761:
1522:
322:
1348:
40:
1546:
314:
330:
1534:
99:
1012:
1570:
1558:
74:
1448:, reported the remaining extent of tuart forest as 81,000 ha (200,000 acres) in 1895, and was impressed by straight trunked specimens to 50 m (160 ft) high and 7 m (23 ft) circumference, while conceding the density and condition of them prior to his survey were not known to him. The 1903-04 Royal Commission on Forestry, hearing evidence from sawmiller and government member
241:
1191:(eucalyptus longhorned borer) is another problem pest that can affect newly felled trees or sickly trees found within the native range. It will also attack living trees in areas where it has been introduced, particularly in plantations. It is especially problematic in areas that have a water deficit, where loss of trees in Eucalyptus plantations (particularly
1452:, reported just over 40,000 ha (99,000 acres) remained, and that reduced tonnage from areas where "prime trees", those over 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) in diameter, were mostly harvested had not been found. The conservation of this species was proposed in the commission's summary, emphasising "Tuart is
1482:
At the beginning of the twenty first century most of the tuart forest had been felled or cleared. Prior to
European settlement the tuart forests occupied an area of 125,400 ha (310,000 acres) and they now cover an area of 17,000 ha (42,000 acres). What remained was recognised as declining
602:
The seeds are usually released within a year. They are 2 to 3.5 mm (0.079 to 0.138 in) in length with an ovoid to saucer shape and a grey-brown to blackish colour. The upper side of the seed is wrinkled or marked with thin parallel streaks and sometimes has a protruding ridge around the
598:
The fruits are narrow and 1.0 to 2.5 cm (0.39 to 0.98 in) in length with a broad rim and 1.2 to 1.8 cm (0.47 to 0.71 in) wide. The fruits are attached to the stem via 0 to 0.8 cm (0.00 to 0.31 in) long pedicel. The fruits have an obconic to upside-down bell shape and
2900:
Moore, George
Fletcher (1884). Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia, and also A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines. First published by M. Walbrook, London. Facsimile edition published in 1978 by University of Western Australia Press,
1444:, his map showing them occurring at an area measuring 130,000 ha (320,000 acres). They were well known to the settlers of the Swan River Colony; the first road from the port to the capital passed through what they named as Claremont Tuart Forest. The first state conservator of forest,
422:. The wood has many uses as it is dense, hard and water resistant and resists splintering. Remnants of tuart forest occur in state reserves and parks; the tree has occasionally been introduced to other regions of Australia and overseas. Remaining trees are vulnerable to
925:. The colour of the product is described as light and creamy and it candies quickly to become hard and dry if properly matured in the hive. In 1939, tuart was noted as a high quality source, although it was determined to be an "undependable source" thirty years later.
518:
shape. The leaves are slightly discolorous to concolorous, glossy, light green and thin. The leaf blade is 90 to 180 millimetres (3.5 to 7.1 in) in length and 1.5 to 3 cm (0.59 to 1.18 in) wide, and often curved. The leaves are attached to the limbs or
1424:
in the 1890s for the development of orchards, producing apples, grapes, pears, peaches and nectarines. The timber produced in the state forest during the early twentieth century was used for railway carriages, greatly reducing costs by replacing steel with tuart and
876:
The trees are part of coastal shrubland ecosystems in areas of deep sand. They also will often be part of limited woodland communities in protected areas along the coast. Tuarts are associated with the
Quindalup and Spearwood sand dune systems, both of which have
1021:
Experimental cultivation in the 1930s of the species identified that it was able to grow in areas of low rainfall, as little as 13 inches (330 mm) per annum. Tuarts were introduced to France and grown extensively there by the end of the nineteenth century.
611:
quite easily and are considered one of the simplest native plants to grow from seed. Seed production has sizable variation throughout time. Seeds are usually slowly released from the canopy but many can be shed at the same time following events such as fire.
538:
The tree flowers between
January and April and tends to have a mass flowering event every five to eight years with smaller intermittent flowering events for the years in between. White to cream flowers appear in mid-summer to mid-autumn. The
1467:. The State Forest No. 1 was described as "… the last remaining virgin tuart in the world". The State Forest was increased with adjoining areas to around 2,500 ha (6,200 acres) by 1922, and slightly reduced in 1927 by the conservator
599:
sometimes have two longitudinal ridges that extend from the pedicel partly along the length. The fruits have a level disc that can be slightly raised or descending and have three to five valves that are partly protruding or exserted.
1250:) feed on the tissue in the operculum, the female weevil having caused the budding flower to become partly or completely damaged after laying a single egg; the larvae eventually emerge by chewing through the base of the bud.
1419:
was abandoned when an adequate saw could not be found. The timber was given additional value due to the proximity of the forests to ports. The land made available by the destruction of forests was recommended by the state's
931:
are extracted from leaves and fruits of the tree. Samples of the leaves contained 0.23% essential oil and samples of the fruits contained 0.34% essential oil. The constituents of the oils collected from the leaves were
563:; the caps are 8 to 10 mm (0.31 to 0.39 in) long. The buds are 1.5 to 2.4 cm (0.59 to 0.94 in) in length and have a width of 0.9 to 12 cm (0.35 to 4.72 in) with a hemispherical shaped
479:-like bark over the length of the trunk and the main branches. The bark is rough and finely fibrous. It is grey in colour and breaks into smaller flaky pieces. On large and older stems the bark tends to become
2880:
456:. The largest tuart tree has a wood volume of 108 m (3,800 cu ft). Taller trees are often found at the southern end of the trees' range, while smaller trees are found at the northern end. The
784:. This area has been intensively cleared for changes in agricultural practices, then urbanisation, so that the numbers of tuart trees and area of forest were greatly reduced after the establishment of the
1328:. A wide variety of insects have been recorded in mass flowerings of jarrah/tuart woodlands, including 84 different species such as ants, bees, wasps, flies, beetles, moths, butterflies and cockroaches.
