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the head of the chain. If a validator makes self-contradicting proposals or attestations, or if it is inactive, it loses a portion of its stake. It may add to its stake at any time. A validator's attestation is given a weight equal to its stake or 32, whichever is less. According to the
Ethereum protocol, the blockchain with the highest accumulated weight of attestations at any given time is to be regarded as the canonical chain. Validators are rewarded for making valid proposals and attestations. A validator's rewards are paid via transactions within the same chain that contains their proposal or attestation, and therefore would have little or no market value unless that chain becomes the canonical chain. This incentivizes validators to support the chain that they think other validators view as the canonical chain, which results in a high degree of consensus.
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portion. Additionally, ether is the only currency accepted by the protocol as payment for the transaction fee. The transaction fee is composed of two parts: the base fee and the tip. The base fee is "burned" (deleted from existence) and the tip goes to the block proposer. The validator reward together with the tips provide the incentive to validators to keep the blockchain growing (i.e. to keep processing new transactions). Therefore, ETH is fundamental to the operation of the network. Ether may be "sent" from one account to another via a transaction, the execution of which simply entails subtracting the
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1328:. The standard provides functions that include the transfer of tokens from one account to another, getting the current token balance of an account, and getting the total supply of the token available on the network. Smart contracts that correctly implement ERC-20 processes are called ERC-20 Token Contracts, and they keep track of created tokens on Ethereum. Numerous cryptocurrencies have launched as ERC-20 tokens and have been distributed through
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1350:(NFTs). Since tokens of this type are unique, they have been used to represent such things as collectibles, digital art, sports memorabilia, virtual real estate, and items within games. ERC-721 is the first official NFT standard for Ethereum and was followed up by ERC-1155 which introduced semi-fungibility, both are widely used, though some fully fungible tokens using ERC-20 have been used for NFTs such as
40:
712:, was launched on the Ethereum network. In cultivating popularity with users and collectors, it gained notable mainstream media attention providing significant exposure to Ethereum in the process. It was considered the most popular smart contract in use on the network but it also highlighted concerns over Ethereum's scalability due to the game's substantial consumption of network capacity at the time.
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is known as the tip and goes to the block proposer; the higher the tip, the more incentive a block proposer has to include the transaction in their block, and thus the quicker the transaction will be included in the blockchain. The sender buys the full amount of gas (i.e. their ETH balance is debited
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There are two types of accounts on
Ethereum: user accounts (also known as externally-owned accounts), and contract accounts. Both types have an ETH balance, may transfer ETH to any account, may execute the code of another contract, or create a new contract, and are identified on the blockchain and in
540:
of 25,000 ether for stress-testing the
Ethereum blockchain. On 30 July 2015, "Frontier" marked the official launch of the Ethereum platform, and Ethereum created its "genesis block". The genesis block contained 8,893 transactions allocating various amounts of ether to different addresses, and a block
479:
Ethereum has an unusually long list of founders. Anthony Di Iorio wrote: "Ethereum was founded by
Vitalik Buterin, Myself, Charles Hoskinson, Mihai Alisie & Amir Chetrit (the initial 5) in December 2013. Joseph Lubin, Gavin Wood, & Jeffrey Wilcke were added in early 2014 as founders." Buterin
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Each "node" (network participant) connects with a relatively small subset of the network to offer blocks and unvalidated transactions (i.e. transactions not yet in the blockchain) to its peers for download, and it downloads any of these from its peers that it doesn't already have. Each node usually
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on a permissioned-variant of
Ethereum blockchain dubbed "Quorum". It is "designed to toe the line between private and public in the realm of shuffling derivatives and payments. The idea is to satisfy regulators who need seamless access to financial goings-on while protecting the privacy of parties
925:
assigned to one of the slots of the epoch after the next, either as the block proposer or as an attester. During a slot, the block proposer uses their mempool to create a block that is intended to become the new "head" (latest block) of the blockchain, and the attesters attest to which block is at
575:
of DAO tokens were stolen by an unknown hacker. The event sparked a debate in the crypto-community about whether
Ethereum should perform a contentious "hard fork" to reappropriate the affected funds. The fork resulted in the network splitting into two blockchains: Ethereum with the theft reversed,
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associated with each account, this being the account's ETH balance denominated in wei (10 wei = 1 ether). At the end of each epoch, new ETH is generated by the addition of protocol-specified amounts to the balances of all validators for that epoch, with the block proposers receiving the largest
1068:
specifically designed for
Ethereum. The instruction set includes, among other things, stack operations, memory operations, and operations to inspect the current execution context, such as remaining gas, information about the current block, and the current transaction. The EVM is designed to be
1432:
was invested in various DeFi protocols. Additionally, through a process called "wrapping", certain DeFi protocols allow synthetic versions of various assets (such as bitcoin, gold, and oil) to be tradeable on
Ethereum and also compatible with all of Ethereum's major wallets and applications.
1206:) up-front, at the start of the execution of the transaction, and is refunded at the end for any unused gas. If at any point the transaction does not have enough gas to perform the next operation, the transaction is reverted but the sender is still only refunded for the unused gas. In
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There were two network upgrades in 2021. The first was "Berlin", implemented on 14 April 2021. The second was "London", which took effect on 5 August. The London upgrade included
Ethereum Improvement Proposal ("EIP") 1559, a mechanism for reducing transaction fee
809:
Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2) was a set of three or more upgrades, also known as "phases", meant to transition the network's consensus mechanism to proof-of-stake, and to scale the network's transaction throughput with execution sharding and an improved EVM architecture.
438:
project and drafted its white paper outlining additional use cases for blockchain technology. However, after failing to gain agreement on how the project should proceed, he proposed the development of a new platform with a more robust scripting language—a
1081:, so that given a pre-transaction state and a transaction, each node produces the same post-transaction state, thereby enabling network consensus. The formal definition of the EVM is specified in the Ethereum Yellow Paper. EVMs have been implemented in
1141:
within the EVM used in the calculation of the transaction fee, which is the amount of ETH a transaction's sender must pay to the network to have the transaction included in the blockchain. Each type of operation which may be performed by the EVM is
1537:-Patricia Tree to store account state in each block. The trie allows for storage savings, set membership proofs (called "Merkle proofs"), and light client synchronization. The network has faced congestion problems, such as in 2017 in relation to
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A node may choose to create a copy of the state for itself. It does this by starting with the genesis state and executing every transaction in the blockchain, in the proper order of blocks and in the order they are listed within each block.
4837:
786:. The mechanism causes a portion of the ether paid in transaction fees for each block to be destroyed rather than given to the block proposer, reducing the inflation rate of ether and potentially resulting in periods of deflation.
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containing the storage values of all
Ethereum accounts and processes state-altering transactions. Approximately every 12 seconds, a batch of new transactions, known as a "block", is processed by the network. Each block contains a
360:(NFTs), which are tokens that can be tied to unique digital assets, such as images. Additionally, many other cryptocurrencies utilize the ERC-20 token standard on top of the Ethereum blockchain and have utilized the platform for
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has a unique set of peers, so that offering an item to its peers results in the propagation of that item throughout the entire network within seconds. A node's collection of unvalidated transactions is known as its "mempool".
813:
The switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake on 15 September 2022 has cut Ethereum's energy usage by 99%. This upgrade, known as "The Merge", was the first phase in the series of upgrades. However, the impact this has on
492:', referring to the hypothetical invisible medium that permeates the universe and allows light to travel." Buterin wanted his platform to be the underlying and imperceptible medium for the applications running on top of it.
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1297:-based, but deprecated). Source code and compiler information are usually published along with the launch of the contract so that users can see the code and verify that it compiles to the bytecode that is on-chain.
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was arrested by the US government for presenting at a blockchain conference in North Korea. He would later plead guilty to one count of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act in 2021.
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On March 13, 2024 the second phase known as "Dencun" or also "Deneb-Cancun" upgrade went live. This upgrade lowered the transaction fees on the many Layer 2 networks built on top of the base Ethereum blockchain.
