888:
115:
3090:
3114:
921:(Ericaceae) are similar in morphology to flowers with nectar from the New World and they specifically lack a perch for birds. In the New World, similar flowers are pollinated by modern hummingbirds that do not need to perch on flowers due to their adaption for hovering flight. Modern hummingbirds are not present in the Old World and instead long-tongued bees pollinate these flowers.
3126:
3102:
878:
specimens, the local climate is believed to have been sub-tropical to tropical. The warm, frost-free climate would have supported broad-leaved evergreen forests as well as palm-rich coastal forests on sandy soils. It is difficult to estimate the winter conditions during this period without knowing
724:
In 2007, Dr. Antoine
Louchart described a specimen found in the Le Grand Banc Strata in southeastern France that consisted of an almost complete skeleton on a slab. The skeleton is in ventral view with the head in left lateral view. This specimen is unique because it preserves almost the complete
492:
are greatly elongated, straight, and narrow, measuring from 15.5 to 20 millimeters in length, roughly 2.5 times as long as the cranium. This beak shape is distinctly different than other known beak shapes of early
Tertiary stem-group hummingbirds, which were short, wide, and most likely used for
574:
have been measured to be between 6.0 and 6.5 millimeters. It is considered short and stout when compared to other
Apodiformes, except extant hummingbirds. In addition, the humeri have a wide proximal articular part and there are pronounced distal protrusions on the caput humeri, which is a
527:
Hummingbirds have specific morphological adaptations that enable them to fly forwards, backwards, sideways as well as hover for extended periods of time. Hovering flight specifically is supported in
Eurotrochilus by abbreviated ulnae and humeri and developed humeral protrusions.
846:
found throughout
Central Europe seem to agree with this geological era: German specimens are estimated to be 32 million years old, the French specimen is estimated to be 28-34 million years old, and Polish specimens are estimated to be 31 million years old.
948:
were possibly locally abundant during the early
Oligocene, making them the most likely dominant pollinators of ornithophilous flowers. Ecological competition with long-tongued bees for ornithophilous flowers is a suggested explanation for the extinction of
696:
was a significant discovery because it provided the most convincing evidence for the presence of modern-looking hummingbirds of stem-group
Trochilidae in the Old World. Previously, the oldest fossil hummingbirds capable of hovering flight and
858:
specimen was found used to be submerged in the
Paratethys Ocean. The Winnica site produced a large diversity of bird remains, aquatic and terrestrial, which indicates that there was most likely a coastal or shoreline climate with rich
295:
being morphologically very similar to modern hummingbirds, they still retained several primitive features and are not closely related to any specific extant hummingbird in the crown group. There are currently two described species of
953:
and modern hummingbirds in Europe. Another possible explanation for their extinction is rapid climate change from the suspected moderate tropical climate, which would have been a critical problem considering the small size of
928:
had long beaks and tongues to consume nectar as well as the ability to hover while in flight, it seems plausible to conclude that ornithophilous flowers in the Old World evolved bird-pollination morphologies in response to
676:
in 2004 when he found two previously unidentified tiny bird skeletons in the drawers of the
Stuttgart National History Museum. The skeletons were from the former clay pit of the Bott-Eder GmbH (“Grube Unterfeld”) in
720:
holotype. Also, Mayr described another skeleton from the same area that included the skull, some vertebrae, part of the pectoral girdle, and an incomplete left wing that was found by several students in 2005.
933:. If this were true, then it would suggest a maximum age for hummingbird-pollinated plants (i.e. nectivorous plants) as these plants would not be able to be pollinated before the early Oligocene without
1219:
Louchart, Antoine; Tourment, Nicolas; Carrier, Julie; Roux, Thierry (27 September 2007). "Hummingbird with modern feathering: an exceptionally well-preserved
Oligocene fossil from southern France".
775:
formation. The specimen was a slab and counter slab of a near-complete skeleton formerly kept in the private collection of Edward Noniewicz. The specimen is the holotype for a new species of
626:) being longer than the ulna, the carpometacarpus lacking a dentiform process, and the presence of a small intermetacarpal process. Scientists are confident though with the assignment of
407:
is Latin for "unexpected", indicative of the surprise felt by Gerald Mayr and his team when they discovered a modern-type fossil hummingbird in Europe. The name of the second species,
1433:
Maxwell, Erin E. (1 December 2016). "The Rauenberg fossil Lagerstätte (Baden-Württemberg, Germany): A window into early Oligocene marine and coastal ecosystems of Central Europe".