1239:
complex, was also found and identified. Damage to reproductive processes by a native predator was first noticed at the end of the nineteenth century. Larvae deposited in flowers by the tuart bud weevil
357:
shape, and have a leaf blade that is 90 to 180 millimetres (3.5 to 7.1 in) long and 1.5 to 3 cm (0.59 to 1.18 in) wide. The tree flowers between
January and April with white to cream
1134:
1421:
1456:
most valuable tree …". This eventually took the form of a regulation on export of the tuart, although this was to reserve the timber for its biggest consumer, the state's railway system.
1752:
960:(3.8%). Essential oil constituents of tuart fruits were 1,8-cineole (46.69 %), p-cymene (8.99 %), baeckeol (8.57 %), α-pinene (5.21 %), and globulol (4.25 %).
800:. This stand has scientific value and is regarded as the "northern most natural Tuart stand in the state". It also has heritage value resulting from its position along an historic
527:
that is typically 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) in length. The apex of the leaf is pointed and the base tapers to the petiole. Tuart leaves have few oil glands, are densely
1286:
will mostly attract insects. Birds and other animals are attracted to these flowers less often. Eucalypts that produce large flowers with red or yellow coloured filaments such as
2596:
Taylor, K; Barber, PA; St J Hardy, GE; Burgess, TI (March 2009). "Botryosphaeriaceae from tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) woodland, including descriptions of four new species".
792:
and further inland where rivers intersect the range. The species has become naturalised in other places within
Western Australia. A large stand of Tuart is found adjacent to the
1120:. The area where these occur is greatly reduced, and those remaining are fragmented populations of variable quality. A proposal submitted in 2017 recommended these be listed as
1877:
Byrne, M.; Koenders, A.; Rogerson, K.; Sampson, J.; van Etten, E.J.B. (2016). "Genetic and morphological analysis of multi-stemmed plants of tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala)".
1841:
3506:
2766:
2729:
3045:
Perth, W. Aust.:Dept. of
Conservation and Land Management (coordinated by a multi-disciplinary steering group chaired by the Department of Conservation and Land Management"
1375:
for construction of the new government's infrastructure; Trigg describes the "Tewart" wood's desirable qualities - durable, yet workable - as similar to white gum and the
1304:
and have larger volumes of less concentrated nectar will attract more mammals and birds. These trees tend to attract fewer insects. Applying these ideas it is thought that
1208:
is kept low. Following events such as fire the seeds will be released all at once, this overwhelms the rate of predation and the temporarily increase the soil seed bank.
629:
1005:(yarri). The informal definition of a giant tree is that it must be significantly larger than other species and exceed 100 m (3,500 cu ft) in volume.
3267:
506:
shape with a length of 9 to 15 cm (3.5 to 5.9 in) and a width of 5.5 to 9.5 cm (2.2 to 3.7 in). Adult leaves are stalked and alternate, with an
1680:
911:
pattern of the timber also make it a popular choice for furniture manufacturing. Due to over-logging, tuart is a protected tree with conditions placed on felling.
2055:
1491:
433:
3511:
3394:
3319:
1008:
The tree is moderately tolerant of saline soil and salt-laden winds. It is also drought and frost tolerant. Individual trees may live over four hundred years.
583:. The anther can burst open via longitudinal slits. The style is straight and long with a blunt stigma at the tip. The style has a small cavity at the base (or
337:
The trees usually grow to a height of 10 to 40 m (33 to 131 ft) and mostly have a single stem, but can have multiple stems under some conditions. The
2494:
Stanko
Stankov; Hafize Fidan; Galina Stefanova; Iliana Kostova; Stanka Damyanova; Ivanka Dimitrova-Dyulgerova; Sezai Ercisli; Albena Stoyanova (6 March 2019).
464:
of tuart is a tall single stemmed tree, but may form a low and multi-stemmed tree at the edge of stands in response to salinity and winds. The trees have no
2873:
1183:, in Southern Africa and Europe. Severe infestations of the pest cause leaf loss, leaf senescence, thinning of the canopy and in some cases branch dieback.
914:
The heartwood is a pale yellow-brown colour with a fine texture and a highly interlocked grain, close and twisted, almost curled back. The green wood has a
531:, where the veins are packed in tightly forming a dense network in the leaf, and have side veins that branch off at an angle of over 45° to compared to the
1125:
1521:
448:
and typically grows to a height of 10 to 40 metres (33 to 131 ft). The tallest known living tuart is 47 m (154 ft) tall and located in the
2664:
2634:
595:. The flowers are formed in tight clusters made up of around seven flowers. These later form into fruits with a mushroom shape containing small seeds.
3461:
1545:
2203:
Ruthrof, K. X., Yates, C. J., & Loneragan, W. A. (2002). The biology of tuart. In: B. J. Keighhery, V. M. Longman, & W. A. Nedlands (Eds.),
3215:
2318:
3476:
3471:
3280:
3228:
3041:
2797:"Phytophthora multivora sp. nov., a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus, Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western Australia"
1415:; an inspection by Thomas Laslett also gave the most favourable possible assessment. A plan to export a four-metre-wide (13 ft) tuart to the
918:
of 1,250 kilograms per cubic metre (78 lb/cu ft) and an air-dried density of 1,030 kilograms per cubic metre (64 lb/cu ft).
