455:(OSGP) is one of the most proven narrowband PLC technologies and protocols for smart metering. There are more than five million smart meters, based on OSGP and using BPSK PLC, installed and operating around the World. The OSGP Alliance, a non-profit association originally established as ESNA in 2006, led an effort to establish a family of specifications published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 14908 control networking standard for smart grid applications. OSGP is optimized to provide reliable and efficient delivery of command and control information for smart meters, direct load control modules, solar panels, gateways, and other smart grid devices. OSGP follows a modern, structured approach based on the OSI protocol model to meet the evolving challenges of the smart grid.
419:. Timing is roughly centered on the zero crossing with a timer from the previous zero crossing. Typical speeds are 200 to 1200 bits per second, with one bit per tone slot. Speeds also depend on the AC line frequency. The speed is limited by noise, and the jitter of the AC line's zero crossing, which is affected by local loads. These systems are usually bidirectional, with both meters and central stations sending data and commands. Higher levels of the protocols can have stations (usually smart meters) retransmit messages. (See
38:
219:. These signals may be impressed on one conductor, on two conductors or on all three conductors of a high-voltage AC transmission line. Several PLC channels may be coupled onto one HV line. Filtering devices are applied at substations to prevent the carrier frequency current from being bypassed through the station apparatus and to ensure that distant faults do not affect the isolated segments of the PLC system. These circuits are used for control of switchgear, and for protection of transmission lines. For example, a
540:) founded the G3-PLC Alliance to promote G3-PLC technology. G3-PLC is the low layer protocol to enable large scale infrastructure on the electrical grid. G3-PLC may operate on CENELEC A band (35 to 91 kHz) or CENELEC B band (98 kHz to 122 kHz) in Europe, on ARIB band (155 kHz to 403 kHz) in Japan and on FCC (155 kHz to 487 kHz) for the US and the rest of the world. The technology used is
87:(BPL). Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one type of wires (such as premises wiring within a single building), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring). Typically transformers prevent propagating the signal, which requires multiple technologies to form very large networks. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations.
459:
provides a table-oriented data storage based, in part, on the ANSI C12.19 / MC12.19 / 2012 / IEEE Std 1377 standards for
Utility Industry End Device Data Tables and ANSI C12.18 / MC12.18 / IEEE Std 1701, for its services and payload encapsulation. This standard and command system provides not only for smart meters and related data but also for general purpose extension to other smart grid devices.
326:
with a message that carries the desired value. Outbound messages injected at a utility substation will propagate to all points downstream. This type of broadcast allows the communication system to simultaneously reach many thousands of devices—all of which are known to have power, and have been previously identified as candidates for load shed. PLC also may be a component of a
415:
noise.) To avoid other interference, receivers can improve their signal-to-noise ratio by measuring the power of only the "1" tones, only the "0" tones or the differential power of both. Different districts use different tone pairs to avoid interference. The bit timing is typically recovered from the boundaries between tones, in a way similar to a
750:(in the technical sense), it can operate anywhere in the 20 MHz – 20 GHz region. Also since it is not restricted to below 80 MHz, as is the case for high-frequency BPL, these systems can avoid the interference issues associated with use of shared spectrum with other licensed or unlicensed services.
411:) It is now a simple, low cost system with a long history, however it has a very slow transmission rate. In the 1970s, the Tokyo Electric Power Co ran experiments which reported successful bi-directional operation with several hundred units. The system is now (2012) widely used in Italy and some other parts of the EU.
430:. The drive is to produce a reliable system which is cheap enough to be widely installed and able to compete cost effectively with wireless solutions. But the narrowband powerline communications channel presents many technical challenges, a mathematical channel model and a survey of work is available.