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and storage (to store contract-specific state). The code of a contract is evaluated when a transaction is sent to it. The code of the contract may read user-specified data from the transaction, and may have a
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472:, Switzerland, where Buterin told the founders that the project would proceed as a non-profit. Hoskinson left the project at that time and soon after founded IOHK, a blockchain company responsible for
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The first NFT project, Etheria, a 3D map of tradable and customizable hexagonal tiles, was deployed to the network in October 2015 and demonstrated live at DEVCON1 in November of that year. In 2021,
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One issue related to using smart contracts on a public blockchain is that bugs, including security holes, are visible to all but cannot be fixed quickly. One example of this is the 2016 attack on
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in a decentralized architecture, outside of companies' and governments' control, such as money market funds which let users earn interest. DeFi applications are typically accessed through a
520:), was founded. Development was funded by an online public crowd sale from July to August 2014, in which participants bought the Ethereum value token (ether) with another digital currency,
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Triantafyllidis, Nikolaos Petros (19 February 2016). "The Ethereum Project: Ethereum History". Developing an Ethereum Blockchain Application (Report). University of Amsterdam. p. 20.
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and hashing operations, send transactions to other contracts (thus executing their code), create new contracts, and query information about the current transaction or the blockchain.
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companies announced the creation of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) with 30 founding members. By May 2017, the nonprofit organization had 116 enterprise members, including
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developers that blockchain technology could benefit from other applications besides money and that it needed a more robust language for application development that could lead to
1405:, which allows users to directly interact with the Ethereum blockchain through a website. Many of these DApps can connect and work together to create complex financial services.
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488:. He stated, "I immediately realized that I liked it better than all of the other alternatives that I had seen; I suppose it was that sounded nice and it had the word '
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Any Ethereum account may "stake" (deposit) 32 ETH to become a validator. At the end of each "epoch" (32 block slots, each slot lasting 12 seconds), each validator is
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As of January 2016, the Ethereum protocol could process about 25 transactions per second; this did not change after the move to proof-of-stake. In comparison, the
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is the amount of ETH the sender wishes to pay to the network per unit of gas used. A transaction may only be included in the blockchain at a block slot that has a
739:
By January 2018, ether was the second-largest cryptocurrency in terms of market capitalization, behind bitcoin. As of 2021, it maintained that relative position.
544:
Since the initial launch, Ethereum has undergone a number of planned protocol upgrades, which are important changes affecting the underlying functionality and/or
458:(who financed the project) rented a house in Miami with Buterin at which they could develop a fuller sense of what Ethereum might become. Di Iorio invited friend
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was presented at Ethereum's Devcon 3 in November 2017. If implemented, each node in the network would only have to store and validate a subset of the network.
731:, the first official NFT standard on Ethereum. This standardization allowed Ethereum to become central to a multi-billion dollar digital collectibles market.
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and climate change may be limited since the computers previously used for mining ether may be used to mine other cryptocurrencies that are energy-intensive.
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Mastering Blockchain – Third Edition : a deep dive into distributed ledgers, consensus protocols,... smart contracts, dapps, cryptocurrencies, ethereum
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1286:, but deprecated), Yul (an intermediate language that can compile to various different backends—EVM 1.0, EVM 1.5, and eWASM are planned), LLL (a
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prices at the time, although observers have noted that both the buyer and seller had a vested interest in driving demand for the artist's work.
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1226:. Popular uses of Ethereum have included the creation of fungible (ERC-20) and non-fungible (ERC-721) tokens with a variety of properties,
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1853:
524:. While there was early praise for the technical innovations of Ethereum, questions were also raised about its security and scalability.
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statements, the bytecode may include instructions to send ETH, read from and write to the contract's storage, create temporary storage (
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identifying the series of blocks that must precede it if the block is to be considered valid. This series of blocks is known as the
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Several codenamed prototypes of Ethereum were developed over 18 months in 2014 and 2015 by the Ethereum Foundation as part of their
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in the blockchain needed to be specified before it could be implemented in software. This work was done by Gavin Wood, then the
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Formal development of the software underlying Ethereum began in early 2014 through a Swiss company, Ethereum Switzerland GmbH (
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512:, in the Ethereum Yellow Paper that specified the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the
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Ether (ETH) is the cryptocurrency generated in accordance with the Ethereum protocol as a reward to validators in a
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payment platform processes 45,000 payments per second. This has led some to question the scalability of Ethereum.
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Ethereum was announced at the North American Bitcoin Conference in Miami, in January 2014. During the conference,
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128:
4830:"These Young Investors Are Still Betting Big On Crypto – And Are Taking Harvard And Stanford Along For The Ride"
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6840:
6787:
6707:
6427:
5147:
4499:
1275:
509:
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1967:
1036:. Contract addresses are in the same format, however, they are determined by sender and creation transaction
6465:
6341:
6326:
5941:
5563:
5148:"The Ethereum network is getting jammed up because people are rushing to buy cartoon cats on its blockchain"
5041:
3176:"NFTs in Practice – Non-Fungible Tokens as Core Component of a Blockchain-based Event Ticketing Application"
2460:
1070:
1021:
715:
In January 2018, a community-driven paper (an EIP, "Ethereum Improvement Proposal") under the leadership of
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1301:
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1028:). In hexadecimal, two digits represent a byte, and so addresses contain 40 hexadecimal digits after the "
560:
337:
4797:"Crypto soars again as traders embrace 'DeFi' and 'yield farming'—but some see echoes of the 2017 bubble"
2290:
Introducing Ethereum and Solidity: Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners
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that don't wish to reveal their identities nor the details of their transactions to the general public."
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real-world assets, such as stocks and property, to the blockchain. In 2013, Buterin briefly worked with
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329:
283:
206:
2055:
The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World
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series. "Olympic" was the last prototype and public beta pre-release. The Olympic network gave users a
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Ethereum-based software and networks, independent from the public Ethereum chain, have been tested by
324:, and the network went live on 30 July 2015. Ethereum allows anyone to deploy permanent and immutable
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The infinite machine : how an army of crypto-hackers is building the next internet with Ethereum
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783:
462:, who invited reporter Morgen Peck, to bear witness. Peck subsequently wrote about the experience in
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3131:
Madine, Mohammad; Salah, Khaled; Jayaraman, Raja; Battah, Ammar; Hasan, Haya; Yaqoob, Ibrar (2022).
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4226:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
3586:"Ethereum: Mastercard, UBS, and J.P. Morgan pour $ 65 million into crypto startup studio Consensys"
3278:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
3199:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
2732:
Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; Nezhadsistani, Nasim; Bodaghi, Omid; Qu, Qiang (9 February 2022).
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489:
218:
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4228:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
3280:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
3201:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
2860:"CryptoKitties Transaction Network Analysis: The Rise and Fall of the First Blockchain Game Mania"
2734:"Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges"
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4358:"Nonfungible tokens (NFTs) in dermatology and health care: A guide for health care professionals"
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379:(PoS) in an upgrade process known as "the Merge". This has cut Ethereum's energy usage by 99%.
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2835:"Meet CryptoKitties, the $ 100,000 digital beanie babies epitomizing the cryptocurrency mania"
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305:
5011:"JP Morgan's Quorum blockchain powers new correspondent banking network " Banking Technology"
4926:"Settlement using blockchain to Automate Foreign Exchange in a Regulated environment (SAFER)"
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2022 International Conference on Advanced Creative Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICACNIS)
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3353:
2022 International Conference on Advanced Creative Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICACNIS)
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4104:"Ethereum's $ 150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt"
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3325:
3309:
3246:
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3152:
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1210:, gas prices are typically denominated in gigawei (Gwei), a subunit of ETH equal to 10 ETH.
