2176:
1469:, which has dissolved from the atmosphere into the surface oceans (90 Gt yr−1) into particulate organic carbon (POC) during primary production (~ 50 Gt C yr−1). Phytoplankton are then consumed by krill and small zooplankton grazers, which in turn are preyed upon by higher trophic levels. Any unconsumed phytoplankton form aggregates, and along with zooplankton faecal pellets, sink rapidly and are exported out of the mixed layer (< 12 Gt C yr−1 14). Krill, zooplankton and microbes intercept phytoplankton in the surface ocean and sinking detrital particles at depth, consuming and respiring this POC to CO
2094:
other animals as carbon dioxide (2), when swimming from mid/deep waters to the surface in large swarms krill mix water, which potentially brings nutrients to nutrient-poor surface waters (3), ammonium and phosphate is released from the gills and when excreting, along with dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen (e.g., urea) and phosphorus (DOC, DON and DOP, 2 & 4). Krill release fast-sinking faecal pellets containing particulate organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (POC, PON and POP) and iron, the latter of which is bioavailable when leached into surrounding waters along with DOC, DON and DOP (5).
2025:
2085:
1473:(dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC), such that only a small proportion of surface-produced carbon sinks to the deep ocean (i.e., depths > 1000 m). As krill and smaller zooplankton feed, they also physically fragment particles into small, slower- or non-sinking pieces (via sloppy feeding, coprorhexy if fragmenting faeces), retarding POC export. This releases dissolved organic carbon (DOC) either directly from cells or indirectly via bacterial solubilisation (yellow circle around DOC). Bacteria can then remineralise the DOC to DIC (CO
2034:
sea but can be consumed (coprophagy) and degraded as they descend (4) by krill, bacteria and zooplankton. In the marginal ice zone, faecal pellet flux can reach greater depths (5). Krill also release moults, which sink and contribute to the carbon flux (6). Nutrients are released by krill during sloppy feeding, excretion and egestion, such as iron and ammonium (7, see Fig. 2 for other nutrients released), and if they are released near the surface can stimulate phytoplankton production and further atmospheric CO
1457:
1754:, the upper layers of the ocean where algae flourish. During the furcilia stages, segments with pairs of swimmerets are added, beginning at the frontmost segments. Each new pair becomes functional only at the next moult. The number of segments added during any one of the furcilia stages may vary even within one species depending on environmental conditions. After the final furcilia stage, an immature juvenile emerges in a shape similar to an adult, and subsequently develops
6167:
74:
1911:
49:
1932:. It has been assumed that they spend the day at greater depths and rise during the night toward the surface. The deeper they go, the more they reduce their activity, apparently to reduce encounters with predators and to conserve energy. Swimming activity in krill varies with stomach fullness. Sated animals that had been feeding at the surface swim less actively and therefore sink below the mixed layer. As they sink they produce
1477:, microbial gardening). Diel vertically migrating krill, smaller zooplankton and fish can actively transport carbon to depth by consuming POC in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence depths. Depending on species life history, active transport may occur on a seasonal basis as well. Numbers given are carbon fluxes (Gt C yr−1) in white boxes and carbon masses (Gt C) in dark boxes.
1767:
6866:
6859:
2313:
1256:
6852:
1270:
2110:
2042:) that sinks below the permanent thermocline is removed from subjection to seasonal mixing and will remain stored in the deep ocean for at least a year (9). The swimming motions of migrating adult krill that migrate can mix nutrient-rich water from the deep (10), further stimulating primary production. Other adult krill forage on the seafloor, releasing respired CO
3933:
1882:
2033:
Krill (as swarms and individuals) feed on phytoplankton at the surface (1) leaving only a proportion to sink as phytodetrital aggregates (2), which are broken up easily and may not sink below the permanent thermocline. Krill also release faecal pellets (3) whilst they feed, which can sink to the deep
1828:
Moulting occurs whenever a specimen outgrows its rigid exoskeleton. Young animals, growing faster, moult more often than older and larger ones. The frequency of moulting varies widely by species and is, even within one species, subject to many external factors such as latitude, water temperature, and
1447:
luciferin and that the krill probably do not produce this substance themselves but acquire it as part of their diet, which contains dinoflagellates. Krill photophores are complex organs with lenses and focusing abilities, and can be rotated by muscles. The precise function of these organs is as yet
2093:
When krill moult they release dissolved calcium, fluoride and phosphorus from the exoskeleton (1). The chitin (organic material) that forms the exoskeleton contributes to organic particle flux sinking to the deep ocean. Krill respire a portion of the energy derived from consuming phytoplankton or
1815:
are "broadcast spawners": the female releases the fertilised eggs into the water, where they usually sink, disperse, and are on their own. These species generally hatch in the nauplius 1 stage, but have recently been discovered to hatch sometimes as metanauplius or even as calyptopis stages. The
1199:) reach depth of 4,000 m (13,100 ft), though they commonly inhabit depths of at most 300–600 m (1,000–2,000 ft). Krill perform Diel Vertical Migrations (DVM) in large swarms, and acoustic data has shown these migrations to go up to 400 metres in depth. Both are found at
2130:. Large-scale fishing developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and now occurs only in Antarctic waters and in the seas around Japan. Historically, the largest krill fishery nations were Japan and the Soviet Union, or, after the latter's dissolution, Russia and
2148:
The annual
Antarctic catch stabilised at around 100,000 tonnes, which is roughly one fiftieth of the CCAMLR catch quota. The main limiting factor was probably high costs along with political and legal issues. The Japanese fishery saturated at some 70,000 tonnes.
1688:
2050:
below the permanent thermocline. Krill are consumed by many predators including baleen whales (13), leading to storage of some of the krill carbon as biomass for decades before the whale dies, sinks to the seafloor and is consumed by deep sea
5105:
Lancraft, T.M., Relsenbichler, K.R., Robinson, B.H., Hopkins, T.L., Torres, J.J., 2004. A krill-dominated micronekton and macrozooplankton community in Croker
Passage, Antarctica with an estimate of fish predation. Deep-Sea Research II 51,
2160:
In 2018 it was announced that almost every krill fishing company operating in
Antarctica will abandon operations in huge areas around the Antarctic Peninsula from 2020, including "buffer zones" around breeding colonies of penguins.
1897:, swarms reach 10,000 to 60,000 individuals per cubic metre. Swarming is a defensive mechanism, confusing smaller predators that would like to pick out individuals. In 2012, Gandomi and Alavi presented what appears to be a
4803:
3913:
Cavan, E.L., Belcher, A., Atkinson, A., Hill, S.L., Kawaguchi, S., McCormack, S., Meyer, B., Nicol, S., Ratnarajah, L., Schmidt, K. and
Steinberg, D.K. (2019) "The importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles".
1972:
as a model suggest that the vertical migrations of krill several hundreds of metres, in groups tens of metres deep, could collectively create enough downward jets of water to have a significant effect on ocean mixing.
1547:
of their prey into a form suitable for consumption by larger animals that cannot feed directly on the minuscule algae. Northern krill and some other species have a relatively small filtering basket and actively hunt
2138:
1816:
remaining 29 species of the other genera are "sac spawners", where the female carries the eggs with her, attached to the rearmost pairs of thoracopods until they hatch as metanauplii, although some species like
1853:, a species occurring in the Pacific Ocean from polar to temperate zones, as an adaptation to abnormally high water temperatures. Shrinkage has been postulated for other temperate-zone species of krill as well.
1901:
for modelling the behaviour of krill swarms. The algorithm is based on three main factors: " (i) movement induced by the presence of other individuals (ii) foraging activity, and (iii) random diffusion."
5095:
Hopkins, T.L., Ainley, D.G., Torres, J.J., Lancraft, T.M., 1993. Trophic structure in open waters of the
Marginal Ice Zone in the Scotia Weddell Confluence region during spring (1983). Polar Biology 13,
2300:
regime, in which there are not many solutions for uncrewed underwater robotics, and have inspired robotic platforms to both study their locomotion as well as find design solutions for underwater robots.
2046:
at depth and may be consumed by demersal predators (11). Larval krill, which in the
Southern Ocean reside under the sea ice, undergo extensive diurnal vertical migration (12), potentially transferring CO
2152:
Although krill are found worldwide, fishing in
Southern Oceans are preferred because the krill are more "catchable" and abundant in these regions. Particularly in Antarctic seas which are considered as
1987:
Krill normally swim at a pace of 5–10 cm/s (2–3 body lengths per second), using their swimmerets for propulsion. Their larger migrations are subject to ocean currents. When in danger, they show an
1750:
has progressed far enough for them to develop a mouth and a digestive tract, and they begin to eat phytoplankton. By that time their yolk reserves are exhausted and the larvae must have reached the
1735:, each of which divides into sub-stages. The pseudometanauplius stage is exclusive to species that lay their eggs within an ovigerous sac: so-called "sac-spawners". The larvae grow and
1833:, for instance, has an overall inter-moult period of two to seven days: larvae moult on the average every four days, while juveniles and adults do so, on average, every six days. For
2134:. The harvest peaked, which in 1983 was about 528,000 tonnes in the Southern Ocean alone (of which the Soviet Union took in 93%), is now managed as a precaution against overfishing.
1448:
unknown; possibilities include mating, social interaction or orientation and as a form of counter-illumination camouflage to compensate their shadow against overhead ambient light.
2640:
1980:
among fish, birds and mammal predators, especially near the surface. When disturbed, a swarm scatters, and some individuals have even been observed to moult instantly, leaving the
990:
in
Eucarida. One study supports the monophyly of Eucarida (with basal Mysida), another groups Euphausiacea with Mysida (the Schizopoda), while yet another groups Euphausiacea with
391:
Krill are fished commercially in the
Southern Ocean and in the waters around Japan. The total global harvest amounts to 150,000–200,000 tonnes annually, most of this from the
5292:
1792:, which may then account for as much as one third of the animal's body mass. Krill can have multiple broods in one season, with interbrood intervals lasting on the order of days.
4840:
2584:
1387:
Most krill are about 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in) long as adults. A few species grow to sizes on the order of 6–15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 in). The largest krill species,
1661:. It attaches itself to the animal's eyestalk and sucks blood from its head; it apparently inhibits the host's reproduction, as none of the afflicted animals reached maturity.
