42:
397:). The three subspecies are distinguished by differences in the length of the tassels of the crests, the size and colour of the fleshy margin of the gape, colour pattern on the underside of the flipper and differences in the size of the superciliary stripe in front of the eye. Additionally, the northern rockhopper penguin is larger than the other two subspecies. Proof that the three subspecies were truly different, in terms of more than reproductive isolation and some morphological features, was found in the mitochondrial sequences of the three species. It was found
480:
subspecies: the northern and southern rockhopper penguin. Another interesting difference between the two subspecies is their mating ritual. They both use different songs and head ornaments in their mating signals. The reproductive isolation has led to not only physical difference but also behavioral. The adults feed their chicks lower trophic level prey than they themselves consume. During breeding season the adults eat zooplankton and then transition to fish, showing they favor future reproduction.
220:
95:
489:
557:) have been introduced into their environment by human sea expeditions. The mice have proven to be invasive, and consume northern rockhopper eggs, as well as hunt their young. In order to preserve the birds, a culling of the mice is being considered. The climate change conditions alter food availability since it reduces nutrients and productivity. This causes an effect on the body mass, causing a negative impact on their reproductivity success.
500:
70:
283:
517:
The current population is estimated to be between 100,000–499,999 breeding pairs at Gough Island, 18,000 to 27,000 pairs at
Inaccessible Island, and 3,200 to 4,500 at Tristan da Cunha. In the Indian Ocean, the population was 25,500 pairs on Amsterdam Island, and 9,000 pairs on St Paul Island in 1993;
479:
in a range of locations from sea level or on cliff sides, to sometimes inland. The
Northern form, found in Amsterdam and Gough island, is reproductively isolated from the Crozet and Kerguelen islands. They are monophyletic; meaning they have a split in the mitochondria DNA trees which forms two
325:
showed that it may have come from Gough Island, 6,000 km away, and that the southern and northern rockhoppers are genetically separate, though some individuals may disperse from their breeding colonies. Many taxonomists have yet to recognize the split, although some are beginning to do so.
433:
parasitises only eastern rockhoppers. Cross contamination of the lice is not possible naturally due to the fact that chewing lice have limited mobility and heavily rely on their host for survival, meaning that the lice can only be transmitted across species by way of close physical contact.
518:
there has been no information available on population trends there since the 1990s. Declines at the
Atlantic Ocean sites show a decline of 2.7% per year; the drop in the population at Gough Island has been described as equivalent to the loss of 100 birds every day since the 1950s.
826:, spilling tons of heavy crude into the ocean. The crew was rescued, but the ship broke up, leaving an oil slick that surrounded the island, threatening its population of rockhopper penguins. Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to
1398:
Morrison, Kyle W.; Bury, Sarah J.; Thompson, David R. (2014). "Higher trophic level prey does not represent a higher quality diet in a threatened seabird: implications for relating population dynamics to diet shifts inferred from stable isotopes".
412:
Another way that scientists were able to differentiate the different subspecies of rockhoppers were in the parasites that fed off each separate rockhopper penguin species. Penguins are parasitised by 15 species of chewing lice in two genera,
1287:
Hull, Cindy L.; Hindell, Mark; Mar, Kirsten Le; Scofield, Paul; Wilson, Jane; Lea, Mary-Anne (2004-07-22). "The breeding biology and factors affecting reproductive success in rockhopper penguins
Eudyptes chrysocome at Macquarie Island".
1517:
Wanless, R. M.; Ratcliffe, N.; Angel, A.; Bowie, B. C.; Cita, K.; Hilton, G. M.; Kritzinger, P.; Ryan, P. G.; Slabber, M. (2012-10-01). "Predation of
Atlantic Petrel chicks by house mice on Gough Island".
1339:
Jouventin, P.; Cuthbert, R. J.; Ottvall, R. (2006-10-01). "Genetic isolation and divergence in sexual traits: evidence for the northern rockhopper penguin
Eudyptes moseleyi being a sibling species".
270:
A study published in 2009 showed that the population of the northern rockhopper had declined by 90% since the 1950s. For this reason, the northern rockhopper penguin is classified as
1570:
2180:
2219:
2358:
409:
was to the other two subspecies. The level of genetic differentiation was similar to the genetic difference found in other penguin subspecies groups.