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3618:"Ether rallies to all-time high above $ 2,200 ahead of Coinbase listing, Berlin hard fork"
3524:
3016:"CryptoKitties, a game about digital cats, is bringing cryptocurrencies to the mainstream"
2810:"CryptoKitties, a game about digital cats, is bringing cryptocurrencies to the mainstream"
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3520:"Cryptocurrency expert pleads guilty to conspiring to help North Korea dodge sanctions"
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is the maximum amount of gas the sender is willing to use in the transaction, and the
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352:. This facilitates borrowing against cryptocurrency holdings or lending them out for
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system for adding blocks to the blockchain. Ether is represented in the state as an
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5292:
1797:"Move Over, Bitcoin. Ether Is the Digital Currency of the Moment. (Published 2017)"
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17:
4195:"Why people are buying crypto art and sports memorabilia for thousands of dollars"
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2649:"Corporate Titans Unite to Build an Enterprise Version of the Ethereum Blockchain"
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from the sender's balance and adding the same amount to the recipient's balance.
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that was the result of clients running different incompatible software versions.
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4864:"Leading 'Privacy Coin' Zcash Poised For Growth Following Placement On Ethereum"
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3157:
3132:
3050:"This local technologist made Philly the birthplace of the leading NFT standard"
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1320:. The standard, proposed by Fabian Vogelsteller in November 2015, implements an
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5098:"Ethereum's Co-Founder Just Unveiled His Plan for the Future of Cryptocurrency"
4894:"Big Business Giants From Microsoft to J.P. Morgan Are Getting Behind Ethereum"
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4417:
4401:"Identification of token contracts on Ethereum: standard compliance and beyond"
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3234:
2992:"CryptoKitties is Ethereum's hit game, but it's threatening the entire network"
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1994:"Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web into One Giant Bitcoin Network"
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Ethereum also allows for the creation of unique and indivisible tokens, called
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6313:
6015:
6010:
5808:
5609:
5550:
5422:
3455:"Ethereum Regains Title as Second Most Valuable Cryptocurrency Behind Bitcoin"
2618:"Business Giants to Announce Creation of a Computing System Based on Ethereum"
2333:
2216:
2097:
1317:
1279:
1102:
994:
939:
907:
767:
755:
680:
668:
656:
636:
632:
589:
568:
537:
447:
301:
255:
156:
59:
4511:
4426:
4383:
4330:
4269:
3773:"Ethereum's Dencun Upgrade: A Leap Toward Cheaper Decentralized Applications"
3425:
3393:
3321:
3242:
2893:
2884:
2859:
2775:
2675:"Enterprise Ethereum Alliance expands dramatically announcing 86 new members"
2189:
1865:
6543:
6445:
6372:
6278:
6130:
5692:
4925:
4356:
Sitaru, Sebastian; Kaczmarczyk, Robert; Zink, Alexander (20 December 2022).
3902:
3649:"Ethereum just activated its 'London' hard fork, and it's a really big deal"
3133:"Blockchain and NFTs for Time-Bound Access and Monetization of Private Data"
2911:"People have spent over $ 1M buying virtual cats on the Ethereum blockchain"
1566:
1520:
1482:
1446:
1143:
775:
751:
660:
648:
620:
604:
600:
549:
341:
4348:
4287:
3339:
3260:
2793:
2524:"Digital Currency Ethereum is Cratering Amid Claims of a $ 50 Million Hack"
2338:"Ethereum: A Secure Decentralized Generalised Transaction Ledger (EIP-150)"
778:, a software development firm that builds Ethereum-related infrastructure.
5275:
4295:
Arcenegui, Javier; Arjona, Rosario; Baturone, Iluminada (11 August 2023).
1993:
1684:"DeFi Is Helping to Fuel the Crypto Market Boom—and Its Recent Volatility"
6538:
6518:
6498:
6488:
6483:
6407:
6367:
6346:
6209:
6189:
6163:
6140:
6110:
6040:
6030:
6025:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5853:
5724:
5568:
3932:"Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin's"
3073:
2556:""Hard Fork" Coming to Restore Ethereum Funds to Investors of Hacked DAO"
2025:"Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor"
1589:
1506:
1466:
1458:
1402:
1313:
1312:
The ERC-20 (Ethereum Request-for-Comments #20) Token Standard allows for
1271:
1267:
1263:
977:
898:
676:
644:
353:
267:
191:
116:
6686:
6651:
6608:
6503:
6478:
6450:
6224:
5966:
5931:
5708:
5466:
3553:"That settles it: Visa is making life way easier for crypto businesses"
3175:
1413:
1052:
The number of daily confirmed Ethereum transactions as of February 2024
805:
Ethereum enthusiasts gather for a Merge party in San Francisco in 2022.
728:
667:. By July 2017, there were over 150 members in the alliance, including
521:
279:
4321:
6661:
6588:
6508:
6493:
6440:
6244:
6178:
6070:
6020:
6001:
5639:
5178:"Customer Advisory: Understand the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading"
4297:"Non-Fungible Tokens Based on ERC-4519 for the Rental of Smart Homes"
3488:"He Gave a Cryptocurrency Talk in North Korea. The U.S. Arrested Him"
1364:
716:
180:
4647:"Beeple NFT Fetches Record-Breaking $ 69 Million in Christie's Sale"
4374:
4357:
563:—a set of smart contracts developed on the platform—raised a record
5763:
4244:
3296:
3217:
2750:
1161:
When a sender is creating a transaction, the sender must specify a
1082:
140:
6691:
6629:
6613:
6573:
6558:
6513:
6229:
6054:
5922:
5644:
4767:"Why 'DeFi' Utopia Would Be Finance Without Financiers: QuickTake"
4067:"An analysis of the fees and pending time correlation in Ethereum"
3995:"Ethereum Upgrade Adds to Crypto Mania Sparked by Bitcoin's Surge"
3681:"Crypto Coin Outperforming Bitcoin Is About to See Supply Reduced"
2680:(Press release). Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA). 19 May 2017.
2275:
The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Baar, Switzerland.
1959:
1930:"Ethereum's Energy Revamp Is No Guarantee of Global Climate Gains"
1014:
800:
624:
548:
of the platform. Protocol upgrades are accomplished by means of a
431:
391:
4737:"MetaMask's Blockchain Mobile App Opens Doors For Next-Level Web"
4622:"Christie's gets digital with the art world's non-fungible craze"
3712:"Most Used Blockchain Averts Crisis After Software Flaw Is Fixed"
2082:(First ed.). New York, NY: Harper Business. pp. 40–44.
1648:"What are cryptocurrencies and stablecoins and how do they work?"
278:
of the platform. Among cryptocurrencies, ether is second only to
5946:
5868:
3965:"Ether seeks to escape bitcoin's shadow with CME futures launch"
3653:
2707:"The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance Just Got A Whole Lot Stronger"
1854:"Ethereum Is Booming in the NFT Frenzy—So Is Network Congestion"
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1398:
1270:
and deployed to the Ethereum blockchain. They can be written in
1060:
environment for transaction execution in Ethereum. The EVM is a
349:
5767:
5326:
2492:"Hacker May Have Taken $ 50 Million From Cybercurrency Project"
1497:
variants are used and being investigated for various projects:
6634:
6598:
6204:
4981:"Beyond Bitcoin: These Cryptocurrencies Are Doing Even Better"
4164:"The bitcoin elite are spending millions on collectable memes"
2942:"CryptoKitties Mania Overwhelms Ethereum Network's Processing"
2217:"Founders' Fork: The Ethereum Architects Now Locked in Battle"
1470:
1450:
1321:
834:
763:
469:
4133:"Ethereum's First ICO Blazes Trail To A World Without Bosses"
571:
to fund the project. The DAO was exploited in June 2016 when
5042:"Why J.P. Morgan Chase Is Building a Blockchain on Ethereum"
2651:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
1485:, and other companies have also experimented with Ethereum.
1158:) a node must expend or dedicate to perform that operation.
443:
programming language—that would eventually become Ethereum.
5322:
5240:
1645:
Szalay, Eva; Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth (28 May 2021).
976:
Contracts are the only type of account that has associated
4444:"A Review on Blockchain Applications in Fintech Ecosystem"
4442:
Karadag, Bulut; Akbulut, Akhan; Zaim, Abdul Halim (2022).
