43:
330:
476:. Acrylates, rubber chemicals, emulsifiers and dyes, epoxy resin chemicals are just several of the substances that might induce Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Much of the allergic contact dermatitis that arises is caused by occupational exposure. Non-occupational exposure to allergens in medicaments, clothing, cosmetics, and plants are also a significant cause of allergic contact dermatitis.
414:
538:
296:, kerosene, ethylene oxide, paper, especially papers coated with chemicals and printing inks, certain foods and drink, food flavorings and spices, perfume, surfactants in topical medications and cosmetics, alkalis, low humidity from air conditioning, and many plants. Other common causes of irritant contact dermatitis are harsh alkaline soaps, detergents, and cleaning products.
427:
response. This causes sensitization and when exposure to the same allergen at a later time at the same or different skin site leads to a secondary immune response at the point of contact. The mechanisms by which this reaction occurs are complex, with many levels of fine control. Their immunology centres on the interaction of immunoregulatory
158:(hives), in which a rash appears within minutes of exposure and then fades away within minutes to hours. Even after days, contact dermatitis fades only if the skin no longer comes in contact with the allergen or irritant. Chronic contact dermatitis can develop when the removal of the offending agent no longer provides expected relief.
426:
reaction that is atypical within the population. The development of the disease occurs in two phases, which are induction and elicitation. The process of skin sensitization begins when a susceptible subject is exposed to the allergen in sufficient concentration to elicit the required cutaneous immune
325:
The irritant's direct cytotoxic impact on epidermal keratinocytes causes
Irritant contact dermatitis. This disrupts the skin barrier and activates the innate immune system. Keratinocytes in the epidermis can be actually affected by irritants. It is a complicated reaction that is influenced by genetic
577:
The distinction between the various types of contact dermatitis is based on a number of factors. The morphology of the tissues, the histology, and immunologic findings are all used in diagnosis of the form of the condition. However, as suggested previously, there is some confusion in the distinction
560:
were based on the concept of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction where there is exposure of allergens to skin and checking for the development of contact dermatitis in that area. This test involves the application of suspected irritant to a part of the skin and cover it with impermeable material and
501:
Without the presence of these rays, the photosensitiser is not harmful. For this reason, this form of contact dermatitis is usually associated only with areas of skin that are left uncovered by clothing, and it can be soundly defeated by avoiding exposure to sunlight. The mechanism of action varies
102:). Allergic contact dermatitis involves a delayed type of hypersensitivity and previous exposure to an allergen to produce a reaction. Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common type and represents 80% of all cases. It is caused by prolonged exposure to irritants, leading to direct injury of the
161:
Irritant dermatitis is usually confined to the area where the irritating substance actually touched the skin, whereas allergic dermatitis may be more widespread on the skin. Irritant dermatitis is usually found on hands whereas exposed areas of skin. Symptoms of both forms include the following:
220:
The percentage of cases attributable to occupational contact dermatitis varies substantially depending on the industries that predominate, the employment that people have, the risks to which they are exposed, the centers that record cases, and variances in defining and confirming diagnoses.
578:
of the different forms of contact dermatitis. Using histology on its own is insufficient, as these findings have been acknowledged not to distinguish, and even positive patch testing does not rule out the existence of an irritant form of dermatitis as well as an immunological one.
211:
While either form of contact dermatitis can affect any part of the body, irritant contact dermatitis often affects the hands, which have been exposed by resting in or dipping into a container (sink, pail, tub, swimming pools with high chlorine) containing the irritant.
594:, depending on the working environment. It is impossible to eliminate the complete exposure to harmful irritants but can be avoided using the multidimensional approach. The multidimensional approach includes eight basic elements to follow. They are:
721:
may be prescribed to combat inflammation in a localized area. It may be applied to the skin as a cream or ointment. If the reaction covers a relatively large portion of the skin or is severe, a corticosteroid in pill or injection form may be
1892:
1877:
421:
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans, and is a common occupational and environmental health problem. By its allergic nature, this form of contact dermatitis is a
326:
and environmental elements, both of which have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. It can be seen in both occupational and non-occupational environments but it's more common in the occupations dealing in low humidity conditions.