1583:
in 1998, for instance, the diatom concentration dropped in the affected area. Krill cannot feed on the smaller coccolithophores, and consequently the krill population (mainly
5576:
2962:
1837:
in the
Antarctic sea, inter-moult periods ranging between 9 and 28 days depending on the temperature between −1 and 4 °C (30 and 39 °F) have been observed, and for
4473:
1963:) form surface swarms during the day for feeding and reproductive purposes even though such behaviour is dangerous because it makes them extremely vulnerable to predators.
1849:
is able to reduce its body size when there is not enough food available, moulting also when its exoskeleton becomes too large. Similar shrinkage has also been observed for
1705:
The life cycle of krill is relatively well understood, despite minor variations in detail from species to species. After krill hatch, they experience several larval stages—
8077:
5238:
4815:
4410:
2237:. Krill tastes salty with a somewhat stronger fish flavor than shrimp. For mass consumption and commercially prepared products, they must be peeled to remove the inedible
6354:
5071:
Ratnarajah, L., Bowie, A.R., Lannuzel, D., Meiners, K.M. and Nicol, S. (2014) "The biogeochemical role of baleen whales and krill in Southern Ocean nutrient cycling".
2997:
2126:
Krill have been harvested as a food source for humans and domesticated animals since at least the 19th century, and possibly earlier in Japan, where it was known as
7936:
4960:
4075:
4048:
3727:
7975:
5466:
Oliveira Santos, Sara; Tack, Nils; Su, Yunxing; Cuenca-Jimenez, Francisco; Morales-Lopez, Oscar; Gomez-Valdez, P. Antonio; M Wilhelmus, Monica (13 June 2023).
1342:, so named because they are attached to the thorax. Their number varies among genera and species. These thoracic legs include feeding legs and grooming legs.
7047:
2008:, they move backwards through the water relatively quickly, achieving speeds in the range of 10 to 27 body lengths per second, which for large krill such as
7004:
5663:, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 1971. Identification sheets for larval stages of krill with many line drawings. PDF file, 3 Mb.
4090:
2038:
drawdown. Some adult krill permanently reside deeper in the water column, consuming organic material at depth (8). Any carbon (as organic matter or as CO
5705:
4286:
2775:
1504:, the thoracopods, form very fine combs with which they can filter out their food from the water. These filters can be very fine in species (such as
8082:
7910:
3660:
6166:
7949:
2955:"Peracarid monophyly and interordinal phylogeny inferred from nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Peracarida)"
2016:
life-forms, i.e., small animals capable of individual motion against (weak) currents. Larval forms of krill are generally considered zooplankton.
967:, although even up to the 1930s the order Schizopoda was advocated. It was later also proposed that order Euphausiacea should be grouped with the
1739:
repeatedly as they develop, replacing their rigid exoskeleton when it becomes too small. Smaller animals moult more frequently than larger ones.
5668:
5122:
5733:
5569:
5560:
4167:
2638:
Bernadette Casanova (1984). "Phylogénie des Euphausiacés (Crustacés Eucarides)" [Phylogeny of the Euphausiacea (Crustacea: Eucarida)].
6044:
4751:
4718:
4487:
3815:
3251:
3074:
3013:
6347:
3549:
4228:
Dawson, Amanda L; Kawaguchi, So; King, Catherine K; Townsend, Kathy A; King, Robert; Huston, Wilhelmina M; Bengtson Nash, Susan M (2018).
3847:
2206:
is growing, with a 39% increase in total fishing yield to 294,000 tonnes over 2010–2014. Major countries involved in krill harvesting are
2175:
5673:
5656:
3178:
2702:
2621:
2398:
3855:
3410:
5685:
411:, or in the pharmaceutical industry. In Japan, the Philippines, and Russia, krill are also used for human consumption and are known as
3686:
O. Shimomura (1995). "The roles of the two highly unstable components F and P involved in the bioluminescence of euphausiid shrimps".
5631:
7009:
5591:
4525:
4342:
2848:(1883). "Studien über die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Malacostraken" [Studies on the relationships of the Malacostraca].
4112:
J. Gómez-Gutiérrez; W. T. Peterson; A. de Robertis; R. D. Brodeur (2003). "Mass mortality of krill caused by parasitoid ciliates".
4070:
R. D. Brodeur; G. H. Kruse; P. A. Livingston; G. Walters; J. Ianelli; G. L. Swartzman; M. Stepanenko; T. Wyllie-Echeverria (1998).
3641:
4493:
8034:
7040:
3212:
3144:
2488:
4439:"Hatching mechanism and delayed hatching of the eggs of three broadcast spawning euphausiid species under laboratory conditions"
3593:
8067:
6801:
6725:
6340:
4914:
4570:"Using the relationship between eye diameter and body length to detect the effects of long-term starvation on Antarctic krill
2436:
1845:
the inter-moult periods range also from 9 and 28 days but at temperatures between 2.5 and 15 °C (36.5 and 59.0 °F).
5600:
4660:
4578:
1679:
under 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, breaking them down and excreting them back into the environment in smaller form.
3506:
7954:
5638:, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 1971. Identification sheets for adult krill with many line drawings.
5343:
3359:
2024:
7962:
3723:"Crossreactivity between the light-emitting systems of distantly related organisms: novel type of light-emitting compound"
529:
krill living in deep waters below 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is considered the most primitive extant krill species.
5400:
Pongsetkul, Jaksuma; Benjakul, Soottawat; Sampavapol, Punnanee; Osako, Kazufumi; Faithong, Nandhsha (17 September 2014).
943:
in 1830, the similarity of their biramous thoracopods had led zoologists to group euphausiids and Mysidacea in the order
6773:
4443:
3282:
2370:
2253:
2245:
2062:
2056:
2012:
means around 0.8 m/s (3 ft/s). Their swimming performance has led many researchers to classify adult krill as
73:
8072:
7858:
7845:
7770:
7664:
7033:
4743:
260:
2084:
7729:
5726:
3274:"Embryonic, early larval development time, hatching mechanism and interbrood period of the sac-spawning euphausiid
1195:
5215:
7980:
7114:
6037:
4956:
3993:
1083:
569:
187:
7559:
7254:
7208:
6919:
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4910:
Beyond the Golden Gate – Oceanography, Geology, Biology, and Environmental Issues in the Gulf of the Farallones
4098:
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2284:
flavors to a wide variety of traditional dishes. The liquid from the fermentation process is also harvested as
1997:
1993:
1747:
982:
Molecular studies have not unambiguously grouped them, possibly due to the paucity of key rare species such as
979:. The reason for this debate is that krill share some morphological features of decapods and others of mysids.
5015:
3557:
2953:
Trisha Spears, Ronald W. DeBry, Lawrence G. Abele & Katarzyna Chodyl (2005). Boyko, Christopher B. (ed.).
2850:
2541:
1772:
7710:
3601:
3066:
1929:
1408:
1231:
1074:
606:
521:
404:
385:
376:, making it among the species with the largest total biomass. Over half of this biomass is eaten by whales,
4697:
U. Kils; P. Marshall (1995). "Der Krill, wie er schwimmt und frisst – neue Einsichten mit neuen Methoden ("
3950:
G. C. Cripps; A. Atkinson (2000). "Fatty acid composition as an indicator of carnivory in Antarctic krill,
3090:
J. J. Torres; J. J. Childress (1985). "Respiration and chemical composition of the bathypelagic euphausiid
7785:
7540:
7366:
7338:
7227:
7090:
6981:
6914:
6865:
6321:
5323:. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 22 November 2016
3022:
1243:
1237:
1154:
1037:
methods, which placed the last common ancestor of the krill family Euphausiidae (order Euphausiacea minus
31:
5144:
3664:
3364:
at the upwelling area of Peninsula Mejillones, northern Chile: the influence of the oxygen minimum layer"
1177:
1160:
8011:
7722:
7107:
6999:
6976:
6939:
6435:
6425:
5829:
5719:
2991:
2845:
2142:
952:
948:
935:
There have been many theories of the location of the order Euphausiacea. Since the first description of
890:
Phylogeny obtained from morphological data, (♠) names coined in, (♣) possibly paraphyletic taxon due to
204:
4400:
Janine Cuzin-Roudy (2000). "Seasonal reproduction, multiple spawning, and fecundity in northern krill,
4305:
1225:
7863:
5293:"Krill fishing industry backs massive Antarctic ocean sanctuary to protect penguins, seals and whales"
4044:
1456:
7990:
7884:
7832:
7752:
7507:
7393:
7352:
7345:
7331:
7166:
6430:
6231:
6030:
5872:
5479:
4776:
4669:
4587:
4534:
4241:
3736:
3566:
3132:
2917:
2804:
Xin Shen; Haiqing Wang; Minxiao Wang; Bin Liu (2011). "The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of
2480:
2453:
1482:
1011:
408:
5557:
3200:
3027:
8039:
7634:
7573:
7495:
7467:
7461:
7419:
7412:
7296:
7268:
7202:
6966:
5935:
5786:
5320:
3432:
3058:
2273:
2226:
2180:
1560:
Many animals feed on krill, ranging from smaller animals like fish or penguins to larger ones like
1354:
1212:
1204:
940:
388:, thus providing food for predators near the surface at night and in deeper waters during the day.
2701:
M. Eugenia D'Amato; Gordon W. Harkins; Tulio de Oliveira; Peter R. Teske; Mark J. Gibbons (2008).
2145:
of Antarctic krill. After an October 2011 review, the Commission decided not to change the quota.
1766:
1648:
7641:
7552:
7489:
7479:
7317:
7303:
7135:
7014:
6994:
5792:
5402:"Chemical composition and physical properties of salted shrimp paste (Kapi) produced in Thailand"
5382:
4832:
4550:
4382:
4139:
3882:
3754:
3321:
3113:
2979:
2935:
2731:
2683:
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2558:
2318:
2230:
2066:
1898:
1713:
1697:
1544:
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324:
68:
8016:
5552:
volume 4, part 5. La Jolla: University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1975.
4907:. In Herman A. Karl; John L. Chin; Edward Ueber; Peter H. Stauffer; James W. Hendley II (eds.).