3368:
2311:
967:
activity, with the essential oil collected from the leaves generally having higher antimicrobial activity than those collected from the fruit.
345:-like bark over the length of the trunk and larger branches. The glossy light-green to green adult leaves are arranged alternately and have an
760:
3496:
3009:
2710:
2282:
2183:
1775:
1395:, the 1830s colonial diarist. The value to industries such as shipbuilding was derived from its resistance to splitting and splintering. The
1154:
797:
1282:, which create smaller cream or white coloured flowers, have smaller volumes of more concentrated nectar and are grouped to produce large
2274:
603:
circumference. There is a hilum scar on the rear side where it was once attached to the placenta. The seeds of this species, as for most
749:
1852:
1569:
3501:
3027:
2245:
2229:
418:
was common on the Swan coastal plain until the valuable trees were felled for export and displaced by the urban development around
1487:
429:
2639:) woodlands and forests of the swan coastal plain ecological community draft conservation advice including draft listing advice"
1557:
3254:
765:
321:
3486:
3420:
1982:
650:
396:
3347:
3285:
1149:, and extended its range thirty kilometres to the west as the coastline became exposed by lower sea levels. The historical
1586:
1368:
793:
51:
2014:
1372:
789:
781:
624:
411:
376:
231:
3092:
1025:
The biodiversity of tuart forest is rich, containing unique assemblages of plants, fungi and animals. A 2009 survey of
575:
located below. When the outer opercula is shed a scar is left. The stamen are flexed irregularly and contain an oblong
3491:
3466:
3124:
3111:
2847:
1093:
544:
532:
515:
499:
362:
354:
1340:
viewed tuart trees during a preliminary exploration toward
Guildford he remarked on their "stupendous" size. In 1843
98:
3425:
3381:
3324:
2511:
2383:
2354:
2349:
1970:
1507:
1412:
1015:
777:
661:
449:
407:
1931:
1533:
1503:
1476:
1441:
1404:
1341:
1337:
1167:
634:
453:
380:
1344:
recorded specimens that were 9 to 13 m (30 to 43 ft) in circumference at a forest north of
Busselton.
1124:
in the nation's register of threatened ecological communities. Tuart may also occur in the threatened community
2703:
Plant life on the sandplains in southwest Australia : a global biodiversity hotspot : kwongan matters
2409:
1471:. The state sawmill supplying the railway operated in the forest until 1929, using "over mature" trees for the
1099:
1043:
745:
3386:
2340:
1347:
1325:
1105:
983:
684:
39:
3207:
3054:
1268:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1075:
3129:
2496:"Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Aerial Part (Leaves and Fruit) of
2758:
1650:
1416:
1392:
1294:
1129:
1121:
215:
3233:
2725:
2375:
1242:
2912:
2548:
2465:
2312:"Tuart Woodlands and Forests of the Swan Coastal Plain: A Nationally Significant Ecological Community"
3163:
1495:
1321:
1300:
1146:
1113:
995:
989:
503:
2495:
1699:
1312:
is pollinated by insects and birds. Two species of bird have been recorded browsing the flowers of
1171:(bronze bug) is native to the east coast of Australia. The sap-sucking pest has infested non-native
975:
Tuarts are regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees are
3481:
1591:
1472:
1274:
1187:
1087:
1061:
1037:
977:
881:
soils. When they occur in woodland or open forest they are often associated with peppermint trees (
313:
307:
63:
3311:
1483:
in diversity and health of this tree and the assemblages of associated plants, animals and fungi.
1336:
The extent and maturity of tuart forest and woodland was greatly reduced after colonisation. When
329:
3433:
3202:
3155:
2972:
2928:
2523:
2063:
1460:
1288:
1193:
1081:
1070:
773:
700:
680:
564:
403:
253:
93:
78:
3373:
1802:
907:, structural timber, the construction of railway carriages and boat building. The colouring and
3298:
3272:
1204:
Tuart normally release seed gradually and the seeds are open to predation by ants, meaning the
706:
The species is allied as a monophyletic arrangement within the most diverse eucalypt subgenus,
3332:
3137:
3023:
3005:
2826:
2795:
Scott, PM; Burgess, TI; Barber, PA; Shearer, BL; Stukely, MJ; Hardy, GE; Jung, T (June 2009).
2706:
2613:
2225:
2179:
1771:
1676:
1499:
1396:
1360:
1157:
during a period of aridification and other severe climate changes elsewhere on the continent.
1031:
1001:
785:
580:
548:
445:
2938:
776:, extending inland 5 to 10 kilometres (3.1 to 6.2 mi), a continuous corridor south from
406:, extending inland 5 to 10 kilometres (3.1 to 6.2 mi), a continuous corridor south from
3337:
2950:
2942:
2816:
2808:
2770:
2733:
2605:
2515:
2126:
1886:
1645:
1445:
1011:
556:
524:
2934:
A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia
2439:
1069:
and tuart – found around three quarters of isolates were taxa of the family
2701:(2014), "3. A diverse flora – species and genetic relationships", in Lambers, Hans (ed.),
1627:
1449:
1388:
1055:
1049:
883:
668:
461:
282:
136:
2249:
483:. The branchlets have a circular cross-section and often have oil glands situated in the
3355:
3194:
2821:
2796:
2694:
1738:
1459:
When a political means of conserving forest was enacted in 1918, the state conservator
1283:
1212:
1205:
1150:
856:
824:
672:
638:
588:
560:
457:
384:
338:
286:
123:
22:
3399:
3360:
2084:
1221:. A study in 2007 of infected or dead tuart trees and woodland identified isolates of
3455:
3293:
2932:
2527:
1636:
1247:
964:
949:
928:
646:
540:
392:
358:
83:
2954:
1153:
of the tuart forest indicates the moderating influence of the marine climate in the
3438:
3142:
2698:
1468:
1377:
1217:
1128:. The Tuart Woodlands and Forests of the Swan Coastal Plain were listed in 2019 as
1117:
828:
819:. The species has also been introduced into several countries in Africa, including
424:
415:
2737:
2519:
3116:
3103:
2609:
3306:
3241:
3086:
2217:
1430:
801:
642:
551:
has a length of 1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 in) with seven buds in each
491:
480:
388:
2774:
2224:(2nd (Enlarged) ed.). University of Western Australia Press. p. 132.