2005:
573:
mix I (11.5%). The patient must know where the irritant or allergen is found to be able to avoid it. It is important to also note that chemicals sometimes have several different names, and do not always appear on labels.
142:
is a localized rash or irritation of the skin caused by contact with a foreign substance. Only the superficial regions of the skin are affected in contact dermatitis. Inflammation of the affected tissue is present in the
626:
should not be used to prevent infection in wounds after surgery. When they are used, it is inappropriate, and the person recovering from surgery is at significantly increased risk of developing contact dermatitis.
130:. There are few accurate statistics on the incidence and prevalence of contact dermatitis. The results of the few studies that have been undertaken cannot be compared because of methodological differences.
169:
This is the usual reaction. The rash appears immediately in irritant contact dermatitis; in allergic contact dermatitis, the rash sometimes does not appear until 24–72 hours after exposure to the allergen.
547:
Since contact dermatitis relies on an irritant or an allergen to initiate the reaction, it is important for the patient to identify the responsible agent and avoid it. This can be accomplished by having
1998:
1341:
1991:
344:
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) can be divided into forms caused by chemical irritants, and those caused by physical irritants. Common chemical irritants implicated include:
3086:
1610:
Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, et al. (2009). "Patch-test results of the North
American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006".
590:
to its worker to provide the correct level of safety equipment to mitigate exposure to harmful irritants. This can take the form of protective clothing, gloves, or
494:
and photoallergic, PCD is the eczematous condition which is triggered by an interaction between an otherwise unharmful or less harmful substance on the skin and
2498:
1345:
702:
If the rash does not improve or continues to spread after 2–3 of days of self-care, or if the itching and/or pain is severe, the patient should contact a
154:
Contact dermatitis results in large, burning, and itchy rashes. These can take anywhere from several days to weeks to heal. This differentiates it from
1277:"Comparison of the effects of bilobol and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on skin, and test of tumor promoting potential of bilobol in CD-1 mice"
399:
Physical irritant contact dermatitis may most commonly be caused by low humidity from air conditioning. Also, many plants directly irritate the skin.
664:
Immediately after exposure to a known allergen or irritant, wash with soap and cool water to remove or inactivate most of the offending substance.
2805:
1837:
114:
dermatitis occurs when the allergen or irritant is activated by sunlight. Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis can often be supported by
3407:
498:(320–400 nm UVA) (ESCD 2006), therefore manifesting itself only in regions where the affected person has been exposed to such rays.
3171:
3079:
1508:
775:
3244:
2587:
1652:
2488:
1378:
Morris-Jones R, Robertson SJ, Ross JS, White IR, McFadden JP, Rycroft RJ (August 2002). "Dermatitis caused by physical irritants".
75:
of the skin caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents. Symptoms of contact dermatitis can include itchy or dry skin, a red
2597:
1775:
1757:
199:
561:
attached to the skin with the help of adhesive plaster. The top three allergens found in patch tests from 2005 to 2006 were:
3281:
3239:
3072:
2556:
2182:
3334:
525:
Photocontact dermatitis is another condition in which the distinction between forms of contact dermatitis is not clear-cut.
273:
3540:
3329:
3135:
2749:
2440:
2277:
2292:
674:
Weak acid solutions (lemon juice, vinegar) can be used to counteract the effects of dermatitis contracted by exposure to
3288:
3176:
2916:
2671:
2362:
3535:
3514:
3319:
3159:
3155:
2666:
2197:
2152:
1761:
408:
320:
304:
300:
99:
91:
3266:
3221:
3019:
2739:
506:
to toxin, but is usually due to the production of a photoproduct. Toxins which are associated with PCD include the
2941:
192:
Irritant contact dermatitis tends to be more painful than itchy, while allergic contact dermatitis often itches.
3366:
2784:
2430:
2367:
2262:
1907:
3191:
3049:
2744:
2463:
2435:
2065:
308:
3127:
3024:
2936:
2252:
1232:
Menz J, Rossi ER, Taylor WC, Wall L (September 1986). "Contact dermatitis from
Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon'".