3349:"A Review on Blockchain Applications in Fintech Ecosystem"
3347:
Karadag, Bulut; Akbulut, Akhan; Zaim, Abdul Halim (2022).
1612:
1526:
A proposal to partition global state and computation into
4537:
2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)
2146:"The Prophets of Cryptocurrency Survey the Boom and Bust"
1735:"The Prophets of Cryptocurrency Survey the Boom and Bust"
1146:
with a certain gas cost, which is intended to be roughly
2560:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
2345:
1893:"There are two very real reasons Ethereum is taking off"
5209:. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. December 2019.
993:) that vanishes at the end of code evaluation, perform
4399:
Di Angelo, Monika; Salzer, Gernot (1 September 2023).
953:
Ether is often erroneously referred to as "Ethereum".
789:
On 27 August 2021, the blockchain experienced a brief
237:
5252:
4531:
Ross, Dian; Cretu, Edmond; Lemieux, Victoria (2021).
2370:"BitBeat: Ethereum Opens Its 'Frontier' for Business"
1987:
1985:
3742:"The Roadmap to Serenity aka #Ethereum 2.0 Upgrades"
2455:"Chiefless Company Rakes in More than $ 100 Million"
356:. Ethereum also allows users to create and exchange
6700:
6674:
6622:
6464:
6426:
6355:
6312:
6243:
6153:
6103:
6079:
6063:
6039:
6000:
5975:
5921:
5911:
5877:
5801:
5717:
5701:
5685:
5669:
5653:
5602:
5577:
5549:
5533:
5517:
5501:
5475:
5459:
5452:
5431:
5360:
4405:
International Journal of Data Science and Analytics
3174:Regner, Ferdinand; Urbach, Nils; Schweizer, André.
1565:would treat Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies as
1401:-enabled browser extension or application, such as
584:
Continued development and milestones (2017–present)
404:Ethereum was initially described in late 2013 in a
232:
224:
212:
200:
190:
174:
162:
122:
111:
103:
83:
65:
49:
4500:"The 10,000 Faces That Launched an NFT Revolution"
2967:"CryptoKitties is jamming up the ethereum network"
2522:
2453:
2368:
1891:
1682:
1646:
1304:, which could not be quickly stopped or reversed.
1013:) concatenated with the rightmost 20 bytes of the
4680:"NFTs Don't Work the Way You Might Think They Do"
4645:Ostroff, Kelly Crow and Caitlin (11 March 2021).
4114:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2122:
1720:
367:On 15 September 2022, Ethereum transitioned its
2259:"Company Overview of Ethereum Switzerland GmbH"
2048:
2046:
1923:
1921:
1005:Ethereum addresses are composed of the prefix "
4707:"Why Everyone in Crypto Is Talking About DeFi"
5779:
5338:
3963:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (5 February 2021).
3414:"The NFT Origin Story, Starring Digital Cats"
2485:
2483:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1676:
1674:
1150:to the monetary value of the resources (e.g.
468:. Six months later the founders met again in
8:
1640:
1638:
1445:companies. Interested parties have included
758:transactions using Ethereum. In April 2021,
32:
4533:"NFTS: Tulip Mania or Digital Renaissance?"
4074:International Journal of Network Management
3925:
3923:
2431:. : Packt Publishing Limited. p. 312.
2261:. Bloomberg. 20 August 2016. Archived from
1563:Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act
6835:
6619:
5918:
5786:
5772:
5764:
5456:
5345:
5331:
5323:
5245:
1258:Ethereum's smart contracts are written in
1056:The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the
1034:0xb794f5ea0ba39494ce839613fffba74279579268
38:
31:
4416:
4373:
4338:
4320:
4277:
4243:
3329:
3295:
3250:
3216:
3156:
2883:
2783:
2749:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
1274:(a language library with similarities to
881:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Open-source blockchain computing platform
5180:. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
4857:
4855:
1181:less than or equal to the transaction's
1047:
708:(dApp) featuring digital cat artwork as
328:onto it, with which users can interact.
5259:
4065:de Azevedo Sousa, José Eduardo (2020).
2858:Jiang, Xin-Jian; Liu, Xiao Fan (2021).
1604:
1581:
1569:, which could then be regulated by the
580:which continued on the original chain.
482:a list of elements from science fiction
480:chose the name Ethereum after browsing
4906:from the original on 29 September 2017
3074:"ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard"
2616:Popper, Nathaniel (27 February 2017).
2178:"The Uncanny Mind That Built Ethereum"
2053:Tapscott, Don; Tapscott, Alex (2016).
1821:"Vapor No More: Ethereum Has Launched"
1244:decentralized autonomous organizations
861:Please improve this section by adding
742:In 2019, Ethereum Foundation employee
6753:Decentralized autonomous organization
5104:from the original on 9 November 2017.
5054:from the original on 2 February 2017.
4747:from the original on 9 September 2020
4686:from the original on 10 November 2022
4632:from the original on 23 February 2021
4205:from the original on 25 February 2021
4162:Volpicelli, Gian (24 February 2021).
4005:from the original on 28 November 2020
3752:from the original on 13 November 2022
3710:Mehrotra, Kartikay (28 August 2021).
3532:from the original on 17 December 2021
3500:from the original on 22 November 2020
3432:from the original on 12 December 2021
3109:from the original on 28 November 2023
3084:from the original on 22 November 2021
3060:from the original on 28 November 2023
2952:from the original on 17 November 2021
2845:from the original on 20 November 2018
2597:from the original on 26 December 2018
2381:from the original on 6 September 2017
2245:
2110:
2031:from the original on 23 February 2016
1831:from the original on 13 November 2020
1764:Foundation, Ethereum (30 July 2015).
1592:alpha-3 code. "ETH" is informal only.
725:ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard.
557:decentralized autonomous organization
7:
6823:
5748:
5184:from the original on 24 October 2022
5127:from the original on 8 December 2017
5077:from the original on 19 October 2018
5021:from the original on 9 November 2017
4991:from the original on 4 December 2020
4840:from the original on 20 October 2020
4777:from the original on 15 October 2020
4620:Gerlis, Melanie (18 February 2021).
4518:from the original on 3 December 2023
4035:from the original on 27 January 2021
3647:Sigalos, MacKenzie (5 August 2021).
3026:from the original on 3 December 2023
3002:from the original on 3 December 2023
2921:from the original on 9 December 2019
2820:from the original on 3 December 2023
2144:Paumgarten, Nick (22 October 2018).
1970:from the original on 9 February 2024
1940:from the original on 7 December 2022
1733:Paumgarten, Nick (15 October 2018).
1588:Cryptocurrency do not have a formal
1571:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1393:Decentralized finance (DeFi) offers
1363:sold a digital image with an NFT by
528:Launch and the DAO event (2014–2016)
422:applications. Buterin argued to the
5216:from the original on 1 October 2022
5073:. London: The Financial Times Ltd.
4678:Ravenscraft, Eric (12 March 2022).
3930:Popper, Nathaniel (27 March 2016).
3722:from the original on 28 August 2021
3467:from the original on 8 January 2018
2990:Schroeder, Stan (4 December 2017).
2307:from the original on 23 August 2021
2227:from the original on 18 August 2021
2158:from the original on 9 January 2020
1776:from the original on 11 August 2015
1745:from the original on 9 January 2020
1695:from the original on 13 August 2021
1659:from the original on 14 August 2021
1465:(cross-border payments prototype).
1408:Examples of DeFi platforms include
770:announced that they were investing
609:Cornell University's research group
196:Multilingual, but primarily English
5158:from the original on 5 August 2021
5065:Murphy, Hannah (19 October 2018).
5040:Hackett, Robert (4 October 2016).
