Eugène-François Vidocq - Knowledge (XXG)

3049: 514: 1266:. Counterfeiters purchased those cheques and altered them to their advantage. In 1817, Vidocq addressed this problem by commissioning two chemists to develop a tamper-proof paper. This paper, for which Vidocq filed a patent, was treated with chemicals that would smear the ink if later amended and thus make the forgeries identifiable. According to the biographer Edwards, Vidocq used his connections extensively, recommending his paper to those who had been deceived, mainly bankers who hired him. Therefore, the paper came to be widely used. Vidocq also used it for the cards of his index card system to emphasize their reliability in court. He also commissioned the creation of indelible ink. This ink has been used, among other things, by the French government for the printing of banknotes from the mid-1860s. 804:, during whose oppressive reign police agents were regularly withdrawn from their original activities. Finally, Vidocq's immediate superior, police chief Henry, retired and was succeeded by Parisot, who was soon superseded by the ambitious but also very formal Marc Duplessis. The antipathy between Vidocq and Duplessis was great. Time and time again, Duplessis complained about trivial matters, for example, that Vidocq's agents spent time in brothels and bars of ill repute. Vidocq's explanation that they had to do this to establish contacts and gather information was ignored. When Vidocq received two official warnings within a short time, he had had enough. On 20 June 1827, the 52-year-old handed in his resignation: 1304:

not have the personality of a murderer. He examined his dueling pistols and found that they either had not been fired or had been cleaned since then. Then he persuaded a doctor to remove the bullet from the head of the noblewoman secretly. A simple comparison showed that the bullet was too big to come from the guns of the Comte. Vidocq then searched the apartment of the woman's lover and found not only numerous pieces of jewellery, but also a large pistol whose size fit the bullet. The Comte identified the jewels as those of his wife and Vidocq also found a fence to whom the lover had already sold a ring. Confronted with the evidence, the lover confessed to the murder.

356:, where he tried to embark to the Americas; but he was defrauded one night and found himself suddenly penniless. To survive, he worked for a group of traveling entertainers. Despite regular beatings, he worked hard enough to get promoted from stable boy to playing a Caribbean cannibal who eats raw meat. He ended up living with puppeteers to get away from them. However, he was banished from them because he flirted with the young wife of his employer. He then worked some time as an assistant of a peddler, but as soon as he neared Arras, he returned to his parents seeking forgiveness. He was welcomed by his mother with open arms. 840:, a small town east of Paris where he married his cousin Fleuride Maniez on 28 January 1830, he founded a paper factory. He mainly employed released convicts – both men and women. This caused an outrageous scandal in society and led to disputes. In addition, the machines cost money, the semi-skilled workers needed food and clothing, and the customers refused to pay market prices with the argument that he had a seemingly cheaper workforce. The company did not last long; Vidocq went bankrupt in 1831. In the short time while he was away from Paris, both Delavau and Duplessis had to resign their posts, and the 1189: 1818: 43: 652:

Therefore, he continued to work as a secret agent for the Paris police. He used his contacts and his reputation in the criminal underworld to gain trust. He disguised himself as an escaped convict and immersed himself in the criminal scene to learn about planned and committed crimes. He even took part in felonies in order to suddenly turn on his partners and arrest them. When criminals eventually began to suspect him, he used disguises and assumed other identities to continue his work and throw off suspicion.

111: 598:. There, he learned that he had been sentenced to death in absentia. With the help of the local procurator-general, Ransom, he filed an appeal and spent the following five months in prison waiting for a retrial. During this time, Louise Chevalier contacted him to inform him of their divorce. When it seemed that there would be no decision concerning his sentence, he decided to flee again. On 28 November 1805, while unattended for a moment, he jumped out of a window into the adjacent river 945:. On 3 May 1843, the first hearings finally took place before judge Michel Barbou, a close friend of Delessert. During the trial, Vidocq had to give testimony about many other cases, among them, the kidnappings of several women whom he had allegedly delivered to monasteries against their will at the behest of their families. Also, his activities as a money lender and the possible benefits from it were examined. Finally, he was sentenced to five years imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 763: 922: 708:

procure information, to undertake searches, and to obtain particulars of every description; to make nightly rounds, so perpetual and arduous during the winter season; to assist the commissaries of police in their searches, or in the execution of search warrants; to explore the various rendezvous in every part; to go to the theatres, the boulevards, the barriers, and all other public places, the haunts of thieves and pickpockets.

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of planned crimes and were able to catch the guilty red-handed. Vidocq also had a different approach to interrogation. In his memoirs, he mentions several times that he did not take those arrested to prison immediately, but invited them to dinner, where he chatted with them. In addition to information about other crimes, he often obtained confessions in this non-violent way and recruited future informants and even agents.

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broken and had never healed properly. Unwise investments had also cost him a large portion of his assets, requiring him to curb his living standard and live in rented accommodations. In August 1854, despite a pessimistic prognosis by his doctor, he survived a bout of cholera. Only in April 1857 did his condition deteriorate to the point he could no longer stand. On 11 May 1857, Vidocq died at the age of 81 in his home in

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to go to prison for two years because of that affair, but Vidocq's involvement could not be proved. More and more defenders claimed that Vidocq and his agents were not credible as eyewitnesses, since most of them had criminal pasts themselves. Vidocq's position was untenable, and on 15 November 1832, he once again resigned, using the pretext of his wife being ill.

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at whose house he had lived at the end of his life. Although Vidocq had no known children, Emile-Adolphe Vidocq, the son of his first wife, tried to get recognized as his son (even changing his last name for this purpose), but failed. Vidocq had left evidence which ruled out his paternity: he had been in prison at the time of Emile-Adolphe Vidocq's conception.

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inmates, Grouard and Herbaux, had asked to use his cell (as a soldier, Vidocq had a cell all to himself) to write something of an unknown nature because the common room was too noisy. Both inmates claimed, however, that he helped in the fabrication and that the whole thing had been his idea. Thus, Vidocq was not released after the three months.

363:, where his reputation as an expert fencer was confirmed. According to Vidocq, within six months, he challenged fifteen people to a duel and killed two. Despite not being a model soldier and causing difficulties, he spent only a total of fourteen days in jail. During those two weeks, Vidocq helped a fellow inmate successfully escape. 661: 483:

found with multiple knife wounds. Now, he was not only accused of forgery but also attempted murder. Francine later claimed that the wounds were self-inflicted and the charge was dropped. Vidocq's contact with Francine stopped when she was convicted and sentenced to six months in prison for aiding the escapes.

