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480:(1804), Bishop Eugenios tried to moderate the fear of death by exalting the power of faith and trust in the divine providence, and by presenting death as a universal necessity, a curative physician and a safe harbour. He presented his views in the form of a consoling sermon, enriched with references to classical texts, the Bible and the Church Fathers, as well as to secular sources, including statistics from contemporary Britain and France. Besides
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is one of the first books, if not the very first, devoted to euthanasia in modern
European thought, and a remarkable text for the study of developing attitudes towards "good death". In the Treatise 'euthanasia' is clearly meant as a spiritual preparation and reconciliation with dying rather than the
135:
cleric, author, educator, mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher. He wrote about every discipline: legal, historical, theological, grammatical, linguistic, astronomy, political, mathematics, archaeology, music, secularism, euthanasia, and the tides. He wrote speeches, poems, appeals
238:
aiming at upgrading the level of studies. There he taught philosophy as well as mathematics. Though he was considered one of the most eminent teachers, his eagerness to communicate some of the new ideas of the western
European 'Enlightenment' caused a negative reaction among some Orthodox Christian
408:
with
Orthodox Christians estranged from both groups of western Christians. While they remained largely uninvolved in dialogue with western Christians until the 19th century, they nevertheless grappled with new intellectual challenges emanating from the west in the form of secular learning. In this
340:. Along with Russians and Ukrainians Orthodox Greeks were invited to settle in the region, and the Imperial Government thought it appropriate to appoint a Greek-speaking bishop to preside over the new diocese. Despite its name, the seat of the bishop was in neither Slaviansk (soon to be renamed
409:
period
Eugenios Voulgaris was one of the most influential Greek writers. Although he was strictly an Orthodox Christian, he tried to convey the ideas of this western European Enlightenment to Greek Orthodox cultural circles, through translations and teaching of the works of
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physician-related mercy-killing that the term came to mean during the 19th and the 20th centuries. This text has been studied not only by the historian of medical or religious ethics, but by many trying to confront death, in private or professional settings.
58:
902:
266:
theologian sympathetic to
Orthodox Christian traditions, he says that since the time of the Schism Orthodox Christians have been blessed with many saints and martyrs equal to the ancients and with a bounty of miracles:
750:
378:, to join him in Poltava, and started training the younger Greek as his successor. In 1779, Eugenios retired, although he continued to live in the same monastery in Poltava, while Nicephoros took over the diocese.
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140:
for the liberation of Greece, and hundreds of letters. He edited valuable editions of
Byzantine writers and classical books and translated many texts from Latin into French. He was one of the students of
421:. Voulgaris' model for the revival and development of learning in Orthodox Christian society included the maintenance of training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy.
253:
Although
Eugenios was associated by some Orthodox Christians with the unsuccessful attempt to found a Western-style academy on Mt. Athos and at the Patriarchal Academy, he was also a strong opponent of
2386:
652:, persecuted for his beliefs, who became an outspoken advocate of Eastern theological positions and corresponded with the Greek monk Eugene Bulgaris about the restoration of Orthodoxy to the West.
464:(1748–1833) also influenced this discussion. While supporting the language of the people, Korais sought to 'cleanse' it from elements that he considered 'vulgar' and evolved the 'purifying' or
906:
627:
223:, who was the director of another high level school of the city, regarding the curricula of their respective schools – Voulgaris arguing for the institution of natural philosophy.
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2742:
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began at the end of the 18th century. Because western
Europeans were familiar with, and valued, the ancient Greek language, Eugenios Voulgaris, along with
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2519:
615:
Department of
History of the Ionian University is organizing an International Conference under the title: “Eugenios Boulgaris: The Man and his Works”
2827:
2817:
978:
1629:
294:, and spent the rest of his career in Russia. In 1763 he went to Leipzig and Berlin at the invitation of Empress Catherine. In 1771 he arrived at
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at that time, as
Eleftherios Vulgares on 10 August 1716. He studied in Corfu under Vikentios Damodos, a scholar, and continued his studies in the
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1997:
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457:). This discussion would become crucial when it was to be decided which form should be the official language of the modern Greek state.