4961:from the original on 5 August 2021
4657:from the original on 12 March 2021
4569:from the original on 12 April 2024
4456:10.1109/ICACNIS57039.2022.10054910
4174:from the original on 5 August 2021
4143:from the original on 5 August 2021
3975:from the original on 5 August 2021
3691:from the original on 18 April 2021
3661:from the original on 5 August 2021
3628:from the original on 18 April 2021
3598:from the original on 30 April 2021
3584:Morris, David Z. (13 April 2021).
3361:10.1109/ICACNIS57039.2022.10054910
2965:Wong, Joon Ian (4 December 2017).
2490:Popper, Nathaniel (18 June 2016).
2023:Schneider, Nathan (7 April 2014).
2004:from the original on 18 March 2016
1795:Popper, Nathaniel (19 June 2017).
1428:in 2020. As of October 2020, over
504:). The idea of putting executable
293:Ethereum was conceived in 2013 by
25:
6763:Distributed ledger technology law
5146:Joon Ian Wong (4 December 2017).
4717:from the original on 31 July 2020
4545:10.1109/BigData52589.2021.9671707
4193:Browne, Ryan (25 February 2021).
4120:from the original on 30 May 2016.
4025:"Introduction to Smart Contracts"
3944:from the original on 24 July 2016
3783:from the original on 3 April 2024
3551:Hackett, Robert (29 March 2021).
2977:from the original on 15 July 2018
2833:Cheng, Evelyn (6 December 2017).
2655:from the original on 17 June 2017
2628:from the original on 20 June 2017
2585:Leising, Matthew (13 June 2017).
2566:from the original on 3 March 2017
2535:from the original on 11 June 2017
2502:from the original on 20 June 2017
2468:from the original on 25 June 2017
2196:from the original on 13 July 2017
1992:Finley, Klint (27 January 2014).
1623:from the original on 11 June 2023
1420:for tokens on Ethereum grew from
1373:third-most-valuable living artist
1024:(the curve used is the so-called
973:the state by an account address.
754:announced that it began settling
412:, a programmer and co-founder of
6834:
6822:
6811:
6810:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
4938:from the original on 4 May 2016.
4809:from the original on 25 May 2021
4083:from the original on 9 July 2020
3878:"Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)"
3453:Shen, Lucinda (8 January 2018).
3186:from the original on 23 May 2022
2909:Tepper, Fitz (3 December 2017).
2713:from the original on 21 May 2018
2687:from the original on 7 June 2017
2408:from the original on 6 June 2017
1928:Clark, Aaron (6 December 2022).
1906:from the original on 10 May 2021
1807:from the original on 8 July 2020
1202:and their gas balance is set to
839:
418:, that described a way to build
5096:Galeon, Dom (3 November 2017).
5067:"The rise and fall of Ethereum"
4874:from the original on 3 May 2021
4601:from the original on 6 May 2021
3565:from the original on 5 May 2021
3486:Ransom, Jan (2 December 2019).
3412:Ostroff, Caitlin (8 May 2021).
3099:"40 unded 40 -William Entriken"
3048:Butler, Michael (3 June 2021).
2287:Dannen, Chris (16 March 2017).
1872:from the original on 9 May 2021
1262:programming languages and then
592:startups, research groups, and
3078:Ethereum Improvement Proposals
2078:Russo, Camila (14 July 2020).
1064:based virtual machine with an
1:
6883:Currencies introduced in 2015
5305:Free and open-source software
2647:Peck, Morgan (2 March 2017).
2554:Peck, Morgan (19 July 2016).
2402:"The Ethereum Launch Process"
2400:Gupta, Vinay (3 March 2015).
2215:Jain, Aman (17 August 2021).
1533:Ethereum's blockchain uses a
863:secondary or tertiary sources
336:that do not directly rely on
4301:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
3463:. Fortune Media IP Limited.
2367:Vigna, Paul (31 July 2015).
2123:Tapscott & Tapscott 2016
1721:Tapscott & Tapscott 2016
1293:-like language), and Mutan (
960:, Ξ, is sometimes used as a
690:and the ERC-721 NFT standard
332:(DeFi) applications provide
89:1.12.2 / 13 August 2023
5824:Cryptographic hash function
3622:markets.businessinsider.com
3158:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3204274
2521:Price, Rob (17 June 2016).
2452:Vigna, Paul (16 May 2016).
1681:Vigna, Paul (3 June 2021).
1009:" (a common identifier for
956:The uppercase Greek letter
6909:
4418:10.1007/s41060-021-00281-1
4262:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
3314:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
3235:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
2768:10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6
1852:Vigna, Paul (3 May 2021).
1550:
1386:
1339:
1336:Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)
326:decentralized applications
228:~8,600 nodes (6 June 2023)
6806:
6783:Initial exchange offering
6758:Decentralized application
6738:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
5733:
5677:2018 cryptocurrency crash
4591:"The Cult of CryptoPunks"
1189:that is in excess of the
816:global energy consumption
706:decentralized application
613:Toyota Research Institute
300:. Other founders include
37:
6788:List of cryptocurrencies
6675:Crypto service companies
6466:Cryptocurrency exchanges
4102:Peck, M. (28 May 2016).
2885:10.3389/fphy.2021.631665
510:chief technology officer
338:financial intermediaries
6878:Cryptocurrency projects
6873:Cross-platform software
4949:Castillo, Michael del.
4651:The Wall Street Journal
4362:JEADV Clinical Practice
4131:Castillo, Michael del.
3394:"Ethereum Crash Course"
2461:The Wall Street Journal
2404:. Ethereum Foundation.
2375:The Wall Street Journal
1858:The Wall Street Journal
1689:The Wall Street Journal
1495:permissioned blockchain
1316:tokens on the Ethereum
1282:), Serpent (similar to
1240:decentralized exchanges
665:National Bank of Canada
588:In March 2017, various
91:; 13 months ago
6723:Complementary currency
5829:Decentralized exchange
5814:Cryptocurrency tumbler
5117:"Merkling in Ethereum"
4539:. pp. 2262–2272.
2427:Bashir, Imran (2020).
2293:. Apress. p. 30.
1553:2020s commodities boom
1418:decentralized exchange
1330:initial coin offerings
1232:initial coin offerings
1053:
850:relies excessively on
806:
735:Continued developments
723:was published, called
434:CEO Yoni Assia on the
401:
362:initial coin offerings
6778:Initial coin offering
6733:Cryptocurrency bubble
6264:Basic Attention Token
5834:Decentralized finance
5819:Cryptocurrency wallet
5620:Cryptocurrency wallet
3180:ICIS 2019 Proceedings
1960:"Ethereum Whitepaper"
1395:financial instruments
1389:Decentralized finance
1383:Decentralized finance
1236:decentralized finance
1185:. The portion of the
1073:on a wide variety of
1051:
804:
395:
334:financial instruments
330:Decentralized finance
284:market capitalization
207:Distributed computing
71:; 9 years ago
6773:Environmental impact
6743:Cryptocurrency scams
4743:. 2 September 2020.
4001:. 25 November 2020.
3022:. 14 December 2017.
2864:Frontiers in Physics
2816:. 14 December 2017.
1505:proposed developing
1489:Permissioned ledgers
1254:Contract source code
895:peer-to-peer network
546:incentive structures
396:Ethereum co-founder
388:Founding (2013–2014)
288:open-source software
219:Open-source licenses
6428:Inactive currencies
5017:. 18 October 2017.
5015:www.bankingtech.com
4987:. 3 December 2020.
4313:2023Senso..23.7101A
4254:2022NatSR..12.2178B
3853:"Nodes and Clients"
3418:Wall Street Journal
3306:2022NatSR..12.2178B
3227:2022NatSR..12.2178B
3149:2022IEEEA..1094186M
2948:. 4 December 2017.
2876:2021FrP.....9...57X
2760:2022NatSR..12.2178B
2336:(3 February 2018).
1766:"Ethereum Launches"
1443:enterprise software
1437:Enterprise software
1348:non-fungible tokens
514:Ethereum Foundation
369:consensus mechanism
358:non-fungible tokens
320:work began and was
34:
18:Ether (value token)
5888:Proof of authority
5859:Non-fungible token
5839:Distributed ledger
4805:. 25 August 2020.