260:
The voice signal is compressed and filtered into the 300 Hz to 4000 Hz range, and this audio frequency is mixed with the carrier frequency. The carrier frequency is again filtered, amplified and transmitted. The transmission power of these HF carrier frequencies will be in the range of 0 to
745:
These systems claim symmetric and full duplex communication in excess of 1 Gbit/s in each direction. Multiple Wi-Fi channels with simultaneous analog television in the 2.4 and 5.0 GHz unlicensed bands have been demonstrated operating over a single medium voltage line conductor. Because the
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to send data at faster bit rates without causing radio frequency interference. These utilize hundreds of slowly-sending data channels. Usually they can adapt to noise by turning off channels with interference. The extra expense of the encoding devices is minor compared to the cost of the electronics
394:
Narrowband power-line communications began soon after electrical power supply became widespread. Around the year 1922 the first carrier frequency systems began to operate over high-tension lines with frequencies of 15 to 500 kHz for telemetry purposes, and this continues. Consumer products such
313:
PLC is one of the technologies used for automatic meter reading. Both one-way and two-way systems have been successfully used for decades. Interest in this application has grown substantially in recent history—not so much because there is an interest in automating a manual process, but because there
126:
The main issue determining the frequencies of power-line communication is laws to limit interference with radio services. Many nations regulate unshielded wired emissions as if they were radio transmitters. These jurisdictions usually require unlicensed uses to be below 500 kHz or in unlicensed
881:
The primary challenge with the PLC to date is the unshielded and untwisted power wiring. This type of wiring releases significant radio energy, potentially disrupting others using the same frequency band. Additionally, the BPL (Broadband over Power Line) systems may experience interference from the
325:
In a two-way system (supporting both outbound and inbound), commands can be broadcast out from the master station to end devices (meters) – allowing for reconfiguration of the network, or to obtain readings, or to convey messages, etc. The device at the end of the network may then respond (inbound)
133:
and distance limits vary widely over many power-line communication standards. Low-frequency (about 100–200 kHz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate of a few hundred bits
71:
were solely used for transmitting electricity. However, with the introduction of advanced networking technologies, there has been a push for utility and service providers to find cost-effective and high-performance solutions. The possibility of using powerlines as a universal medium to transmit not
619:
port. Powerline adapter sets plug into power outlets to establish an
Ethernet connection using the existing electrical wiring in the home (power strips with filtering may absorb the power line signal). This allows devices to share data without the inconvenience of running dedicated network cables.
362:
into the household wiring at the transmitter. The carrier is modulated by digital signals. Each receiver in the system has an address and can be individually commanded by the signals transmitted over the household wiring and decoded at the receiver. These devices may be either plugged into regular
275:
To sectionalize the transmission network and protect against failures, a "wave trap" is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. They consist of one or more sections of resonant circuits, which block the high frequency carrier waves (24–500 kHz) and let power frequency current
695:
Broadband over power line (BPL) is a system to transmit two-way data over existing AC MV (medium voltage) electrical distribution wiring, between transformers, and AC LV (low voltage) wiring between transformer and customer outlets (typically 100 to 240 V). This avoids the expense of a dedicated
672:
With the diversification of IoT applications, the demand for high-speed data communication such as transmission of high-definition video data and/or high-frequent sensor data is increasing in the field of smart building, smart factory, smart city, etc. In such use cases, power line communication
466:
There are also many specialised niche applications which use the mains supply within the home as a convenient data link for telemetry. For example, in the UK and Europe a TV audience monitoring system uses powerline communications as a convenient data path between devices that monitor TV viewing
458:
At the physical layer, OSGP currently uses ETSI 103 908 as its technology standard. This uses binary phase shift keying at 3592.98 BAUD, using a carrier tone of 86.232 KHz +/- 200ppm. (Note: The bit clock is almost exactly 1/24 of the carrier.) At the OSGP application layer, ETSI TS 104 001
414:
S-FSK sends a burst of 2, 4 or 8 tones centered around the time when the AC line passes through zero voltage. In this way, the tones avoid most radio-frequency noise from arcing. (It is common for dirty insulators to arc at the highest point of the voltage, and thus generate a wide-band burst of
576:
LOADng, header compression, fragmentation and security. G3-PLC has been designed for extremely robust communication based on reliable and highly secured connections between devices, including crossing Medium
Voltage to Low Voltage transformers. With the use of IPv6, G3-PLC enables communication
211:
to connect radio transmitters and receivers to the AC power carrying conductors. Power meters often use small transformers with linear amplifiers in the range of tens of watts. Most of the expense of any PLC system is the power electronics. By comparison, the electronics to encode and decode is
198:
An annoyance for customers is that sometimes the code to turn equipment on is lost, or load shedding is inconvenient or dangerous. For example, during a party, a dangerous heat wave or when life-preserving medical equipment is on-site. To handle these cases, some equipment includes switches to
321:
In a one-way (inbound only) system, readings "bubble up" from end devices (such as meters), through the communication infrastructure, to a "master station" which publishes the readings. A one-way system might be lower-cost than a two-way system, but also is difficult to reconfigure should the
444:
Control and telemetry applications include both 'utility side' applications, which involves equipment belonging to the utility company up to the domestic meter, and 'consumer-side' applications which involves equipment in the consumer's premises. Possible utility-side applications include
765:
standards specify how, globally, existing AC wires should be employed for data purposes. The IEEE 1901 includes Nessum and HomePlug AV as baseline technologies. Any IEEE 1901 products can coexist and be fully interoperable between products using the same technology. On the other hand,
676:
Nessum has developed a multi-hop technology that can be used to build large-scale networks. In addition, the latest Nessum technology (4th-generation HD-PLC technology) provides multiple channels, which enables high-speed and long-range communication by selecting the optimal channel.