910:(crooks, fraudsters, and bankruptcy artists), occasionally using illegal means. From 1837, Vidocq quarreled constantly with the official police because of his activities and his questionable relations with various government agencies such as the War Department. On 28 November 1837, the police executed a 1211:

about a trial against the fraudster and forger Lambert, in which Vidocq referred to his memory of the accused. Vidocq regularly visited the prisons to memorise the faces of the inmates and made his agents do the same. The English police adopted this method. Until the late 1980s, British investigators

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and confiscated over 3,500 files and documents. A few days later, Vidocq was arrested and spent Christmas and New Year in jail. He was charged with three crimes, namely the acquisition of money by deception, corruption of civil servants, and the pretension of public functions. In February 1838, after

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J'ai l'honneur de vous informer que l'état maladif de mon épouse m'oblige de rester à Saint-Mandé pour surveiller moi-même mon établissement. Cette circonstance impérieuse m'empêchera de pouvoir à l'avenir diriger les opérations de la brigade de sûreté. Je viens vous prier de vouloir bien récepter ma

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was in danger. Allegedly Vidocq's group cracked down on the rioters with great severity. Not all of the police approved of his methods, and rivalries developed. A rumour arose that Vidocq had initiated the theft that led to his reinstatement himself to show his indispensability. One of his agents had

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and 38 fences. By 1820, his activities had reduced crime in Paris substantially. His annual income was 5,000 francs, but he also worked as a private investigator for fees. Rumors at the time claimed that Vidocq set criminals up, organizing break-ins and robberies and having his agents wait to collect

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Finally, on 21 November, he was sent to Brest. On 28 February 1798, he escaped dressed as a sailor. Only a few days later, he was apprehended due to a lack of papers, but the police did not recognize him as an escaped convict. He claimed to be Auguste Duval, and while officials checked this claim, he

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Vidocq persuaded his superiors to allow his agents, who also included women, to wear plain clothes and disguises depending on the situation. Thus, they did not attract attention and, as former criminals, also knew the hiding places and methods of criminals. Through their contacts, they often learned

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In the end, his assets consisted of 2,907.50 francs from the sale of his goods and a pension of 867.50 francs. A total of eleven women came forward as owners of his testament, a document which they had received for their favours instead of presents. His remaining assets went to Anne-Heloïse Lefèvre,

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For eighteen years I served the police with distinction. I've never received any criticism from your predecessors. I must think therefore that I never earned any. Since your appointment to the Second Division, this is the second time you did me the honor to address me by complaining about my agents.

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After 21 months of spying, Vidocq was released from jail on the recommendation of Henry. So as not to raise suspicions among the other inmates, the release (which took place on 25 March 1811) was arranged to look like an escape. Still, Vidocq was not really free, because now he was obliged to Henry.

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Worn out by the bad treatment of every species which I experienced in the prison of Douai, tormented by a watchfulness redoubled after my sentence, I took care not to make an appeal, which would keep me there some months. What confirmed my resolution was the information that the prisoners were to be

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Vidocq was twenty and quickly adapted to life in prison. He befriended a group of men, among them Sebastien Boitel, who had been sentenced to six years for stealing. Then Boitel was suddenly released, but the next day, the local inspector noticed that the pardon was forged. Vidocq claimed two fellow

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It was not only plays inspired by Vidocq that were shown in the theatre. His one life story also made it on stage several times, usually with his memoirs as a literary template. Especially in England, there was great enthusiasm for Vidocq. The memoirs had been rapidly translated into English, and a

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in 1831, where he himself had been present at the investigation. Vidocq inspected a door panel that had been damaged by the offender and said that, due to the method employed and the perfection with which it had been executed, he knew of only one perpetrator who could have done it. He suggested the

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In 1849, Vidocq briefly went to prison one last time, on a charge of fraud. In the end, however, the case was dropped. He withdrew more and more into private life and accepted only small cases every now and then. In the last years of his life, he suffered great pain in his right arm, which had been

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The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. A year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's

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Alexandre Dumas left records that describe a murder case from 1822. The Comtesse Isabelle d'Arcy, a woman much younger than her husband on whom she had cheated, was shot dead, whereupon the police arrested the Comte d'Arcy. Vidocq talked with him and was of the opinion that the "old gentleman" did

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in 1829, he sent a committee to Paris in 1832 to confer with Vidocq for several days. In 1843, two commissars of Scotland Yard traveled to Paris for further training. They spent only two days with Pierre Allard, who was head of the Sûreté by then. Then they went to Vidocq's private agency and, for

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whose agents were responsible for the detection of conspiracies and intrigues; on the other, the normal police, who investigated common crimes such as theft, fraud, prostitution, and murder. Since the Middle Ages, those constables wore identification insignia that, over time, had developed to full

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The harm was done, however. The lawsuit had been very expensive, and his reputation was damaged. Business at the agency suffered. Moreover, Delessert tried to get him expelled from the city for being a former criminal. Although the attempt failed, Vidocq increasingly considered selling his agency,

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In November 1820, Vidocq married again, this time the destitute Jeanne-Victoire Guérin, whose origin is unknown, which at that time led to speculation. She came to live in the household at 111 Rue de l'Hirondelle, where Vidocq's mother and a niece of hers, the 27-year-old Fleuride Albertine Maniez

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I believe I might have become a perpetual spy, so far was every one from supposing that any connivance existed between the agents of the public authority and myself. Even the porters and keepers were in ignorance of my mission with which I was entrusted. Adored by the thieves, esteemed by the most

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He spent some time in Paris, where he witnessed the execution of César Herbaux, the man with whom his life had started a downward spiral. This event triggered a process of re-evaluation in Vidocq. With his mother and a woman he called Annette in his memoirs, he moved several times in the following

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In the following weeks, Vidocq escaped several times with the help of Francine, but was always captured soon again. After one of his escapes, Francine caught him with another woman. He disappeared for a few days, and when he was finally picked up again by police, he was told that Francine had been

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On 8 August 1794, when he was barely nineteen, Vidocq married Anne Marie Louise Chevalier after a pregnancy scare. No child resulted, and the marriage was not happy from the start. When Vidocq learned that his wife had cheated on him with the adjutant, Pierre Laurent Vallain, he left again for the

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Depuis dix-huit ans, je sers la police avec distinction. Je n'ai jamais reçu un seul reproche de vos prédécesseurs. Je dois donc penser n'en avoir pas mérité. Depuis votre nomination à la deuxième division, voilà la deuxième fois que vous me faites l'honneur de m'en adresser en vous plaignant des

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I have the honor to inform you that the ill health of my wife is forcing me to stay in Saint-Mandé to monitor my establishment. This urgent circumstance will preclude my ability to steer the future operations of the security brigade. Please accept my resignation and my sincere thanks for all the

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Despite his position as chief of a police authority, Vidocq remained a wanted criminal. His forgery conviction had never been fully dismissed. So alongside complaints and denunciations, his superiors repeatedly received requests from the prison director of Douai, which they ignored. Finally, the

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It was with a troop so small as this that I had to watch over more than twelve hundred pardoned convicts, freed, some from public prisons, others from solitary confinement: to put in execution, annually, from four to five hundred warrants, as well from the préfet as the judicial authorities; to

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did not yet exist during Vidocq's time. Despite numerous scientific papers, the police did not recognize its practical benefits, and this could not be changed by Vidocq. Nevertheless, he was not so averse to experiments as his superiors and usually had a small laboratory set up in his office

779:, who began to use him as a model for several figures in his books. Vidocq's wife, who was ailing throughout their marriage, died in June 1824 in a hospital. Six weeks later, on 30 July 1824, Vidocq's mother died at age 80. She was buried with honours, and her requiem was performed in 333:

autobiography and a few documents in French archives. His father was well educated and, for the time, very wealthy since he was also a corn dealer. Vidocq had six siblings: two older brothers (one of whom had died before he was born), two younger brothers, and two younger sisters.

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Vidocq returned to Arras in 1800. His father had died in 1799. So he hid in his mother's house for almost half a year before he was recognized and had to flee again. He assumed the identity of an Austrian and spent some time in a relationship with a widow, with whom he moved to

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thief Fossard but mentioned that he could not be the culprit, since he was still in prison. The police chief, Lecrosnier, who was also present, told them that Fossard had escaped eight days before. Two days later, Vidocq arrested Fossard, who had in fact committed the burglary.