4773:. 26 August 2020.
4232:Scientific Reports
3937:The New York Times
3903:"What is Staking?"
3803:"Networking Layer"
3771:Bambysheva, Nina.
3493:The New York Times
3284:Scientific Reports
3205:Scientific Reports
2738:Scientific Reports
2622:The New York Times
2496:The New York Times
2348:on 3 February 2018
1801:The New York Times
1342:Non-fungible token
1324:for tokens within
1248:prediction markets
1054:
904:cryptographic hash
807:
496:Development (2014)
402:
104:Development status
51:Original author(s)
6850:
6849:
6670:
6669:
6149:
6148:
5849:Lightning Network
5761:
5760:
5598:
5597:
5393:Charles Hoskinson
5115:Vitalik Buterin.
4862:Ehrlich, Steven.
4554:978-1-6654-3902-2
4465:979-8-3503-3444-9
4322:10.3390/s23167101
3624:. 13 April 2021.
3370:979-8-3503-3444-9
3097:Sherwood, Sonja.
2591:www.bloomberg.com
2587:"The Ether Thief"
2265:on 20 August 2016
1770:blog.ethereum.org
1371:, making him the
1079:operating systems
985:. In addition to
948:amount to be sent
897:that maintains a
891:
890:
883:
541:reward of 5 ETH.
518:Stiftung Ethereum
452:Charles Hoskinson
306:Charles Hoskinson
246:
245:
69:30 July 2015
16:(Redirected from
6900:
6838:
6837:
6826:
6825:
6814:
6813:
6798:Virtual currency
6748:Digital currency
6728:Crypto-anarchism
6620:
6373:HBAR (Hashgraph)
6356:Other currencies
5992:Ethereum Classic
5919:
5795:Cryptocurrencies
5788:
5781:
5774:
5765:
5751:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5661:Ethereum Classic
5457:
5378:William Entriken
5373:Anthony Di Iorio
5347:
5340:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5278:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5241:Official website
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5208:
5204:"Bitcoin Basics"
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4597:. 8 April 2021.
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4450:. pp. 1–5.
4438:
4420:
4395:
4377:
4352:
4342:
4324:
4291:
4281:
4247:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4029:SolidityLang.org
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3687:. 7 March 2021.
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3355:. pp. 1–5.
3343:
3333:
3299:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3254:
3220:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3170:
3160:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2887:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2709:. 19 July 2017.
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2529:Business Insider
2526:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2344:. Archived from
2330:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1650:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1609:
1593:
1586:
1431:
1427:
1424:in liquidity to
1423:
1370:
1369:US$ 69.3 million
1250:, and gambling.
1035:
1031:
1008:
886:
879:
875:
872:
866:
843:
835:
773:
721:William Entriken
719:and lead author
578:Ethereum Classic
574:
566:
534:proof-of-concept
456:Anthony Di Iorio
429:
415:Bitcoin Magazine
310:Anthony Di Iorio
274:) is the native
242:
239:
164:Operating system
99:
97:
92:
79:
77:
72:
42:
35:
21:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6802:
6768:Double-spending
6718:Blockchain game
6696:
6666:
6618:
6460:
6422:
6351:
6308:
6239:
6145:
6099:
6075:
6059:
6035:
5996:
5971:
5907:
5873:
5797:
5792:
5762:
5757:
5729:
5718:Coding language
5713:
5697:
5681:
5665:
5649:
5594:
5573:
5545:
5529:
5513:
5497:
5471:
5448:
5427:
5418:Mike Winkelmann
5388:Virgil Griffith
5368:Vitalik Buterin
5356:
5351:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5253:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5071:Financial Times
5064:
5063:
5059:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4951:"Blockchain 50"
4948:
4947:
4943:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4705:Kauflin, Jeff.
4704:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4660:
4658:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4626:Financial Times
4619:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4572:
4570:
4555:
4530:
4521:
4519:
4498:Upson, Sandra.
4497:
4494:
4490:
4478:
4476:
4466:
4441:
4398:
4375:10.1002/jvc2.95
4355:
4294:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3748:. 16 May 2019.
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3525:Washington Post
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3435:
3433:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3371:
3346:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3173:
3143:: 94186–94202.
3130:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3110:
3103:Drexel Magazine
3096:
3087:
3085:
3072:
3063:
3061:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3029:
3027:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2143:
2142:
2129:
2125:, pp. 278.
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1834:
1832:
1827:. August 2015.
1819:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1653:Financial Times
1644:
1643:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1619:. 6 June 2023.
1611:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1561:, the proposed
1555:
1549:
1517:
1493:Ethereum-based
1491:
1439:
1429:
1426:US$ 2.9 billion
1425:
1421:
1391:
1385:
1368:
1344:
1338:
1326:smart contracts
1310:
1256:
1246:(DAOs), games,
1224:Turing-complete
1220:instruction set
1216:
1208:user interfaces
1139:unit of account
1135:
1066:instruction set
1046:
1044:Virtual machine
1033:
1029:
1006:
1003:
970:
962:currency symbol
932:
887:
876:
870:
867:
860:
856:primary sources
844:
833:
828:
799:
771:
760:JP Morgan Chase
750:In March 2021,
744:Virgil Griffith
737:
702:blockchain game
692:
653:Banco Santander
586:
572:
565:US$ 150 million
564:
530:
506:smart contracts
498:
486:Knowledge (XXG)
441:Turing-complete
427:
410:Vitalik Buterin
398:Vitalik Buterin
390:
385:
298:Vitalik Buterin
262:functionality.
236:
95:
93:
90:
75:
73:
70:
66:Initial release
58:
56:Vitalik Buterin
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6906:
6904:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6855:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6832:
6820:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6701:Related topics
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6155:Proof of stake
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6126:Nervos Network
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5926:
5916:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5898:Proof of stake
5895:
5893:Proof of space
5890:
5884:
5882:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5864:Smart contract
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5745:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:Proof of stake
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5615:Cryptocurrency
5612:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5575:
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5499:
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5470:
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5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Paul Sebastien
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5383:Taylor Gerring
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5271:
5251:
5250:
5234:
5233:External links
5231:
5228:
5227:
5195:
5169:
5138:
5107:
5088:
5057:
5032:
5002:
4972:
4941:
4917:
4885:
4851:
4828:Konrad, Alex.
4820:
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4728:
4697:
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4668:
4667:
4612:
4582:
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4553:
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4485:
4464:
4439:
4411:(3): 333–352.
4396:
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4123:
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4016:
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2855:
2830:
2799:
2724:
2698:
2666:
2639:
2608:
2577:
2546:
2513:
2479:
2444:
2438:978-1839213199
2437:
2419:
2392:
2359:
2342:yellowpaper.io
2318:
2300:978-1484225356
2299:
2279:
2250:
2248:, pp. 56.
2238:
2207:
2169:
2151:The New Yorker
2127:
2115:
2113:, pp. 44.
2103:
2088:
2070:
2064:978-0670069972
2063:
2042:
2027:. Al Jazeera.
2015:
1981:
1951:
1917:
1902:. 6 May 2021.
1883:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1787:
1756:
1739:The New Yorker
1725:
1723:, pp. 87.