127:
radio bands. Some jurisdictions (such as the EU), regulate wire-line transmissions further. The U.S. is a notable exception, permitting limited-power wide-band signals to be injected into unshielded wiring, as long as the wiring is not designed to propagate radio waves in free space.
643:
group as baseline technologies for their standard, published 30 December 2010. HomePlug estimates that over 45 million HomePlug devices have been deployed worldwide. Other companies and organizations back different specifications for power line home networking and these include the
494:
to transmit. The transmission electronics is usually a high power operational amplifier, a coupling transformer and a power supply. Similar transmission electronics is required on older, slower systems, so with improved technology, improved performance can be very affordable.
167:: applied in the main power line transmissions, such as low frequency PLC (for telemetry and grid control), and in BPL, for internet transmission via power network. In this type of PLC, the equipment must be robust, to deal with the high voltage levels of the power lines.
279:
A coupling capacitor is used to connect the transmitters and receivers to the high voltage line. This provides low impedance path for carrier energy to HV line but blocks the power frequency circuit by being a high impedance path. The coupling capacitor may be part of a
230:
for their primary system communication needs, the power-line carrier apparatus may still be useful as a backup channel or for very simple low-cost installations that do not warrant installing fiber optic lines, or which are inaccessible to radio or other communication.
183:. Each district usually has its own frequency, so that adjacent areas are unaffected. Codes are sent by slowly turning the tone on and off. Equipment at a customer site receives the codes, and turns customer equipment off and on. Often the decoder is part of a standard
718:(Nessum, HomePlug) LAN standard and its widespread implementation in mainstream router chipsets, the older BPL standards are not competitive for communication between AC outlets within a building, nor between the building and the transformer where MV meets LV lines.
363:
power outlets, or permanently wired in place. Since the carrier signal may propagate to nearby homes (or apartments) on the same distribution system, these control schemes have a "house address" that designates the owner. A popular technology known as
338:
These systems are often used in countries in which it is illegal to transmit signals that interfere with normal radio. The frequencies are so low that they are unable to start radio waves when sent over the utility wiring.
114:
operate by adding a modulated carrier signal to the wiring system. Different types of power-line communications use different frequency bands. Since the power distribution system was originally intended for transmission of
276:(50–60 Hz) pass through. Wave traps are used in switchyard of most power stations to prevent carrier from entering the station equipment. Each wave trap has a lightning arrester to protect it from surge voltages.
462:
A project of EDF, France includes demand management, street lighting control, remote metering and billing, customer specific tariff optimisation, contract management, expense estimation and gas applications safety.
190:
In this way, the utility can avoid up to 20% of capital expenses for generating equipment. This lowers costs for electricity and fuel usage. Brownouts and rolling blackouts are more easily prevented. Grids that use
449:(AMR), dynamic tariff control, load management, load profile recording, credit control, pre-payment, remote connection, fraud detection and network management, and could be extended to include gas and water.
706:
The BPL OPERA standard is used primarily in Europe by ISPs. In North
America it is used in some places (Washington Island, WI, for instance) but is more generally used by electric distribution utilities for
257:. The carrier frequency range is used for audio signals, protection and a pilot frequency. The pilot frequency is a signal in the audio range that is transmitted continuously for failure detection.
161:: indoor PLC is used for LAN networking and narrowband in-house applications, such as home automation. It uses house power wiring to transmit data, injecting the current directly in the power plugs.
766:
medium-frequency home control devices remain divided, although X10 tends to be dominant. For power grid use, IEEE has approved a low-frequency (≤ 500 kHz) standard called IEEE 1901.2 in 2013.
433:
Applications of mains communications vary enormously, as would be expected of such a widely available medium. One natural application of narrow band power-line communication is the control and
310:, and then reinjected onto the powerline again. As PLC signals can carry long distances (several hundred kilometres), such facilities only exist on very long power lines using PLC equipment.
437:
of electrical equipment such as meters, switches, heaters and domestic appliances. A number of active developments are considering such applications from a systems point of view, such as
844:
PLC technology is widely used in the following systems to empower Smart
Building, Smart Factory, Smart Grid, and Smart City, etc., as a solution to reduce network construction costs.