1029:
fungi on woody species at two tuart woodlands – sampling acacia
240:
2575:
1400:
1026:
878:
772:
The distribution range of the species is a narrow coastal corridor within the
572:
511:
495:
465:
402:
The distribution range of tuart is along a narrow coastal corridor within the
350:
192:
3077:
2812:
3412:
3189:
3176:
2946:
1747:
1429:. The wood was only available in small quantities for private uses, notably
1367:
was established in 1833, amongst tuart forest at the foot of Mount Eliza in
953:
945:
904:
870:
608:
469:
182:
2830:
2617:
788:. Outlying patches of the tree are found to the north of Yanchep as far as
487:, although sometimes there are not many and they can be difficult to find.
3042:
An Atlas of Tuart woodlands on the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia
1463:'s recommendation was the purchase of a 400 ha (990 acres) area near
3407:
3071:
1464:
1408:
1383:
957:
937:
896:
852:
844:
657:
621:
373:
172:
149:
2874:"Timber harvesting on Crown Land in the south west of Western Australia"
1685:. Vol. 3. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 220.
490:
Juvenile leaves are attached to the stem via a stalk and always have an
3220:
3150:
2669:) woodlands and forests of the Swan Coastal Plain ecological community"
1434:
1391:
were hewn from this wood. The utility of the timber was remarked on by
1364:
1198:
933:
915:
848:
840:
820:
718:
568:
366:
3246:
2207:(pp. 108–122). A Perth Branch Wildflower Society of Western Australia.
21:"Tuart" redirects here. For the S-100 dual serial interface card, see
1426:
941:
900:
816:
584:
576:
162:
3048:
2417:
2130:
1890:
555:
that are attached by 0 to 0.2 cm (0.000 to 0.079 in) long
460:
of the tree can spread up to a width of 25 metres (82 ft). The
2222:
Western Australian plant names and their meanings : a glossary
3259:
3181:
3020:
Portraits of the South West: Aborigines, Women and the Environment
2114:
2054:
Ruthrof, K.X.; Yates, C.J.; Loneragan, W.A. B. J. Keighery (ed.).
1943:
1346:
1010:
922:
908:
836:
832:
812:
808:
807:
Tuarts have been introduced into parts of Europe, specifically in
759:
592:
552:
476:
419:
342:
328:
320:
312:
110:
55:
528:
520:
507:
484:
346:
3168:
3052:
1768:
Eucalypts of Western Australia -The South-West Coast and Ranges
1227:, already implicated in the decline of tuart. Another organism
859:. The tree has become naturalised in parts of southern Africa.
559:. The buds have swollen caps, and are said to resemble a small
2705:, Crawley, Western Australia UWA Publishing, pp. 287–90,
699:, 'head', describing the rounded and overlapping shape of the
306:, is a species of tree and is one of the six forest giants of
1135:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
1498:
of 19,490 km (7,530 sq mi) and an estimated
921:
The flowers are an excellent source for the production of
1621:
1619:
1617:
1258:
Despite no studies having been specifically conducted on
677:
Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium
2917:. Vol. 1889. Turner and Henderson. pp. 459–62.
1753:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
1103:, resulted from the analysis of the survey. The species
494:
arrangement for the first four to eight nodes along the
341:
can be as wide as 25 metres (82 ft). It has rough
2205:
Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) and Tuart Communities
2060:
Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) and Tuart Communities
3022:
Nedlands, W.A. University of Western Australia Press
1440:
The species was surveyed in 1882 by Surveyor General
365:
and are not branched. The fruits that follow have an
1626:
Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. (2019).
1073:. Eighty percent of these isolates were the species
498:, then have an alternate arrangement. The green and
3061:
2937:. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p.
2767:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
2759:"Phoracantha recurva (eucalyptus longhorned borer)"
2730:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
1651:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133375329A133375331.en
428:dieback, an often fatal disorder. It was listed as
2169:
2167:
1109:was also isolated from acacia and jarrah samples.
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1770:(1st ed.). WA: Scott Print. pp. 42–43.
1551:Los Angeles County Arboretum, Arcadia, California
1502:of 256 km (99 sq mi) ranging from
714:, recognised as the sole species of its section.
2978:. Department of Conservation and Land Management
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1682:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
1266:, other studies indicate that Eucalypts such as
630:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
3018:- pp. 136–153 in de Garis, B.K. (editor)
2108:
2106:
2881:Department of Conservation and Land Management
2199:
2197:
2195:
1670:
1668:
1492:International Union for Conservation of Nature
869:grows in sandy well drained soils, often over
502:juvenile leaves have an egg-shaped (ovate) to
434:International Union for Conservation of Nature
8:
2853:. Busselton-Dunsborough Environmental Centre
2416:. Forest Products Commission. Archived from
1575:The Shedded Giant, the largest girthed tuart
1215:associated with fungal species of the genus
1112:Tuart gives its name to a description of an
372:Tuarts were first formally described by the
2629:
2627:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1510:in the south. The population is declining.