1099:"An economic evaluation of patch testing in the diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis*1"
17:
3402:
2926:
2853:
2541:
2075:
2055:
385:
1008:
3545:
3448:
3307:
2272:
2070:
2045:
641:
If blistering develops, cold moist compresses applied for 30 minutes, 3 times a day can offer relief.
485:
1983:
3504:
3497:
3314:
3112:
2994:
2931:
2906:
2880:
2734:
2712:
2307:
2267:
2187:
2177:
1978:
1896:
83:, or swelling. These rashes are not contagious or life-threatening, but can be very uncomfortable.
42:
1319:
3460:
3419:
3211:
2843:
2707:
2592:
2551:
2425:
2420:
1635:
1592:
1490:
1430:
Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Dearman RJ (February 2002). "Allergic contact dermatitis".
1403:
1257:
1044:
986:
908:
851:
469:
337:
255:
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or other physician. Medical treatment usually consists of lotions, creams, or oral medications.
3433:
3370:
3261:
3201:
3104:
2901:
2607:
2483:
2478:
2357:
2331:
2257:
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1947:
1918:
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978:
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843:
835:
495:
268:
55:
1516:
1465:
Bourke J, Coulson I, English J (December 2001). "Guidelines for care of contact dermatitis".
3470:
3443:
2999:
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2702:
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1804:
1720:
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186:(hives) often form in a pattern where skin was directly exposed to the allergen or irritant.
144:
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2911:
2582:
2297:
2142:
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1766:
655:
644:
553:
107:
1145:
311:. Photocontact dermatitis is divided into two categories: phototoxic and photoallergic.
3455:
3395:
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3044:
3034:
2951:
2493:
2321:
1245:
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Personal protection can be achieved by the use of protective clothes or barrier creams.
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111:
1958:
1639:
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368:, and others); metalworking fluids (neat oils, water-based metalworking fluids with
292:
Common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include solvents, metalworking fluids,
3380:
2974:
2546:
2526:
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2336:
2326:
2167:
1407:
1261:
1098:
587:
473:
259:
72:
1708:
329:
1912:
613:
Efforts to raise knowledge of potential allergies and irritants through education
601:
To avoid skin exposure, use appropriate control measures or chemical substitutes.
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3276:
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2834:
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60:
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465:
417:
3-year-old girl with contact dermatitis, one day after contact with poison ivy
369:
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251:
139:
115:
95:
1732:
1556:
1539:
1169:
1122:
1032:
961:
Bains SN, Nash P, Fonacier L (February 2019). "Irritant
Contact Dermatitis".
896:
839:
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1953:
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982:
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904:
847:
1838:"Contact dermatitis Lifestyle and home remedies – Diseases and Conditions"
1740:
1693:
1302:
1253:
1130:
926:
Mowad CM (July 2016). "Contact
Dermatitis: Practice Gaps and Challenges".
3349:
3297:
3039:
2661:
2641:
2577:
2531:
2473:
2410:
2352:
2172:
2121:
2050:
769: – allergic contact dermatitis that has allergic trigger nickel atom
519:
455:
377:
241:
237:
175:
87:
3064:
1009:"Contact dermatitis: epidemiology and frequent sensitizers to cosmetics"
3358:
2838:
2692:
2602:
2521:
2508:
2458:
2387:
2111:
2106:
2101:
1795:
Sheth VM, Weitzul S (2008). "Postoperative topical antimicrobial use".
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1572:
361:
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280:
80:
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1276:
1209:
1192:
2450:
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2157:
2131:
2040:
1881:
751:
515:
490:
Sometimes termed "photoaggravated", and divided into two categories,
439:
389:
365:
349:
148:
1588:
1275:
Matsumoto K, Fujimoto M, Ito K, Tanaka H, Hirono I (February 1990).
619:
health screenings before and after employment and on a regular basis
529:
mechanisms can also play a part, causing a response similar to ACD.
198:
Skin is dry and fissured in the irritant contact dermatitis whereas
2116:
1672:
Rietschel RL (1997). "Mechanisms in irritant contact dermatitis".
1146:"Occupational contact dermatitis: Known knowns and known unknowns"
536:
510:. Psoralens are in fact used therapeutically for the treatment of
503:
412:
373:
357:
328:
293:
1540:"Contact dermatitis in patient with chronic venous insufficiency"
262:. Millions of cases occur each year in North America alone. The
3353:
2697:
2216:
2035:
693:, Desitin, etc.), may help protect the skin and retain moisture.
