272:, and in 1975 he formed the Guardians of the Cedars inspired by his 'nom de guerre' Abu Arz (father of the cedars) and made a coalition with the Israeli army in south Lebanon. The Guardians of the Cedars fought under the slogans "No Palestinian will remain in Lebanon" and "Lebanon, at your service". The Guardians of the Cedars joined the
44:
284:
and others. While Saqr objected to the Syrian intervention in 1976, the
Lebanese Front accepted it. Saqr withdrew from the Front and the Guardians retreated to the mountains but continued to fight on the LF side in key battles, including East Beirut (1978) and
448:
463:
473:
292:
In 1990 the
Guardians of the Cedars were officially outlawed. Saqr was sentenced to seven years hard labour for collaborating with Israel but escaped to
237:
family, one of eleven children, of whom eight were boys and three were girls. His father was a school principal. Saqr was educated in French schools in
483:
265:. Worth noting is the pan-Lebanese conception of the party whose members were drawn not only from Christian circles but Muslim and Druze as well.
153:
297:
261:. He left the security services in 1969, went into business, and became politically active in Lebanese nationalist circles. He opposed the
210:
453:
304:
a few days later, Saqr argued against the withdrawal saying Israel had "made heroes out of
Hezbollah." He has been sentenced to death
478:
234:
458:
443:
347:
217:
in the 1970s and 1980s, and remained militantly active until he was expelled from the country with the flight of the
277:
468:
206:
78:
438:
269:
262:
258:
433:
202:
146:
257:(General Security Directorate) in 1954 and was involved in fighting against pan-Arab forces in the
136:
398:
218:
214:
141:
300:. After Israel's withdrawal from the south in 2000, Saqr left for Israel. In an address to the
96:
305:
308:
by a
Lebanese court on charges of collaborating with Israel, and remains in exile in Cyprus.
238:
172:
68:
402:
281:
273:
184:
427:
276:, a coalition of mainly Christian parties intended to act as a counter force to the
321:
92:
317:
88:
351:
43:
286:
230:
64:
376:
301:
293:
106:
348:"Dossier: Etienne Saqr (Abu Arz), Head of the Guardians of the Cedars"
316:
Etienne Saqr has two daughters who are both famous
Lebanese singers,
242:
110:
397:
418:
350:. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Archived from
129:
121:
116:
102:
84:
74:
58:
53:
23:
179:; born on 26 December 1937; last name also spelt
268:In the early 1970s, Saqr helped to organize the
221:, of which he was not a member, in May 2000.
8:
32:
213:. Saqr and his militia participated in the
196:
42:
20:
341:
339:
337:
333:
371:
369:
449:People sentenced to death in absentia
201:'Father of the Cedar'), is a
7:
464:Guardians of the Cedars politicians
191:
176:
33:
474:Lebanese Renewal Party politicians
154:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
14:
419:Guardians of the Cedars – website
484:People of the Lebanese Civil War
1:
48:Étienne Saqr in Tel El Zaatar
324:, and a son named Arz Sakr.
62:1937 (age 86–87)
500:
278:Lebanese National Movement
205:leader and founder of the
454:People from South Lebanon
405:; Godfrey Jansen pp. 9–10
162:
41:
30:
479:Lebanese anti-communists
225:Early life and education
263:Cairo Agreement of 1969
207:Guardians of the Cedars
79:Guardians of the Cedars
270:Lebanese Renewal Party
259:Lebanon crisis of 1958
459:Lebanese nationalists
183:), also known by his
122:Years of service
203:Lebanese nationalist
147:Battle of the Hotels
137:1958 Lebanon crisis
16:Lebanese politician
444:Lebanese Maronites
219:South Lebanon Army
215:Lebanese Civil War
142:Lebanese Civil War
403:Dennis Walters MP
379:. Wars of Lebanon
346:Mordechai Nisan.
229:Saqr was born in
200:
166:
165:
491:
406:
395:
389:
388:
386:
384:
373:
364:
363:
361:
359:
343:
253:Saqr joined the
198:
195:
193:
178:
117:Military service
54:Personal details
46:
37:
36:
35:
21:
499:
498:
494:
493:
492:
490:
489:
488:
469:Lebanese exiles
424:
423:
415:
410:
409:
396:
392:
382:
380:
375:
374:
367:
357:
355:
354:on 26 July 2008
345:
344:
335:
330:
314:
296:in the Israeli
255:Sûreté générale
251:
227:
211:political party
158:
95:
91:
75:Political party
69:Greater Lebanon
63:
49:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
497:
495:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
426:
425:
422:
421:
414:
413:External links
411:
408:
407:
390:
377:"Etienne Sakr"
365:
332:
331:
329:
326:
313:
310:
282:Kamal Jumblatt
274:Lebanese Front
250:
247:
226:
223:
164:
163:
160:
159:
157:
156:
151:
150:
149:
139:
133:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
496:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Living people
437:
435:
432:
431:
429:
420:
417:
416:
412:
404:
400:
394:
391:
378:
372:
370:
366:
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
327:
325:
323:
319:
312:Personal life
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:security zone
295:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
233:in 1937 into
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
189:
186:
182:
174:
170:
161:
155:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
29:
22:
19:
393:
381:. Retrieved
356:. Retrieved
352:the original
322:Pascale Sakr
315:
291:
267:
254:
252:
228:
209:militia and
187:
180:
169:Étienne Saqr
168:
167:
130:Battles/wars
103:Residence(s)
93:Pascale Sakr
25:Étienne Saqr
18:
434:1937 births
399:Lord Mayhew
306:in absentia
428:Categories
383:27 January
328:References
318:Karol Sakr
89:Karol Sakr
358:10 August
190:(Arabic:
177:إتيان صقر
125:1954–2000
97:Arez Sakr
34:إتيان صقر
289:(1981).
235:Maronite
231:Ain Ebel
85:Children
65:Ain Ebel
302:Knesset
294:Jezzine
239:Tripoli
199:
192:أبو أرز
188:Abu Arz
107:Nicosia
249:Career
243:Beirut
173:Arabic
111:Cyprus
287:Zahlé
185:kunya
385:2013
360:2008
320:and
241:and
197:lit.
181:Sakr
59:Born
280:of
430::
401:,
368:^
336:^
245:.
194:,
175::
109:,
67:,
387:.
362:.
171:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