1126:Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain
1116:, as the dominant species of the canopy in
675:described two varieties of this species in
3507:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
3049:
2966:
2964:
2269:
2267:
1675:Candolle, A.P. de (1828). "Myrtaceae". In
620:The species was formally described by the
239:
72:
38:
29:
2842:
2840:
2820:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1649:
1494:as of 2019. The species has an estimated
2726:"Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)"
2673:Department of the Environment and Energy
2643:Department of the Environment and Energy
2376:"Species naturalised in southern Africa"
2319:Department of the Environment and Energy
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
2504:Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants
2489:
2487:
1613:
1517:
444:The tree is native to the southwest of
2404:
2402:
2400:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1851:. Cambridge Coast Care. Archived from
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
744:and is the origin for the name of the
2914:The useful native plants of Australia
2693:Byrne, M.; Coates, D.J.; Forest, F.;
2283:Heritage Council of Western Australia
2275:"Tuart Tree Stand at Jurien Cemetery"
2178:. WA: I. Cunningham. pp. 10–17.
1694:
1692:
1563:The Wonnerup Giant, the largest tuart
1155:Southwest Australian Floristic Region
798:Heritage Council of Western Australia
740:The tree is sometimes referred to as
7:
3512:Endemic flora of Southwest Australia
3426:d08558df-d0eb-4ddc-abcb-44770ebeb477
3039:Tuart Response Group (W.A.) (2003)
2848:"Experience the Ludlow Tuart Forest"
660:collected by Leschenault is held at
649:during 1802, while serving with the
579:that is attached at the rear to the
395:during 1802, while serving with the
2697:.; Krauss, S.L; Sniderman, J.K.L.;
1637:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1407:during the 1850–60s, exported from
2248:. kippleonline.net. Archived from
14:
2176:The trees that were nature's gift
1399:received loads of this timber at
1387:. The four ton cogwheels at the
1371:. Some of the timber was used by
3462:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
3387:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592967-1
1751:. Western Australian Government
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
963:The oils all had some degree of
796:cemetery and is listed with the
721:peoples named the tree tuart or
633:published in 1828. The botanist
97:
3016:The History of the Tuart Forest
2576:"Western Australia Giant Trees"
1969:Andre Messina (9 August 2016).
3477:Eucalypts of Western Australia
3472:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2125:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1983:Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
1197:) is often experienced during
679:, but the names are listed as
1:
2738:10.1079/cabicompendium.109741
2520:10.1080/0972060X.2020.1727365
2020:. Trigg Bushland Organisation
1587:Tuart Hill, Western Australia
1211:The species is vulnerable to
3497:Forests of Western Australia
2763:Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank
2610:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.010
1879:Australian Journal of Botany
1433:and the favoured source for
1381:of the South American genus
625:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
377:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
2901:Nedlands, Western Australia
2512:Taylor & Francis Online
1233:, previously identified as
1118:tuart woodlands and forests
1094:Neofusicoccum pennatisporum
944:(14.1%), β-pinene (8.12%),
627:in the third volume of his
591:with four vertical rows of
369:to upside-down bell shape.
3528:
2775:10.1079/pwkb.species.40371
2384:Iziko South African Museum
2355:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2350:Plants of the World Online
2246:"Noongar names for plants"
2174:Cunningham, Irene (1998).
1644:: e.T133375329A133375331.
662:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
547:and are not branched. The
450:Tuart Forest National Park
20:
2123:Kew - Herbarium Specimens
1706:. Australian Plant Census
1422:Department of Agriculture
1168:Thaumastocoris peregrinus
764:Growing on a roadside at
635:Jean-Baptiste Leschenault
381:Jean-Baptiste Leschenault
259:
252:
247:
238:
221:
214:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
61:
46:
37:
32:
3502:Plants described in 1828
3208:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
3093:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
3063:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
3014:Johnston, Judith (1993)
3002:Australian Native Plants
2955:2027/umn.31951p011067200
2813:10.3767/003158509X415450
2667:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2637:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2551:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2498:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2468:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2442:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2412:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2343:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2117:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2087:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1973:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1934:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1844:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1805:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1741:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1702:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1630:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1100:Aplosporella yalgorensis
1044:Allocasuarina fraseriana
472:buds up along the stem.
299:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
275:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
263:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
225:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
48:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2947:10.5962/bhl.title.61019
1175:plantations, including
1141:Tuart forest persisted
1106:Botryosphaeria dothidea
984:Eucalyptus diversicolor
685:Australian Plant Census
567:that is wider than the
3000:Bryant, Geoff (2005)
2973:"Trouble in the Tuart"
2911:Maiden, J. H. (1889).
2056:"The biology of tuart"
2015:"Tuart Identification"
1766:Nicolle, Dean (2019).
1356:
1351:Tuart in Lane-Poole's
1269:Eucalyptus muelleriana
1236:Phytophthora citricola
1230:Phytophthora multivora
1224:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1076:Neofusicoccum australe
1018:
887:) in the understorey.
873:, in sunny positions.
769:
695:, meaning 'club', and
379:in 1828. The botanist
361:that form in the leaf
334:
326:
318:
3487:Myrtales of Australia
2872:Greg Heberle (1991).