703:
to avoid using those frequencies actually in use, though early pre-2010 BPL standards did not. The criticisms of BPL from this perspective are of pre-OPERA, pre-1905 standards.
123:, power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting factor for each type of power-line communications.
223:
can use a PLC channel to trip a line if a fault is detected between its two terminals, but to leave the line in operation if the fault is elsewhere on the system.
810:
607:
High frequency communication may (re)use large portions of the radio spectrum for communication, or may use select (narrow) band(s), depending on the technology.
1606:
906:
138:
operating at millions of bits per second may only cover one floor of an office building, but eliminates the need for installation of dedicated network cabling.
1183:
Cooper, D.; Jeans, T. (1 July 2002). "Narrowband, low data rate communications on the low-voltage mains in the CENELEC frequencies. I. Noise and attenuation".
314:
is an interest in obtaining fresh data from all metered points in order to better control and operate the system. PLC is one of the technologies being used in
287:
Power-line carrier systems have long been a favorite at many utilities because it allows them to reliably move data over an infrastructure that they control.
2019:
1989:
581:
in Geneva where it is referenced as G.9903, Narrowband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power line communication transceivers for G3-PLC networks.
1296:
631:. HomePlug Powerline Alliance announced in October 2016 that it would wind down its activities, and the Alliance website (homeplug.org) has been closed.
401:
For many years the search continued for a cheap bi-directional technology suitable for applications such as remote meter reading. French electric power
1822:
1517:
696:
network of wires for data communication, and the expense of maintaining a dedicated network of antennas, radios and routers in wireless network.
615:
Power line communications can also be used in a home to interconnect home computers and peripherals, and home entertainment devices that have an
1754:
1401:
1035:
801:
final standard was published on 30 December 2010, and included features from HomePlug and Nessum. Power line communication via IEEE 1901 and
577:
between meters, grid actuators as well as smart objects. In
December 2011, G3 PLC technology was recognised as an international standard at
1490:
1099:
505:
channels from 42–89 kHz. Its fastest transmission rate is 128.6 kilobits/second, while its most robust is 21.4 kbit/s. It uses a
1577:"IEEE 1901.2-2013 - IEEE Standard for Low-Frequency (less than 500 kHz) Narrowband Power Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications"
1900:
479:
The
Distribution Line Carrier (DLC) System technology used a frequency range of 9 to 500 kHz with data rate up to 576 kbit/s.
497:
In 2009, a group of vendors formed the PoweRline
Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) alliance. As delivered, the physical layer is
398:
In the 1930s, ripple carrier signaling was introduced on the medium (10–20 kV) and low voltage (240/415 V) distribution systems.
960:
1719:
916:
797:
In July 2009, the IEEE Power line
Communication Standards Committee approved its draft standard for broadband over power lines. The
731:
700:
1576:
315:
829:
779:
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BPL uses some of the same radio frequencies used for over-the-air radio systems. Modern BPL employs
Wavelet-OFDM, FFT-OFDM, or
645:
502:
1378:
1252:
1008:
730:
surface wave propagation mechanism that requires only a single conductor. An implementation of this technology is marketed as
1241:. 7th International Conference on Metering Applications and Tariffs for Electricity Supply. London UK: IEE. pp. 223–227.
595:
Sometimes PLC was used for transmitting radio programs over powerlines. When operated in the AM radio band, it is known as a
791:
1905:
1815:
1657:
982:
911:
549:
281:
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usually small, in a special purpose integrated circuit. Thus even the complicated OFDM standards can still be economical.
146:
Although different protocols and legislation exists throughout the world, there are basically only two types of PLC: the
2069:
1999:
441:. In this, domestic appliances would intelligently co-ordinate their use of resources, for example limiting peak loads.
426:
Since the mid-1980s, there has been a surge of interest in using the potential of digital communications techniques and
775:
628:
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sampled at 400 kHz with adaptative modulation and tone mapping. Error detection and correction is made by both a
482:
A project called Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet (REMPLI) was funded from 2003 to 2006 by the
295:
57:
53:
1610:
517:
403:
195:
can enable auxiliary customer equipment when the generators are being run to generate heat rather than electricity.