443:
76:
3068:
1987:
1013:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
393:
814:
Bains, Sonia N.; Nash, Pembroke; Fonacier, Luz (2019-02-01).
610:
Use of harmful irritants in the workplace should be regulated
763: – Leg injuries commonly found in birds raised for meat
598:
Identification of possible cutaneous irritants and allergens
333:
Contact dermatitis caused by unprotected handling of damp,
1063:
741:
may be given if non-prescription strengths are inadequate.
871:"Treatment of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis"
756:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
244:
they include the oily coating from plants of the genus
126:
Contact dermatitis constitutes 95% of all occupational
1193:"Toxicodendron dermatitis: poison ivy, oak, and sumac"
224:
Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include:
1762:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1859:
869:
Cohen, David E.; Heidary, Noushin (September 2004).
780:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
771:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
671:
cream in nonprescription strength may be sufficient.
384:; surfactants in topical medications and cosmetics (
3484:
3348:
3230:
3149:
3126:
3103:
2983:
2950:
2894:
2879:
2870:
2827:
2798:
2777:
2768:
2721:
2680:
2649:
2638:
2631:
2620:
2565:
2507:
2449:
2386:
2306:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2130:
2094:
2026:
2019:
1933:
1863:
667:For mild cases that cover a relatively small area,
202:
and bullae are seen in allergic contact dermatitis.
110:, resulting in an inflammatory cutaneous reaction.
86:Contact dermatitis results from either exposure to
54:
35:
2014:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
607:Maintenance of personal and environmental hygiene
1667:
1665:
458:, and the oily coating from plants of the genus
1709:"Prevention of occupational contact dermatitis"
616:promoting safe working conditions and practices
27:Inflammation from allergen or irritant exposure
1979:eMedicine Health article on contact dermatitis
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1713:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1538:Hristakieva E, Gancheva D, Gancheva T (2014).
299:There are three types of contact dermatitis:
3080:
2499:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
1999:
1314:
1312:
658:(Benadryl, Ben-Allergin) can relieve itching.
8:
2153:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
1007:Diepgen, Tl; Weisshaar, E (September 2007).
963:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
820:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
586:In an industrial setting the employer has a
147:(the outermost layer of skin) and the outer
1342:"Contact Dermatitis and Related Conditions"
552:, one of various methods commonly known as
3087:
3073:
3065:
2876:
2774:
2646:
2635:
2628:
2232:
2221:
2023:
2006:
1992:
1984:
1860:
1752:
1750:
1344:. Clevelandclinicmeded.com. Archived from
726:In severe cases, a stronger medicine like
41:
32:
18:Ethylenediamine-induced contact dermatitis
1571:Schwartz, Louis; Peck, Samuel M. (1944).
1555:
1292:
1208:
886:
1062:European Society of Contact Dermatitis.
754: – Inflammatory disease of the skin
289:fruits, is also a strong skin irritant.
279:are responsible for contact dermatitis.
1197:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
791:
2806:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
1573:"The Patch Test in Contact Dermatitis"
1103:American Journal of Contact Dermatitis
730:may be prescribed by a dermatologist.
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1281:The Journal of Toxicological Sciences
7:
3408:Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus
1002:
1000:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
283:, another alkyl resorcinol found in
3172:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
1707:Mathias, C.G. Toby (October 1990).
776:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
151:(the layer beneath the epidermis).
3245:Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
2588:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
1467:The British Journal of Dermatology
1380:The British Journal of Dermatology
1246:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01311.x
1162:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.11.012
392:(drain cleaners, strong soap with
25:
2489:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
1097:RAJAGOPALAN, R (September 1998).
2598:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1479:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04499.x
1432:International Immunopharmacology
1392:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04852.x
1320:"Balsam of Peru contact allergy"
1078:"DermNet NZ: Contact Dermatitis"
1025:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02381.x
888:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04031.x
106:of the skin, which activates an
2608:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
1776:American Academy of Dermatology
1758:American Academy of Dermatology
1144:Nicholson, Paul J. (May 2011).