2154:
2193:
521:
A study published in 2009 showed that the world population of the northern rockhopper had declined by 90% since the 1950s, possibly because of
2265:
560:
The northern rockhopper penguin is classified as endangered because of the decline in numbers over the last three generations (or 30 years).
943:"Genetic isolation and divergence in sexual traits: Evidence for the northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi being a sibling species"
1191:
347:
2378:
1748:
41:
1150:
2388:
2317:
74:
2383:
870:-like love guru, Lovelace, is a rockhopper penguin, who will instil his wisdom for the price of rocks. Lovelace is voiced by
361:
It is very rare for the bird to make landfall on the
Australian continent, but in 2006, a northern rockhopper was sighted at
2198:
2105:
1971:
1569:
Delord, Karine; Cotté, Cédric; Terray, Pascal; Bost, Charles‑André; Weimerskirch, Henri; Barbraud, Christophe (2021).
294:
264:
2224:
1248:
314:
2373:
847:
94:
50:
1048:"Speciation chronology of rockhopper penguins inferred from molecular, geological and palaeoceanographic data"
533:
for squid and octopus by humans. Other possible factors in the decline include disturbance and pollution from
493:
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1872:
366:
2092:
2009:
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2047:
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1106:
1059:
1012:
954:
298:
1456:
2234:
1929:
841:
504:
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suggest that the genetic divergence with the southern rockhopper penguin may have been caused by a
219:
59:
2309:
1894:
1609:
1551:
1499:
1424:
1380:
1321:
1122:
1075:
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978:
823:
271:
89:
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2185:
2368:
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2128:
1956:
1904:
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1835:
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1601:
1543:
1372:
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970:
488:
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287:
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1991:
1986:
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1114:
1067:
1020:
962:
911:
827:
526:
351:
335:
2097:
1472:
Reisinger, Ryan (March 3, 2010). "Goose barnacles on seals and a penguin at Gough Island".
2252:
1946:
1934:
1909:
1814:
1767:
370:
302:
205:
166:
1166:
893:
1589:
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1301:
1237:. Champaign, IL: Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. pp. 1–448.
1110:
1063:
1016:
958:
499:
1961:
1884:
1866:
1845:
871:
862:
546:
522:
343:
260:
1571:"Factors affecting adult body condition in the endangered northern rockhopper penguin"
1235:
World
Checklist of Chewing Lice with Host Associations and Keys to Families and Genera
1047:
942:
2352:
2206:
1981:
1613:
1539:
1503:
1360:
1071:
966:
902:
293:
The rockhopper penguins have been considered to consist of two species, northern and
79:
1662:
1555:
1428:
1384:
1126:
1079:
982:
839:
Cody
Maverick, a northern rockhopper penguin, the main protagonist in the 2007 film
2335:
2133:
1809:
1485:
1325:
1032:
339:
256:
2120:
1046:
De
Dinechin, Marc; Ottvall, Richard; Quillfeldt, Petra; Jouventin, Pierre (2009).
334:
More than 99% of northern rockhoppers breed during late spring or early summer on
282:
1095:"A northern rockhopper penguin unveils dispersion pathways in the Southern Ocean"
17:
2304:
2167:
2041:
1799:
1001:"Genetic evidence for three species of rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome"
867:
550:
530:
476:
209:
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1597:
1094:
1000:
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1920:
1825:
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1024:
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452:
306:
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1547:
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106:
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999:
Banks, Jonathan; Van Buren, Amy; Cherel, Yves; Whitfield, James B. (2006).
974:
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1441:
2026:
816:
126:
1699:
1687:
2159:
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1757:
460:
365:, and in July 2023 a very underweight northern rockhopper was found at
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156:
146:
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1494:
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318:
116:
2146:
2003:
2141:
1781:
498:
487:
456:
448:
281:
1093:
De Dinechin, Marc; Pincemy, Gwenaëlle; Jouventin, Pierre (2007).
385:
was split into three distinct subspecies in 1992; the southern, (
2270:
537:
and fishing, egg-harvesting, and predation and competition from
464:
136:
2007:
1730:
301:, vocal, and genetic differences between the two populations.