2024:
1920:
1703:
Powerline Communication: Potential and Critical System, Existing Technologies and Prospects for Future Development
686:
84:
726:
Even higher information rate transmissions over power line use RF through microwave frequencies transmitted via a
2029:
734:. These use microwaves instead of the lower frequency bands, up to 2–20 GHz. While these may interfere with
427:
375:
974:
134:
per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher data rates generally imply shorter ranges; a
2079:
2074:
2004:
1994:
1808:
1073:
452:
1300:
1172:. 4th International Conference on Metering, Apparatus and Tariffs for Electricity Supply. IEE. pp. 90–94.
98:
radio signals operating in a crowded environment. Radio interference, for example, has long been a concern of
37:
187:, and controls relays. There are also utility codes, e.g. to set the clocks of the power meters at midnight.
2014:
1910:
1860:
1850:
1682:
832:. IEEE also came up with a low-frequency standard for long-distance smart grids called IEEE 1901.2 in 2013.
446:
371:
364:
351:: for example, remote control of lighting and appliances without installation of additional control wiring.
269:
199:
circumvent load shedding. Some meters switch into a higher billing rate when the "party switch" is flipped.
438:
75:
A wide range of power-line communication technologies are needed for different applications, ranging from
72:
just electricity or control signals, but also high-speed data and multimedia, is now under investigation.
1210:
Newbury, J. (January 1998). "Communication requirements and standards for low voltage mains signalling".
215:
Frequencies used are in the range of 24 to 500 kHz, with transmitter power levels up to hundreds of
1932:
1845:
1525:
239:
111:
553:
254:
1322:
790:/G.9960 as a standard of networks for high-speed powerline, coax, and phoneline communications. The
2084:
1130:
921:
483:
130:
1407:
545:
533:
506:
407:(EDF) prototyped and standardized a system called "spread frequency shift keying" or S-FSK. (See
135:
1494:
639:), and HomePlug AV which is the most current of the HomePlug specifications were adopted by the
1760:
1750:
1733:
1725:
1715:
1397:
1031:
529:
521:
235:
227:
184:
1389:
1219:
1192:
1107:
952:
653:
525:
220:
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Two distinctly different sets of standards apply to powerline networking as of early 2010.
347:
Power-line communications technology can use the electrical power wiring within a home for
1831:
942:
806:
783:
735:
727:
673:
technologies can also be used and provides the same advantage of reusing existing cables.
624:
596:
590:
568:
an internet network layer to constrained environments which is Power line communications.
348:
176:
95:
80:
76:
1170:
Improved Automatic meter reading and load control system and its operational achievement
1870:
1584:
901:
896:
192:
1704:
2063:
557:
179:
adds an audio-frequency tone to an AC line. Typical frequencies are from 100 to 2400
99:
1411:
1157:. Second IEE National Conference on Telecommunications. London UK. pp. 294–296.
1131:"Telecommunications over the Power Distribution Grid- Possibilities and Limitations"
1960:
1950:
1658:"NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0"
1415:
1386:
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications
573:
468:
355:
354:
Typically home-control power-line communication devices operate by modulating in a
307:
299:
247:
17:
1465:
1052:
386:
home automation product line, was accepted as part of some automation standards.
52:) is the carrying of data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC
739:
708:
1393:
1196:
828:
as "Additional Standards Identified by NIST Subject to Further Review" for the
327:
303:
243:
68:
31:
1764:
1152:
774:
Several competing organizations have developed specifications, including the
1940:
1895:
814:
809:
certification all major vendors of such devices committed to in 2013.
802:
798:
762:
747:
715:
690:
649:
640:
434:
420:
408:
208:
1737:
1548:
378:(PPM). The physical layer method is a very different scheme than the X10.
2034:
1885:
1865:
1281:
Duval, G. "Applications of power-line carrier at Electricite de France".
1100:"Echelon Announces ISO/IEC Standardization of LonWorks® Control Networks"
818:
616:
383:
116:
91:
1714:. Newark, N.J.: Westinghouse Electric Corp., Relay-Instrument Division.
1890:
891:
569:
561:
537:
379:
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is refreshed. Therefore the signal is filtered out from the powerline,
262:
1223:
2009:
1880:
1855:
1518:"Understanding the information rate of BPL and other last-mile pipes"
956:
636:
632:
516:
In 2011, several companies including distribution network operators (
294:
is a facility, at which a power-line communication (PLC) signal on a
265:. This range is set according to the distance between substations.
2044:
2039:
1984:
1968:
1945:
1800:
1632:
1283:
Proc 1997 Internat. Symp. On Power Line Comms and Its Applications
1138:
Proc 1997 Internat. Symp. On Power Line Comms and Its Applications
822:
657:
359:
120:
36:
1352:
794:(a US trade body) was also involved in advocating for standards.