3807:
3796:
2536:
1611:
can infect species of krill and devastate affected populations. Such diseases were reported for
7823:
6851:
5261:
3890:
7998:
7871:
7676:
7387:
7373:
7324:
7310:
7275:
7128:
7121:
6332:
6132:
5948:
5677:
5650:
5613:
5605:
5587:
5527:
5505:
5192:
4901:
4882:
4747:
4714:
4483:
4267:
4184:
4131:
4114:
4002:
3874:
3811:
3772:
3703:
3398:
3340:
3247:
3172:
3070:
3040:
2827:
2771:"The evolutionary history of krill inferred from nuclear large subunit rDNA sequence analysis"
2739:
2331:
2211:
2199:
1869:, live for only two years. Subtropical or tropical species' longevity is still shorter, e.g.,
1425:
1331:
1261:
1110:
512:
369:
227:
140:
1364:, krill cannot be considered decapods. They lack any true ground-based legs due to all their
8026:
8003:
7941:
7447:
7433:
7426:
7380:
7289:
7214:
7196:
5890:
5495:
5487:
5446:
5413:
5374:
5273:
5182:
5080:
4994:
4872:
4824:
4784:
4767:
Gandomi, A.H.; Alavi, A.H. (2012). "Krill Herd: A New Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithm".
4677:
4595:
4542:
4452:
4419:
4374:
4257:
4249:
4230:"Turning microplastics into nanoplastics through digestive fragmentation by Antarctic krill"
4176:
4123:
4021:
3963:
3923:
3864:
3762:
3744:
3695:
3574:
3528:
3485:
3377:
3330:
3291:
3105:
3032:
2971:
2925:
2908:
2819:
2810:
2784:
2723:
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2605:
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2461:
2203:
1910:
1707:
1692:
1135:
1131:
1042:
494:
191:
48:
6858:
3835:. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) Aquatic Sciences Meeting. Santa Fe.
2137:
In 1993, two events caused a decline in krill fishing: Russia exited the industry; and the
7647:
7610:
7586:
7533:
7454:
7282:
7240:
7182:
7160:
7149:
7142:
7083:
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6944:
6924:
6832:
6629:
6301:
5977:
5895:
5660:
5635:
5625:
5564:
4863:
4624:
4479:
3519:
3368:
3182:
2899:
2326:
2297:
2114:
1989:
1919:
1576:
1486:
1413:
1381:
1377:
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1361:
1313:
1309:
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1186:
1034:
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810:
537:
469:
365:
317:
245:
182:
4644:
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with her brood sac. The eggs have a diameter of 0.3–0.4 millimetres (0.012–0.016 in)
5500:
5483:
5467:
4780:
4673:
4591:
4538:
4245:
3740:
3570:
2921:
2457:
8062:
7746:
7689:
7683:
7580:
7546:
7501:
7484:
7440:
7247:
7221:
6959:
6934:
6837:
6822:
6550:
6510:
6445:
6373:
6286:
6086:
5844:
5823:
5541:
4736:
4710:
4617:"Krill can shrink as an ecological adaptation to temporarily unfavourable environments"
4262:
4229:
3803:
3791:
3243:
2789:
2770:
2351:
2070:
1977:
1968:
1664:
1599:
1575:
resulting in a decline in the krill population can have far-reaching effects. During a
1497:
1444:
1345:
Krill are probably the sister clade of decapods because all species have five pairs of
1220:
1139:
1096:
1022:
1003:
700:
675:
649:
553:
361:
288:
222:
199:
56:
5555:
Conway, D. V. P.; White, R. G.; Hugues-Dit-Ciles, J.; Galienne, C. P.; Robins, D. B.:
5277:
4287:"Variation in larval morphogenesis within the Southern California Bight population of
4072:
Draft Report of the FOCI International Workshop on Recent Conditions in the Bering Sea
3767:
3722:
2876:
2554:
2202:
of Antarctic krill may be as abundant as 400 million tonnes, the human impact on this
8056:
7837:
7740:
7735:
7716:
7566:
7526:
7519:
7187:
6949:
6827:
6817:
6599:
6594:
6522:
6495:
6440:
6311:
6306:
6291:
6239:
6200:
5900:
5866:
5834:
5218:. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 28 April 2015
5147:. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 23 April 2015
4836:
4180:
3605:
2872:
2808:(Malacostraca: Euphausiacea) reveals a novel gene order and unusual tandem repeats".
2596:
2341:
2104:
1781:
1509:
1142:
1100:
972:
932:) such as its naked filamentous gills and thin thoracopods and by molecular studies.
545:
533:
353:
345:
338:
7850:
5386:
5050:
4554:
4143:
3474:"Global patterns of diel vertical migration times and velocities from acoustic data"
3117:
2983:
2735:
2617:
2562:
971:(family of prawns) in the Decapoda based on developmental similarities, as noted by
7670:
7627:
7473:
7155:
7101:
7096:
6897:
6887:
6791:
6614:
6540:
6382:
6251:
6205:
6142:
5913:
5777:
5743:
4515:
F. Buchholz (2003). "Experiments on the physiology of Southern and Northern krill,
3833:
Experimental evidence for luminescent countershading by some euphausiid crustaceans
2939:
2410:
2277:
2188:
2170:
2074:
1937:
1780:
During the mating season, which varies by species and climate, the male deposits a
1719:
1676:
1631:
1565:
1437:
1392:
1323:. Some species adapt to different lighting conditions through the use of screening
1320:
1079:
929:
827:
776:
526:
498:
472:
442:
235:
115:
4999:
4982:
4937:
3886:
2312:
1940:. Krill with empty stomachs swim more actively and thus head towards the surface.
7876:
5084:
4546:
3848:"The Red and the Black: bioluminescence and the color of animals in the deep sea"
3578:
2387:
Many different species of euphausiids are found on Canada's east and west coasts.
1193:) commonly lives at depths reaching 100 m (330 ft), whereas ice krill (
7967:
7923:
7817:
7359:
6954:
6907:
6892:
6874:
6577:
6545:
6457:
6420:
6316:
6281:
6190:
6053:
5861:
5814:
5803:
5797:
5123:"Scientists consider whether krill need to be protected from human over-hunting"
4788:
4457:
4438:
3533:
3036:
2885:
2666:
2238:
2192:
1893:
animals; the sizes and densities of such swarms vary by species and region. For
1751:
1725:
1687:
1613:
1529:
1525:
1440:
1289:
1282:
1118:
1091:
991:
793:
751:
631:
487:
396:
357:
268:
255:
212:
5491:
5016:"Swimming behavior, swimming performance and energy balance of Antarctic krill
4472:
E. Brinton; M. D. Ohman; A. W. Townsend; M. D. Knight; A. L. Bridgeman (2000).
4253:
4203:
3985:
3937:
3927:
3382:
2954:
2679:
1255:
7758:
7704:
7513:
6902:
6796:
6783:
6690:
5953:
5923:
5882:
5767:
5558:
Guide to the coastal and surface zooplankton of the South-Western Indian Ocean
5418:
5401:
4877:
4858:
4365:
2727:
2609:
2465:
2437:"A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill"
2336:
2308:
2285:
2260:
2078:
1926:
1588:
1580:
1540:
1521:
1433:
1417:
1339:
1269:
1030:
1017:
960:
944:
476:
465:
446:
392:
349:
313:
5617:
5609:
4828:
4330:
1002:
No extant fossil can be unequivocally assigned to Euphausiacea. Some extinct
7897:
7694:
6675:
6662:
6619:
6405:
6296:
6276:
6271:
6226:
6076:
6068:
5929:
5853:
5761:
4699:
The Antarctic krill – how it swims and feeds – new insights with new methods
4645:"Distribution patterns, abundance and population dynamics of the euphausiids
4127:
3631:, a new bathypelagic giant euphausiid crustacean, with comparative notes on
3453:
J. A. Kirkwood (1984). "A Guide to the Euphausiacea of the Southern Ocean".
3296:
3273:
2346:
2249:
2154:
2069:. It plays a prominent role in the Southern Ocean because of its ability to
1943:
Vertical migration may be a 2–3 times daily occurrence. Some species (e.g.,
1861:
Some high-latitude species of krill can live for more than six years (e.g.,
1842:
1587:) in that region declined sharply. This in turn affected other species: the
1572:
1501:
1429:
1335:
1123:
968:
956:
925:
717:
507:
461:
458:
273:
172:
162:
105:
85:
7808:
5545:
5531:
5509:
5451:
5434:
5196:
4886:
4271:
4135:
3878:
3869:
3776:
3749:
3699:
3344:
3335:
3312:
3044:
3011:
K. Meland; E. Willassen (2007). "The disunity of "Mysidacea" (Crustacea)".
2831:
2510:
2109:
1795:
Krill employ two types of spawning mechanism. The 57 species of the genera
1060:
Krill occur worldwide in all oceans, although many individual species have
17:
4616:
4188:
4006:
3707:
3424:
1743:
reserves within their body nourish the larvae through metanauplius stage.
1349:
called "swimmerets" in common with the latter, very similar to those of a
7802:
7596:
6642:
6609:
6562:
6557:
6485:
6415:
6390:
6244:
6137:
6096:
6091:
5987:
5968:
5918:
5711:
5643:
5145:"Krill fisheries and sustainability: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)"
2234:
1731:
1607:
1561:
1376:, giving them their name; whereas here there are no remaining locomotive
1369:
1301:
1216:
1200:
1116:
Species with neritic distributions include the four species of the genus
1061:
964:
575:
483:
479:
400:
377:
125:
5598:
Hamner, William M. (May 1984). "Krill — Untapped Bounty From the Sea?".