2665:"Nominations: Tuart (
2574:Russell Du Guesclin.
2555:. Plants For A Future
2472:. Plants For A Future
2380:biodiversity explorer
1417:1851 Great Exhibition
1393:George Fletcher Moore
1350:
1295:Eucalyptus incrassata
1130:critically endangered
1122:critically endangered
1065:and eucalypts jarrah
1014:
763:
332:
324:
316:
207:E. gomphocephala
16:Species of eucalyptus
2598:Mycological Research
1496:extent of occurrence
1301:Eucalyptus rhodantha
1280:Eucalyptus marginata
1147:last glacial maximum
1114:ecological community
1067:Eucalyptus marginata
996:Eucalyptus marginata
990:Eucalyptus jacksonii
903:is sought after for
2252:on 20 November 2016
1858:on 25 February 2017
1592:Tuart spider orchid
1508:Ludlow State Forest
1475:being built at the
1275:Eucalyptus foecunda
1188:Phoracantha recurva
1088:Dothiorella santali
1062:Santalum acuminatum
978:Corymbia calophylla
616:Taxonomy and naming
308:Southwest Australia
64:Conservation status
3492:Swan Coastal Plain
3467:Trees of Australia
2732:. 22 August 2022.
2446:. Benara Nurseries
2064:Murdoch University
1461:Charles Lane Poole
1357:
1353:Primer of Forestry
1326:singing honeyeater
1289:Eucalyptus stoatei
1194:Eucalyptus recurva
1082:Dothiorella moneti
1071:Botryosphaeriaceae
1019:
774:Swan Coastal Plain
770:
641:collection at the
404:Swan Coastal Plain
387:collection at the
335:
327:
319:
3449:
3448:
3333:Open Tree of Life
3055:Taxon identifiers
3010:978-1-74166-030-2
2929:Lane-Poole, C. E.
2765:. Species Pages.
2712:978-1-74258-564-2
2420:on 22 August 2017
2185:978-0-9585562-0-0
1979:Flora of Victoria
1809:. Australian Seed
1777:978-0-646-80613-6
1677:Candolle, A.P. de
1596:Caladenia georgei
1500:area of occupancy
1486:It was listed as
1397:British Admiralty
1361:Swan River Colony
1243:Haplonyx tibialis
1132:according to the
1079:. Four new taxa,
1032:Acacia cochlearis
1002:Eucalyptus patens
786:Swan River Colony
651:Baudin expedition
543:form in the leaf
475:Tuart has rough,
446:Western Australia
397:Baudin expedition
295:
294:
289:
267:
87:
3519:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
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3211:
3210:
3198:
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3185:
3184:
3172:
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3159:
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3120:
3119:
3107:
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3095:
3082:
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3050:
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2985:
2983:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2925:
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2918:
2908:
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2898:
2892:
2891:
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2755:
2749:
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2746:
2744:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2604:(Pt 3): 337–53.
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2470:- A.Cunn. ex DC"
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:. 1 January 2017
2271:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2113:Jlegind (2021).
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2051:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1928:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1838:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
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1763:
1757:
1756:
1735:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1623:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1506:in the north to
1446:John Ednie Brown
1322:brown honeyeater
1317:
1309:
1263:
1180:
866:
750:White Gum Valley
691:is derived from
587:) and holds the
281:
265:
243:
227:
102:
101:
81:
76:
75:
42:
30:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
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3432:
3424:
3419:
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3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
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3346:
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3331:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
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3227:
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3206:
3201:
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3175:
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3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3057:
3036:
3004:Random House
2992:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
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2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2769:: 40371. 2022.
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2724:
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2713:
2692:
2691:
2687:
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2255:
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2239:
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2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2131:10.15468/ly60bx
2112:
2111:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1930:
1929:
1898:
1891:10.1071/BT16091
1876:
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1859:
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1549:
1540:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1516:
1450:H. J. Yelverton
1389:Old Mill, Perth
1334:
1332:Natural history
1315:
1307:
1284:conflorescences
1261:
1256:
1178:
1163:
1056:Banksia grandis
1050:Agonis flexuosa
1038:A. rostellifera
973:
893:
884:Agonis flexuosa
864:
758:
669:William Blakely
618:
442:
234:
229:
223:
210:
96:
88:
77:
73:
66:
26:
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5:
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3479:
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3444:
3443:
3439:wfo-0000955009
3430:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3352:
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3329:
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3303:
3290:
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3108:
3098:
3083:
3067:
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3059:
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3047:
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3035:
3034:External links
3032:
3031:
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3012:
2997:
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2990:
2989:
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2893:
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2645:. October 2017
2623:
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2457:
2431:
2396:
2367:
2345:A.Cunn. ex DC"
2332:
2296:
2263:
2237:
2230:
2220:, ed. (1996).