810:
of Southern Germany. Mayr described the jumbled but closely associated specimen in 2010. It offered insight into previously unknown osteological features including a developed
2002:
879:
the migratory habits of the avian species but based on their fruit and nectar diets, scientists believe that this area of Europe most likely experienced mild winters.
594:
Additional adaptions present for hovering flight in both groups include curved and relatively short wings, square-shaped tails, and a column-like sternal end of the
5493:
705:
found in cave deposits of Central and South America. While extant hummingbirds in crown-group Trochilidae most likely originated in the new world, the discovery of
716:
from the same clay pit in Southern Germany. This specimen was found by Anette and Harald Oechsler in 1994 and was identified by Mayr as the second slab of the
764:
5480:
1997:
1099:
Bochenski, Zygmunt; Bochenski, Zbigniew (19 December 2007). "An Old World hummingbird from the Oligocene: a new fossil from Polish Carpathians".
5554:
787:
but also had unique proportions of bones, a coracoid that widens near the sternal end, and a distinctly smaller ulna and humerus compared to
725:
skeleton, and also a thin layer of dark organic matter preserved the complete feathering pattern of the bird. The specimen had all of the
3164:
591:
and are more similar to Trochilidae. These morphological specializations of the humeri allow the bone to rotate during hovering flight.
887:
5564:
5559:
1143:
365:
origin. Extant hummingbirds are distinctly different than all other avians because of their unique adaptions for hovering flight and
741:. He did note though that the differences could be attributed to either sexual or individual distinctness, rather than speciation.
1541:
442:
have morphological adaptations for sustained hovering flight, a characteristic of extant hummingbirds, including the Apodiform
422:
specimens are some of the smallest fossil birds and are referred to the order Apodiformes due to their strongly abbreviated
512:. The large hyoid bones are thought to support a long protractile tongue, which extant hummingbirds use to lap up nectar.
763:
was extended even further in 2007 when Dr. Zygmunt Bochenski and Dr. Zbigniew M. Bochenski described another specimen at
263:
114:
5539:
3130:
1987:
1281:
Mayr, Gerald (25 July 2006). "New specimens of the early Oligocene Old World hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus".
3142:
1405:
519:
to consume nectar from ornithophilous flowers, its main source of nutrients, and to pollinate these flowers as well.
5549:
5544:
1769:
1171:
4797:
1684:
1674:
811:
446:(abbreviated ulna and humerus) as well as pronounced distal protrusions on the humeral heads. These adaptions in
1471:
4430:
2010:
1992:
3157:
2015:
815:
630:
to stem group Trochilidae as there has been no identification of derived characteristics that would cause
5448:
1982:
1794:
1744:
3580:
5534:
5506:
1819:
1477:
871:, supporting the theory that the majority of Central Europe most likely had a marine/coastal ecosystem.
737:
because of differences in lengths of several bones including phalanges of wings and lateral process of
472:
are more closely related to crown group Trochilidae than other members of stem group Trochilidae, like
3752:
3300:
2447:
1442:
1028:
867:
and a large diversity of other avian specimens from clay pits in Southern Germany were also found in
606:
Despite the similarities between the two, crown group Trochilidae has a more derived morphology than
5181:
4080:
3990:
3762:
411:, refers to the surname of the private collector, Edward Noniewicza, who found the fossil specimen.
3560:
3258:
1977:
1869:
1809:
1754:
1534:
1406:"A review of avain remains from the Oligocene of the Outer Carpathians and Central Paleogene Basin"
910:
4161:
4100:
4043:
3939:
3871:
3113:
807:
466:
are believed to be the first members of stem group Trochilidae to be able to perform nectarivory.