431:and discrete subpopulations of
196:The surface appearance of skin:
3282:Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis
3240:Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis
2849:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
2557:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
2183:Infantile digital fibromatosis
71:is a type of acute or chronic
1:
3491:substances taken internally:
3330:Nutritional deficiency eczema
3136:Pityriasis simplex capillitii
2441:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
2278:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
1686:10.1016/S0738-081X(97)00058-8
1444:10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00173-4
1115:10.1016/s1046-199x(98)90017-3
816:"Irritant Contact Dermatitis"
565:(19.0%), Myroxylon pereirae (
3289:Autosensitization dermatitis
3177:African blackwood dermatitis
2917:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2672:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2363:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1725:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70284-o
1366:Irritant Contact Dermatitis.
1064:"What is contact dermatitis"
3515:Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
3320:Juvenile plantar dermatosis
2198:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
685:, such as those containing
409:Allergic contact dermatitis
403:Allergic contact dermatitis
321:Irritant contact dermatitis
315:Irritant contact dermatitis
305:allergic contact dermatitis
301:irritant contact dermatitis
100:irritant contact dermatitis
92:allergic contact dermatitis
3562:
3267:Topical steroid withdrawal
3222:Protein contact dermatitis
3020:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
1657:dermatitis/contact-allergy
1544:Trakia Journal of Sciences
483:
406:
318:
3335:Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome
1840:. Mayo Clinic. 2011-07-30
1509:"Photocontact Dermatitis"
975:10.1007/s12016-018-8713-0
940:10.1016/j.det.2016.02.010
832:10.1007/s12016-018-8713-0
49:
40:
3367:Lichen simplex chronicus
2785:Thrombocytopenic purpura
2431:Dermatitis herpetiformis
2416:Acute contact dermatitis
2368:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
2293:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
2263:Lichen simplex chronicus
2143:Epidermal inclusion cyst
1557:10.15547/tjs.2014.03.005
1322:. DermNet NZ. 2013-12-28
50:Contact dermatitis rash.
3192:Abietic acid dermatitis
3050:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3045:Systemic histoplasmosis
2436:Porphyria cutanea tarda
2066:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1809:10.2310/6620.2008.07094
1769:: an initiative of the
1624:10.2310/6620.2009.08097
480:Photocontact dermatitis
309:photocontact dermatitis
3025:Cicatricial pemphigoid
2942:Acne keloidalis nuchae
2937:Folliculitis decalvans
1674:Clinics in Dermatology
1150:Clinics in Dermatology
544:
418:
341:
3403:Drug-induced pruritus
3128:Seborrheic dermatitis
2927:Loose anagen syndrome
2854:Necrobiosis lipoidica
2790:Actinic/solar purpura
2464:Insect bite reactions
2253:Seborrheic dermatitis
2076:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2056:Molluscum contagiosum
1577:Public Health Reports
778: – Human disease
540:
416:
386:sodium lauryl sulfate
332:
3541:Occupational hazards
3449:Cholestatic pruritus
3439:due to liver disease
3308:Molluscum dermatitis
2750:Annulare centrifugum
2273:Glucagonoma syndrome
2071:Basal-cell carcinoma
2046:Seborrheic keratosis
1340:Taylor JS, Amado A.
928:Dermatologic Clinics
875:Dermatologic Therapy
647:may relieve itching.
486:Phytophotodermatitis
206:Lichenified lesions:
190:Itchy, burning skin:
3505:Nummular dermatitis
3498:Fixed drug reaction
3315:Circumostomy eczema
3113:Prurigo gestationis
2995:Aphthous stomatitis
2932:Lichen planopilaris
2907:Androgenic alopecia
2713:Fixed drug eruption
2288:Pemphigus foliaceus
2188:Granular cell tumor
1513:www.skinchannel.com
1191:Gladman AC (2006).