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In 1787 Boulgaris was allowed to move to St. Petersburg. From 1801 until the end of his life the retired bishop lived there in
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1712:
269:"Our Church is continuously glorified and made wondrous by God, no less after the Schism than before it, and up to our times"
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671:
Transl. from the Greek by Patrick G. Barker. Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, Etna, California, 1992. pp. 17.
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1947:
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Mackridge P. Language and National Identity in Greece 1766–1976. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. Pp. xiv, 385
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824:"Early European attitudes towards "good death": Eugenios Voulgaris, Treatise on euthanasia, St Petersburg, 1804."
804:"Early European attitudes towards "good death": Eugenios Voulgaris, Treatise on euthanasia, St Petersburg, 1804."
255:
1151:
893:
Transl. from the Greek by Patrick G. Barker. Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, Etna, California, 1992.
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proselytising among other Christians; and in his correspondence with Pierre Leclerc, the French Catholic
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272:(Epistle of Eugenios Voulgaris to Pierre Leclerc, first edition, by Andreas Koromelas , p. 68)
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In 1737 or 1738 he became a monk and presbyter with the name Eugenios, and afterwards went to the
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Treatise on Religious Toleration (Σχεδίασμα περὶ Ἀνεξιθρησκείας; Schediasma peri anexithreskeias)
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1937:
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145:. He translated many important foreign language academic documents to Greek. He was bishop of
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He then temporarily headed the Patriarchal Academy in Constantinople (known to Greeks as the "
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453:(c. 1725–1807) preferred the use of the contemporary vernacular language as it had evolved (
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forms, which were supposedly set at some midpoint between ancient and contemporary Greek.
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In 1775 he was ordained archbishop, and became the first archbishop of the newly created
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1987:
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1038:
901:. The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under
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He also translated (but did not publish) the works of the late 17th-century figures:
442:
370:) became the bishop's residence. The following year (1776), Eugenios invited another
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1801:
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33:
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57:
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441:, proposed that the modern Greek language should be archaised and assimilated to
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He died on 12 June 1806, and was buried in the Lavra's Church of St. Theodor (
45:
963:
910:
876:
The Sciences in the Greek Speaking Regions during the 17th and 18th Centuries
873:
Dimitris Dialetis, Costas Gavroglu and Manolis Patiniotis (Univ. of Athens).
630:. Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Athens
1653:
1574:
1116:
1028:
649:
326:
263:
243:. He was eventually forced to abandon the school in the beginning of 1759.
952:
2012:
1607:
1600:
879:, in "The Sciences at the Periphery of Europe During the 18th Century'’,
563:
454:
414:
212:
192:
897:
As of 23 October 2009, this article is derived in whole or in part from
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After his unsuccessful attempts to introduce Enlightenment ideas to the
203:
to study theology, philosophy, European languages and natural sciences.
1482:
349:
345:
314:
306:
302:
146:
49:
250:"). However, in 1761 he permanently abandoned his educational career.
1683:
925:
Catherine II's Greek Prelate: Eugenios Voulgaris in Russia, 1771–1806
174:
150:
129:
909:. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at
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371:
182:
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76:
298:, and between 1772 and 1774 worked as a librarian at the court.
1743:
1524:
1486:
967:
211:
In 1742, Boulgaris became director of an important school of
2778:
Members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
290:
Eugenios accepted the patronage of the Russian Empress
770:
768:
856:
Towards the Revolution: Inspired Absolutism: Reforms
2641:
2543:
2500:
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1865:
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87:
69:
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31:
219:. There he was involved in a public dispute with
226:From 1753 to 1759 Voulgaris was director of the
939:Epistle of Eugenios Voulgaris to Pierre Leclerc
196:(in western Greece) under Athanasios Psalidas.