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as the head of a transitional government. Although Vidocq had always been proud of his reception at the king's court and had boasted about his access to Louis-Philippe, he offered his services to the new government. His task was the surveillance of political opponents such as

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Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself still went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old

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démission, et recevoir mes sincères remerciements pour toutes les marques de bonté dont vous avez daigné me combler. Si, dans une circonstance quelconque, j'étais assez heureux pour vous servir, vous pouvez compter sur ma fidélité et mon dévouement à toute épreuve.

388:, but during his promotion ceremony, he challenged a fellow non-commissioned officer to a duel. This sergeant major refused the duel. So Vidocq hit him. Striking a superior officer could have led to a death sentence. So he deserted and enlisted in the 11th 321:, during the night of 23/24 July 1775, in the Rue du Miroir-de-Venise, now the Rue Eugène-François Vidocq. He was the third child of Henriette Françoise Vidocq (maiden name Dion, 1744–1824) and her husband, baker Nicolas Joseph François Vidocq (1744–1799). 337:

Vidocq's teenage years were turbulent. He is described as being fearless, rowdy and cunning, very talented, but also very lazy. He spent much time in the armories (fighting halls) of Arras and acquired a reputation as a formidable fencer and the nickname

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Am I their master in the time they spend out of office? No. To save you, sir, the trouble of sending me further similar complaints in the future, and me the inconvenience of receiving them, I have the honor to solicit you for accepting my resignation.

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agents. Suis-je le maître de les contenir hors du bureau? Non. Pour vous éviter, monsieur, la peine de m'en adresser de semblables à l'avenir, et à moi le désagrément de les recevoir, j'ai l'honneur de vous prier de vouloir bien recevoir ma démission.

1041:, claims that his grave is at the cemetery in Saint Mandé. There is a gravestone with the inscription "Vidocq 18". According to information from city officials, however, this grave is registered to Vidocq's last wife, Fleuride-Albertine Maniez. 1215:

As Vidocq said at Lambert's trial, while his memory was phenomenal, he could not require the same of his agents. Therefore, for each arrested person, he carefully set up an index card with a personal description, aliases, previous convictions,

471:, which he later left for a woman he had fallen in love with, Francine Longuet. When Francine left him for a real soldier, he beat both of them. The soldier sued him, and in September 1795, Vidocq was sentenced to three months in the prison 606:

years; but again and again, people from his past recognized him. He again tried to become a legitimate merchant, but his former wife found him in Paris and blackmailed him for money, and a couple of former fellow convicts forced him to

430:, which was then a hideout for crooks of all kinds. There, he supported himself by small frauds. One day, he was apprehended by the police, and as a deserter, he had no valid papers. When asked for his identity, he described himself as 1494:

Vidocq's life story inspired many contemporary writers, many of them his closest friends. In Balzac's writings, he was regularly the model of literary figures: his experiences as a failed entrepreneur were used in the third part of

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In the following years, Vidocq published several small books in which he depicted his life to directly refute the rumours that were being circulated about him. In 1844, he presented an essay on prisons, penitentiaries, and the

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came to the Sûreté as clerk in 1879, the descriptions on the cards were not detailed enough anymore to really identify suspects. This caused Bertillon to develop an anthropometric system for personal identification called the

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to expose criminal activities Vidocq allegedly had committed. Other police officers followed the example of Vidocq's memoirs and published their own autobiographies in the following years, among them the prefect of police,

1714:, which was sponsored by Vidocq to a great extent. According to the biographer James Morton, Vidocq also submitted a play, but it was never produced. He also had plans to dabble in play acting but never carried them out. 949:. Vidocq immediately appealed, and through the intervention of political friends like Count Gabriel de Berny and the attorney general, Franck-Carré, he quickly got a new trial, this time with the chief judge of the 703:

subordinates were ex-criminals like himself. He even hired them fresh from the prisons; for example, Coco Lacour, who would later become Vidocq's successor at the Sûreté. Vidocq described his work from this period:

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in 1802. Vidocq built up a reputation as a businessman and finally felt secure enough to let his mother come live with him and the widow; but finally, his past caught up with him. He was arrested and brought to

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In April 1793, Vidocq was identified as a deserter. He followed a general, who was fleeing after a failed martial coup, into the enemy camp. After a few weeks, Vidocq returned to the French camp. A chasseur-

989:. Meanwhile, the new government sank into chaos and violence. In the presidential election of 10 December 1848, Lamartine received less than 8,000 votes. Vidocq presented himself as a candidate in the 2nd 1229:. The sorting of the card boxes, which by then already filled several rooms, was converted to body dimensions, the first of many attempts to improve the structure of the sorting. With the advent of the 899:("Office of Information"), a company that was a mixture of a detective agency and a private police force. It is considered to be the first known detective agency. Once again, he predominantly hired ex- 1659:, a fictionalized version of Vidocq is a friend and mentor to the protagonist James Stark. Kadrey's Vidocq has become immortal thanks to an alchemical accident and lives in modern-day Los Angeles. 345:

When Vidocq was thirteen years old, he stole his parents' silver plates and spent the proceeds from them within a day. Three days after the theft, he was arrested and brought to the local jail,

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of 1830 forced Charles X to abdicate. When Vidocq delivered a few useful tips that helped to solve a burglary in Fontainebleau and led to the arrest of eight people, the new police prefect,

349:. Only ten days later, he learned that his father had arranged his arrest to teach him a lesson. After a total of fourteen days, he was released from prison, but even this did not tame him. 1137:

uniforms. Unlike the often covertly operating political police, they were easy to spot. For fear of attack, they did not dare to enter some Parisian districts, limiting their efforts at

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After a long delay, his trial for document forgery began. On 27 December 1796, Vidocq and a second accused, César Herbaux, were found guilty and sentenced to eight years of hard labour.

685:("Security Brigade"). The police department recognized the value of these civil agents, and in October 1812, the experiment was officially converted to a security police unit under the 513: 965:. On the morning of 22 September 1847, his third wife, Fleuride, died after 17 years of marriage. Vidocq did not marry again, but until his death, he had several intimate partners. 457:

captain. In this role, he met a rich widow in Brussels who became fond of him. A co-conspirator of Vidocq's convinced her that Vidocq was a young nobleman on the run because of the

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Vidocq is considered by historians as the "father" of modern criminology. His approaches were new and unique for that time. However, it should be said that a famous predecessor

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On the same day, the Sûreté was dissolved, then re-established without agents with criminal records, no matter how minor their offenses. Vidocq's successor was Pierre Allard.

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but received only one vote. The clear winner, and thus president of the Second Republic, was Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who did not respond to Vidocq's offer to work for him.

1037:, where the funeral service was held. It is not known where Vidocq is buried, though there are some rumours as to the location. One of them, mentioned in the biography of 1801:

in five acts and seven scenes. The producers Hertz and Coquelin rejected it, but Bergerat sued them successfully for 8,000 francs in damages. The play debuted in 1910 in

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On 1 July 1809, only a few days before his 34th birthday, Vidocq was arrested again. He decided to stop living on the fringes of society and offered his services as an

2920: 734:, Vidocq and the Sûreté tried to contain the situation in Paris. He also arrested those who tried to exploit the post-revolutionary situation by claiming to have been 877:

marks of kindness with which you deigned to grace me. While, under any circumstances, I was happy to serve you, you can count on my loyalty and devotion by any means.

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Vidocq increasingly became the subject of literature and public discussions. Balzac wrote several novels and plays that contained characters modeled after Vidocq.