1875:
1729:
1077:
825:
787:
661:
565:
541:
510:
498:
490:
416:
216:
30:
For other schemes to deliver data and power over one cable, see
1804:
1549:"Introduction to the Propagating TM Wave on a Single Conductor"
509:
for error detection and correction. The upper layer is usually
738:
when used outdoors, the advantages of speeds competitive with
578:
226:
While utility companies use microwave and now, increasingly,
786:(active). On October 2009, the ITU-T adopted Recommendation
90:
A number of difficult technical problems are common between
623:
The widely deployed powerline networking standard are from
234:
Power-line carrier communication (PLCC) is mainly used for
180:
1440:
1330:
1323:"Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet"
1009:"What is Power Line Communication (PLC) and How it works"
395:
as baby alarms have been available at least since 1940.
944:
Powerline Communications Systems: Overview and Analysis
742:
cables without new wiring are likely to outweigh that.
1795:
1790:
1779:
1106:. Echelon Corporation. 3 December 2008. Archived from
975:"ARRL Strengthens the Case for Mandatory BPL Notching"
1977:
1959:
1931:
1838:
1705:
http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=34078
60:to consumers. The line that does so is known as a
1609:. ITU-T Newslog. 12 December 2008. Archived from
1239:Mains Communications- a practical metering system
467:activity in different rooms in a home and a data
253:The modulation generally used in these system is
1076:. Powerline Control Systems, Inc. Archived from
1796:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
94:and power-line communication, notably those of
1607:"New Global Standard for Fully Networked Home"
848:Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems
238:, tele-protection and tele-monitoring between
1816:
1571:
1569:
907:List of broadband over power line deployments
8:
1633:"NEM: National Energy Marketers Association"
1026:Stanley H. Horowitz; Arun G. Phadke (2008).
1823:
1809:
1801:
882:radio signals produced by the PLC wiring.
746:underlying propagation mode is extremely
471:which is connected to a telephone modem.
27:Data network that uses electrical wiring
1299:. Power-Q Sendirian Bhd. Archived from
1074:"What is Univeral (sic) Powerline Bus?"
1030:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 64–65.
933:
207:Utility companies use special coupling
805:compliant devices is indicated by the
1237:Sheppard, T J (17–19 November 1992).
792:National Energy Marketers Association
722:Ultra-high frequency (≥ 100 MHz)
560:, a radio standard. In the protocol,
268:PLCC can be used for interconnecting
7:
1002:
1000:
524:, Landis&Gyr) and chip vendors (
501:, sampled at 250 kHz, with 512
1683:"What is Power Line Communications"
1212:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1185:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1028:Power system relaying third edition
963:from the original on 16 April 2024.
119:at typical frequencies of 50 or 60
1491:"Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)"
1297:"Distribution Line Carrier System"
250:, such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV.
25:
917:National Emergency Alarm Repeater
701:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
572:integrates routing, based on the
1379:"Comparison of PLC G3 and PRIME"
1168:Hosono, M (26–28 October 1982).
316:Advanced Metering Infrastructure
830:Smart grid in the United States
780:Universal Powerline Association
646:Universal Powerline Association
503:differential phase shift keying
367:has been used since the 1970s.
334:Medium frequency (100 kHz)
1749:(in French). Paris: Eyrolles.
1710:Blackburn, J. L., ed. (1976).
1154:Power line modems and networks
714:Since the ratification of the
322:operating environment change.
284:used for voltage measurement.
1:
1547:Glenn Elmore (27 July 2009).
983:American Amateur Radio League
912:Multimedia over Coax Alliance
603:High frequency (≥ 1 MHz)
550:Reed-Solomon error correction
292:PLC carrier repeating station
282:capacitor voltage transformer
1522:Computing Unplugged magazine
1516:Glenn Elmore (August 2006).
949:Rutgers University Libraries
374:", introduced in 1999, uses
1747:RĂ©seaux CPL par la pratique
1712:Applied Protective Relaying
1353:"Welcome To PRIME Alliance"
776:HomePlug Powerline Alliance
629:HomePlug Powerline Alliance
585:Transmitting radio programs
58:electric power distribution
54:electric power transmission
2101:
1441:"G3-PLC Official Web Site"
1394:10.1109/ISPLC.2011.5764384
1197:10.1109/TPWRD.2002.1022794
1007:Pandit, Abhimanyu (2019).
687:Broadband over power lines
684:
664:(HomeGrid) specification.