1726:
545:). Surveys show that the birds are at risk of infection by
1220:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds
425:
is present only on southern rockhoppers; the multi-host
1192:"Northern rockhopper penguin found on Goolwa Beach, SA"
421:. Within rockhopper penguins, the host-specific louse
941:
Jouventin, P.; Cuthbert, R. J.; Ottvall, R. (2006).
815:
On March 16, 2011, the Maltese-registered freighter
2016:
1944:
1918:
1882:
1854:
1823:
1797:
1779:
1151:BirdLife International (2008). Species factsheet:
917:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22734408A184698049.en
1678:Oil-soaked rockhopper penguins in rehabilitation
321:from a northern rockhopper penguin found on the
297:, since research published in 2006 demonstrated
1459:Penguins are walking an increasingly rocky road
309:event caused by a shift in the position of the
1774:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1742:
1628:"MS Oliva runs aground on Nightingale Island"
1462:. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
1249:"Louse-host associations | Phthiraptera.info"
227:Distribution map Moseley's penguin in yellow
8:
1444:Northern rockhopper penguins near extinction
1447:. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
2004:
1749:
1735:
1727:
429:parasitises only northern rockhoppers and
346:. Breeding colonies are also found on the
218:
68:
40:
31:
1493:
915:
447:The northern rockhopper penguin feeds on
569:
884:
263:. It is described as distinct from the
405:were not as different genetically as
7:
2245:1b92bd7b-e78e-4e8f-87aa-d3462ea552d5
1274:The Ecology of Ectoparasitic Insects
994:
992:
936:
934:
565:Population Trends by Year and Island
903:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
393:) and northern rockhopper penguin (
348:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1657:(6024): 1499–1500. 25 March 2011.
1222:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
315:mid-Pleistocene climate transition
25:
1233:Price; Hellenthal; Palma (2003).
507:, drawn by the naturalist aboard
2359:IUCN Red List endangered species
1540:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00534.x
1361:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03028.x
1072:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02014.x
967:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03028.x
503:Northern rockhopper penguins on
492:Northern rockhopper penguins in
377:Genetic variation and morphology
93:
1663:10.1126/science.331.6024.1499-b
1218:Marchant S, Higgins PJ (1990).
1190:Horn, Caroline (25 July 2023).
892:BirdLife International (2020).
286:Rockhopper penguin skeleton in
255:species native to the southern
1649:"Oil Spill Menaces Penguins".
1630:. The Tristan da Cunha Website
1486:10.1080/15627020.2010.11657262
1:
1167:"Northern Rockhopper Penguin"
1875:(or northern little penguin)
1156:. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
319:mitochondrial control region
239:Moseley's rockhopper penguin
35:Northern rockhopper penguin
2235:moseleys-rockhopper-penguin
1977:Northern rockhopper penguin
1972:Southern rockhopper penguin
451:and other sea life such as
295:southern rockhopper penguin
265:southern rockhopper penguin
235:northern rockhopper penguin
2405:
1598:10.1007/s00227-021-03832-z
317:. Analysis of a part of a
2379:Fauna of Tristan da Cunha
1770:: Sphenisciformes ·
1764:
1421:10.1007/s00227-014-2502-y
1310:10.1007/s00300-004-0643-z
1171:American Bird Conservancy
1119:10.1007/s00300-007-0350-7
1025:10.1007/s00300-006-0160-3
910:: e.T22734408A184698049.
226:
217:
195:
188:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1869:(or little blue penguin)
1457:BirdLife International.
438:Ecology and reproduction
431:Austrogoniodes hamiltoni
381:The rockhopper penguin (
330:Distribution and habitat
51:Berlin Zoological Garden
2389:Birds described in 1921
1873:White-flippered penguin
1829:(brush-tailed penguins)
1052:Journal of Biogeography
848:Surf's Up 2: WaveMania
539:subantarctic fur seals
514:
496:
484:Population and threats
290:
2384:Fauna of Gough Island
2292:Paleobiology Database
1967:Erect-crested penguin
1272:Marshall, AG (1981).