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sent forthwith to the Bicêtre, and there, making one chain, to be sent on to the Bagne at Brest. It is unnecessary to say that I was relying on escaping en route.

1356:("Truth generates truth"). The rolls of membership are closed and the number of members remains low enough to never exceed the number of years of Vidocq's life. 1120:

reported on 17 September 1905 that on obtaining information concerning the omission, they had received the answer that Vidocq had never been head of the Sûreté.

632:. He sounded out his inmates and forwarded his information about forged identities and unsolved crimes through Annette to the police chief of Paris, Jean Henry. 410:

He was eighteen years old when he returned to Arras. He soon gained a reputation as a womanizer. Since his seductions often ended in duels, he was imprisoned in

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Not only were many of Vidocq's paramours actresses, but many of his friends and acquaintances were also from the theatre scene. Among them was the famous actor

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His squad, which initially consisted of eleven detectives, two clerks and one secretary, pitted itself on behalf of businesspeople and private citizens against

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building. In the archives of the Parisian police are reports of cases that he solved by applying forensic methods decades before they were recognized as such.

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Lemaître had used was also similar to the one of King Louis-Philippe. The play was banned by the French interior minister after that and not performed again.

1598:, one of the first scientific and methodical investigators who played the lead role in many adventures, who in turn was a major influence for the creation of 628:

to the police. His offer was accepted, and on 20 July, he was jailed in Bicêtre, where he started his work as a spy. On 28 October, he continued his work in

305:. Vidocq is considered to be the father of modern criminology and of the French national police force. He is also regarded as the first private detective. 1997:

between 1965 and 1969. It was a realistic adventure series set during the Napoleonic era, where Vidocq is portrayed as a detective with a criminal past.

1905:. It showed the rise of a rogue in society, coupled with a love story. It was followed in April 1948 by the next French version of Vidocq's life story, 933:, 75 police officers stormed his office building and arrested him and one of his agents. This time, the case seemed to be clear. In an investigation of 3079: 1116:

exhibited a painting series with its former heads. However, the first painting of the series showed Pierre Allard, Vidocq's successor. The newspaper

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reported on a court ruling in which a murderer in Lincoln named Thomas Richardson had been convicted with the help of ballistics for the first time.

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determined bandits (for even these hardened wretches have a sentiment which they call esteem), I could always rely on their devotion to me.

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friend interceded for him, so he was allowed to rejoin the chasseurs. Finally, he resigned from the army because he was no longer welcome.

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When Vidocq gave his allegiance to the police around 1810, there were two police organizations in France: on the one side, there was the

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of the Paris police, responded to a petition from Vidocq and requested an official pardon, which he received on 26 March 1817 from King

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In March 1795, Vidocq moved to Paris, where he squandered all his money entertaining women. He went back north and joined a group of

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The agency flourished, but Vidocq continued to make enemies, some of them powerful. On 17 August 1842, on behalf of Police Prefect

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for the embezzled money from the arrested fraudster. For the next few months, 67-year-old Vidocq was remanded into custody in the

1286:) how Vidocq used clues from the crime scene to determine the perpetrator based on his knowledge of specific criminals and their 953:. The hearing on 22 July 1843 took a matter of minutes, and after eleven months in the Conciergerie, Vidocq was free once again. 787: 3119: 2991:

Der phantastische Kriminalroman : Untersuchungen zu Parallelen zwischen roman policier, conte fantastique und gothic novel

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At the same time, his work was not acknowledged in France for a long time because of his criminal past. In September 1905, the

461:. Shortly before their wedding, Vidocq confessed to her. Then he left the city, but not without a generous cash gift from her. 449:

nor regiments. They were raiders, forging routes, ranks and uniforms but staying away from the battlefields. Vidocq began as a

3129: 2846: 1402: 1391: 580:, arriving on 29 August 1799. After a failed escape attempt, he escaped again on 6 March 1800 with the help of a prostitute. 3073: 1802: 1611: 393: 2643: 1733:

after numerous problems with censorship. Lemaître tried to adapt his appearance to that of Vidocq, on whom the character

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the offenders. Even though some of Vidocq's techniques might have been questionable, there seems to be no truth to this.

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Around 1827, Vidocq wrote an autobiography, which he planned for the bookseller Émile Morice to publish in summer 1828.

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that allowed him to recognize previously convicted criminals, even in disguise. Biographer Samuel Edwards reported in

1013:[Translation: 'I liked him, I appreciated him I will never forget him, and I can just say he was an honest man!' 1718: 1505:, Balzac introduced the policeman Corentin; but most clearly, the connection to Vidocq can be found in the figure of 57: 51: 1778:

In December 1860, some years after Vidocq's death, another play about him, written by F. Marchant, was presented in

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attended court hearings to observe the spectators in the public galleries and become aware of possible accomplices.

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Je l'aimais, je l'estimais ... Je ne l'oublierai jamais, et je dirai hautement que c'était un honnête homme!

969: 797:, who set a high value on religiousness among his subordinates. In 1824, Louis XVIII died. His successor was the 2549: 68: 3084: 2033:. In December 1828, L'Héritier published the memoirs, which had grown to four volumes through the help of some 1188: 1113: 1066: 860: 298: 2026: 1817: 1427: 665: 352:

By age fourteen, he had stolen a large amount of money from the cash box of his parents' bakery and left for

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Crescendo of the virtuoso : spectacle, skill and self-promotion in Paris during the age of revolution

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signed a decree that made the brigade a state security police force. From this day on, it was called the

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When France declared war against Austria on 20 April 1792, Vidocq participated in the battles of the

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Crescendo of the Virtuoso. Spectacle, skill and self-promotion in Paris during the age of revolution

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A film based on Vidocq's memoirs was released in France on 13 August 1909, a short black-and-white

1775:, were quite positive, the play was performed only nine times in the first month and then dropped. 1722: 1133: 801: 776: 735: 294: 2914: 2536: 1956: 1893: 1876: 1858: 1822: 1703: 1636: 1341: 1307: 1221: 1054: 911: 794: 731: 397: 2112: 1196: 915:

numerous witnesses had testified, the judge dismissed all three charges. Vidocq was free again.

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Naissance de la police privée : détectives et agences de recherches en France, 1832 - 1942

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The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq: Criminal, Spy and Private Eye

2271: 2250: 2229: 2205: 1885: 1863: 1794: 1779: 1766: 1692: 1615: 1589: 1546: 1541:. Not only Vidocq as a person but also his methods and disguises inspired Balzac in his work. 1511: 1497: 1253: 1058: 1038: 458: 145: 1482:

In 1829, two journalists under the pseudonym of a criminal named Malgaret published the book

297:. He was the founder and first director of France's first criminal investigative agency, the 3053: 2153: 2069: 1607: 1527: 1245: 1138: 1070: 938: 791: 607: 282: 1937:

In 1989, the pilot episode "Footprint" was devoted to Eugène Vidocq. The series was called

1809:, who years later would also participate in a movie about Vidocq, took over the lead role. 2081: 1931: 1641: 1631: 1603: 1599: 1565: 1263: 1230: 1164: 1102: 841: 629: 549: 381: 377: 370: 318: 290: 277: 1867: 748: 2897:

Der Detektivroman, Studien z. Geschichte u. Form d. engl. u. amerikan. Detektivliteratur

1687: 2949: 1990: 1968: 1898: 1750: 1656: 1648: 1594: 1328: 1287: 1217: 1204: 1148: 990: 863:. During his funeral on 5 June 1832, a revolt erupted and the throne of "Citizen King" 837: 798: 599: 446: 404: 2895:

Rix, Paul G. Buchloh, Jens P. Becker. Mit Beitr. von Antje Wulff u. Walter T. (1973).