624:Topical antibiotics
338:construction debris
228:, 14K or 18K gold,
173:Blisters or wheals:
3536:Contact dermatitis
3461:Prurigo pigmentosa
3420:Aquagenic pruritus
3212:Contact stomatitis
3151:Contact dermatitis
3015:Pemphigus vulgaris
2844:Granuloma annulare
2708:Carcinoid syndrome
2593:Tuberous sclerosis
2552:Coccidioidomycosis
2426:Bullous pemphigoid
2421:Pemphigus vulgaris
2353:Secondary syphilis
2243:Contact dermatitis
1934:External resources
1234:Contact Dermatitis
545:
452:Myroxylon pereirae
438:Allergens include
419:
342:
335:impregnated wooden
234:Myroxylon pereirae
134:Signs and symptoms
69:Contact dermatitis
36:Contact dermatitis
3523:
3522:
3434:Adult blaschkitis
3371:Prurigo nodularis
3262:Eyelid dermatitis
3202:Airbag dermatitis
3105:Atopic dermatitis
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
2902:Telogen effluvium
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2764:
2763:
2616:
2615:
2484:Lichen spinulosus
2479:Keratosis pilaris
2358:Mycosis fungoides
2258:Stasis dermatitis
2248:Atopic dermatitis
2211:
2210:
2086:Trichoepithelioma
2061:Actinic keratosis
1974:
1973:
1760:(February 2013),
1294:10.2131/jts.15.39
1210:10.1580/pr31-05.1
661:Avoid scratching.
496:ultraviolet light
269:Grevillea banksii
264:alkyl resorcinols
156:contact urticaria
66:
65:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3553:
3471:Puncta pruritica
3444:Biliary pruritus
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3000:Oral candidiasis
2877:
2775:
2703:Erythema nodosum
2647:
2636:
2629:
2573:Tinea versicolor
2411:Bullous impetigo
2348:Pityriasis rosea
2283:Lichen sclerosus
2268:Darier's disease
2233:
2222:
2178:Kaposi's sarcoma
2024:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:on 21 April 2011
1515:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1498:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1438:(2–3): 201–211.
1427:
1412:
1411:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1004:
995:
994:
958:
952:
951:
923:
917:
916:
890:
866:
860:
859:
811:
781:
772:
757:
717:medication like
45:
33:
21:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3510:Pityriasis alba
3480:
3476:Uremic pruritus
3466:Prurigo simplex
3415:Senile pruritus
3391:Pruritus vulvae
3386:Pruritus scroti
3357:
3344:
3325:Nummular eczema
3226:
3207:Baboon syndrome
3153:
3145:
3122:
3099:
3093:
3063:
3054:
2986:
2979:
2946:
2912:Alopecia areata
2890:
2872:
2858:
2815:
2794:
2770:
2760:
2717:
2676:
2662:Viral exanthems
2640:
2624:
2622:
2612:
2583:Pityriasis alba
2561:
2503:
2445:
2382:
2302:
2298:Zinc deficiency
2228:
2226:
2207:
2135:
2126:
2090:
2081:Nevus sebaceous
2015:
2012:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1929:
1928:
1872:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1771:ABIM Foundation
1767:Choosing Wisely
1756:
1755:
1748:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1589:10.2307/4584864
1570:
1569:
1565:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1348:on 25 July 2012
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1006:
1005:
998:
960:
959:
955:
925:
924:
920:
868:
867:
863:
813:
812:
793:
788:
779:
770:
755:
748:
737:. Prescription
711:Corticosteroids
700:
656:diphenhydramine
645:Calamine lotion
638:
633:
584:
554:allergy testing
535:
488:
482:
411:
405:
323:
317:
218:
136:
124:
108:immune response
104:epidermal cells
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Prion pruritus
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3396:Scalp pruritus
3393:
3388:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3340:Xerotic eczema
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Coxsackievirus
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2745:Gyratum repens
2742:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:Toxic erythema
2664:
2659:
2657:Drug eruptions
2653:
2651:
2644:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:Lichen nitidus
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Herpes simplex
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1904:
1889:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:Classification
1857:
1856:External links
1854:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1803:(4): 181–189.
1787:
1746:
1719:(4): 742–748.
1699:
1680:(4): 557–559.
1661:
1645:
1618:(3): 149–160.
1602:
1563:
1550:(3): 245–249.
1530:
1500:
1473:(6): 877–885.
1457:
1413:
1386:(2): 270–275.
1370:
1358:
1332:
1308:
1267:
1240:(3): 126–131.