1498:
1173:New Map of Wallachia and part of Transylvania
979:
8:
1627:
1598:
1584:
626:M. Patiniotis V. Spyropoulou (14 May 2021).
348:, but in the more centrally located city of
1693:
927:. (East European Monographs, 1982.) 197pp.
883:, Vol. 2, 1997, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
784:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp.202.
400:Orthodox Christianity and the Enlightenment
1751:
1740:
1532:
1521:
1505:
1491:
1483:
986:
972:
964:
56:
28:
2743:19th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
2738:18th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
173:book by Eugenios Voulgaris, published in
2768:People of the Modern Greek Enlightenment
822:Galanakis, E., and I. D. K. Dimoliatis.
317:. The new diocese included lands of the
153:). He was a leading contributor to the
2753:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
607:
850:Eugene Bulgaris, Archbishop of Cherson
802:Galanakis, E., and I.D.K. Dimoliatis.
868:The Cambridge History of Christianity
782:The Cambridge History of Christianity
699:
697:
681:
679:
677:
437:, Stephanos Commitas (1770–1832) and
7:
707:A history of modern Greek literature
870:. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
733:(Nikephoros Theotoki's biography)
126:Евгений Вулгарский, Евгений Вулгар
25:
2843:19th-century Greek mathematicians
2838:18th-century Greek mathematicians
688:(Eugenios Voulgaris's biography)
2701:
2700:
1194:Gnostike, Stoicheia Philosophias
1057:
951:
889:Orthodox Tradition and Modernism
667:Orthodox Tradition and Modernism
648:Pierre Leclerc: French Catholic
2828:19th-century Greek philosophers
2818:18th-century Greek philosophers
833:Eugenios Voulgaris Bibliography
749:. Royal Society. Archived from
404:The 18th century dawned in the
2853:18th-century Greek astronomers
2848:19th-century Greek astronomers
704:Dēmaras, Kōnstantinos (1972).
1:
2863:18th-century Greek physicists
2858:19th-century Greek physicists
2833:19th-century Greek scientists
2823:18th-century Greek scientists
1265:Princely Academy of Bucharest
1242:Phanar Greek Orthodox College
363:Крестовоздвиженский монастырь
352:; where the Monastery of the
181:He was born on the island of
2808:19th-century Greek educators
2798:18th-century Greek educators
2793:Fellows of the Royal Society
1630:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
484:he introduced terms such as
368:Krestovozdvizhensky Monastyr
1599:
1247:Phrontisterion of Trapezous
829:. 33.6 (June 2007): S1(4).
809:. 33.6 (June 2007): S1(4).
710:. SUNY Press. p. 137.
387:Fellow of the Royal Society
385:. In 1788 he was elected a
207:Teacher of the Greek nation
2879:
2813:19th-century Greek writers
2803:18th-century Greek writers
1152:Thourios or Patriotic hymn
995:Modern Greek Enlightenment
325:Governorates north of the
248:Great School of the Nation
155:Modern Greek Enlightenment
2788:18th-century Greek people
2763:Greek emigrants to Russia
2687:
1750:
1739:
1644:Methodological skepticism
1535:
1531:
1520:
1386:Konstantinos Nikolopoulos
1159:Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios
1055:
852:at St. Pachomius Library.
837:18th Century Bibliography
827:Journal of Medical Ethics
807:Journal of Medical Ethics
361:
125:
117:
55:
44:
1472:Moscopole printing house
1296:Athanasios Christopoulos
1270:Princely Academy of Iași
537:What Philosophers Prefer
1187:General Map of Moldavia
531:Elements of Metaphysics
513:Logic (Λογική; Loghiki)
431:Greek language question
425:Greek language question
354:Exaltation of the Cross
1694:
1628:
1594:Enlightened absolutism
1585:
1421:Konstantinos Tzechanis
1416:Athanasios Stageiritis
1396:Christodoulos Pablekis
1082:Salpisma Polemistirion
886:Constantine Cavarnos.