588:
520:, Enexis), meter vendors (
85:broadband over power lines
29:
1745:Carcelle, Xavier (2006).
681:Broadband over power line
668:Non-home networking (LAN)
564:has been chosen to adapt
428:digital signal processing
376:pulse-position modulation
343:Home control (narrowband)
1253:"ETSI TS 103 908 V1.1.1"
866:Lighting control systems
489:More modern systems use
475:Medium-speed narrow-band
453:Open Smart Grid Protocol
270:private branch exchanges
203:Long haul, low frequency
83:, which is often called
46:Power-line communication
1637:www.energymarketers.com
1466:"G.9903 ITU-T Web Page"
1151:Broadridge, R. (1989).
941:Sagar, Nishant (2011).
872:Security camera systems
770:Standards organizations
447:automatic meter reading
372:universal powerline bus
1051:Edward B.Driscoll Jr.
439:demand side management
358:of between 20 and 200
240:electrical substations
112:communications systems
42:
1377:Hoch, Martin (2011).
711:and load management.
611:Home networking (LAN)
404:Électricité de France
390:Low-speed narrow-band
40:
1388:. pp. 165–169.
1053:"The history of X10"
554:media access control
255:amplitude modulation
2070:Computer networking
1978:Long range wireless
1613:on 21 February 2009
1587:on 16 December 2018
1497:on 12 February 2019
1333:on 14 February 2009
1129:Dostert, K (1997).
922:Residential gateway
863:Smart street lights
484:European Commission
18:Ethernet over power
1786:. Nessum Alliance.
1554:. Corridor Systems
877:Challenges for PLC
761:Within homes, the
546:convolutional code
534:STMicroelectronics
507:convolutional code
228:fiber-optic cables
136:local area network
62:power-line carrier
43:
41:Power line adapter
2055:
2054:
1784:Official web site
1756:978-2-212-11930-5
1470:Official web site
1445:Official web site
1421:on 10 August 2017
1403:978-1-4244-7751-7
1357:Official web site
1327:official web site
1224:10.1109/61.660847
1037:978-0-470-05712-4
985:. 2 December 2010
860:Storage batteries
851:Micro - inverters
530:Texas Instruments
308:carrier frequency
236:telecommunication
185:electricity meter
16:(Redirected from
2092:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1787:
1768:
1741:
1691:
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1673:
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1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1573:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:on July 22, 2011
1524:. Archived from
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1487:
1481:
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1478:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1431:
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1414:. Archived from
1383:
1374:
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1349:
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1342:
1340:
1338:
1329:. Archived from
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992:
990:
971:
965:
964:
957:10.7282/T3RR1XJ7
938:
869:Intercom systems
526:Maxim Integrated
221:protective relay
21:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2080:Electrical grid
2075:Internet access
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
1973:
1955:
1927:
1834:
1832:Internet access
1829:
1778:
1775:
1757:
1744:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1698:Further reading
1695:
1694:
1681:
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1123:
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1111:
1110:on 7 April 2012
1098:
1097:
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1083:
1081:
1080:on 18 July 2011
1072:
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1067:
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998:
988:
986:
973:
972:
968:
940:
939:
935:
930:
888:
879:
842:
784:Nessum Alliance
782:(defunct), and
772:
756:
736:radio astronomy
728:transverse mode
724:
693:
685:Main articles:
683:
670:
625:Nessum Alliance
613:
605:
597:carrier current
593:
591:Carrier current
587:
552:. The required
477:
392:
349:home automation
345:
336:
318:(AMI) systems.
205:
174:
144:
108:
96:spread spectrum
81:Internet access
77:home automation
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1774:
1773:External links
1771:
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1369:
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1314:
1303:on 20 May 2009
1288:
1273:
1244:
1229:
1202:
1191:(3): 718–723.
1175:
1160:
1143:
1121:
1091:
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1036:
1018:
1013:Circuit Digest
996:
966:
932:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:KNX (standard)
899:
897:IEEE 1675-2008
894:
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589:Main article:
586:
583:
556:is taken from
476:
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391:
388:
382:, part of the
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177:Ripple control
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1791:OSGP Alliance
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1260:ETSI Delivery
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831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:has included
812:
808:
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795:
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769:
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584:
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559:
558:IEEE 802.15.4
555:
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547:
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531:
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258:
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251:
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248:high voltages
245:
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196:
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113:
105:
103:
101:
100:amateur radio
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
67:In the past,
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2057:
1961:Wireless LAN
1951:Wireless USB
1933:Wireless PAN
1915:
1783:
1746:
1711:
1686:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1556:. Retrieved
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1521:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1385:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
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1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1326:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1291:
1282:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1259:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1218:(1): 46–52.