543:Arctophoca tropicalis
502:
494:Tiergarten Schönbrunn
491:
427:Austrogoniodes concii
423:Austrogoniodes keleri
363:Robe, South Australia
285:
1700:"Happy Feet at IMDb"
1197:ABC News (Australia)
383:Eudyptes chrysocome)
1930:Yellow-eyed penguin
1590:2021MarBi.168...27D
1532:2012AnCon..15..472W
1520:Animal Conservation
1413:2014MarBi.161.2243M
1353:2006MolEc..15.3413J
1302:2004PoBio..27..711H
1276:. London: Academic.
1111:2007PoBio..31..113D
1064:2009JBiog..36..693D
1017:2006PoBio..30...61B
959:2006MolEc..15.3413J
505:Inaccessible Island
60:Conservation status
1950:(crested penguins)
1895:Magellanic penguin
1706:. 17 November 2006
824:Nightingale Island
515:
497:
417:and the monotypic
291:
2346:
2345:
2336:Eudyptes-moseleyi
2279:Open Tree of Life
2062:eudyptes-moseleyi
2048:Eudyptes moseleyi
2018:Eudyptes moseleyi
2010:Taxon identifiers
2001:
2000:
1957:Fiordland penguin
1905:Galapagos penguin
1888:(banded penguins)
1860:(little penguins)
1841:Chinstrap penguin
1688:Surf's Up at IMDb
1407:(10): 2243–2255.
1347:(11): 3413–3423.
1341:Molecular Ecology
1253:phthiraptera.info
1153:Eudyptes moseleyi
953:(11): 3413–3423.
947:Molecular Ecology
896:Eudyptes moseleyi
808:
807:
527:marine ecosystems
323:Kerguelen Islands
311:Subtropical Front
303:Molecular datings
288:Manchester Museum
248:Eudyptes moseleyi
243:Moseley's penguin
231:
230:
199:Eudyptes moseleyi
83:
18:Eudyptes moseleyi
16:(Redirected from
2396:
2374:Flightless birds
2339:
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2075:8722DFC2C9CB07B4
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2035:
2005:
1987:Macaroni penguin
1900:Humboldt penguin
1803:(great penguins)
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828:Tristan da Cunha
570:
443:Food and feeding
403:E. c. chrysocome
387:E. c. chrysocome
352:Amsterdam Island
336:Tristan da Cunha
222:
201:
181:E. moseleyi
98:
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21:
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2253:Observation.org
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2012:
2002:
1997:
1992:Chatham penguin
1940:
1935:Waitaha penguin
1914:
1910:African penguin
1878:
1850:
1836:Adélie penguin
1819:
1815:Emperor penguin
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1474:African Zoology
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1296:(11): 711–720.
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886:
881:
845:and its sequel
836:
822:ran aground on
813:
547:goose barnacles
486:
473:
445:
440:
395:E. c. moseleyi
379:
371:South Australia
332:
280:
261:Atlantic Oceans
213:
203:
197:
184:
147:Sphenisciformes
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
28:
27:Species of bird
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22:
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12:
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5:
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2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Snares penguin
1959:
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1951:
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1867:Little penguin
1863:
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1846:Gentoo penguin
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1723:External links
1721:
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1691:
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1668:
1641:
1619:
1578:Marine Biology
1561:
1526:(5): 472–479.
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1449:
1434:
1401:Marine Biology
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1132:
1105:(1): 113–115.
1085:
1058:(4): 693–702.
1038:
988:
930:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:Robin Williams
863:Happy Feet Two
852:
835:
832:
830:for cleaning.
812:
811:2011 oil spill
809:
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523:climate change
485:
482:
472:
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444:
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415:Austrogoniodes
407:E. c. moseleyi
378:
375:
356:St Paul Island
344:Atlantic Ocean
331:
328:
279:
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229:
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2063:
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2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Royal penguin
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
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1968:
1965:
1963:
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1952:
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1290:Polar Biology
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1099:Polar Biology
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1005:Polar Biology
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525:, changes in
524:
519:
513:
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483:
481:
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475:It breeds in
470:
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454:
450:
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420:
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410:
408:
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399:E. c. filholi
396:
392:
391:E. c. filholi
388:
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376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:in the south
341:
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329:
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320:
316:
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308:
304:
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299:morphological
296:
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244:
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194:
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190:Binomial name
187:
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91:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
2017:
1976:
1945:
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1883:
1855:
1824:
1810:King penguin
1798:
1788:
1780:
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1703:
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1671:
1654:
1650:
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1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1581:
1577:
1564:
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1473:
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1458:
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1443:
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1252:
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1195:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
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907:
901:
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887:
861:
855:
846:
840:
818:
814:
796:
773:
731:Inaccessible
730:
665:>200,000
655:>200,000
647:
584:
564:
563:
562:
559:
555:Mus musculus
554:
542:
520:
516:
510:
474:
471:Reproduction
446:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:), eastern (
386:
382:
380:
367:Goolwa beach
360:
340:Gough Island
333:
292:
269:
247:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
157:Spheniscidae
29:
2305:SeaLifeBase
2168:iNaturalist
2042:Wikispecies
1800:Aptenodytes
1480:: 129–132.