4363:
R. M. Ross; L. B. Quetin (1986). "How productive are Antarctic krill?".
2687:
1881:
1395:. Krill can be easily distinguished from other crustaceans such as true
7177:
6763:
6753:
6743:
6735:
6708:
6647:
6604:
6589:
6567:
6530:
6490:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6364:
6127:
6101:
6081:
5958:
5941:
5700:
5378:
4682:
4600:
4569:
4386:
3932:
3550:"Development of the Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder survey"
3109:
2280:. It can be stir-fried and eaten paired with white rice or used to add
2222:
2131:
1915:
1736:
1635:
1602:
1549:
1436:
enzyme. Studies indicate that the luciferin of many krill species is a
1350:
1346:
1324:
1065:
516:
434:
360:, and are also the main source of food for many larger animals. In the
7928:
4983:"New target-strength model indicates more krill in the Southern Ocean"
4161:, a new genus and species of dajid isopod parasitic on the euphausiid
3490:
3473:
428:
in Spain and Philippines. In the Philippines, krill are also known as
331:
7621:
7616:
7604:
7261:
7076:
7062:
7025:
6929:
6758:
6748:
6713:
6582:
6572:
6395:
6182:
5906:
5755:
4738:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
3407:
Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
2930:
2903:
2537:"Krill fisheries: Development, management and ecosystem implications"
2435:
A. Atkinson; V. Siegel; E.A. Pakhomov; M.J. Jessopp; V. Loeb (2009).
2268:
2263:
2229:
which are under development in the early 21st century as human food,
2207:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1981:
1639:
1592:
1591:
population dropped. The incident was thought to have been one reason
1533:
1513:
1421:
1396:
1305:
1286:
1047:
95:
7779:
5187:
5170:
4908:
4423:
4378:
3967:
3758:
2823:
2139:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
7915:
7902:
5027:
1368:
having been converted into grooming and auxiliary feeding legs. In
323:, found in all the world's oceans. The name "krill" comes from the
7233:
7067:
6768:
6718:
6652:
6505:
6480:
6400:
6152:
6111:
5365:
Omori, M. (1978). "Zooplankton fisheries of the world: A review".
3507:"Krill of the Ross Sea: distribution, abundance and demography of
2281:
2215:
2174:
2108:
2083:
2023:
1933:
1909:
1890:
1880:
1789:
1765:
1755:
1686:
1643:
1517:
1455:
1268:
1254:
502:
381:
373:
3936:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3663:. Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute. Archived from
2664:
Bernadette Casanova (2003). "Ordre des Euphausiacea Dana, 1852".
7403:
6882:
6698:
6637:
6500:
6410:
6221:
6195:
6106:
3515:
during the Italian Antarctic Expedition (January–February 2000)"
1740:
1400:
1274:
1006:
7783:
7029:
6336:
6026:
5715:
5689:, lecture notes from the 1999/2000 edition of that same course.
5239:"The Ownership of Antarctica, its Living and Mineral Resources"
928:
due to several unique conserved morphological characteristics (
6670:
6535:
6022:
5639:
5468:"Pleobot: a modular robotic solution for metachronal swimming"
5344:"Krill oil: Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000371"
4207:
2272:
spp.) are most widely consumed in Southeast Asia, where it is
2061:
The Antarctic krill is an important species in the context of
511:
is the largest, with 31 species. The lesser-known family, the
7889:
341:
of fish", which is also often attributed to species of fish.
4769:
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation
4045:"Changing currents color the Bering Sea a new shade of blue"
1316:. This outer shell of krill is transparent in most species.
2589:
Dana, 1852 and a phylogenetic analysis of the Euphausiacea"
2276:(with the shells intact) and usually ground finely to make
4703:
Biologie der Polarmeere – Erlebnisse und Ergebnisse (
2976:
10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[117:PMAIPI]2.0.CO;2
468:. The most familiar and largest group of crustaceans, the
5701:
Webcam of Krill Aquarium at Australian Antarctic Division
3984:
Olav Saether; Trond Erling Ellingsen; Viggo Mohr (1986).
3311:
S. N. Jarman; N. G. Elliott; S. Nicol; A. McMinn (2002).
3794:. In J. H. Steele; S. A. Thorpe; K. K. Turekian (eds.).
3313:"Genetic differentiation in the Antarctic coastal krill
2703:"Molecular dating and biogeography of the neritic krill
1788:). The females can carry several thousand eggs in their
1171:
In the Antarctic, seven species are known, one in genus
5433:
Abe, Kenji; Suzuki, Kenji; Hashimoto, Kanehisa (1979).
3173:
Molecular dating and biogeography of the neritic krill
1770:
The head of a female krill of the sac-spawning species
384:, and fish each year. Most krill species display large
4523:, with emphasis on moult and growth – a review".
3938:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2248:
published a letter of no objection for a manufactured
1360:
In spite of having ten swimmerets, otherwise known as
1145:. Another species having only neritic distribution is
486:(shrimp, prawns, lobsters, crabs), and the planktonic
924:
As of 2013, the order Euphausiacea is believed to be
532:
Well-known species of the Euphausiidae of commercial
5024:
BIOMASS Scientific Series 3, BIOMASS Research Series
1873:, which usually lives for only six to eight months.
1109:. Northern krill occur across the Atlantic from the
7792:
7656:
7595:
7402:
7176:
7061:
6873:
6810:
6782:
6734:
6689:
6661:
6628:
6521:
6456:
6381:
6372:
6264:
6214:
6181:
6174:
6120:
6067:
6060:
5967:
5881:
5852:
5843:
5813:
5776:
5577:
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
5536:
Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
4705:
Biology of the Polar Oceans Experiences and Results
3721:J. C. Dunlap; J. W. Hastings; O. Shimomura (1980).
2963:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
2117:
for use as animal feed and raw material for cooking
1312:, which bears the ten swimming appendages, and the
894:in. (♦) clades differs from Casanova (1984), where
482:comprising the three orders, Euphausiacea (krill),
5262:"Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill"
4816:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
4802:J. S. Jaffe; M. D. Ohmann; A. de Robertis (1999).
4735:
4411:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
3956:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
3795:
3272:Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez; Carlos J. Robinson (2005).
1420:that can emit light. The light is generated by an
5991:(shrimp, prawns, crayfish, lobsters, crabs, etc.)
4957:"Krill in Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary"
3472:Bianchi, Daniele; Mislan, K.A.S. (January 2016).
3688:Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
2641:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2030:Role of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles
1675:Preliminary research indicates krill can digest
505:with a total of 85 species. Of these, the genus
5604:. Vol. 165, no. 5. pp. 626–642.
5532:"Euphausiacea (Crustacea) of the North Pacific"
5435:"Utilization of Krill as a Fish Sauce Material"
4961:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4804:"Sonar estimates of daytime activity levels of
3728:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1149:, which is endemic to the Antarctic coastline.
1009:have been thought to be euphausiaceans such as
329:
4857:Geraint A. Tarling; Magnus L. Johnson (2006).
4653:off the west coast of Baja California, Mexico"
4526:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology
3548:G. W. Hosie; M. Fukuchi; S. Kawaguchi (2003).
3358:R. Escribano; V. Marin; C. Irribarren (2000).
1539:Krill are an important element of the aquatic
417:
7041:
6348:
6038:
6008:The three most speciose orders are marked in
5727:
4478:. World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series,
3642:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
2659:
2657:
2655:
2296:Krill are agile swimmers in the intermediate
1820:may hatch as nauplius or pseudometanauplius.
1158:, which occurs only in the Benguela current,
8:
4859:"Satiation gives krill that sinking feeling"
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3233:
3231:
3229:
2996:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2141:(CCAMLR) defined maximum catch quotas for a
1865:); others, such as the mid-latitude species
4157:J. D. Shields; J. Gómez-Gutiérrez (1996). "
3242:. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 7.
2377:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 6 April 2022
2090:Cycling of nutrients by an individual krill
1829:food availability. The subtropical species
1667:poses another threat to krill populations.
1630:off the North American Pacific coast. Some
1152:Species with endemic distributions include
7780:
7048:
7034:
7026:
6378:
6355:
6341:
6333:
6178:
6064:
6045:
6031:
6023:
5849:
5734:
5720:
5712:
4981:David A. Demer; Stéphane G. Conti (2005).
4091:"Scientists discover mystery krill killer"
3979:
3977:
3267:
3265:
3263:
1334:and several pairs of thoracic legs called
1292:. They have anatomy similar to a standard
432:and are used to make a salty paste called
312:: krill) are small and exclusively marine
47:
38:
8078:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
5499:
5450:
5417:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5186:
5164:
5162:
4998:
4876:
4681:
4599:
4456:
4261:
4022:"Tiny Krill: Giants in Marine Food Chain"
3868:
3766:
3748:
3532:
3489:
3381:
3334:
3295:
3163:
3161:
3026:
2929:
2904:"Systematic position of the Euphausiacea"
2867:
2865:
2788:
2776:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2764:
2762:
2760:
2511:"The distribution of Pacific euphausiids"
2399:Crustacea: Euphausiacea - Oxford Academic
2157:, they are considered a "clean product".
1701:hatching, emerging backwards from the egg
951:in 1883 into two separate orders. Later,
5171:"Ecologists fear Antarctic krill crisis"
4204:"Antarctic krill populations decreasing"
4024:. NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program
3792:"Bioluminescence in Plankton and Nekton"
1285:and, as do all crustaceans, they have a
5546:"Euphausiids of Southeast Asian waters"
5315:
5313:
3199:Volker Siegel (2011). V. Siegel (ed.).
2530:
2528:
2362:
1784:at the female's genital opening (named
1300:: the cephalothorax is composed of the
5216:"Krill – biology, ecology and fishing"
5116:
5114:
5112:
4291:from Winter through Summer, 1977–1978"
4168:International Journal for Parasitology
2989:
2583:Andreas Maas; Dieter Waloszek (2001).
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
1936:which employs a role in the Antarctic
1432:(a kind of pigment) is activated by a
1168:species native to the Southern Ocean.
395:. Most of the krill catch is used for
5584:Krill: biology, ecology and fisheries
4701:")". In I. Hempel; G. Hempel (eds.).
3505:A. Sala; M. Azzali; A. Russo (2002).
3014:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2233:as oil capsules, livestock food, and
1642:) afflict krill (and also shrimp and
1164:in the Humboldt current, and the six
1122:. They are highly abundant along the
493:The order Euphausiacea comprises two
309:
7:
7991:ae73b187-926e-4251-b558-f9ed22573d53
5121:Grossman, Elizabeth (14 July 2015).
3790:P. J. Herring; E. A. Widder (2001).
6012:; obelisks (†) mark extinct orders.
5586:. Oxford, Blackwell Science; 2000.
3856:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3411:University of California, San Diego
3238:J. Mauchline; L. R. Fisher (1969).