1224:
1203:(2): 120–128.
1183:
1156:(3): 325–330.
1136:
1109:(3): 149–154.
1089:
1069:
1054:
996:
953:
934:(3): 263–267.
918:
881:(4): 334–340.
861:
790:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
773:
767:Nickel allergy
764:
758:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:antihistamines
735:Antihistamines
724:
723:
719:hydrocortisone
715:corticosteroid
699:
696:
695:
694:
679:
672:
669:hydrocortisone
665:
662:
659:
652:antihistamines
648:
642:
637:
634:
632:
629:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
583:
580:
569:, 11.9%), and
567:Balsam of Peru
563:nickel sulfate
534:
531:
484:Main article:
481:
478:
448:Balsam of Peru
424:hypersensitive
407:Main article:
404:
401:
382:ethylene oxide
319:Main article:
316:
313:
277:'Robyn Gordon'
230:Balsam of Peru
226:nickel allergy
217:
214:
209:
208:
203:
193:
187:
170:
135:
132:
128:skin disorders
123:
120:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3558:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Dermatophytid
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Breast eczema
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Metal allergy
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:Tulip fingers
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3118:Sweat allergy
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Lichen planus
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Onychomycosis
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Tinea capitis
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:Miscellaneous
2869:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:Nonblanchable
2767:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:Hypopigmented
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Acne vulgaris
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Lichen planus
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Herpes zoster
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Parapsoriasis
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
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1368:DermNetNZ.org
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969:(1): 99–109.
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704:dermatologist
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683:barrier cream
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581:
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527:Immunological
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497:
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487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
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461:Toxicodendron
457:
453:
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433:T lymphocytes
430:
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286:Ginkgo biloba
282:
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247:Toxicodendron
243:
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182:(welts), and
181:
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133:
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119:
117:
116:patch testing
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
3438:
3381:Pruritus ani
3378:by location:
3377:
3188:
3168:
3150:
2975:Ingrown nail
2547:Dermatophyte
2542:Gonococcemia
2527:Folliculitis
2415:
2242:
2168:Neurofibroma
2136:subcutaneous
1952:
1941:
1917:
1906:
1891:
1876:
1842:. Retrieved
1800:
1796:
1790:
1779:, retrieved
1765:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1677:
1673:
1655:
1648:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1512:
1503:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1435:
1431:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1287:(1): 39–46.
1284:
1280:
1270:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1200:
1196:
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1153:
1149:
1139:
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1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:
1057:
1019:(s2): 9–13.
1016:
1012:
966:
962:
956:
931:
927:
921:
878:
874:
864:
823:
819:
734:
725:
710:
701:
698:Medical care
690:
622:
588:duty of care
585:
576:
546:
524:
500:
489:
474:poison sumac
459:
451:
437:
420:
398:
343:
324:
298:
291:
284:
274:
267:
260:poison sumac
245:
233:
223:
219:
210:
205:
195:
189:
172:
166:
160:
153:
137:
125:
122:Epidemiology
85:
73:inflammation
68:
67:
3546:Allergology
3293:Id reaction
3277:Dyshidrosis
3272:Hand eczema
3197:Diaper rash
3030:Herpesvirus
3010:Leukoplakia
2835:Scleroderma
2722:Specialized
2650:Generalized
2625:involvement
2537:Candidiasis
2229:involvement
2203:Myxoid cyst
2051:Acrochordon
1943:MedlinePlus
1583:(17): 546.
728:halobetasol
722:prescribed.
558:patch tests
550:patch tests
396:residues).
370:surfactants
61:Dermatology
3530:Categories
3493:Bromoderma
3257:Ear eczema
3141:Cradle cap
3098:and eczema
3096:Dermatitis
2970:Paronychia
2811:Vasculitis
2735:Multiforme
2733:Erythema (
2688:Cellulitis
2639:Blanchable
2388:Blistering
2378:Ichthyosis
2236:Eczematous
2148:Hemangioma
1919:DiseasesDB
1844:2014-04-18
1797:Dermatitis
1781:5 December
1612:Dermatitis
1352:2014-04-17
1326:2014-04-17
1083:2006-08-14
786:References
761:Hock burns
687:zinc oxide
678:irritants.