1706:
1670:
1634:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1548:
1545:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1503:JPMorgan Chase
1490:
1487:
1455:JPMorgan Chase
1438:
1435:
1430:US$ 11 billion
1422:US$ 20 million
1387:Main article:
1384:
1381:
1340:Main article:
1337:
1334:
1309:
1306:
1255:
1252:
1215:
1212:
1191:base gas price
1179:base gas price
1134:
1131:
1045:
1042:
1002:
999:
969:
966:
936:proof-of-stake
931:
928:
923:pseudorandomly
893:Ethereum is a
889:
888:
847:
845:
838:
832:
829:
827:
824:
798:
795:
772:US$ 65 million
736:
733:
727:It introduced
691:
685:
585:
582:
573:US$ 50 million
529:
526:
497:
494:
389:
386:
384:
381:
377:proof-of-stake
276:cryptocurrency
260:smart contract
244:
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169:Cross-platform
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87:
85:Stable release
81:
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53:
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43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
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6889:
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6879:
6876:
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6866:
6864:
6863:2015 software
6861:
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6647:LocalBitcoins
6645:
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6582:
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6579:ItBit (Paxos)
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6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
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6066:
6064:RandomX-based
6062:
6056:
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6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
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6012:
6009:
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5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5983:
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5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5913:Proof of work
5910:
5904:
5903:Proof of work
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5870:
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5523:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:CryptoKitties
5486:
5484:
5483:Axie Infinity
5481:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
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5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:Kevin O'Leary
5401:
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5212:
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5122:
5118:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5089:
5076:
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5068:
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5058:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5036:
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5020:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
4990:
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4985:Bloomberg.com
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4804:
4803:
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4792:
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4776:
4772:
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4762:
4759:
4746:
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4741:Bloomberg.com
4738:
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4505:
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4457:
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4328:
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4280:
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4223:
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4173:
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4165:
4158:
4155:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:IEEE Spectrum
4105:
4098:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4050:
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4034:
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4020:
4017:
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3999:Bloomberg.com
3996:
3990:
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3808:
3804:
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3751:
3747:
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3734:
3721:
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3713:
3706:
3703:
3690:
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3685:Bloomberg.com
3682:
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3258:
3253:
3248:
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3219:
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3210:
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3197:
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3100:
3095:
3083:
3079:
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3071:
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3017:
3013:
3001:
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2963:
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2946:Bloomberg.com
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2702:
2699:
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2640:
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2623:
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2596:
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2578:
2565:
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2557:
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2501:
2497:
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2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:9780062886149
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2057:. Portfolio.
2056:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1934:Bloomberg.com
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1559:United States
1554:
1546:
1544:
1542:
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1540:CryptoKitties
1536:
1531:
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1522:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
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1480:
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1475:Credit Suisse
1472:
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1308:ERC-20 tokens
1307:
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1072:
1071:deterministic
1067:
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846:
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745:
740:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
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711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
697:CryptoKitties
689:
688:CryptoKitties
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:Cisco Systems
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
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642:
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471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
437:
436:Colored Coins
433:
425:
421:
420:decentralized
417:
416:
411:
407:
399:
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387:
382:
380:
378:
374:
373:proof-of-work
370:
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253:decentralized
250:
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112:Software used
110:
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6827:
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6692:Initiative Q
6183:
6050:Bitcoin Gold
5985:
5976:
5942:Counterparty
5937:Bitcoin Cash
5603:Technologies
5493:Decentraland
5398:Joseph Lubin
5353:
5218:. Retrieved
5198:
5186:. Retrieved
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5151:
5141:
5129:. Retrieved
5121:Ethereum.org
5120:
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5079:. Retrieved
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4585:
4571:. Retrieved
4536:
4520:. Retrieved
4503:
4491:
4477:. Retrieved
4447:
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4404:
4368:(1): 32–37.
4365:
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4085:. Retrieved
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4028:
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3977:. Retrieved
3968:
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3935:
3910:. Retrieved
3907:Consensys.io
3906:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3882:Ethereum.org
3881:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3857:Ethereum.org
3856:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3832:Ethereum.org
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3807:Ethereum.org
3806:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3776:
3766:
3756:14 September
3754:. Retrieved
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3642:
3630:. Retrieved
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3567:. Retrieved
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3546:
3534:. Retrieved
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3502:. Retrieved
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3481:
3469:. Retrieved
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3448:
3434:. Retrieved
3417:
3401:. Retrieved
3397:
3382:. Retrieved
3352:
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3204:
3188:. Retrieved
3179:
3140:
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3125:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3086:. Retrieved
3077:
3062:. Retrieved
3054:Technical.ly
3053:
3042:
3028:. Retrieved
3019:
3004:. Retrieved
2995:
2979:. Retrieved
2970:
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2935:
2923:. Retrieved
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2847:. Retrieved
2838:
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2715:. Retrieved
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2621:
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2568:. Retrieved
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2549:
2537:. Retrieved
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2470:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:
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2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2374:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2341:
2309:. Retrieved
2289:
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2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2253:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2221:Entrepreneur
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2149:
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2073:
2054:
2033:. Retrieved
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1997:
1972:. Retrieved
1964:ethereum.org
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1908:. Retrieved
1897:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1833:. Retrieved
1824:
1809:. Retrieved
1800:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
1728:
1697:. Retrieved
1688:
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1625:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1584:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1528:shard chains
1525:
1518:
1492:
1440:
1407:
1392:
1375:in terms of
1358:
1351:
1345:
1311:
1299:
1266:down to EVM
1257:
1228:crowdfunding
1217:
1214:Applications
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1148:proportional
1136:
1055:
1025:
1017:hash of the
1004:
987:control flow
983:return value
975:
971:
955:
952:
947:
933:
920:
916:
912:
892:
877:
868:
849:
820:
812:
808:
797:Ethereum 2.0
788:
780:
749:
741:
738:
724:
717:civic hacker
714:
695:
693:
687:
629:J. P. Morgan
594:
587:
554:
543:
531:
517:
513:
501:
499:
478:
463:
460:Joseph Lubin
445:
424:Bitcoin Core
413:
403:
366:
314:Joseph Lubin
292:
271:
268:abbreviation
263:
248:
247:
225:Active hosts
192:Available in
29:
6868:Blockchains
6793:Token money
6682:Hyperledger
6554:EDX Markets
6418:WhopperCoin
6314:Stablecoins
5551:Stablecoins
5317:Numismatics
5220:21 December
4931:Innovate UK
4636:25 February
4238:(1): 2178.
4209:25 February
4178:25 February
4147:29 December
4009:28 November
3948:2 September
3471:26 December
3290:(1): 2178.
3211:(1): 2178.
3137:IEEE Access
2744:(1): 2178.
2601:21 December
2334:Wood, Gavin
2311:12 November
2035:21 February
1974:10 February
1835:17 February
1811:18 November
1567:commodities
1515:Performance
1463:Innovate UK
1353:CryptoPunks
1152:computation
1127:WebAssembly
1125:, and soon
1011:hexadecimal
964:for ether.
617:Samsung SDS
555:In 2016, a
406:white paper
322:crowdfunded
318:development
316:. In 2014,
6857:Categories
6713:BitLicense
6657:QuadrigaCX
6640:bankruptcy
6604:ShapeShift
6549:Crypto.com
6436:BitConnect
6388:MobileCoin
6157:currencies
6016:Bitconnect
6011:Auroracoin
5915:currencies
5881:mechanisms
5809:Blockchain
5802:Technology
5610:Blockchain
5541:EigenLayer
5423:Gavin Wood
5131:12 January
5081:19 October
5025:8 November
4995:4 December
4965:4 December
4910:8 November
4878:2 November
4844:21 October
4595:TechCrunch
4573:3 December
4522:3 December
4479:3 December
4245:2304.10490
4087:14 October
4039:19 January
3979:8 February
3536:24 January
3504:12 January
3436:3 December
3403:3 December
3384:3 December
3297:2304.10490
3218:2304.10490
3190:3 December
3113:3 December
3088:3 December
3064:3 December
3030:3 December
3006:3 December
2981:3 December
2956:3 December
2925:3 December
2915:TechCrunch
2849:3 December
2824:3 December
2751:2304.10490
2352:3 February
2246:Russo 2020
2162:4 February
2111:Russo 2020
2098:1117469014
1825:TechCrunch
1749:7 December
1617:Ethernodes
1599:References
1551:See also:
1547:Regulation
1461:, R3, and
1361:Christie's
1318:blockchain
1280:JavaScript
1260:high-level
1218:The EVM's
1103:JavaScript
1022:public key
1015:Keccak-256
995:arithmetic
908:blockchain
852:references
784:volatility
768:MasterCard
756:stablecoin
681:Scotiabank
669:MasterCard
657:BNY Mellon
637:Merck KGaA
633:Cooley LLP
590:blockchain
569:crowd sale
538:bug bounty
448:Gavin Wood
342:brokerages
302:Gavin Wood
295:programmer
256:blockchain
157:TypeScript
124:Written in
96:2023-08-13
76:2015-07-30
60:Gavin Wood
6893:Bytecodes
6544:Coincheck
6446:KodakCoin
6294:Shiba Inu
6279:KodakCoin
6269:Chainlink
6195:Injective
6169:Avalanche
6131:Primecoin
5879:Consensus
5693:EtherRock
5534:Restaking
5525:Chainlink
5453:Protocols
5281:Economics
4781:6 October
4771:Bloomberg
4682:. Wired.