1296:with their bodies made up of three
768:
743:
692:
667:
623:
597:
589:
583:Proposed phylogeny of Euphausiacea
5243:Journal of Law and the Environment
5125:. Public Radio International (PRI)
4936:Wishart, Skye (July–August 2018).
3831:S. M. Lindsay; M. I. Latz (1999).
2790:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01357.x
2210:(56% of total catch in 2014), the
963:and euphausiids in the superorder
348:connection—near the bottom of the
344:Krill are considered an important
25:
4917:. pp. 133–140. Circular 1198
4343:Food and Agriculture Organization
4020:M. J. Schramm (10 October 2007).
2479:Siegel V (2011). Siegel V (ed.).
1380:. Nor are there consistently ten
6864:
6857:
6850:
6165:
5575:, Occasional Publication of the
5291:Josh, Gabbatiss (10 July 2018).
4615:B. Marinovic; M. Mangel (1999).
3986:"Lipids of North Atlantic krill"
3931:
3213:World Register of Marine Species
3189:, pp. 243–247, August 2008.
3145:World Register of Marine Species
2489:World Register of Marine Species
2311:
1462:Processes in the biological pump
441:Krill are also the main prey of
72:
8083:Taxa named by James Dwight Dana
4915:United States Geological Survey
1899:successful stochastic algorithm
1653:, which was found on the krill
1618:in the Bering Sea and also for
1277:of krill are externally visible
1259:Krill anatomy explained, using
1103:oceans. The Pacific is home to
5406:International Aquatic Research
5051:"Krill Fisheries of the World"
4987:ICES Journal of Marine Science
4661:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4579:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4475:Euphausiids of the World Ocean
3187:Marine Biology vol. 155, no. 2
2256:(GRAS) for human consumption.
1:
5674:2003 course in Marine Biology
5342:Cheeseman MA (22 July 2011).
5278:10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00004-4
5055:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
5000:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.027
4568:H.-C. Shin; S. Nicol (2002).
3798:Encyclopedia of Ocean Science
2555:10.1016/S0990-7440(99)80020-5
1524:, although a few species are
1508:spp.) that feed primarily on
1443:similar but not identical to
1416:animals having organs called
1219:. Other species known in the
1086:within its deep-sea habitat.
5260:S. Nicol; J. Foster (2003).
5085:10.1371/journal.pone.0114067
4547:10.1080/10236240310001623376
4444:Journal of Plankton Research
4202:Rusty Dornin (6 July 1997).
4181:10.1016/0020-7519(95)00126-3
3579:10.1016/j.pocean.2003.08.007
3283:Journal of Plankton Research
2515:Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr
2254:generally recognized as safe
2246:Food and Drug Administration
2057:Marine biogeochemical cycles
1399:by their externally visible
1372:, there are ten functioning
424:in Japan. They are eaten as
7665:Austromegabalanus psittacus
5835:Stomatopoda (mantis shrimp)
5579:No. 15, Plymouth, UK, 2003.
4789:10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.05.010
4437:J. Gómez-Gutiérrez (2002).
3534:10.3989/scimar.2002.66n2123
3209:World Euphausiacea database
3037:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.009
2878:Larvae of Decapod Crustacea
2485:World Euphausiacea database
2415:Online Etymology Dictionary
1966:Experimental studies using
1595:did not spawn that season.
1308:, which are fused, and the
8099:
7730:Paralithodes camtschaticus
5669:The biology of Euphausiids
5538:. Volume 6 Number 8, 1955.
5492:10.1038/s41598-023-36185-2
5237:Minturn J. Wright (1987).
5049:S. Nicol; Y. Endo (1997).
4254:10.1038/s41467-018-03465-9
3928:10.1038/s41467-019-12668-7
3513:Euphausia crystallorophias
3478:Limnology and Oceanography
3401:Euphausia crystallorophias
3383:10.3989/scimar.2000.64n169
3315:Euphausia crystallorophias
3240:The Biology of Euphausiids
2680:10.1163/156854003322753439
2535:S. Nicol; Y. Endo (1999).
2221:Krill is a rich source of
2168:
2102:
2054:
1976:Dense swarms can elicit a
1746:By the calyptopsis stages
1480:
1196:Euphausia crystallorophias
573:
567:
457:Krill belong to the large
29:
7768:
7115:Macrobrachium rosenbergii
6990:
6848:
6163:
6003:
5750:
5708:animation by Lisa Roberts
5419:10.1007/s40071-014-0076-4
4878:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.044
4521:Meganyctiphanes norvegica
4458:10.1093/plankt/24.12.1265
4402:Meganyctiphanes norvegica
4089:J. Roach (17 July 2003).
3994:Journal of Lipid Research
3596:Meganyctiphanes norvegica
2728:10.1007/s00227-008-1005-0
2481:"Euphausiidae Dana, 1852"
2466:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.007
2073:and to feed penguins and
1925:Krill typically follow a
1839:Meganyctiphanes norvegica
1683:Life history and behavior
1084:cosmopolitan distribution
1033:events were estimated by
824:
807:
790:
773:
766:
748:
741:
714:
697:
690:
672:
665:
646:
628:
621:
603:
595:
576:Eucarida § phylogeny
570:Phylogeny of Malacostraca
558:Meganyctiphanes norvegica
418:
386:daily vertical migrations
356:and, to a lesser extent,
153:
148:
69:Scientific classification
67:
61:Meganyctiphanes norvegica
55:
46:
41:
7560:Portunus trituberculatus
7255:Metanephrops challengeri
7209:California spiny lobster
5266:Aquatic Living Resources
4829:10.1139/cjfas-56-11-2000
4095:National Geographic News
3558:Progress in Oceanography
2851:Morphologisches Jahrbuch
2769:Simon N. Jarman (2001).
2542:Aquatic Living Resources
2445:Deep-Sea Research Part I
2143:sustainable exploitation
1957:Pseudeuphausia latifrons
1646:); one such parasite is
1552:and larger zooplankton.
1516:, which are unicellular
1465:Phytoplankton convert CO
1389:Thysanopoda spinicaudata
1319:Krill feature intricate
1072:coastal) distributions.
688:Euphausiini (♠)(♦)
368:, makes up an estimated
7711:Lysiosquillina maculata
5959:Cumacea (hooded shrimp)
5672:, lecture notes from a
5563:23 October 2012 at the
5439:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi
5169:Schiermeier, Q (2010).
5026:: 1–122. Archived from
4404:, and Antarctic krill,
4128:10.1126/science.1085164
3602:University of Leicester
3092:Bentheuphausia amblyops
3067:Oxford University Press
2610:10.1023/A:1017549321961
2585:"Larval development of
1818:Nematoscelis difficilis
1773:Nematoscelis difficilis
1409:Bentheuphausia amblyops
1075:Bentheuphausia amblyops
1050: million years ago
1041:) to have lived in the
1039:Bentheuphausia amblyops
984:Bentheuphausia amblyops
764:Nematoscelina (♠)
739:Nematoscelini (♠)
522:Bentheuphausia amblyops
8068:Commercial crustaceans
7541:Ovalipes australiensis
7367:Scyllarides herklotsii
7339:Panulirus penicillatus
7228:Japanese spiny lobster
7091:Cryphiops caementarius
6322:Shoaling and schooling
5452:10.2331/suisan.45.1013
4942:New Zealand Geographic
3846:Sönke Johnsen (2005).
3806:, San Diego. pp.
3750:10.1073/pnas.77.3.1394
3700:10.1002/bio.1170100205
3629:Thysanopoda spinicauda
3336:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800041
3131:Volker Siegel (2011).
2195:
2118:
2113:Deep-frozen plates of
2095:
2063:biogeochemical cycling
2052:
1922:
1886:
1777:
1758:and matures sexually.
1702:
1598:Several single-celled
1478:
1393:deep in the open ocean
1278:
1266:
1251:Anatomy and morphology
937:Thysanopode tricuspide
501:contains 10 different
380:, penguins, seabirds,
372:of around 379 million
330:
32:Krill (disambiguation)
8012:Paleobiology Database
7723:Oratosquilla oratoria
7108:Litopenaeus setiferus
7000:World fish production
6363:Principal commercial
5659:19 April 2012 at the
4285:M. D. Knight (1984).
4234:Nature Communications
4159:Oculophryxus bicaulis
3916:Nature communications
3297:10.1093/plankt/fbi003
3181:17 March 2012 at the
2846:Johan Erik Vesti Boas
2371:"Euphausiids (Krill)"
2292:Bio-inspired robotics
2178:
2112:
2087:
2055:Further information:
2027:
2020:Biogeochemical cycles
1961:Thysanoessa spinifera
1913:
1884:
1769:
1690:
1624:Thysanoessa spinifera
1459:
1272:
1258:
1089:Species of the genus
1021:—now assigned to the
988:Amphionides reynaudii
953:William Thomas Calman
949:Johan Erik Vesti Boas
947:, which was split by
7753:Tasmanian giant crab
7508:Hypothalassia acerba
7394:Tristan rock lobster
7353:Parribacus japonicus
7346:Panulirus versicolor
7332:Panulirus pascuensis
7167:Xiphopenaeus kroyeri
5983:Euphausiacea (krill)
5706:'Antarctic Energies'
4713:. pp. 201–210.
4643:J. G. Gómez (1995).
3870:10.1093/icb/45.2.234
3667:on 30 September 2009
3627:E. Brinton (1953). "
3455:ANARE Research Notes
2375:Government of Canada
2183:krill, used to make
1543:. Krill convert the
1483:Carbon sequestration
1428:reaction, wherein a
1211:dominating south of
1155:Nyctiphanes capensis
497:. The more abundant
149:Families and genera
30:For other uses, see
27:Order of crustaceans
7635:Procambarus clarkii
7574:Scylla paramamosain
7496:Gecarcinus ruricola
7468:Chinese mitten crab
7462:Chaceon quinquedens
7420:Callinectes similis
7413:Callinectes sapidus
7297:Panulirus echinatus
7269:Nephrops norvegicus
7203:Arctides guineensis
5634:15 May 2011 at the
5601:National Geographic
5582:Everson, I. (ed.):
5530:; Brinton, Edward:
5484:2023NatSR..13.9574O
4900:Dan Howard (2001).