582:Prevention
542:Patch test
492:phototoxic
470:poison oak
466:poison ivy
464:, such as
354:turpentine
348:(alcohol,
256:poison oak
252:poison ivy
240:. In the
140:dermatitis
112:Phototoxic
3425:Aquadynia
2965:Psoriasis
2873:disorders
2828:Indurated
2729:Urticaria
2681:Localized
2623:epidermal
2406:Varicella
2316:Psoriasis
2227:epidermal
2193:Leiomyoma
2095:Pigmented
2028:Epidermal
1959:emerg/131
1954:eMedicine
1733:0190-9622
1170:0738-081X
1123:1046-199X
1033:0926-9959
897:1396-0296
840:1559-0267
636:Self-care
631:Treatment
571:fragrance
533:Diagnosis
512:psoriasis
508:psoralens
429:cytokines
275:Grevillea
184:urticaria
167:Red rash:
145:epidermis
96:irritants
88:allergens
79:, bumps,
56:Specialty
3350:Pruritus
3298:Candidid
3160:irritant
3156:allergic
3040:Syphilis
2987:membrane
2642:Erythema
2578:Vitiligo
2532:Impetigo
2509:Pustular
2474:Miliaria
2322:Corporis
2173:Xanthoma
2122:Melanoma
2102:Freckles
1962:ped/2569
1817:18674453
1640:24088485
1632:19470301
1523:31 March
1495:26038634
1487:11899139
1452:11811925
1400:12174098
1219:16805148
1178:21496742
1049:38860619
1041:17716286
991:52931782
983:30293200
948:27363882
913:42322170
905:15327479
856:52931782
848:30293200
746:See also
654:such as
520:vitiligo
456:chromium
378:kerosene
346:solvents
242:Americas
238:chromium
200:vesicles
176:Blisters
138:Contact
81:blisters
3359:Prurigo
3169:plants:
2839:morphea
2799:Papular
2778:Macular
2771:Purpura
2755:Ab igne
2740:Migrans
2693:Abscess
2621:Without
2603:Leprosy
2522:Rosacea
2459:Scabies
2451:Papular
2320:Tinea (
2308:Scaling
2112:Melasma
2107:Lentigo
2020:Growths
1965:oph/480
1913:D003877
1741:2146291
1694:9255462
1653:DermNet
1597:4584864
1408:8444176
1303:2110595
1262:2846186
1254:2946534
1131:9744907
556:. The
390:alkalis
388:); and
366:ketones
362:acetone
281:Bilobol
236:), and
3232:Eczema
3189:other:
2985:Mucous
2881:Ulcers
2342:Faciei
2337:Manuum
2327:Cruris
2217:Rashes
2163:Lipoma
2158:Keloid
2132:Dermal
2041:Callus
1948:000869
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1731:
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752:Eczema
518:, and
516:eczema
472:, and
440:nickel
358:esters
350:xylene
307:; and
258:, and
216:Causes
180:wheals
149:dermis
94:), or
3485:Other
2332:Pedis
2117:Nevus
1924:29585
1902:692.9
1887:L25.9
1636:S2CID
1593:JSTOR
1491:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1045:S2CID
987:S2CID
909:S2CID
852:S2CID
676:basic
650:Oral
504:toxin
502:from
374:latex
294:latex
3354:Itch
2952:Nail
2895:Hair
2698:Boil
2225:With
2036:Wart
1908:MeSH
1897:9-CM
1813:PMID
1783:2013
1737:PMID
1729:ISSN
1690:PMID
1628:PMID
1525:2011
1483:PMID
1448:PMID
1396:PMID
1299:PMID
1250:PMID
1215:PMID
1174:PMID
1166:ISSN
1127:PMID
1119:ISSN
1037:PMID
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979:PMID
944:PMID
901:PMID
893:ISSN
844:PMID
836:ISSN
713:. A
691:e.g.
444:gold
272:and
77:rash
2632:Red
2134:and
1893:ICD
1878:ICD
1805:doi
1721:doi
1682:doi
1620:doi
1585:doi
1552:doi
1475:doi
1471:145
1440:doi
1388:doi
1384:147
1289:doi
1242:doi
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394:lye
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