860:Michael Angold (Ed.).
774:Michael Angold (Ed.).
527:, St Petersburg, 1804.
525:Treatise on Euthanasia
500:Treatise on Euthanasia
478:Treatise on Euthanasia
472:Treatise on euthanasia
429:The discussion on the
383:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
178:
2773:Scientists from Corfu
1560:Counter-Enlightenment
1311:Theoklitos Farmakidis
1286:Methodios Anthrakites
842:21 March 2009 at the
460:The humanist scholar
445:, while his students
394:Fyodorovskaya Tserkov
168:
143:Methodios Anthrakites
1514:Age of Enlightenment
1411:Theoklitos Polyeidis
1391:Michail Papageorgiou
1381:Konstantinos Michail
1341:Grigorios Konstantas
1336:Theodore Kavalliotis
1096:Geographia Neoteriki
1089:Adelphiki Didaskalia
960:at Wikimedia Commons
911:"Eugenios Voulgaris"
863:Eastern Christianity
777:Eastern Christianity
662:Constantine Cavarnos
628:"Eugenios Voulgaris"
596:Age of Enlightenment
494:(ἑτοιμοθανασία) and
376:Nikephoros Theotokis
221:Balanos Vasilopoulos
169:The title page of a
2520:Feijóo y Montenegro
2471:Vorontsova-Dashkova
1467:Orphanage of Kairis
1406:Athanasios Psalidas
1361:Sevastos Leontiadis
1351:Konstantinos Koumas
1044:Freedom of religion
451:Dimitrios Katartzis
333:by Russia from the
288:Patriarchal Academy
201:University of Padua
161:Youth and education
128:; 1716–1806) was a
1659:Natural philosophy
1436:Eugenios Voulgaris
1401:Daniel Philippidis
1366:Benjamin of Lesbos
1326:Georgios Gennadios
1222:Evangelical School
1145:Politika Parallela
1075:Asma Polemistirion
1009:Greek Independence
958:Eugenios Voulgaris
543:About the Universe
498:(προθανασία). The
331:recently conquered
236:Vatopedi Monastery
232:Athoniada Akademia
187:Republic of Venice
179:
118:Εὐγένιος Βούλγαρης
106:Eugenios Voulgaris
81:Republic of Venice
39:Eugenios Voulgaris
2783:Clergy from Corfu
2758:Greek theologians
2715:
2714:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1708:Scientific method
1565:Critical thinking
1480:
1479:
1452:Philomuse Society
1371:Iosipos Moisiodax
1356:Stefanos Kanellos
1346:Adamantios Korais
1331:Theophilos Kairis
1306:Vikentios Damodos
1260:Flanginian School
1103:Hellenic Nomarchy
1024:Constitutionalism
956:Media related to
933:978-0-88033-006-0
462:Adamantios Korais
447:Iosipos Moisiodax
435:Lambros Photiadis
103:
102:
18:Eugenius Bulgaris
16:(Redirected from
2870:
2748:Athonite Fathers
2704:
2703:
1752:
1741:
1699:
1633:
1604:
1590:
1533:
1522:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1484:
1426:Neophytos Vamvas
1301:Neophytos Doukas
1217:Athonite Academy
1110:Hellenic Library
1061:
988:
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923:S. K. Batalden,
810:
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753:on 14 March 2022
747:"Fellow Details"
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686:Евгений Булгарис
683:
672:
659:
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646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
623:
617:
612:
572:(1624–1706), and
515:, Leipzig, 1766.
449:(1725–1800) and
439:Neophytos Doukas
365:
228:Athonite Academy
127:
119:
94:Saint Petersburg
65:Personal details
60:
29:
21:
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2387:Carvalho e Melo
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2139:
2058:
2017:
1861:
1746:
1727:
1713:Spanish America
1587:Encyclopédistes
1550:Civil liberties
1527:
1516:
1511:
1481:
1476:
1440:
1431:Ioannis Vilaras
1279:Representatives
1274:
1199:
1138:Hermes o Logios
1062:
1053:
997:
992:
948:
941:(Athens, 1844).