5005:
4066:
3544:
3150:
2760:
1824:
1784:
1749:
1381:
1338:
1298:
1244:
1116:
1060:
1044:
109:
4059:
4028:
3912:
3328:
5511:
5171:
4089:
3272:
3106:
1502:
854:
Ocean covered the majority of Central and Eastern Europe. The Winnica site in Poland where the
5498:
5096:
4052:
3594:
3249:
2886:
2833:
2783:
1926:
1916:
1859:
1659:
1654:
1236:
1139:
1052:
702:
3570:
5089:
4804:
4706:
4232:
4005:
3283:
3174:
2752:
1894:
1566:
1450:
1373:
1330:
1290:
1228:
1108:
1036:
827:
3923:
3614:
3603:
2984:
2812:
2282:
1804:
1789:
1727:
1626:
1554:
904:
868:
619:
564:
30:
430:. They are most similar to another early Oligocene member of the stem-group Trochilidae,
1483:
1446:
1032:
5387:
5191:
5075:
4331:
4303:
3891:
3782:
3659:
3638:
3491:
3446:
3411:
3094:
3024:
2976:
2910:
2849:
2804:
2791:
2665:
2628:
2479:
2253:
2090:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1814:
1799:
1694:
1689:
1669:
1664:
1646:
1594:
1527:
895:
726:
501:
5528:
5418:
5402:
5202:
4934:
4741:
4713:
4611:
4576:
4541:
3736:
3727:
3339:
3312:
3265:
3032:
3016:
2939:
2931:
2765:
2563:
2413:
2300:
2258:
2058:
2050:
1972:
1936:
1854:
1778:
689:
and the other specimen consists of two slabs of a partially disarticulated skeleton.
330:
was present, the most recent estimate is suggested to be 28 to 34 million years ago.
68:
1385:
1302:
1248:
1120:
5357:
5339:
5284:
5061:
5033:
4895:
4832:
4825:
4811:
4699:
4625:
4604:
4590:
4562:
4520:
4513:
4437:
4409:
4393:
4324:
4205:
3950:
3856:
3815:
3695:
3500:
3457:
3397:
3362:
3118:
2862:
2707:
2523:
2361:
2309:
2181:
2142:
1911:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1576:
1064:
488:, the skull and beak have been roughly measured to be 34 millimeters. The beaks of
443:
350:
218:
1019:
Mayr, Gerald (7 May 2004). "Old World Fossil Record of Modern-Type Hummingbirds".
476:, because of their specific adaptations for both nectarivory and hovering flight.
1454:
5411:
5256:
5110:
5103:
4996:
4985:
4971:
4950:
4881:
4874:
4762:
4748:
4660:
4640:
4618:
4534:
4472:
4262:
4196:
4014:
3974:
3796:
3718:
3679:
3668:
3647:
3480:
3425:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3355:
3348:
3178:
2923:
2770:
2576:
2555:
2544:
2509:
2376:
2366:
2324:
2215:
2082:
1884:
1709:
1704:
1636:
1621:
1589:
698:
681:-Frauenweiler of Southern Germany. One partially disarticulated skeleton is the
673:
509:
400:
366:
288:
284:
249:
209:
189:
179:
43:
5471:
712:
In 2006, Dr. Gerald Mayr again described a previously unidentified specimen of
373:
has these adaptions and are the only genus of stem group Trochilidae to do so.
5380:
5373:
5366:
5332:
5311:
5295:
5249:
5211:
5019:
5012:
4957:
4923:
4909:
4902:
4888:
4860:
4846:
4839:
4818:
4790:
4769:
4734:
4727:
4669:
4597:
4569:
4458:
4451:
4423:
4402:
4384:
4359:
4317:
4287:
3959:
3880:
3773:
3623:
3535:
3526:
3466:
3432:
3404:
3040:
2902:
2841:
2820:
2652:
2636:
2571:
2516:
2488:
2420:
2385:
2263:
2111:
1946:
1921:
1679:
1377:
1294:
1232:
1112:
851:
281:
88:
53:
748:
specimen found in France not only revealed more characteristics of the genus
5346:
5325:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5117:
5082:
5054:
4964:
4916:
4867:
4853:
4783:
4776:
4755:
4720:
4555:
4548:
4527:
4506:
4486:
4444:
4416:
4352:
4276:
4269:
4248:
4214:
3688:
3507:
3473:
3439:
3418:
3369:
3234:
3219:
3000:
2955:
2744:
2537:
2454:
2438:
2427:
2337:
2273:
2232:
1931:
1732:
1719:
1699:
1599:
1040:
899:
839:
623:
535:
measures between 6.7 and 8.8 millimeters, which is shorter than the ulna of
395:
362:
354:
323:
319:
169:
126:
93:
37:
1240:
1056:
1413:
Proceed. 8th Internat. Meeting Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution
1404:
Bochenski, Zbigniew M.; Tomek, Teresa; Swidnicka, Ewa (10 December 2013).