2475: 2469: 2061: 2041: 1348:, and any other competent professionals. At their monthly meetings, they try to solve 1025: 486: 366: 17: 3098: 2117: 2099: 1912: 1881: 1706:, a road with several theatres that regularly presented crime stories in the form of 1652: 1579: 1488: 1176: 1094: 962: 852: 845: 767: 739: 533: 468: 1069:, and the Pope. De Sartine is portrayed in the fictional detective French TV series 921: 828: 1902: 1626: 1551: 1337: 1333: 1226: 1109:

pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen out of real need.

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Vidocq did not stay long in the army. In autumn 1794, he spent most of his time in

330: 2899:(2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Darmstadt: Wissenshaftliche Buchgesellshaft. 2695: 1159:

for his reform of the Berkeley police force. His reform ideas were adopted by the

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Events of the 1820s affected the police apparatus. After the assassination of the

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Bloody murder : from the detective story to the crime novel : a history

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and, in this capacity, passed through Paris, Arras, Brussels, Ancer and finally

286: 179: 3040: 2605: 2098:, a novel published under Vidocq's name, though authored by Horace Raisson and 1606:

was prompted by a story about Vidocq to create the first detective in fiction,

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The first real comparison between a gun and a bullet took place in 1835 by the

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Portrait d'Eugène Vidocq (1775–1857), aventurier et chef de la police de sûreté

2840: 2651: 2316: 2037:. The work became a bestseller and sold over 50,000 copies in the first year. 1871: 1841: 1707: 1298: 1156: 1098: 1078: 1074: 790:

in February 1820, Police Prefect Anglès had to resign and was replaced by the

450: 445:("flying army"). This army consisted of "officers" who in reality had neither 836:

Vidocq, who was a rich man after his resignation, became an entrepreneur. In

1853: 1827: 1806: 1771: 1620: 1312: 625: 561: 385: 342:("wild boar"). By stealing, he provided himself with some level of comfort. 3062: 2761:

Biographie des Commissaires et des Officiers de Paix de la ville de Paris

1888:

in the title role. The film focused largely on Vidocq's criminal career.

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from around the world, free of charge and in accordance with their motto

1278:, contemporary general director of French prisons, described in his book 1234: 775:(born March 22, 1793), also lived. In 1822, Vidocq befriended the author 678:

At the end of 1811, Vidocq informally organized a plainclothes unit, the

431: 427: 389: 2585: 2448:, Harold Bloom, ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. p. 31 2083:

Considérations sommaires sur les prisons, les bagnes et la peine de mort

1922:

showed the first of two television series, each with thirteen episodes.

576:, where he was identified as Vidocq. He was transferred to the Bagne in 2029:

thought that the story was too short. So Vidocq found a new publisher,

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starring Bernard Noël was still in black and white. The second series,

1734: 1699: 1506: 1345: 900: 856: 818: 724: 680: 557: 465: 2572:"Gaumont Boards J.F. Richet-Vincent Cassel Pic 'The Emperor of Paris'" 2178:

The biographer Bruno Roy-Henry suspects it was the Baroness d'Ixelles.

392:, concealing his history. On 6 November 1792, he fought under General 384:

in September 1792. On 1 November 1792, he was promoted to corporal of

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Vidocq appears as a playable character in the adventure mystery game

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based on the memoirs appeared in 1922. The screenplay was written by

1783: 1558:, were modeled after Vidocq, as was the policeman Monsieur Jackal in 1555: 1259: 738:. During 1817, he was involved in 811 arrests, including those of 15 577: 569: 553: 541: 537: 529: 454: 353: 3058: 2305:

Memoirs of Vidocq: Principal Agent of the French Police Until 1827.

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is still partially used by French police. He is also credited with

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Another contemporary novel that features Vidocq is Louis Bayard's

1470: 1187: 1024: 1003: 920: 827: 761: 660: 659: 612: 590: 573: 520:, 1830, shows a typical chain transport from Bicêtre to the Bagne. 512: 485: 435: 365: 314: 163: 141: 1891:

On 19 July 1946, the first American film about Vidocq appeared –

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army. He did not see his wife again until their divorce in 1805.

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Vidocq also appears as a major character in James McGee's novel

1233:, the cards were digitised, and the card boxes were replaced by 689:. Vidocq was appointed its leader. On 17 December 1813, Emperor 329:

Little is known about his childhood; most of it is based on his

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The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq

602:. For the next four years, he was a man on the run once again. 2619: 2043:

Mémoires de Vidocq, chef de la police de Sûreté, jusqu'en 1827

1930:, the first in color, premiered on 5 January 1971 and starred 1738: 1737:

was based. At the premiere, there were commotions because the

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who organised the secret police under the monarchy before the

36: 2951:

Le "detective novel" et l'influence de la pensée scientifique

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Vidocq is frequently alluded to in Burt Solomon's 2017 novel

1537:, and finally as the main character in the 1840 theatre play 438:

and escaped while the police tried to confirm his statement.

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The Vidocq Dossier: The Story of the World's First Detective

1790:. It was included in the theatre program for only one week. 972:

caused the abdication of "Citizen King" Louis-Philippe. The

528:, Vidocq was to wait several months for the transfer to the 2474:(Paperback ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 1073:. Nonetheless, Vidocq is credited with the introduction of 281:; 24 July 1775 – 11 May 1857) was a French criminal turned 3135:

French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars

3034: 2364:. 4th edition, Staples Press, London, January 1954, p. 247 2066:, a study of thieves and imposters, 1836, Roy-Terry, Paris 1943:

and was filmed in a Czechoslovakian–German co-production.

441:

In 1795, still under the alias of Rousseau, he joined the

1029:

Entry in the register of deaths of the church Saint-Denys

1290:. As a concrete example, Moreau named a burglary in the 1180:

one week, accompanied him and his agents in their work.

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in the presence of his doctor, his lawyer and a priest.

1989:

Vidocq's life inspired a comics series by Dutch artist

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but he could not find a qualified and reputable buyer.

548:

was put into a prison hospital. There he stole a nun's

285:, whose life story inspired several writers, including 1258:

In the France of Vidocq's time, there already existed

1344:, homicide investigators, scientists, psychologists, 1838:

La Jeunesse de Vidocq ou Comment on devient policier

1572:, who secured justice in the serial newspaper novel 1550:(1862), both main characters, the reformed criminal 2471:

Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance

2431:

University of California, Davis Press, 2000, p. 10.