2209:
2191:
2184:
2143:
2119:A.Cunn. ex DC"
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1956:
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1512:
1473:railway trucks
1442:Malcolm Fraser
1342:James Drummond
1338:Charles Fraser
1333:
1330:
1255:
1252:
1206:soil seed bank
1162:
1159:
1151:phylogeography
993:(red tingle),
972:
969:
929:Essential oils
892:
889:
857:Canary Islands
825:Cape Provinces
757:
754:
687:. The epithet
673:Henry Steedman
637:assembled the
617:
614:
561:ice cream cone
541:inflorescences
468:but will form
441:
438:
383:assembled the
359:inflorescences
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3033:
3029:
3028:1-875560-12-2
3025:
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3007:
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2999:
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2231:1-875560-43-2
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2065:
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2032:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
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1996:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1923:
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1580:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1539:Bark on trunk
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:Midland works
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
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1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:gomphocephala
1311:
1310:gomphocephala
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:gomphocephala
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:Curculionidae
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1181:gomphocephala
1174:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:, sandalwood
1058:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:, peppermint
1046:
1045:
1041:, the sheoak
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:Ludlow forest
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:(jarrah) and
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
985:
980:
979:
970:
968:
966:
965:antimicrobial
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:methyleugenol
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:As a durable
890:
888:
886:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:gomphocephala
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
712:Symphyomyrtus
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:gomphocephala
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
647:Geographe Bay
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
623:
615:
613:
610:
606:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
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439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
393:Geographe Bay
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
323:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
271:
270:gomphocephala
264:
261:
260:
258:
255:
251:
246:
242:
237:
233:
228:
226:
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
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188:
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138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:Tracheophytes
122:
119:
116:
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112:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
91:
85:
80:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
28:
24:
19:
3062:
3040:
3019:
3015:
3001:
2995:Bibliography
2980:. Retrieved
2971:David Ward.
2933:
2923:
2913:
2906:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2804:
2800:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2720:
2702:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:
2666:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2642:
2636:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2550:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2507:
2503:
2497:
2474:. Retrieved
2467:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2441:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2411:
2387:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2348:
2342:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2287:. Retrieved
2278:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:the original
2240:
2221:
2212:
2204:
2175:
2134:. Retrieved
2122:
2116:
2093:. Retrieved
2086:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2059:
2022:. Retrieved
1986:. Retrieved
1978:
1972:
1947:. Retrieved
1939:
1933:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1843:
1811:. Retrieved
1804:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1708:. Retrieved
1701:
1681:
1655:. Retrieved
1641:
1635:
1629:
1595:
1485:
1481:
1469:S. L. Kessel
1458:
1453:
1439:
1431:stair treads
1382:
1378:lignum vitae
1376:
1358:
1352:
1335:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1218:Phytophthora
1216:
1210:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1145:through the
1142:
1140:
1133:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1007:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
974:
962:
927:
920:
913:
894:
882:
875:
862:
861:
829:South Africa
806:
771:
766:Lake Clifton
756:Distribution
741:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
711:
707:
705:
696:
692:
688:
676:
666:
655:
628:
619:
604:
601:
597:
537:
489:
474:
443:
436:as of 2019.
425:Phytophthora
423:
416:Tuart forest
401:
371:
336:
303:
298:
297:
296:
278:
274:
269:
262:
248:Field range
224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
156:
143:
130:
117:
47:
27:
18:
3307:NatureServe
3242:iNaturalist
3087:Wikispecies
2982:17 December
2886:17 December
2857:17 December
2581:16 December
2514:: 204–212.
2476:15 December
2450:15 December
2325:17 December
2289:18 December
2218:Sharr, F.A.
1657:20 November
1437:'s blocks.
1373:Henry Trigg
1254:Pollinators
1165:The insect
1161:Destructors
956:(4.7%) and
954:α-terpineol
946:γ-terpinene
934:1,8-cineole
802:stock route
643:Vasse River
569:obconically
529:reticulated
500:discolorous
481:tessellated
440:Description
389:Vasse River
317:Flower buds
302:, known as
137:Angiosperms
3482:Eucalyptus
3456:Categories
3356:Plant List
2699:Thiele, K.
2678:26 October
2649:26 October
1885:(8): 704.
1603:References
1527:Kings park
1488:endangered
1401:Portsmouth
1369:Kings Park
1173:Eucalyptus
1027:endophytic
905:scantlings
879:calcareous
815:including
794:Jurien Bay
708:Eucalyptus
573:hypanthium
512:lanceolate
466:lignotuber
430:endangered
351:lanceolate
287:H.Steedman
279:rhodoxylon
194:Eucalyptus
79:Vulnerable
52:Kings Park
3413:100187876
3361:kew-73019
3299:133375329
3190:FloraBase
2801:Persoonia
2695:Hopper, S
2528:219411543
2424:22 August
2389:9 January
2024:22 August
1862:22 August
1813:22 August
1748:FloraBase
1608:Footnotes
1363:'s first
987:(karri),
981:(marri),
948:(6.9%),
940:(20.7%),
936:(24.2%),
871:limestone
790:Geraldton
782:Busselton
742:white gum
701:operculum
667:In 1939,
609:germinate
605:Eucalypts
565:operculum
470:epicormic
412:Busselton
201:Species:
183:Myrtaceae
107:Kingdom:
3421:VicFlora
3408:Tropicos
3312:2.135602
3273:10180408
3260:592967-1
3072:Wikidata
2931:(1922).
2831:20198133
2807:: 1–13.
2780:29 April
2743:28 April
2635:"Tuart (
2618:19070663
2559:28 April
2533:28 April
2360:27 April
2069:29 April
1988:29 April
1949:27 April
1581:See also
1465:Wonnerup
1409:Wonnerup
1384:Guaiacum
1324:and the
958:limonene
952:(6.8%),
942:α-pinene
938:p-cymene
897:hardwood
855:and the
853:Zimbabwe
845:Tanzania
710:subgen.
681:synonyms
622:botanist
581:filament
557:pedicels
549:peduncle
492:opposite
374:botanist
254:Synonyms
179:Family:
173:Myrtales
150:Eudicots
84:IUCN 3.1
3221:3176772
3151:Ecocrop
3078:Q514995
2822:2789538
2410:"Tuart
2279:inHerit
2256:19 July
2095:19 July
1710:19 July
1679:(ed.).