920:
918:Further reading
844:Wayback Machine
819:
814:
813:
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797:
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731:Никифор Феотоки
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609:
604:
587:
576:Edmond Pourchot
558:Christian Wolff
545:, Vienna, 1805.
539:, Vienna, 1805.
533:, Venice, 1805.
509:
474:
427:
419:Christian Wolff
402:
338:Crimean Khanate
284:Athonite School
280:
209:
185:, ruled by the
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1601:Haskalah
1255:Diaspora
1124:Calliope
840:Archived
585:See also
570:Du Hamel
564:Voltaire
455:Dimotiki
415:Voltaire
213:Ioannina
193:Ioannina
133:Orthodox
2661:Madison
2633:Stewart
2573:Burnett
2568:Boswell
2553:Beattie
2525:Moratín
2510:Cadalso
2461:Novikov
2396:Romania
2371:Wybicki
2366:Staszic
2313:Spinoza
2283:Huygens
2278:Grotius
2232:Galvani
2227:Galiani
2177:Ireland
2158:Feraios
2130:Wieland
2095:Lessing
2090:Leibniz
2063:Germany
2044:Prévost
2029:Abauzit
1993:Quesnay
1983:Morelly
1973:Meslier
1958:Leclerc
1918:Diderot
1807:Johnson
1782:Collins
1777:Bentham
1762:Addison
1755:England
1703:Science
1540:Atheism
1445:Related
817:Sources
521:, 1767.
476:In his
372:Corfiot
358:Russian
350:Poltava
346:Cherson
342:Nikopol
335:Ottoman
315:Cherson
307:Diocese
303:Eparchy
177:in 1806
147:Cherson
122:Russian
50:Cherson
2613:Newton
2603:Hutton
2583:Cullen
2480:Serbia
2428:Russia
2418:Șincai
2328:Poland
2268:Bekker
2242:Pagano
2204:Toland
2168:Korais
2163:Kairis
2145:Greece
2075:Herder
2070:Goethe
2034:Bonnet
2022:Geneva
2008:Turgot
1998:Raynal
1988:Pascal
1928:Gouges
1866:France
1852:Tindal
1847:Sidney
1822:Newton
1817:Milton
1792:Godwin
1787:Gibbon
1684:Reason
1526:Topics
931:
714:
634:14 May
417:, and
344:) nor
256:Uniate
215:, the
175:Vienna
151:Crimea
2671:Paine
2666:Mason
2628:Smith
2578:Burns
2563:Blair
2558:Black
2502:Spain
2408:Maior
2303:Meyer
2247:Verri
2214:Italy
2199:Swift
2194:Burke
2189:Boyle
2135:Wolff
1963:Mably
1883:Bayle
1832:Price
1812:Locke
1802:Hooke
1772:Bacon
1570:Deism
309:) of
234:) at
183:Corfu
130:Greek
114:Greek
77:Corfu
2623:Reid
2608:Mill
2593:Hume
2252:Vico
2085:Kant
2003:Sade
1827:Pope
929:ISBN
907:GFDL
905:and
759:2017
712:ISBN
636:2021
323:Azov
321:and
313:and
286:and
258:and
149:(in
91:1806
88:Died
73:1716
70:Born
835:at
136:to
108:or
48:of
2724::
866:.
780:.
767:^
696:^
676:^
664:.
413:,
396:)
389:.
374:,
366:,
360::
329:,
274:.
157:.
124::
120:;
116::
96:,
79:,
2695:→
1506:e
1499:t
1492:v
1257::
1214::
987:e
980:t
973:v
891:.
846:.
761:.
720:.
669:.
638:.
356:(
305:(
230:(
112:(
20:)
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