4781:2012CNSNS..17.4831G
4674:1995MEPS..119...63G
4647:Nyctiphanes simplex
4592:2002MEPS..239..157S
4539:2003MFBP...36..229B
4496:on 26 February 2012
4246:2018NatCo...9.1001D
4163:Stylocheiron affine
3741:1980PNAS...77.1394D
3571:2003PrOce..58..263H
3362:Euphausia mucronata
3276:Nyctiphanes simplex
3059:Frederick R. Schram
2922:1955Natur.176..934G
2509:E. Brinton (1962).
2458:2009DSRI...56..727A
2231:dietary supplements
2227:omega-3 fatty acids
2198:Although the total
1984:behind as a decoy.
1871:Nyctiphanes simplex
1831:Nyctiphanes simplex
1655:Stylocheiron affine
1571:Disturbances of an
1528:, preying on small
1520:. Krill are mostly
1512:, in particular on
1355:freshwater crayfish
1209:E. crystallorophias
1147:E. crystallorophias
941:Henri Milne-Edwards
364:, one species, the
8073:Edible crustaceans
7642:Orconectes virilis
7553:Portunus pelagicus
7490:Florida stone crab
7480:Declawing of crabs
7318:Panulirus longipes
7304:Panulirus guttatus
7136:Penaeus esculentus
7056:Edible crustaceans
7015:Fisheries glossary
7005:Commercial species
6995:Commercial fishing
6383:Large pelagic fish
5830:Archaeostomatopoda
5528:Johnson, Martin W.
5472:Scientific Reports
5379:10.1007/BF00397145
4938:"The krill effect"
4806:Euphausia pacifica
4683:10.3354/meps119063
4601:10.3354/meps239157
4289:Euphausia pacifica
3896:on 2 October 2005.
3110:10.1007/BF00397804
2806:Euphausia pacifica
2319:Crustaceans portal
2196:
2122:Harvesting history
2119:
2096:
2067:Antarctic food web
2053:
1930:vertical migration
1923:
1906:Vertical migration
1887:
1867:Euphausia pacifica
1778:
1714:pseudometanauplius
1703:
1698:Euphausia pacifica
1545:primary production
1500:: their frontmost
1479:
1279:
1267:
1215:and in regions of
1106:Euphausia pacifica
1025:(Hoplocarida)—and
959:in the superorder
955:(1904) ranked the
601:Bentheuphausiidae
8050:
8049:
7999:Open Tree of Life
7786:Taxon identifiers
7777:
7776:
7677:Galathea strigosa
7388:Thymops birsteini
7374:Scyllarides latus
7325:Panulirus ornatus
7311:Panulirus homarus
7276:Palinurus elephas
7262:Thenus orientalis
7129:Pandalus borealis
7122:Palaemon serratus
7023:
7022:
6920:Freshwater prawns
6846:
6845:
6330:
6329:
6260:
6259:
6161:
6160:
6133:goldband fusilier
6020:
6019:
6013:
5999:
5998:
5949:Pygocephalomorpha
5678:Napier University
5526:Boden, Brian P.;
5018:Euphausia superba
4823:(11): 2000–2010.
4808:in Saanich Inlet"
4775:(12): 4831–4845.
4753:978-0-313-33922-6
4734:R. Piper (2007).
4720:978-3-334-60950-7
4572:Euphausia superba
4517:Euphausia superba
4489:978-3-540-14673-5
4451:(12): 1265–1276.
4406:Euphausia superba
4339:Species factsheet
4333:Euphausia superba
4078:. pp. 22–26.
4051:Earth Observatory
4043:J. Weier (1999).
3952:Euphausia superba
3817:978-0-12-227430-5
3509:Euphausia superba
3491:10.1002/lno.10219
3427:Euphausia superba
3360:"Distribution of
3253:978-7-7708-3615-2
3076:978-0-19-503742-5
2587:Euphausia superba
2332:Cold-water shrimp
2259:Krill (and other
2212:Republic of Korea
2165:Human consumption
1945:Euphausia superba
1895:Euphausia superba
1863:Euphausia superba
1426:chemiluminescence
1262:Euphausia superba
1191:Euphausia superba
1111:Mediterranean Sea
922:
921:
884:
883:
875:
874:
866:
865:
857:
856:
848:
847:
839:
838:
729:
728:
542:Euphausia superba
513:Bentheuphausiidae
337:, meaning "small
300:
299:
294:
282:Bentheuphausiidae
277:
264:
251:
241:
231:
218:
208:
195:
178:
168:
144:
16:(Redirected from
8090:
8043:
8042:
8030:
8029:
8020:
8019:
8007:
8006:
7994:
7993:
7984:
7983:
7971:
7970:
7968:NHMSYS0021049781
7958:
7957:
7945:
7944:
7932:
7931:
7919:
7918:
7906:
7905:
7893:
7892:
7880:
7879:
7867:
7866:
7854:
7853:
7841:
7840:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7781:
7448:Cancer productus
7434:Cancer bellianus
7427:Cancer irroratus
7381:Scyllarus arctus
7290:Panulirus cygnus
7215:Homarus gammarus
7197:American lobster
7050:
7043:
7036:
7027:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6436:southern bluefin
6426:Atlantic bluefin
6379:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6334:
6179:
6169:
6092:mackerel (small)
6065:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6024:
6007:
5910:(opossum shrimp)
5891:Spelaeogriphacea
5850:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5713:
5621:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5445:(8): 1013–1017.
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5317:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5212:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5118:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5014:U. Kils (1982).
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4846:on 20 July 2011.
4845:
4839:. Archived from
4812:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4741:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4657:
4651:Euphausia eximia
4640:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4492:. Archived from
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4311:on 3 August 2019
4310:
4304:. Archived from
4295:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4101:on 24 July 2003.
4097:. Archived from
4086:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3889:. Archived from
3872:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3801:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3752:
3735:(3): 1394–1397.
3718:
3712:
3711:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3604:. Archived from
3589:
3583:
3582:
3565:(2–4): 263–283.
3554:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3269:
3258:
3257:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3196:
3190:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3030:
3021:(3): 1083–1104.
3008:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2931:10.1038/176934a0
2896:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:on 17 March 2012
2744:
2738:. Archived from
2711:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2674:(9): 1083–1121.
2661:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2627:on 18 July 2011.
2626:
2620:. Archived from
2593:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2244:In 2011, the US
2204:keystone species
2000:structures, the
1996:—flicking their
1600:endoparasitoidic
1051:
1043:Lower Cretaceous
1029:. All dating of
769:
744:
693:
668:
624:
598:
590:
580:
579:
445:, including the
423:
421:
420:
335:
311:
293:G. O. Sars, 1885
292:
272:
259:
249:
240:G. O. Sars, 1883
239:
226:
217:G. O. Sars, 1883
216:
203:
192:W. M. Tattersall
186:
176:
166:
139:
77:
76:
51:
39:
21:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8038:
8033:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8010:
8002:
7997:
7989:
7987:
7979:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7953:
7948:
7940:
7935:
7927:
7922:
7914:
7909:
7901:
7896:
7888:
7883:
7875:
7870:
7862:
7857:
7849:
7844:
7836:
7831:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7788:
7778:
7773:
7764:
7652:
7648:Signal crayfish
7611:Astacus astacus
7591:
7587:Soft-shell crab
7534:Orithyia sinica
7455:Chaceon fenneri
7398:
7283:Panulirus argus
7241:Jasus edwardsii
7185:
7180:
7172:
7161:Whiteleg shrimp
7150:Processa edulis
7143:Penaeus monodon
7084:Crangon crangon
7066:
7057:
7054:
7024:
7019:
6986:
6925:Gilt-head bream
6869:
6863:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6842:
6833:Lobster fishing
6806:
6778:
6730:
6685:
6663:Other wild fish
6657:
6630:Freshwater fish
6624:
6517:
6452:
6431:Pacific bluefin
6368:
6361:
6331:
6326:
6302:Ichthyoplankton
6256:
6210:
6170:
6157:
6116:
6056:
6051:
6021:
6016:
5995:
5963:
5896:Thermosbaenacea
5877:
5873:Palaeocaridacea
5839:
5809:
5772:
5746:
5740:
5697:
5692:
5686:Bioluminescence
5661:Wayback Machine
5649:Mauchline, J.:
5636:Wayback Machine
5624:Mauchline, J.:
5597:
5565:Wayback Machine
5542:Brinton, Edward
5522:
5520:Further reading
5517:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5297:The Independent
5290:
5289:
5285:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5204:
5188:10.1038/467015a
5168:
5167:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5079:(12): e114067.
5070:
5066:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4864:Current Biology
4856:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4744:Greenwood Press
4733:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4655:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4625:Ecology Letters
4619:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4480:Springer Verlag
4471:
4470:
4466:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4424:10.1139/f00-165
4399:
4398:
4394:
4379:10.2307/1310217
4362:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4014:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3968:10.1139/f00-167
3949:
3948:
3944:
3912:
3901:
3893:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3802:. Vol. 1.
3789:
3788:
3784:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3520:Scientia Marina
3504:
3503:
3499:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3397:P. Brueggeman.
3396:
3395:
3391:
3369:Scientia Marina
3357:
3356:
3352:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:Wayback Machine
3166:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3028:10.1.1.653.5935
3010:
3009:
3005:
2988:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2900:Isabella Gordon
2898:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2824:10.1139/g11-053
2818:(11): 911–922.
