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military plans, maintained their silence. At the end of the day, the partisans, wounded and barely alive, along with the captured men of the village — forty-eight in all — were taken to a nearby field on the backyard of Villa
Gigliosi that the German soldiers had requisitioned. The civilians were made to dig three pit graves and were then thrown in still alive. The partisans were placed in the pits with their heads above ground and with explosive charges attached to their bodies. They were then blown apart. The Germans did not allow anyone to bury the dead.
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of the civilian population. It was quite obvious to the partisans that if captured with German prisoners, they would be tortured and killed along with some innocent villagers. On July 2, 1944, the prisoners were transferred by Calò and other partisans - among them, Angelo
Recapito and Luigi Valentini
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which was planned for July 14. Calò and Angelo
Recapito volunteered to go back and deliver the message. They succeeded in their mission and rejoined their friends, but were captured on July 14 along with a group of civilians and other partisans at Molin dei Falchi, where they had intended to spend
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As per these commands, all the men of San Polo were gathered and brought to Villa
Mancini where the German officers were quartered. There, the partisans were brutally beaten with rubber hoses and tortured. Eugenio Calò and Angelo Recapito, who both had information pertaining to the Allied forces'
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collaborators of the camp's existence. The
Germans attacked and there was a fierce battle in which many partisans died. The survivors were transferred to the village of San Polo di Arezzo where all the men of the village were collected as well for the reprisal action. The captured partisans were
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nor normal rules of war, and to show no mercy towards the civilian population. The high German command promised to give complete protection against all accusations of brutality. A specific order was issued to torture and kill everyone found with weapons and to terrorize the unarmed civilian
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partisan division that patrolled the
Casentino mountains in Tuscany, for his bravery, and for his humanity, Eugenio Calò was awarded in 1947 the highest honor for military heroism in Italy, the "Gold Medal for Military Valour".
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The county of
Reggello named the Cascia square in memory of Carolina Lombroso Calò, In May 2016 a plaque commemorating her memory and her deportation and murder in Auschwitz with her children, was set in the square.
185:'s Le Murate prison, he tried to organize their escape. His efforts were in vain. In May 1944 they were all deported to a concentration camp in Fossoli, and on the 16th of that month were sent on a transport to
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Former NSDAP member
Herbert Handsk, who took part in the San Polo massacre, was released from prison in 2007 by the Italian justice. Aged 87, he was the only survivor of the perpetrators of the massacre.
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In memory of
Carolina Lombroso Calo, Eugenio Calo's wife, and their children. In front of the house in Cascia di Reggello where they were arrested and deported, to be murdered in Auschwitz.
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as commander and as a human being, Calò opposed his fellow partisans who asked for a summary trial and execution of the prisoners. Instead, he insisted on treating the German soldiers as
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The San Polo massacre is commemorated every year, as is the liberation of Arezzo on July 16, 1944. The local religious, civilian and military authorities participate in the ceremony.
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496:(October 29, 2004), reporting the S.Polo massacre investigation, Klaus Konrad, his role (supervised the executions that followed the torture), and his comments
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189:. His wife Carolina Lombroso gave birth to their fourth son while on the train. His family was killed by the Germans immediately upon arriving at Auschwitz.
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Calò had spared the lives of some thirty captured German soldiers and insisted on acting in a humane way, even though his own family (his wife
Carolina
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had died on August 15, 2006. He had also been indicted by the magistrates in the same trial. Konrad, who became after the war a deputy of the
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the night with some more German prisoners. One of the German prisoners had managed to escape and informed the German Army and some Italian
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The city of Reggello web page regarding the unveiling of a "Commemoration plate" in memory of Eugenio Calo's wife and children. (Italian)
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Two months later, Calò and his fellow partisans captured a group of some thirty German soldiers. Acting on his
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113:(July 2, 1906 – July 14, 1944) was an Italian Jewish resistance fighter during World War II. Born in
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about Eugenio Calo at the National Partisans Association of Italy web site (Italian)
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La strage nazista di San Polo - il tribunale militare di la spezia assolve Handsk
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population. For every German killed, ten Italian civilians were to be killed.
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Original research by Eugenio Calo's nephew Tullio Sonnino and Shmulik Suhami.
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deported first to a concentration camp in Fossoli, and then on to Auschwitz.
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Certificate of the Gold Medal for Military Valour awarded to Eugenio Calò.
358:"LUNEDI' 23 MAGGIO, INTITOLAZIONE DELLA PIAZZA "CAROLINA LOMBROSO CALO'""
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bearing the names of Eugenio Calò and Angelo Recapito and in the town of
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AP (2-26-07): 87-year-old Austrian acquitted in 1944 San Polo massacre
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For his military activities against the Germans as a member of the
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who entered the village of San Polo on the morning of the 18th
470:: Enzo Droandi ; Calosci editore, Cortona, 1995.
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464::Antonio Curina ; D. Badiali, Arezzo 1957.
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421:Military history of Italy during World War II
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956:Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia
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1033:Italian Jews who died in the Holocaust
434:who liberated Arezzo on July 16, 1944
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16:Somali-Italian anti-fascist partisan
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137:partisan division that fought the
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331:from 1969 to 1980 as a member of
275:only a couple of months earlier.
980:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
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481:A short movie about Eugenio Calò
234:brutally tortured and murdered.
209:– to the Allied Headquarters in
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1043:Jews in the Italian resistance
526:See Pages of Testimony at the
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97:Gold Medal of Military Valour
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426:History of the Jews in Italy
394:(in Italian). Archived from
125:, Italy's highest honor for
847:Partisan Republic uprisings
586:Italian resistance movement
451:References and bibliography
280:Italian resistance movement
133:, second in command of the
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534:and his three children,
468:Arezzo distrutta 1943-44
291:Remembering Eugenio Calò
149:. As a Jewish victim of
821:Acqui Division massacre
515:22 January 2020 at the
483:(in Hebrew and Italian)
175:German invasion in 1943
811:Armistice of Cassibile
652:Women's Defense Groups
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213:across the frontline.
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129:. Eugenio Calò was an
1028:Italian Sephardi Jews
503:King's Dragoon Guards
356:admin (18 May 2016).
298:There are streets in
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601:Brigate Fiamme Verdi
398:on 27 September 2007
969:The Crow Comes Last
826:Four Days of Naples
631:Giustizia e Libertà
594:Partisan formations
432:British Eighth Army
389:, 27 February 2007
220:, commander of the
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962:A Civil War
748:Luigi Longo
738:Nilde Iotti
688:Piero Balbo
678:Aldo Aniasi
530:site about
402:27 February
153:during the
75:Nationality
48:2 July 1906
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743:Primo Levi
640:Structures
528:Yad_Vashem
368:24 January
218:Mark Clark
173:After the
117:to an old
44:1906-07-02
920:Civil War
588:1943–1945
343:Footnotes
329:Bundestag
284:Pio Borri
273:Auschwitz
206:massacres
187:Auschwitz
143:Casentino
135:Pio Borri
949:Post-war
903:Overview
513:Archived
415:See also
304:Florence
269:Lombroso
216:General
183:Florence
119:Sephardi
87:Partisan
657:DELASEM
544:Alberto
308:Quarata
231:fascist
211:Cortona
147:Tuscany
141:in the
139:Germans
127:heroism
78:Italian
797:Events
300:Arezzo
226:Arezzo
93:Awards
925:Women
540:Elena
536:Renzo
868:1945
835:1944
804:1943
542:and
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404:2007
370:2023
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63:Died
52:Pisa
38:Born
383:AGI
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335:'s
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