4563:245956102
4512:1059-1028
4474:257313812
4435:239710307
4427:2364-4168
4392:254965788
4384:2768-6566
4331:1424-8220
4270:2045-2322
4076:(e2113).
3746:ConsenSys
3726:28 August
3716:Bloomberg
3426:0099-9660
3379:257313812
3322:2045-2322
3243:2045-2322
3167:252094824
2894:2296-424X
2776:2045-2322
2269:20 August
2231:19 August
2190:1059-1028
1944:1 January
1866:0099-9660
1780:9 January
1699:14 August
1663:14 August
1613:"Clients"
1501:In 2017,
1447:Microsoft
1288:low-level
1204:gas limit
1200:gas price
1196:gas limit
1187:gas price
1183:gas price
1175:gas price
1171:gas limit
1167:gas price
1163:gas limit
1144:hardcoded
1137:Gas is a
1026:secp256k1
1001:Addresses
776:ConsenSys
752:Visa Inc.
694:In 2017,
649:Accenture
621:Microsoft
605:CME Group
601:ConsenSys
550:hard fork
502:EthSuisse
428:attaching
375:(PoW) to
346:exchanges
6888:Ethereum
6817:Category
6539:Coinbase
6519:Bitstamp
6499:Bitpanda
6489:bitFlyer
6484:Bitfinex
6408:SafeMoon
6368:Filecoin
6347:USD Coin
6215:Polkadot
6210:Peercoin
6190:Gridcoin
6184:Ethereum
6164:Algorand
6141:Vertcoin
6111:AmbaCoin
6041:Equihash
6031:Litecoin
6026:Dogecoin
5986:Ethereum
5962:Peercoin
5957:Namecoin
5952:MazaCoin
5854:MetaMask
5743:Category
5725:Solidity
5569:USD Coin
5439:Arbitrum
5354:Ethereum
5269:Internet
5211:Archived
5188:8 August
5182:Archived
5156:Archived
5125:Archived
5102:Archived
5075:Archived
5052:Archived
5019:Archived
4989:Archived
4959:Archived
4936:Archived
4904:Archived
4872:Archived
4838:Archived
4807:Archived
4775:Archived
4751:19 April
4745:Archived
4715:Archived
4684:Archived
4661:12 March
4655:Archived
4630:Archived
4599:Archived
4567:Archived
4516:Archived
4349:37631638
4340:10459112
4288:35140251
4203:Archived
4172:Archived
4168:Wired UK
4141:Archived
4118:Archived
4078:Archived
4033:Archived
4003:Archived
3973:Archived
3942:Archived
3828:"Blocks"
3781:Archived
3750:Archived
3720:Archived
3695:18 April
3689:Archived
3665:5 August
3659:Archived
3632:18 April
3626:Archived
3602:5 August
3596:Archived
3569:5 August
3563:Archived
3530:Archived
3498:Archived
3465:Archived
3430:Archived
3340:35140251
3261:35140251
3184:Archived
3107:Archived
3082:Archived
3058:Archived
3024:Archived
3020:Fox News
3000:Archived
2996:Mashable
2975:Archived
2950:Archived
2919:Archived
2843:Archived
2818:Archived
2814:Fox News
2794:35140251
2711:Archived
2682:Archived
2653:Archived
2626:Archived
2595:Archived
2564:Archived
2562:. IEEE.
2533:Archived
2500:Archived
2466:Archived
2406:Archived
2379:Archived
2305:Archived
2225:Archived
2194:Archived
2156:Archived
2029:Archived
2008:21 March
2002:Archived
1968:Archived
1938:Archived
1910:5 August
1904:Archived
1870:Archived
1829:Archived
1805:Archived
1774:Archived
1743:Archived
1693:Archived
1657:Archived
1621:Archived
1590:ISO 4217
1573:(CFTC).
1507:JPM Coin
1467:Barclays
1459:Deloitte
1410:MakerDAO
1403:MetaMask
1314:fungible
1272:Solidity
1268:bytecode
1264:compiled
1075:hardware
1032:", e.g.
978:bytecode
968:Accounts
940:unsigned
899:database
871:May 2024
831:Overview
677:Sberbank
645:Deloitte
354:interest
286:. It is
249:Ethereum
238:ethereum
176:Platform
117:Bytecode
33:Ethereum
6829:Commons
6708:Airdrop
6687:IQ.Wiki
6652:Mt. Gox
6623:Defunct
6609:Uniswap
6569:Genesis
6504:Bithumb
6479:Binance
6451:OneCoin
6413:Stellar
6299:The DAO
6289:Polygon
6259:Aventus
6174:Cardano
5967:Titcoin
5932:Bitcoin
5923:SHA-256
5753:Commons
5709:The DAO
5670:History
5590:Aventus
5518:Oracles
5502:Lending
5467:Uniswap
5432:Layer 2
5255:Portals
5162:15 July
5047:Fortune
4899:Fortune
4802:Fortune
4721:25 July
4690:5 April
4605:10 July
4309:Bibcode
4279:8828876
4250:Bibcode
3969:Reuters
3787:3 April
3591:Fortune
3558:Fortune
3460:Fortune
3398:Fortune
3331:8828876
3302:Bibcode
3252:8828876
3223:Bibcode
3145:Bibcode
2872:Bibcode
2785:8828876
2756:Bibcode
2717:31 July
1899:Fortune
1557:In the
1414:Uniswap
1377:auction
1302:The DAO
1156:storage
1095:Haskell
1058:runtime
943:integer
729:ERC-721
595:Fortune
561:The DAO
559:called
522:bitcoin
474:Cardano
400:in 2015
383:History
280:bitcoin
233:Website
214:License
94: (
74: (
6662:Thodex
6589:Kucoin
6584:Kraken
6564:Gemini
6534:Circle
6509:BitMEX
6494:Bitkub
6441:Coinye
6403:Ripple
6378:Helium
6342:Tether
6247:tokens
6245:ERC-20
6220:Solana
6179:EOS.IO
6083:-based
6071:Monero
6043:-based
6021:Coinye
6004:-based
6002:Scrypt
5979:-based
5977:Ethash
5925:-based
5640:SegWit
5578:Others
5564:Tether
5476:Gaming
5361:People
5152:QZ.com
4955:Forbes
4868:Forbes
4834:Forbes
4813:11 May
4711:Forbes
4561:
4551:
4510:
4472:
4462:
4433:
4425:
4390:
4382:
4347:
4337:
4329:
4286:
4276:
4268:
4137:Forbes
3912:25 May
3887:25 May
3862:25 May
3837:25 May
3812:25 May
3777:Forbes
3424:
3377:
3367:
3338:
3328:
3320:
3259:
3249:
3241:
3165:
2971:Quartz
2892:
2870:: 57.
2792:
2782:
2774:
2691:5 June
2659:5 June
2632:5 June
2570:14 May
2539:14 May
2506:14 May
2472:14 May
2435:
2412:5 June
2385:5 June
2297:
2188:
2096:
2086:
2061:
1864:
1627:6 June
1535:Merkle
1479:Amazon
1365:Beeple
1284:Python
1230:(e.g.
1169:. The
1123:Erlang
1119:Elixir
1107:Python
991:memory
826:Design
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