-2322
2287:222839155
2271:1464-5033
2165:0092-8674
2104:256769352
2088:0028-0836
1078:Religion
909:Sarmatian
764:Northern
726:Romanians
696:Moldovans
654:Northern
623:Northern
581:Armenians
569:Northern
529:200,000+
507:Northern
452:Southern
117:Tengriism
99:(part of
4102:Nativism
3770:Ethnonym
3735:Ethnarch
3691:Identity
3678:European
3556:Americas
3400:Critical
3395:Clinical
3189:Concepts
3137:13670282
3129:29743675
3093:(7705).
3045:12145751
2994:33059477
2953:32313196
2920:37588383
2911:10427446
2851:original
2807:Archived
2685:Archived
2630:Archived
2547:cite web
2513:29297395
2453:36006373
2395:35031610
2323:cite web
2279:33059477
2183:33157037
2096:29743675
1999:37591388
1991:20004770
1938:19723301
1850:23152818
1810:PLOS ONE
1784:Archived
1646:cite web
1596:cite web
1473:(2019).
1395:July 17,
1363:July 17,
1293:See also
1250:510,000
1176:Tibetans
1152:Xinjiang
1139:Buddhism
1119:Xinjiang
1057:Religion
1039:Iron Age
936:J2a and
821:Iron Age
711:Mordvins
666:Bashkirs
635:Chechens
613:100,000
594:100,000
559:200,000
544:200,000
513:250,000
497:500,000
478:500,000
462:600,000
442:700,000
403:Mongolia
375:Russians
129:Buddhism
123:(mostly
97:Xinjiang
93:Mongolia
4131:Related
3790:Kinship
3730:Endonym
3720:Demonym
3668:Oceania
3425:Salvage
3099:Bibcode
2732:Cia.gov
2581:Bibcode
2579:(733).
2504:5751809
2444:9469894
2386:8760286
2357:Bibcode
2174:7664836
2058:Bibcode
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1929:2745423
1841:3494716
1818:Bibcode
1759:idsa.in
1740:(PDF).
1537:. 2021.
1420:Cia.gov
1326:Sci Rep
1280:10,000
1265:27,500
1261:Judaism
1229:Atheism
1200:Hazaras
1168:Mongour
1160:Koreans
1156:Mongols
1020:Xiongnu
984:Kazakhs
946:R1a-Z93
942:C-F3830
789:10,000
770:10,000
754:19,500
741:Indians
735:20,000
720:20,000
705:25,000
690:30,000
675:30,000
660:35,000
650:Chuvash
644:40,000
484:Koreans
337:Turkmen
284:Pashtun
3662:Europe
3576:Mexico
3566:Canada
3550:Africa
3415:Online
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433:Tatars
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322:Hazara
299:Dungan
257:Uyghur
244:Kazakh
151:, and
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3810:Mores
3532:World
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2998:S2CID
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1995:S2CID
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2990:PMID
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2834:2018
2791:2018
2765:2018
2739:2018
2714:2018
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