2156:) and was probably derived from the reflexive verb 1710:, was quite popular. One of these theatres was the 1394:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 937:, he had made an illegal arrest and had demanded a 851:Criticism of Vidocq and his organization grew. The 185: 174: 152: 127: 101: 2948: 2868:(1. - 25. Tsd. ed.). Zürich: Droemer-Knauer. 2550:"Author Interview: Richard Kadrey of Sandman Slim" 1745:few months later, on 6 July 1829, the premiere of 1630:("Chapter VI: The Quarterdeck Officers, etc.") by 2797:(in German), Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1954:played Vidocq in the French science fiction film 1918:On 7 January 1967, the French television station 1721:, who among other things played the main role in 1610:, who appeared, for example, in the short story " 1340:(d. 2011). Its members are forensic experts, FBI 859:outbreak in 1832. One of its victims was General 2648:INSPECTOR JAVERT AND THE OATH OF BLOOD | PC GAME 1666:(2008), though it is set in Restoration France. 855:caused insecurities in society, and there was a 540:. A fellow inmate taught him the martial art of 1008: 882:Vidocq in his resignation from 15 November 1832 870: 806: 705: 634: 496: 2224:Conser, James Andrew and Russell, Gregory D.: 1691:Melodrama at the Parisian Boulevard du Crime, 1624:("Chapter 88: Schools and Schoolmasters") and 2268:Untersuchungsrichter, Diebsfänger, Detektive. 2092:, a memoir of his time as a gang member, 1845 1161:International Association of Chiefs of Police 727:. At one point, he even faked his own death. 30:"Vidocq" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 2919:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1769:. Although the critics, among them one from 1509:. This character first appears in the novel 453:of chasseurs but soon promoted himself to a 2793:Emsley, Clive; Shpayer-Makov, Haia (2006), 1729:, a play which debuted on 14 March 1840 at 848:, again appointed him chief of the Sûreté. 27:French criminal and criminalist (1775–1857) 2700:(1st ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 109: 98: 2813:Das große Ohr von Paris. Fälle der Sûreté 2408:The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. 2351:. Librairie Hachette, Paris 1973, p. 299. 2331: 2329: 2327: 2300: 2298: 2296: 1911:, directed by Lucien Ganier-Raymond with 1844:, who also portrayed him in two sequels: 1757:. The melodrama in two acts, produced by 1454:Learn how and when to remove this message 422:Years of wandering and prison (1795–1800) 301:, as well as the head of the first known 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 3050:Works by or about Eugène-François Vidocq 3005:(also thesis, Universität Giessen 2001). 2930:The investigators of crime in literature 2620:"Inspector Javert and the Oath of Blood" 2220: 2218: 2196: 2194: 1061:influenced other governments of Europe, 891:Le bureau des renseignements (1833–1848) 568:by the Dutch. After a short career as a 518:Le Malheureux Cloquemin Sous les Verroux 414:from 9 January 1794 to 21 January 1795. 50:This article includes a list of general 3035:Vidocq – Du Bagne à la Police de Sûreté 2957:(Reprint of the Paris edition of 1929). 2795:Police detectives in history, 1750–1950 2247:Police Detectives in History, 1750–1950 2245:Emsley, Clive and Shpayer-Makov, Haia: 2228:Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2005, 2190: 2129: 2086:, deliberations on reducing crime, 1844 1765:, and the main character was played by 1501:, "Les Souffrances de l'inventeur"; in 1163:(IACP) and, as a result, also affected 1101:with his printing company. His form of 1093:impressions of shoe prints. He created 259: 1830; died 1847) 236: 1820; died 1824) 2963:The development of the detective novel 2912: 2502:. New York: Cooper Square Press, 123. 2007:Inspector Javert and the Oath of Blood 1993:, which was published in the magazine 1484:Mémoires d'un forçat ou Vidocq dévoilé 1475:Rastignac and Vautrin on the cover of 1033:His body was brought to the church of 2974:(Repr. ed.). Cambridge: Polity. 2446:Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe 2226:Law Enforcement in the United States. 1522:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes 730:During 1814, at the beginning of the 572:, he was arrested again and taken to 359:On 10 March 1791, he enlisted in the 276: 7: 3074:Appraisal by Vidocq's hometown Arras 2500:Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy 1392:adding citations to reliable sources 1310:Henry Goddard. On 21 December 1860, 664:Eugène François Vidocq, portrait by 2429:The Detective: A Myth for Our Time. 2290:Ville d'Arras municipal information 2046:, ghost-written autobiography, 1828 313:Eugène François Vidocq was born in 2288:https://www.arras.fr/en/node/11669 1788:Vidocq or The French Jonathan Wild 832:Marriage certificate (page 1 of 3) 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 2815:. Berlin: Verlag Das Neue Berlin. 1928:Les Nouvelles Aventures de Vidocq 1614:", which is considered the first 3066: 1946:In 2001, under the direction of 1866:and the main role was played by 1731:Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin 1588:; and he was the inspiration of 1368: 1292:Bibliothèque nationale de France 1276:Louis Mathurin Moreau-Christophe 210: 41: 3145:Sportspeople from Pas-de-Calais 3059:Works by Eugène-François Vidocq 3041:Works by Eugène François Vidocq 2928:Engelhardt, von Sandra (2003). 1852:(1911). Under the direction of 1379:needs additional citations for 1124:Remodelling of the police force 1085:and a record keeping system to 325:Childhood and youth (1775–1795) 256: 233: 206: 3090:Vidocq – Defrosting Cold Cases 2847:University of California Press 2719:. London: Selwyn & Blount. 1799:Vidocq, empereur des policiers 1618:. Vidocq is also mentioned in 1035:Saint-Denys du Saint-Sacrement 1: 2882:Das Jahrhundert der Detektive 2866:Das Jahrhundert der Detektive 2586:"The Emperor of Paris (2018)" 1747:Vidocq! The French Police Spy 1678:The Murder of Willie Lincoln. 1612:The Murders in the Rue Morgue 1201:Das Jahrhundert der Detektive 2781:. Paris: Librairie Hachette. 2779:La vie aventureuse de Vidocq 2768:Maurice, Barthélemy (1861). 2715:Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928). 2524:From Rogues to Ratiocination 2442:Biography of Edgar Allan Poe 2389:Charles C Thomas Pub, 1972, 2349:La vie aventureuse de Vidocq 2249:. Ashgate Publishing, 2006, 2202:Forensic Science: The Basics 1568:. He also was the basis for 1336:by forensic artist/sculptor 1151:, the first police chief of 897:Le bureau des renseignements 552:and escaped in disguise. In 3065:(public domain audiobooks) 3013:(. ed.). London: Pan. 2989:Schwarz, von Ellen (2001). 2970:Rzepka, Charles J. (2005). 2787:Influence on criminalistics 2743:Stead, John Philip (1954). 2096:Les vrais mystères de Paris 1940:Adventure of Criminalistics 1901:as Vidocq and direction by 1712:Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique 1702:. During his lifetime, the 1698:Vidocq was a friend of the 1602:. It is also believed that 1184:Identification of criminals 196:Anne Marie Louise Chevalier 3161: 2993:. Marburg: Tectum-Verlag. 2932:. Marburg: Tectum-Verlag. 2820:Kalifa, Dominique (2000). 2763:(Goullet ed.). Paris. 2552:. Nerdlocker. 28 July 2012 2387:The Berkeley Police Story. 