1215:
1211:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1104:News release
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1046:
1027:
1021:
1012:
987:. Retrieved
979:News release
978:
969:
948:
943:
936:
880:
854:HVAC systems
843:
840:Applications
796:
773:
760:
757:
744:
725:
713:
709:smart meters
705:
698:
694:
675:
671:
622:
614:
606:
594:
574:mesh network
515:
496:
488:
481:
478:
469:concentrator
465:
461:
457:
451:
443:
432:
425:
413:
402:
400:
397:
393:
369:
356:carrier wave
353:
346:
337:
324:
320:
312:
291:
289:
286:
278:
274:
267:
259:
252:
233:
225:
214:
206:
197:
193:cogeneration
189:
175:
164:
158:
151:
150:PLC and the
147:
145:
142:Types of PLC
129:
125:
109:
89:
74:
66:
61:
49:
45:
44:
1591:23 December
1501:2 September
989:24 November
778:(defunct),
740:fibre optic
300:demodulated
244:power lines
165:Outdoor PLC
110:Power-line
69:power lines
2085:Smart grid
2064:Categories
2025:Muni Wi-Fi
1916:Power-line
1663:. Nist.gov
1642:14 October
1617:11 October
951:(Thesis).
928:References
656:, and the
635:(formerly
328:smart grid
209:capacitors
159:Indoor PLC
131:Data rates
32:Power over
2030:Satellite
1941:Bluetooth
1921:Broadband
1896:IEEE 1901
1765:421746698
1266:16 August
857:Elevators
817:(Nessum,
815:IEEE 1901
803:IEEE 1905
799:IEEE 1901
763:IEEE 1901
754:Standards
748:broadband
716:IEEE 1901
691:IEEE 1901
650:SiConnect
641:IEEE 1901
435:telemetry
421:IEC 61334
409:IEC 61334
306:on a new
304:modulated
296:powerline
2035:UMTS-TDD
1886:HomePlug
1866:Ethernet
1780:"Nessum"
1730:76008060
1532:July 22,
1412:13741019
1285:: 76–80.
961:Archived
886:See also
821:AV) and
819:HomePlug
617:Ethernet
599:system.
522:Sagemcom
384:LonWorks
272:(PBXs).
242:through
117:AC power
102:groups.
92:wireless
1891:HomePNA
1851:Dial-up
1738:2423329
1689:. 2021.
1581:IEEE SA
1558:22 July
1475:6 March
1450:6 March
1362:22 July
1337:22 July
1307:22 July
1114:22 July
1084:22 July
1058:22 July
892:HomePNA
570:6loWPAN
562:6loWPAN
538:Renesas
380:LonTalk
152:outdoor
2010:iBurst
1881:Nessum
1856:DOCSIS
1763:
1753:
1736:
1728:
1718:
1687:Nessum
1425:16 May
1410:
1400:
1262:. ETSI
1140:: 1–9.
1034:
732:E-Line
654:Xsilon
637:HD-PLC
633:Nessum
148:indoor
106:Basics
2045:WiBro
2040:WiMAX
1985:5G NR
1969:Wi-Fi
1946:Li-Fi
1846:Cable
1839:Wired
1667:8 May
1661:(PDF)
1552:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1408:S2CID
1382:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
823:ITU-T
658:ITU-T
370:The "
217:watts
154:PLC.
2020:MMDS
2005:HSPA
2000:GPRS
1995:EVDO
1990:DECT
1906:MoCA
1901:ISDN
1876:G.hn
1871:FTTx
1761:OCLC
1751:ISBN
1734:OCLC
1726:LCCN
1716:ISBN
1669:2012
1644:2019
1619:2010
1593:2013
1560:2011
1534:2011
1503:2019
1477:2013
1452:2013
1427:2012
1398:ISBN
1364:2011
1339:2011
1309:2011
1268:2021
1116:2011
1086:2011
1060:2011
1032:ISBN
991:2011
826:G.hn
811:NIST
807:nVoy
788:G.hn
689:and
662:G.hn
627:and
566:IPv6
548:and
542:OFDM
518:ERDF
511:IPv4
499:OFDM
491:OFDM
417:UART
302:and
261:+32
2015:LTE
1911:PON
1861:DSL
1390:doi
1220:doi
1193:doi
953:doi
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