701:
were modern hummingbirds estimated to be 10,000-30,000 years old from the
567:, or depressions, on the caudal surface of the proximal end of the ulnae.
5465:
5318:
5304:
5231:
5222:
4978:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4649:
4583:
4497:
4479:
4465:
4373:
4366:
4345:
4338:
4310:
4296:
4241:
4120:
4021:
3789:
3213:
3201:
3182:
2968:
2698:
2673:
2619:
2530:
2502:
2392:
2356:
2348:
2330:
2225:
2210:
2194:
1941:
1904:
1737:
916:
860:
835:
803:
772:
738:
682:
678:
595:
390:
315:
146:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
614:
to be a stem group representative. These more primitive morphologies in
5485:
5240:
5047:
5040:
5026:
4943:
4255:
2878:
2731:
2610:
2495:
2461:
2399:
2220:
2074:
2066:
1759:
1631:
1616:
1606:
1342:
1048:
891:
Modern hummingbird demonstrating hovering flight while consuming nectar
647:
338:
233:
98:
73:
1519:
5068:
4221:
3195:
3008:
2947:
2723:
2715:
2644:
2584:
2468:
2406:
2289:
1956:
1951:
1829:
944:
specimens at the Frauenweiler site in Southern Germany suggests that
655:
651:
646:
specimens have been identified in three countries of central Europe:
459:
423:
346:
342:
136:
5442:
1334:
802:
in the former clay pit of the Bott-Eder GmbH (“Grube Unterfeld”) in
3207:
2894:
2681:
2244:
1356:
Mayr, Gerald (8 September 2009). "New specimens of the avian taxa
886:
798:
In 2009, Harald and Annette Oechsler found the fourth specimen of
768:
552:
427:
2870:
2237:
2200:
2170:
1584:
1550:
156:
5446:
5147:
4159:
3854:
3232:
3146:
2034:
1523:
2992:
1849:
1611:
496:
The maxillary processes of the palatine bones in the beaks of
385:
is derived from the location and family of the fossils found;
898:
flowers, or flowers pollinated by birds, are present in the
458:), which is evidence of nectarivory, the ability to consume
709:
broadens the evolutionary history of modern hummingbirds.
583:, and crown group Trochilidae. The humeral protrusions in
563:
and crown-group Trochilidae includes the presence of deep
752:
but also extended the known geographical distribution of
547:
both have abbreviated ulnas, the extreme abbreviation in
287:(Trochilidae) and are the closest known relatives of the
559:
s and crown-group Trochilidae. Another synapomorphy of
450:
are more pronounced though. Another difference is that
795:
specimen, prompting the description of a new species.
783:. The specimen had all of the same characteristics of
504:, or the ability to flex the upper beak. In addition,
883:
Co-evolution of ornithophilous flowers and extinction
349:
was extremely important because today all 328 of the
326:
period. While there is some debate over exactly when
5187:
5177:
5167:
4181:
4077:
4040:
4002:
3986:
3935:
3908:
3868:
3758:
3748:
3656:
3591:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3324:
3295:
3246:
256:
242:
5455:
5401:
5356:
5294:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5201:
5158:
4995:
4933:
4668:
4659:
4639:
4496:
4392:
4383:
4286:
4231:
4204:
4195:
4172:
4119:
4099:
4076:
4039:
4001:
3973:
3949:
3922:
3899:
3890:
3867:
3814:
3772:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3678:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3613:
3590:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3490:
3456:
3338:
3311:
3282:
3245:
2967:
2922:
2861:
2832:
2803:
2782:
2743:
2706:
2697:
2664:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2554:
2478:
2437:
2375:
2347:
2323:
2299:
2272:
2193:
2180:
2141:
2110:
2049:
1965:
1868:
1768:
1718:
1645:
1575:
874:Based on the other species found alongside all the
1435:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
500:are widely separated, indicating the presence of
1364:(Todidae) from the early Oligocene of Germany".