1514:Gallery
1490:by the
1435:butcher
1413:Bunbury
1405:Chatham
1365:sawmill
1320:: the
1213:dieback
1199:drought
1143:in situ
971:Ecology
916:density
849:Tunisia
841:Morocco
821:Algeria
778:Yanchep
748:suburb
719:Noongar
697:kephale
693:gomphos
683:by the
658:isotype
571:shaped
525:petiole
516:falcate
504:cordate
432:by the
408:Yanchep
367:obconic
355:falcate
325:Flowers
283:Blakely
189:Genus:
169:Order:
111:Plantae
82: (
3400:2950-3
3369:PLANTS
3338:915620
3325:452571
3286:502474
3247:162753
3169:301321
3130:390073
3101:APDB:
3026:
3008:
2829:
2819:
2709:
2616:
2526:
2444:Tuart"
2321:. 2019
2228:
2182:
2091:. APNI
1940:Euclid
1936:Tuart"
1846:Tuart"
1774:
1504:Jurien
1427:wandoo
1316:
1308:
1262:
1179:
901:timber
899:, the
865:
823:, the
817:Sicily
768:, 2007
731:mouarn
727:moorun
723:tooart
593:ovules
585:locule
577:anther
533:midrib
523:via a
454:Ludlow
285:&
163:Rosids
33:Tuart
3395:SANBI
3345:PFI:
3268:IRMNG
3234:15920
3203:FoAO2
3182:EUCGO
3143:3BPZ9
3117:61397
3104:16468
2976:(PDF)
2877:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2524:S2CID
2510:(2).
2315:(PDF)
2136:1 May
2018:(PDF)
1944:CSIRO
1856:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1359:The
923:honey
909:grain
837:Libya
833:Kenya
813:Italy
809:Spain
746:Perth
735:duart
645:near
589:ovary
553:umbel
545:axils
521:twigs
462:habit
458:crown
452:near
420:Perth
391:near
363:axils
339:crown
333:Fruit
304:tuart
277:var.
268:var.
157:Clade
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
56:Perth
3382:POWO
3374:EUGO
3348:9475
3320:NCBI
3294:IUCN
3281:ITIS
3255:IPNI
3229:GRIN
3216:GBIF
3195:5659
3177:EPPO
3156:5864
3125:BOLD
3112:APNI
3024:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2984:2023
2888:2023
2859:2023
2827:PMID
2782:2023
2745:2023
2707:ISBN
2680:2018
2651:2018
2614:PMID
2583:2023
2561:2023
2535:2023
2478:2023
2452:2023
2426:2017
2391:2023
2362:2023
2327:2023
2291:2023
2258:2019
2226:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2138:2023
2097:2019
2071:2023
2026:2017
1990:2023
1951:2023
1864:2017
1815:2017
1772:ISBN
1712:2019
1659:2023
1642:2019
1411:and
1403:and
1355:1927
1298:and
1278:and
1097:and
891:Uses
811:and
717:The
671:and
656:The
639:type
508:oval
496:stem
485:pith
385:type
347:oval
3434:WFO
3164:EoL
3138:CoL
2951:hdl
2943:doi
2817:PMC
2809:doi
2771:doi
2734:doi
2606:doi
2602:113
2516:doi
2500:DC"
2127:doi
1975:DC"
1887:doi
1646:doi
1454:the
827:of
780:to
733:or
514:or
510:to
477:box
410:to
353:or
349:to
343:box
266:DC.
232:DC.
50:in
3458::
3436::
3423::
3410::
3397::
3384::
3371::
3358::
3335::
3322::
3309::
3296::
3283::
3270::
3257::
3244::
3231::
3218::
3205::
3192::
3179::
3166::
3153::
3140::
3127::
3114::
3089::
3074::
2963:^
2949:.
2941:.
2939:46
2879:.
2839:^
2825:.
2815:.
2805:22
2803:.
2799:.
2761:.
2728:.
2671:.
2641:.
2626:^
2612:.
2600:.
2522:.
2508:23
2506:.
2502:.
2486:^
2399:^
2382:.
2378:.
2353:.
2347:.
2317:.
2299:^
2281:.
2277:.
2266:^
2194:^
2146:^
2121:.
2105:^
2062:.
2058:.
2034:^
1998:^
1981:.
1977:.
1959:^
1942:.
1938:.
1899:^
1883:64
1881:.
1823:^
1786:^
1745:.
1720:^
1691:^
1667:^
1640:.
1634:.
1616:^
1479:.
1292:,
1272:,
1201:.
1177:E.
1138:.
1091:,
1085:,
1053:,
1035:,
863:E.
851:,
847:,
843:,
839:,
835:,
831:,
804:.
752:.
737:.
729:,
725:,
703:.
664:.
653:.
607:,
535:.
414:.
399:.
159::
146::
133::
120::
54:,
2986:.
2957:.
2953::
2945::
2890:.
2861:.
2833:.
2811::
2784:.
2773::
2747:.
2736::
2682:.
2653:.
2620:.
2608::
2585:.
2563:.
2553:"
2549:"
2537:.
2518::
2480:.
2466:"
2454:.
2440:"
2428:.
2414:"
2393:.
2364:.
2341:"
2329:.
2293:.
2260:.
2234:.
2188:.
2140:.
2129::
2115:"
2099:.
2089:"
2085:"
2073:.
2028:.
1992:.
1971:"
1953:.
1932:"
1893:.
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