2803:
2802:
2798:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2663:
2662:
2653:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2327:Antarctic krill
2317:
2310:
2307:
2298:Reynolds number
2294:
2185:Bagoong alamang
2173:
2167:
2124:
2115:Antarctic krill
2107:
2101:
2092:
2071:cycle nutrients
2059:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2022:
1990:escape reaction
1920:Antarctic krill
1908:
1889:Most krill are
1879:
1859:
1826:
1805:Meganyctiphanes
1764:
1748:differentiation
1685:
1673:
1577:coccolithophore
1558:
1496:Many krill are
1494:
1489:
1487:biological pump
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1253:
1232:E. longirostris
1187:Antarctic krill
1143:current systems
1126:regions of the
1082:species, has a
1058:
1046:
1035:molecular clock
1012:Anthracophausia
1004:eumalacostracan
1000:
977:Isabella Gordon
896:Pseudoeuphausia
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
811:Tessarabrachion
730:
676:Meganyctiphanes
578:
572:
566:
538:Antarctic krill
534:krill fisheries
515:, has only one
475:, includes the
455:
415:
366:Antarctic krill
352:. They feed on
246:Tessarabrachion
183:Meganyctiphanes
138:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8096:
8094:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8055:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8031:
8021:
8008:
7995:
7985:
7972:
7959:
7946:
7933:
7920:
7907:
7894:
7881:
7868:
7855:
7842:
7829:
7814:
7798:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7747:Squilla mantis
7743:
7738:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7690:Goose barnacle
7687:
7684:Glyptolithodes
7680:
7673:
7668:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7607:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7581:Scylla serrata
7577:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7547:Pie crust crab
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7511:
7504:
7502:Horsehair crab
7499:
7492:
7487:
7485:Dungeness crab
7482:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7441:Cancer pagurus
7437:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7408:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7248:Jasus lalandii
7244:
7237:
7230:
7225:
7222:Ibacus peronii
7218:
7211:
7206:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7070:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7030:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7010:Fishing topics
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6879:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6838:Shrimp fishery
6835:
6830:
6825:
6823:Crab fisheries
6820:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6615:Smelt-whitings
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6551:Alaska pollock
6548:
6543:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:species groups
6362:
6360:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6287:Fish migration
6284:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6265:Related topics
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6027:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5985:
5980:
5978:Angustidontida
5973:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5938:
5933:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5847:
5845:Eumalacostraca
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:Aeschronectida
5819:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5703:
5696:
5695:External links
5693:
5691:
5690:
5681:
5664:
5651:Euphausiacea:
5647:
5626:Euphausiacea:
5622:
5595:
5580:
5553:
5539:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5458:
5425:
5412:(3): 155–166.
5392:
5373:(3): 199–205.
5367:Marine Biology
5357:
5334:
5309:
5283:
5252:
5229:
5202:
5158:
5136:
5108:
5098:
5088:
5064:
5041:
5030:on 2 June 2020
5006:
4973:
4947:
4928:
4892:
4849:
4794:
4759:
4752:
4726:
4719:
4711:Fischer Verlag
4689:
4635:
4607:
4560:
4533:(4): 229–247.
4507:
4488:
4464:
4429:
4392:
4373:(4): 264–269.
4355:
4322:
4298:CalCOFI Report
4277:
4220:
4194:
4175:(3): 261–268.
4149:
4104:
4081:
4062:
4035:
4012:
4001:(3): 274–285.
3973:
3942:
3899:
3863:(2): 234–246.
3838:
3823:
3816:
3804:Academic Press
3782:
3713:
3678:
3661:"Euphausiacea"
3652:
3619:
3608:on 1 July 2009
3584:
3540:
3527:(2): 123–133.
3497:
3464:
3445:
3416:
3389:
3350:
3329:(4): 280–287.
3303:
3290:(3): 279–295.
3259:
3252:
3244:Academic Press
3225:
3191:
3167:D'Amato, M.E.
3157:
3123:
3104:(3): 267–272.
3097:Marine Biology
3082:
3075:
3050:
3003:
2970:(1): 117–157.
2945:
2891:
2861:
2837:
2796:
2783:(2): 199–212.
2756:
2722:(2): 243–247.
2715:Marine Biology
2693:
2651:
2630:
2568:
2549:(2): 105–120.
2524:
2501:
2471:
2452:(5): 727–740.
2427:
2402:
2391:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:Northern krill
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2306:
2303:
2293:
2290:
2252:product to be
2166:
2163:
2123:
2120:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2014:micro-nektonic
1978:feeding frenzy
1969:Artemia salina
1918:of a swimming
1907:
1904:
1878:
1875:
1858:
1855:
1825:
1822:
1797:Bentheuphausia
1763:
1760:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1669:
1665:Climate change
1634:of the family
1557:
1554:
1498:filter feeders
1493:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:dinoflagellate
1414:bioluminescent
1330:They have two
1252:
1249:
1221:Southern Ocean
1095:occur in both
1057:
1054:
1023:Aeschronectida
999:
996:
920:
919:
912:Nematobrachion
892:Nematobrachion
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
851:
850:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
833:
832:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
772:
767:
765:
761:
760:
757:
756:
747:
742:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
701:Pseudeuphausia
696:
691:
689:
685:
684:
681:
680:
671:
666:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:Nematobrachion
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
627:
622:
620:
616:
615:
612:
611:
607:Bentheuphausia
602:
596:
594:
588:
585:
584:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
554:Northern krill
454:
451:
362:Southern Ocean
298:
297:
296:
295:
289:Bentheuphausia
284:
283:
279:
278:
265:
252:
242:
232:
223:Pseudeuphausia
219:
209:
200:Nematobrachion
196:
179:
169:
158:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
57:Northern krill
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8095:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8018:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7741:Squat lobster
7739:
7737:
7736:Red king crab
7734:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7718:
7717:Mantis shrimp
7715:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7567:Ranina ranina
7564:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7527:Menippe adina
7524:
7522:
7521:
7520:Maja squinado
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7051:
7046:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Krill fishery
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Cod fisheries
6816:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:Sea cucumbers
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Orange roughy
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6523:Demersal fish
6520:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6358:
6353:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Predator fish
6310:
6308:
6307:Juvenile fish
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:Filter feeder
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:river herring
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6154:
6153:squid (small)
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6011:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:Ingolfiellida
5934:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:Lophogastrida
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:Bathynellacea
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:Archaeostraca
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5642:file, 2
5641:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5592:0-632-05565-0
5589:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5358:
5345:
5338:
5335:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5099:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5007:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4974:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4929:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4903:
4896:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4359:
4356:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:(5631): 339.
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3962:(S3): 31–37.
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:(2): 91–101.
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3434:
3433:MarineBio.org
3430:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:Brandt, 1851"
3136:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:(4489): 934.
2915:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:Robert Gurney
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:(in German).
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:(in French).
2643:
2642:
2634:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:Hydrobiologia
2590:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Krill fishery
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:Krill fishery
2098:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:A krill swarm
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:microplastics
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:S. longicorne
1656:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1638:(epicaridean
1637:
1633:
1632:ectoparasites
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:of the genus
1604:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:bloom in the
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:baleen whales
1563:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:phytoplankton
1507:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:swimming legs
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:compound eyes
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:E. vallentini
1240:
1239:
1238:E. triacantha
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:) and six in
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
989:
986:in krill and
985:
980:
978:
974:
973:Robert Gurney
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
917:
914:is sister to
913:
909:
906:is sister to
905:
901:
898:is sister to
897:
893:
889:
888:
880:
879:
871:
870:
862:
861:
853:
852:
844:
843:
835:
834:
831:
830:
829:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
778:
771:
770:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
746:
745:
738:
737:
734:
733:
725:
724:
721:
720:
719:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
702:
695:
694:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
677:
670:
669:
663:Euphausiinae
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
652:
651:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
634:
633:
626:
625:
619:Euphausiidae
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
608:
600:
599:
593:Euphausiacea
592:
591:
587:
586:
582:
581:
577:
571:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Pacific krill
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:Amphionidacea
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:baleen whales
439:
437:
436:
431:
427:
414:
410:
409:sport fishing
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:phytoplankton
351:
347:
346:trophic level
342:
340:
336:
334:
333:
326:
322:
319:
315:
307:
306:(Euphausiids)
304:
291:
290:
286:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
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266:
262:
258:
257:
253:
248:
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238:
237:
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229:
225:
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220:
215:
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210:
206:
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201:
197:
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189:
185:
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180:
175:
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170:
165:
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155:
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152:
147:
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137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
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121:
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117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7851:Euphausiacea
7838:Euphausiacea
7824:Euphausiacea
7794:Euphausiacea
7793:
7757:
7745:
7728:
7721:
7709:
7699:
7682:
7675:
7671:Coconut crab
7663:
7640:
7633:
7628:Paranephrops
7626:
7609:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7506:
7494:
7474:Chionoecetes
7472:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7220:
7213:
7201:
7165:
7156:Shrimp paste
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7102:Indian prawn
7097:Dried shrimp
7089:
7082:
7075:
6950:salmon trout
6703:
6232:mosquitofish
6222:Carp (small)
6206:Common roach
6147:
6009:
5988:
5982:
5940:
5928:
5914:Stygiomysida
5905:
5804:Hymenostraca
5778:Phyllocarida
5744:Malacostraca
5684:
5667:
5652:
5627:
5599:
5583:
5573:Euphausiacea
5570:
5556:
5549:
5535:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5337:
5325:. Retrieved
5321:"Why krill?"
5300:. Retrieved
5296:
5286:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5220:. Retrieved
5181:(7311): 15.
5178:
5174:
5149:. Retrieved
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5101:
5091:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5032:. Retrieved
5028:the original
5023:
5017:
5009:
4993:(1): 25–32.
4990:
4986:
4976:
4964:. Retrieved
4950:
4941:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4909:
4895:
4871:(3): 83–84.
4868:
4862:
4852:
4841:the original
4820:
4814:
4805:
4797:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4737:
4729:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4665:
4659:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4629:
4623:
4610:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4563:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4494:the original
4474:
4467:
4448:
4442:
4432:
4418:(S3): 6–15.
4415:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4338:
4332:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4306:the original
4301:
4297:
4288:
4280:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4197:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4099:the original
4084:
4071:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4015:
3998:
3992:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3919:
3915:
3891:the original
3860:
3854:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3797:
3785:
3732:
3726:
3716:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:the original
3655:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:the original
3595:
3587:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3426:
3419:
3406:
3400:
3392:
3376:(1): 69–77.
3373:
3367:
3361:
3353:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3239:
3216:. Retrieved
3208:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3174:
3168:
3148:. Retrieved
3140:
3134:
3126:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3062:
3053:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2992:cite journal
2967:
2961:
2948:
2913:
2907:
2894:
2877:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2747:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2719:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2671:
2665:
2648:: 1077–1089.
2645:
2639:
2633:
2622:the original
2601:
2595:
2586:
2546:
2540:
2521:(2): 51–270.