923:11 November
868:Barry White
866:films, the
774:Nightingale
738:>25,000
675:>12,600
602:~2 million
592:"millions"
531:overfishing
453:crustaceans
313:during the
2353:Categories
2331:Xeno-canto
1921:Megadyptes
1885:Spheniscus
1826:Pygoscelis
1710:26 October
1495:2263/14281
1258:2015-10-30
1176:2020-10-11
879:References
857:Happy Feet
834:In culture
551:House mice
535:ecotourism
511:Challenger
419:Nesiotinus
272:endangered
75:Endangered
53:, Germany
1994:(extinct)
1937:(extinct)
1857:Eudyptula
1614:233948224
1606:0025-3162
1584:(3): 27.
1548:1469-1795
1504:219289034
1369:0962-1083
1318:0722-4060
842:Surf's Up
579:Estimate
307:vicariant
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
2369:Penguins
2364:Eudyptes
2212:22734408
2186:10341682
2098:22734408
2093:BirdLife
2082:BioLib:
2033:Q1274339
2027:Wikidata
1947:Eudyptes
1758:Penguins
1676:BBC News
1634:23 March
1556:83773363
1429:83630787
1385:12724253
1377:16968279
1127:43366621
1080:86520290
983:12724253
975:16968279
804:100,000
622:142,800
477:colonies
278:Taxonomy
168:Eudyptes
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
2284:7068880
2225:2495534
2160:4352338
2147:rocpen4
2121:rocpen4
2070:Avibase
1790:Species
1651:Science
1586:Bibcode
1528:Bibcode
1409:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1326:1883713
1298:Bibcode
1203:27 July
1107:Bibcode
1060:Bibcode
1033:6087437
1013:Bibcode
955:Bibcode
854:In the
791:19,500
781:25,000
768:18,000
758:27,000
748:22,000
648:Tristan
642:64,700
632:32,400
612:78,300
573:Island
461:octopus
253:penguin
251:) is a
210:Iredale
206:Mathews
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
2323:405087
2297:399820
2271:405087
2258:105265
2242:NZOR:
2232:NZBO:
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2173:100696
2111:858898
2085:426472
2057:ARKive
1772:family
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1031:
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797:Middle
725:3,421
715:3,343
705:4,300
695:7,000
685:5,000
257:Indian
212:, 1921
208:&
2318:WoRMS
2310:81533
2181:IRMNG
2142:eBird
2134:3C39Z
2118:BOW:
1782:Genus
1768:order
1610:S2CID
1574:(PDF)
1552:S2CID
1500:S2CID
1425:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1123:S2CID
1076:S2CID
1029:S2CID
979:S2CID
819:Oliva
801:1973
788:2005
778:1973
765:2004
755:1999
745:1989
735:1955
722:2005
712:1992
702:1984
692:1973
682:1955
672:1923
662:1873
652:1824
639:2006
629:2004
619:1984
609:1979
599:1956
589:1889
585:Gough
576:Year
457:squid
449:krill
241:, or
2266:OBIS
2220:NCBI
2207:IUCN
2194:ITIS
2155:GBIF
2106:BOLD
1712:2015
1704:IMDb
1636:2011
1602:ISSN
1544:ISSN
1373:PMID
1365:ISSN
1314:ISSN
1205:2023
971:PMID
925:2021
908:2020
860:and
529:and
509:HMS
465:fish
463:and
401:and
354:and
338:and
259:and
233:The
137:Aves
2129:CoL
1659:doi
1655:331
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1490:hdl
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1417:doi
1405:161
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912:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