1094:
733:but Louchart could not identify the specimen as
1399:
1397:
1395:
1214:
1212:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1321:Perkins, Sid (8 May 2004). "Ancient Buzzing".
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
515:All of these adaptations made it possible for
3158:
1535:
1316:
1314:
1312:
508:appear to have long nasal openings and large
389:referring to Europe, the continent where the
8:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
5443:
5236:
5227:
5155:
5144:
4665:
4389:
4201:
4169:
4156:
3979:
3928:
3896:
3864:
3851:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3652:
3643:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3317:
3288:
3242:
3229:
3165:
3151:
3143:
2703:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2344:
2190:
2177:
2138:
2134:
2107:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2027:
1542:
1528:
1520:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
634:to be assigned to any other taxa of aves.
353:species of hummingbirds only occur in the
20:
822:Geologic and paleoenvironment information
692:The discovery of the fossil hummingbird
966:
539:, which measures 13 millimeters. While
1172:"Fossil hummingbirds in the Old World"
587:are significantly more marked than in
493:eating insects as opposed to nectar.
7:
3101:
658:. Two species have been identified,
3125:
765:Winnica, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
1484:"Oldest hummingbird fossils found"
14:
2003:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
759:The geographical distribution of
454:have elongated beaks (unknown in
3124:
3112:
3100:
3089:
3088:
2979:(New World vultures and condors)
113:
618:include the bones of the hand (
399:referring to the type genus of
322:era, which occurred during the
850:During the Oligocene era, the
771:in Southeastern Poland in the
598:with a convex dorsal surface.
1:
5555:Fossil taxa described in 2004
842:era. All of the specimens of
638:Discovery and classifications
1455:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.10.002
1366:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
834:species occurred during the
729:and adaptions identified in
415:Description and paleobiology
369:. Like extant hummingbirds,
3043:(woodpeckers and relatives)
1170:Mayr, Gerald (March 2005).
812:processus intermetacaroalis
672:was first described by Dr.
314:has been dated back to the
5581:
2905:(cormorants and relatives)
1998:Extinct species since 1500
800:Eurotrochilus inexpectatus
718:Eurotrochilus inexpectatus
714:Eurotrochilus inexpectatus
694:Eurotrochilus inexpectatus
687:Eurotrochilus inexpectatus
551:supports monophyly of the
403:. The specific epithet of
5565:Oligocene birds of Europe
5560:Taxa named by Gerald Mayr
5154:
5143:
4168:
4155:
3982:
3931:
3863:
3850:
3744:
3552:
3320:
3291:
3241:
3228:
3190:
3084:
3035:(kingfishers and rollers)
2889:(albatrosses and petrels)
2773:(swifts and hummingbirds)
2755:(nightjars and relatives)
2605:
2579:(pheasants and relatives)
2137:
2106:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2026:
1562:
1378:10.1007/s12542-009-0047-z
1295:10.1007/s10336-006-0108-y
1233:10.1007/s00114-007-0309-0
1113:10.1007/s10336-007-0261-y
523:Hovering flight adaptions
239:
232:
224:
217:
110:Scientific classification
108:
23:
3185:and their extinct allies
2934:(seriemas and relatives)
2913:(pelicans and relatives)
393:specimen was found, and
280:is an extinct genus of
3027:(hornbills and hoopoes)
2942:(falcons and relatives)
1041:10.1126/science.1096856
3011:(trogons and quetzals)
2823:(cranes and relatives)
2093:(emus and cassowaries)
1983:Glossary of bird terms
1795:Confuciusornithiformes
1283:Journal of Ornithology
1136:Paleogene Fossil Birds
1101:Journal of Ornithology
914:(Balasaminaceae), and
892:
816:crista deltopectoralis
16:Extinct genus of birds
5507:Paleobiology Database
2852:(kagu and sunbittern)
2815:(gulls and relatives)
1820:Songlingornithiformes
1785:Omnivoropterygiformes
1478:Paleobiology Database
1134:Mayr, Gerald (2009).