1908:The Cavalier of Croix-Mort 584:The turnaround (1800–1811) 278:[øʒɛnfʁɑ̃swavidɔk] 29: 2864:Thorwald, Jürgen (1981). 2745:Vidocq: Picaroon of Crime 2717:Vidocq: A Master of Crime 2537:Schools and Schoolmasters 2031:Louis-François L'Héritier 1755:London Borough of Lambeth 1525:(as the main character), 1203:(1964) that Vidocq had a 246:Fleuride Albertine Maniez 108: 2770:Vidocq. Vie et aventures 2694:Edwards, Samuel (1977). 2498:Meyers, Jeffrey (1992). 2385:Parker, Alfred Eustace. 1582:in the weekly newspaper 1403:"Eugène-François Vidocq" 1067:Maria Theresa of Austria 983:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 895:In 1833, Vidocq founded 861:Jean Maximilien Lamarque 713:Eugène François Vidocq, 642:Eugène François Vidocq, 504:Eugène François Vidocq, 303:private detective agency 3009:Symons, Julian (1994). 2961:Murch, Alma E. (1968). 2889:Influence on literature 2410:Greenwood Press, 1999, 2136:Today's French name is 1840:. Vidocq was played by 1803:Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt 1763:Douglas William Jerrold 1759:Robert William Elliston 1284:The World of Scoundrels 666:Marie-Gabrielle Coignet 610:stolen goods for them. 71:more precise citations. 32:Vidocq (disambiguation) 3120:French police officers 3080:Vidocq in CrimeLibrary 2947:Messac, Régis (1975). 2839:Metzner, Paul (1998). 2811:Feix, Gerhard (1979). 2724:Morton, James (2004). 2090:Les chauffeurs du nord 1830: 1695: 1575:The Mysteries of Paris 1570:Rodolphe de Gerolstein 1479: 1241:Scientific experiments 1193: 1087:criminal investigation 1063:Catherine II of Russia 1030: 1023: 997:Last years (1849–1857) 926: 885: 833: 815: 771: 720: 675: 656:The Sûreté (1811–1832) 649: 621: 556:, he found a job as a 521: 511: 491: 373: 270:Eugène-François Vidocq 223:Jeanne-Victoire Guérin 103:Eugène-François Vidocq 18:Eugène François Vidocq 3130:Private investigators 2777:Savant, Jean (1973). 2759:Guyon, Louis (1826). 2144:was a slang word for 1967:directed a film with 1820: 1690: 1561:The Mohicans of Paris 1554:and Police Inspector 1534:Le Contrat de mariage 1474: 1191: 1028: 1019:Alphonse de Lamartine 978:Alphonse de Lamartine 976:was proclaimed, with 924: 831: 765: 663: 616: 516: 489: 369: 2574:. 26 September 2017. 2406:Theoharis, Athan G. 2375:Finest of the Finest 2362:Vidocq: A Biography. 2360:Stead, John Philip: 2148:in northern France ( 2071:Dictionnaire d'Argot 1974:The Emperor of Paris 1965:Jean-Francois Richet 1880:, appeared in 1939. 1797:wrote the melodrama 1388:improve this article 1360:Depictions of Vidocq 1280:Le monde des coquins 1153:Berkeley, California 1089:. He made the first 781:Notre Dame Cathedral 687:Prefecture of Police 209: 1795; 2955:. Geneva: Slatkine. 2671:Samuel Edwards.... 2534:Melville, Hermann. 2518:Rzepka, Charles J. 2204:. CRC Press, 2006, 1979:L'Empereur de Paris 1856:, the silent movie 1846:L'Évasion de Vidocq 1205:photographic memory 1199:stated in his book 1134:intelligence agency 970:February revolution 821:with the help of a 770:of Honoré de Balzac 3125:Ballistics experts 2965:. London: P. Owen. 2520:Detective Fiction. 2466:Silverman, Kenneth 2266:Hügel, Hans-Otto: 2169:Destroyed in 1944. 2074:, a dictionary of 2052:in English Vol III 1894:A Scandal in Paris 1831: 1719:Frédérick Lemaître 1704:Boulevard du Crime 1696: 1637:Great Expectations 1585:Journal des débats 1480: 1322:The Vidocq Society 1254:Chemical compounds 1222:Alphonse Bertillon 1209:The Vidocq Dossier 1194: 1055:Antoine de Sartine 1049:Criminology legacy 1031: 927: 912:search and seizure 834: 817:He then wrote his 772: 732:French Restoration 676: 622: 522: 492: 398:Battle of Jemappes 374: 3115:People from Arras 3045:Project Gutenberg 2972:Detective fiction 2735:978-0-09-190337-4 2058:in English Vol IV 2056:Memoirs of Vidocq 2050:Memoirs of Vidocq 1874:, again entitled 1780:Britannia Theatre 1544:In Victor Hugo's 1517:Illusions perdues 1498:Illusions perdues 1464: 1463: 1456: 1438: 1354:Veritas veritatum 1308:Bow Street Runner 1059:French Revolution 1039:Philip John Stead 931:Gabriel Delessert 799:ultra-reactionary 715:Memoirs of Vidocq 644:Memoirs of Vidocq 524:In the prison of 506:Memoirs of Vidocq 473:Tour Saint-Pierre 459:French Revolution 267: 266: 97: 96: 89: 16:(Redirected from 3152: 3140:French savateurs 3070: 3069: 3054:Internet Archive 3024: 3004: 2985: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2924: 2918: 2910: 2880:(earlier title: 2879: 2860: 2835: 2816: 2807: 2782: 2773: 2772:. Paris: Laisné. 2764: 2748: 2739: 2720: 2711: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2650:. Archived from 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2606:"Hans G. Kresse" 2602: 2596: 2595: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2516: 2510: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2462: 2456: 2440:Cornelius, Kay. 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2404: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2264: 2258: 2243: 2237: 2222: 2213: 2200:Siegel, Jay A.: 2198: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160:("to wallow in") 2134: 2019:Honoré de Balzac 1952:Gérard Depardieu 1786:under the title 1761:, was penned by 1608:C. Auguste Dupin 1528:La Cousine Bette 1459: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1396: 1372: 1364: 1264:promissory notes 1246:Forensic science 1139:crime prevention 1130:police politique 1114:Sûreté Nationale 1097:and unalterable 1071:Nicolas Le Floch 1021: 985:, the nephew of 939:bill of exchange 925:The Conciergerie 883: 865:Louis-Philippe I 777:Honoré de Balzac 718: 696:Sûreté Nationale 674: 647: 509: 380:, including the 361:Bourbon Regiment 299:Sûreté Nationale 295:Honoré de Balzac 280: 275: 260: 258: 237: 235: 214: 212: 208: 159: 137: 135: 113: 99: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 21: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3095: 3094: 3067: 3031: 3021: 3008: 3001: 2988: 2982: 2969: 2960: 2946: 2940: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2891: 2876: 2863: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2819: 2810: 2805: 2792: 2789: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2742: 2736: 2728:. Ebury Press. 2723: 2714: 2708: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2529: 2517: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2405: 2401: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2325: 2317:Metzner, Paul: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2270:Metzler, 1978, 2265: 2261: 2244: 2240: 2223: 2216: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2113:The Gouffé Case 2109: 2027:Alexandre Dumas 2015: 2003: 1987: 1932:Claude Brasseur 1815: 1685: 1664:The Black Tower 1642:Charles Dickens 1632:Herman Melville 1616:detective story 1604:Edgar Allan Poe 1600:Sherlock Holmes 1566:Alexandre Dumas 1564:(1854–1855) by 1469: 1460: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1397: 1395: 1385: 1373: 1362: 1332:was founded in 1324: 1243: 1231:information age 1197:Jürgen Thorwald 1186: 1165:J. Edgar Hoover 1126: 1103:anthropometrics 1075:undercover work 1051: 1022: 1017: 999: 974:Second Republic 893: 884: 881: 842:July Revolution 719: 712: 668: 658: 648: 641: 630:La Force Prison 620:prison in Paris 586: 564:, where he was 536:to toil in the 510: 503: 424: 382:Battle of Valmy 378:First Coalition 371:Battle of Valmy 327: 319:northern France 311: 291:Edgar Allan Poe 273: 263: 262: 254: 250: 247: 239: 231: 227: 224: 216: 213: 