2518:
2514:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2484:
2474:
2449:
2443:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2394:
2386:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2295:
2278:shrimp paste
2267:
2258:
2243:
2220:
2197:
2189:shrimp paste
2187:, a type of
2184:
2171:Shrimp paste
2159:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2089:
2060:
2029:
2009:
1986:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:carbon cycle
1924:
1894:
1888:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1771:
1762:Reproduction
1745:
1730:
1724:
1720:metanauplius
1718:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1674:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:Oculophryxus
1647:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1584:
1570:
1559:
1538:
1505:
1495:
1461:
1441:tetrapyrrole
1412:, krill are
1407:
1405:
1388:
1386:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1318:
1280:
1260:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1161:E. mucronata
1159:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1090:
1088:
1080:bathypelagic
1073:
1069:
1059:
1056:Distribution
1038:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1001:
987:
983:
981:
936:
934:
930:autapomorphy
926:monophyletic
923:
916:Stylocheiron
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
828:Stylocheiron
826:
825:
809:
808:
792:
791:
777:Nematoscelis
775:
774:
750:
749:
716:
715:
699:
698:
674:
673:
648:
647:
630:
629:
605:
604:
557:
549:
541:
531:
527:bathypelagic
520:
506:
499:Euphausiidae
492:
473:Malacostraca
456:
440:
433:
429:
425:
412:
390:
343:
328:
321:Euphausiacea
320:
305:
302:
301:
287:
267:
254:
250:Hansen, 1911
244:
236:Stylocheiron
234:
221:
211:
198:
181:
171:
161:
156:Euphausiidae
136:Euphausiacea
135:
122:Superorder:
116:Malacostraca
60:
36:
7924:iNaturalist
7818:Wikispecies
7360:Sagmariasus
6784:Echinoderms
6691:Crustaceans
6458:Forage fish
6317:Sardine run
6282:Feeder fish
6191:Leuciscidae
6054:Forage fish
5862:Anaspidacea
5815:Hoplocarida
5798:Leptostraca
5793:Hoplostraca
5766:Subphylum:
5550:Naga Report
5478:(1): 9574.
5249:(2): 49–78.
5034:11 November
4955:D. Howard.
4586:: 157–167.
4240:(1): 1001.
3922:(1): 1–13.
3612:25 February
3438:25 February
3205:Sars, 1883"
3203:Nyctiphanes
3175:Nyctiphanes
3135:Thysanoessa
2886:Ray Society
2705:Nyctiphanes
2667:Crustaceana
2604:: 143–169.
2494:25 November
2239:exoskeleton
2214:(19%), and
2193:Philippines
2079:blue whales
2065:and in the
1949:E. pacifica
1851:E. pacifica
1813:Thysanopoda
1809:Thysanoessa
1752:photic zone
1726:calyptopsis
1628:T. gregaria
1620:E. pacifica
1614:Thysanoessa
1585:E. pacifica
1530:zooplankton
1526:carnivorous
1438:fluorescent
1424:-catalysed
1418:photophores
1406:Except for
1340:thoracopods
1290:exoskeleton
1283:crustaceans
1173:Thysanoessa
1119:Nyctiphanes
1113:northward.
1092:Thysanoessa
1027:Palaeomysis
992:Hoplocarida
908:Thysanopoda
900:Nyctiphanes
794:Thysanoessa
752:Nyctiphanes
632:Thysanopoda
550:E. pacifica
397:aquaculture
358:zooplankton
314:crustaceans
269:Thysanopoda
256:Thysanoessa
213:Nyctiphanes
18:Euphausiids
8057:Categories
7759:Thalassina
7705:Langostino
7514:Jonah crab
6797:Sea urchin
6175:Freshwater
5954:Tanaidacea
5924:Bochusacea
5883:Peracarida
5762:Arthropoda
5742:Orders of
5683:Tett, P.:
5666:Tett, P.:
5106:2247–2260.
4944:(152): 24.
4632:: 338–343.
4500:4 December
4366:BioScience
4315:5 November
3649:: 408–412.
3637:T. egregia
3633:T. cornuta
3592:E. Gaten.
2858:: 485–579.
2358:References
2337:Crustacean
2286:fish sauce
2266:, notably
2261:planktonic
2169:See also:
2103:See also:
2099:Human uses
2051:organisms.
2010:E. superba
1994:lobstering
1953:E. hanseni
1847:E. superba
1835:E. superba
1782:sperm sack
1589:shearwater
1581:Bering Sea
1541:food chain
1522:omnivorous
1502:appendages
1481:See also:
1434:luciferase
1382:pereiopods
1378:pereiopods
1374:pereiopods
1366:pereiopods
1336:pereiopods
1281:Krill are
1265:as a model
1226:E. frigida
1213:74° S
1205:55° S
1178:T. macrura
1128:California
1031:speciation
1018:Crangopsis
961:Peracarida
945:Schizopoda
574:See also:
477:superorder
447:blue whale
403:feeds, as
393:Scotia Sea
350:food chain
177:Shaw, 2023
167:Dana, 1852
106:Arthropoda
7695:King crab
6811:Fisheries
6676:Whitebait
6620:Toothfish
6446:yellowfin
6406:Swordfish
6297:Food fish
6277:Bait fish
6272:Bait ball
6236:herrings
6227:killifish
6077:Anchovies
6069:Clupeidae
5930:Amphipoda
5854:Syncarida
5768:Crustacea
5618:643483454
5610:0027-9358
5272:: 42–45.
4921:8 October
4837:228567512
4668:: 63–76.
4165:Hansen".
3063:Crustacea
3023:CiteSeerX
2347:Krill oil
2274:fermented
2250:krill oil
2191:from the
2181:fermented
1843:North Sea
1801:Euphausia
1573:ecosystem
1556:Predation
1532:and fish
1506:Euphausia
1430:luciferin
1287:chitinous
1203:south of
1201:latitudes
1183:Euphausia
1166:Euphausia
1124:upwelling
969:Penaeidae
957:Mysidacea
904:Euphausia
718:Euphausia
564:Phylogeny
508:Euphausia
466:Crustacea
462:subphylum
459:arthropod
426:camarones
325:Norwegian
274:Latreille
173:Hansarsia
163:Euphausia
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
7803:Wikidata
7771:Category
7597:Crayfish
7178:Lobsters
6967:Scallops
6945:Atlantic
6764:Scallops
6736:Molluscs
6643:Sturgeon
6610:Rockfish
6563:flounder
6558:Flatfish
6541:Atlantic
6511:european
6491:Sardines
6486:Menhaden
6441:skipjack
6416:albacore
6391:Mackerel
6245:alewives
6138:halfbeak
6097:menhaden
5989:Decapoda
5969:Eucarida
5919:Mictacea
5760:Phylum:
5756:Animalia
5754:Kingdom
5657:Archived
5632:Archived
5561:Archived
5510:37311777
5501:10264458
5387:86540101
5346:. US FDA
5197:20811427
5096:389–397.
5073:PLOS ONE
4887:16461267
4555:85121989
4272:29520086
4144:28471713
4136:12869754
3879:21676767
3777:16592787
3425:"Krill,
3345:11920136
3322:Heredity
3179:Archived
3118:84486097
3061:(1986).
3045:17398121
2984:85557065
2902:(1955).
2875:(1942).
2832:22017501
2736:17750015
2688:20105650
2618:32997380
2563:84158071
2381:18 April
2305:See also
2235:pet food
2155:pristine
2004:and the
1916:pleopods
1914:Beating
1891:swarming
1877:Swarming
1857:Lifespan
1824:Moulting
1786:thelycum
1732:furcilia
1708:nauplius
1693:nauplius
1671:Plastics
1651:bicaulis
1608:Collinia
1603:ciliates
1550:copepods
1391:, lives
1384:at all.
1370:Decapoda
1362:pleopods
1332:antennae
1325:pigments
1314:tail fan
1304:and the
1217:pack ice
1140:Canarias
1136:Benguela
1132:Humboldt
1097:Atlantic
998:Timeline
965:Eucarida
536:include
495:families
484:Decapoda
480:Eucarida
453:Taxonomy
401:aquarium
126:Eucarida
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
7183:slipper
7181:(incl.
6982:Tilapia
6972:Seaweed
6960:chinook
6935:Oysters
6930:Mussels
6915:Catfish
6898:crucian
6888:bighead
6802:more...
6774:more...
6759:Oysters
6754:Octopus
6749:Mussels
6744:Abalone
6726:more...
6709:Lobster
6681:more...
6648:Tilapia
6605:Pollock
6590:Haddock
6568:halibut
6546:Pacific
6531:Catfish
6476:Herring
6471:Capelin
6466:Anchovy
6365:fishery
6128:Capelin
6102:sardine
6082:herring
5942:Isopoda
5480:Bibcode
5327:1 April
5302:10 July
5222:1 April
5151:1 April
5129:1 April
4966:15 June
4902:"Krill"
4777:Bibcode
4670:Bibcode
4588:Bibcode
4535:Bibcode
4387:1310217
4263:5843626
4242:Bibcode
4213:18 June
4189:8786215
4115:Science
4055:15 June
4007:3734626
3808:308–317
3737:Bibcode
3708:7676855
3567:Bibcode
3461:: 1–45.
3278:Hansen"
3218:18 June
3150:18 June
2940:4225121
2918:Bibcode
2454:Bibcode
2420:22 June
2411:"Krill"
2223:protein
2218:(18%).
2200:biomass
2132:Ukraine
2006:uropods
1992:called
1927:diurnal
1841:in the
1640:isopods
1636:Dajidae
1616:inermis
1514:diatoms
1492:Feeding
1452:Ecology
1351:lobster
1310:abdomen
1294:decapod
1207:, with
1101:Pacific
1066:neritic
1062:endemic
517:species
435:bagoong
430:alamang
370:biomass
316:of the
132:Order:
112:Class:
8027:527416
8024:uBio:
8017:133266
8004:852582
7988:NZOR:
7929:153112
7903:1EUPHO
7809:Q29498
7657:Others
7622:Cherax
7617:Marron
7605:Acocil
7186:&
7077:Acetes
7068:prawns
7063:Shrimp
6977:Shrimp
6940:Salmon
6908:silver
6893:common
6875:Farmed
6719:Prawns
6714:Shrimp
6595:Mullet
6583:turbot
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