1805) 204: 200: 197: 178:Innovations in 170: 161: 157: 148: 139: 133: 131: 123: 120:Achille Devéria 104: 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3158: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3085:Vidocq Society 3082: 3077: 3071: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3030: 3029:External links 3027: 3026: 3025: 3019: 3006: 2999: 2986: 2980: 2967: 2958: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2905: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2861: 2855: 2836: 2830: 2817: 2808: 2803: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2664: 2635: 2611: 2597: 2577: 2563: 2541: 2527: 2511: 2491: 2484: 2457: 2433: 2420: 2399: 2378: 2366: 2353: 2347:Savant, Jean: 2340: 2335:James Morton: 2323: 2309: 2292: 2280: 2259: 2238: 2214: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2087: 2079: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2014: 2011: 2002: 1999: 1991:Hans G. Kresse 1986: 1983: 1969:Vincent Cassel 1899:George Sanders 1864:Arthur Bernède 1826:, directed by 1814: 1811: 1795:Émile Bergerat 1751:Surrey Theatre 1693:Honoré Daumier 1684: 1681: 1657:Richard Kadrey 1595:Monsieur Lecoq 1590:Émile Gaboriau 1547:Les Misérables 1512:Le Père Goriot 1477:Le Père Goriot 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1376: 1374: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1329:Vidocq Society 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1301: 1296: 1288:modus operandi 1273: 1267: 1256: 1242: 1239: 1218:modus operandi 1185: 1182: 1149:August Vollmer 1125: 1122: 1050: 1047: 1015: 998: 995: 991:Arrondissement 892: 889: 879: 710: 657: 654: 639: 585: 582: 501: 443:armée roulante 434:Rousseau from 423: 420: 326: 323: 310: 307: 265: 264: 252: 248: 245: 244: 243: 242: 229: 225: 222: 221: 220: 219: 202: 198: 195: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 183: 182: 176: 175:Known for 172: 171: 162: 160:(aged 81) 154: 150: 149: 140: 129: 125: 124: 114: 106: 105: 102: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3157: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 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2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1915:in the lead. 1914: 1913:Henri Nassiet 1910: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882:Jacques Daroy 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653:urban fantasy 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1504: 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940: 936: 932: 923: 919: 916: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 890: 888: 878: 875: 869: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:July Monarchy 849: 847: 846:Henri Gisquet 843: 839: 830: 826: 824: 820: 814: 811: 805: 803: 800: 796: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 769: 768:daguerreotype 764: 760: 758: 754: 750: 744: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 716: 709: 704: 700: 698: 697: 692: 688: 684: 682: 672: 667: 662: 655: 653: 645: 638: 633: 631: 627: 619: 615: 611: 609: 603: 601: 597: 592: 583: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:cattle drover 555: 551: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 519: 515: 507: 500: 495: 488: 484: 480: 476: 474: 470: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 421: 419: 415: 413: 408: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 372: 368: 364: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 335: 332: 331:ghost-written 324: 322: 320: 316: 308: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 271: 241: 240: 218: 217: 191: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138:July 24, 1775 130: 126: 121: 117: 112: 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Berkeley: 2841: 2821: 2812: 2794: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2744: 2725: 2716: 2696: 2678:Bibliography 2667: 2656:. Retrieved 2652:the original 2647: 2638: 2627:. Retrieved 2623: 2614: 2600: 2589: 2580: 2566: 2554:. Retrieved 2544: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2522:chapter 3 – 2519: 2514: 2499: 2494: 2470: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2407: 2402: 2386: 2381: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2318: 2312: 2283: 2267: 2262: 2246: 2241: 2225: 2201: 2174: 2165: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2070: 2062: 2042: 2035:ghostwriters 2016: 2006: 2004: 1994: 1988: 1978: 1972: 1962: 1955: 1945: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1906: 1903:Douglas Sirk 1892: 1890: 1875: 1870:. The first 1868:René Navarre 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1832: 1821: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1777: 1770: 1749:was held at 1746: 1743: 1726: 1716: 1697: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1649:Sandman Slim 1646: 1635: 1627:White Jacket 1625: 1619: 1593: 1583: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1552:Jean Valjean 1545: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1450: 1441: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1398: 1386:Please help 1381:verification 1378: 1353: 1338:Frank Bender 1334:Philadelphia 1327: 1325: 1311: 1305: 1283: 1279: 1244: 1227:bertillonage 1214: 1208: 1200: 1195: 1192:Bertillonage 1175:established 1147: 1143: 1129: 1127: 1117: 1111: 1091:plaster cast 1052: 1043: 1032: 1010: 1009: 1000: 967: 959: 955: 951:court royale 950: 943:Conciergerie 928: 917: 907: 905: 896: 894: 886: 872: 871: 850: 835: 816: 808: 807: 788:Duc de Berry 785: 773: 749:Jules Anglès 745: 729: 721: 714: 706: 701: 694: 679: 677: 650: 643: 635: 623: 617: 604: 587: 546: 523: 517: 505: 497: 493: 490:The sentence 481: 477: 472: 463: 442: 440: 425: 416: 411: 409: 402: 375: 358: 351: 346: 344: 339: 336: 328: 312: 269: 268: 158:(1857-05-11) 156:May 11, 1857 115: 83: 74: 55: 3110:1857 deaths 3105:1775 births 2683:Biographies 2307:Carey, 1834 2063:Les voleurs 2023:Victor Hugo 2001:Video games 1971:as Vidocq, 1886:André Brulé 1848:(1910) and 1835:silent film 1270:Crime scene 1173:Robert Peel 1118:L'Exclusive 1083:criminology 935:defalcation 838:Saint-Mandé 823:ghostwriter 795:Guy Delavau 757:Louis XVIII 736:aristocrats 669: [ 447:commissions 287:Victor Hugo 283:criminalist 180:criminology 69:introducing 3099:Categories 2824:. : Plon. 2658:2020-11-28 2629:2020-11-28 2556:3 November 2427:Coe, Ada. 2418:, p. 265f. 2373:Time.com: 2186:References 2158:se vautrer 1872:sound film 1842:Harry Baur 1708:melodramas 1651:series of 1580:Eugène Sue 1515:, then in 1467:Literature 1414:newspapers 1350:cold cases 1299:Ballistics 1157:Hans Gross 1099:bond paper 1079:ballistics 987:Napoleon I 691:Napoleon I 566:shanghaied 475:in Lille. 451:lieutenant 386:grenadiers 340:le Vautrin 134:1775-07-24 122:, c. 1828. 52:references 2915:cite book 2146:wild boar 1963:In 2018, 1884:directed 1854:Jean Kemm 1828:Jean Kemm 1807:Jean Kemm 1793:In 1909, 1772:The Times 1671:Rebellion 1655:books by 1621:Moby Dick 1444:July 2017 1342:profilers 1313:The Times 1235:databases 802:Charles X 740:assassins 717:, p. 233 683:de Sûreté 646:, p. 190 626:informant 570:privateer 562:Rotterdam 394:Dumouriez 390:Chasseurs 3076:(French) 3063:LibriVox 3037:(French) 2624:IGDB.com 2468:(1991). 2397:, p. 53. 2278:, S. 17. 2236:, S. 39. 2212:, S. 12. 2138:sanglier 2107:See also 2013:Writings 1767:TP Cooke 1346:coroners 1171:. 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