890:
480:Nectarivory adaptions
291:Trochilidae. Despite
2674:Phoenicopteriformes
1138:. Berlin: Springer.
814:and the presence of
381:The generic epithet
3581:Protocypselomorphus
2645:Mesitornithiformes
2639:(doves and pigeons)
1973:Families and orders
1835:Ichthyornithiformes
1810:Patagopterygiformes
1447:2016PPP...463..238M
1221:Naturwissenschaften
1033:2004Sci...304..861M
911:Impatiens sakeriana
555:that includes only
484:In some species of
357:but the fossils of
5540:Fossils of Germany
3545:Steatornithiformes
2987:(eagles and hawks)
2887:Procellariiformes
2792:Opisthocomiformes
2761:Steatornithiformes
1988:List by population
1825:Hongshanornithidae
1750:Evolution of birds
1360:(Trochilidae) and
893:
602:Primitive features
5550:Fossils of Poland
5545:Fossils of France
5522:
5521:
5449:Taxon identifiers
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5397:
5396:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
4635:
4634:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
3969:
3968:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3633:
3632:
3595:Fluvioviridavidae
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3250:Archaeotrogonidae
3140:
3139:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
2873:(loons or divers)
2842:Phaethontiformes
2834:Phaethontimorphae
2784:Opisthocomiformes
2753:Caprimulgiformes
2693:
2692:
2682:Podicipediformes
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2319:
2318:
2102:
2101:
2059:Struthioniformes
1927:Waterfowl hunting
1860:Gastornithiformes
1855:Aepyornithiformes
1845:Lithornithiformes
1027:(5672): 861–874.
940:The abundance of
924:Considering that
838:age of the early
746:Eurotrochilus sp.
703:Quaternary Period
333:The discovery of
318:age of the early
273:
272:
267:
253:
213:
5572:
5515:
5514:
5502:
5501:
5489:
5488:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5444:
5237:
5228:
5189:
5179:
5169:
5156:
5145:
4666:
4390:
4233:Phaethornithinae
4202:
4183:
4170:
4157:
4079:
4042:
4006:Aegialornithidae
4004:
3988:
3980:
3937:
3929:
3910:
3897:
3870:
3865:
3852:
3760:
3750:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3658:
3653:
3644:
3593:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3326:
3318:
3297:
3289:
3284:Caprimulgiformes
3248:
3243:
3230:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3017:Leptosomiformes
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2985:Accipitriformes
2980:
2959:
2958:(perching birds)
2951:
2943:
2935:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2879:Sphenisciformes
2874:
2853:
2845:
2824:
2816:
2813:Charadriiformes
2795:
2774:
2756:
2735:
2727:
2724:Musophagiformes
2719:
2704:
2685:
2677:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2580:
2567:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2247:
2240:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2139:
2135:
2108:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
1895:Bird collections
1850:Dinornithiformes
1755:Darwin's finches
1745:Origin of flight
1685:Seabird breeding
1675:Sexual selection
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:A Dinosaur A Day
1498:
1496:
1495:
1459:
1458:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1278:
1253:
1252:
1216:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1167:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1096:
1069:
1068:
1016:
908:(Campanulacea),
828:paleoenvironment
818:on the humerus.
685:for the species
575:synapomoprhy of
262:
258:
248:
244:
208:
201:
118:
117:
103:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5497:
5492:
5484:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5451:
5441:
5424:
5393:
5352:
5290:
5217:
5197:
5150:
5123:
4991:
4929:
4655:
4631:
4492:
4379:
4282:
4227:
4191:
4164:
4135:
4115:
4095:
4072:
4035:
3997:
3965:
3945:
3924:Aegotheliformes
3918:
3886:
3859:
3830:
3802:
3768:
3753:Masillapodargus
3701:
3674:
3629:
3615:Steatornithidae
3609:
3604:Fluvioviridavis
3586:
3513:
3486:
3452:
3334:
3307:
3301:Wyomingcypselus
3278:
3237:
3224:
3186:
3171:
3141:
3136:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3025:Bucerotiformes
3019:(cuckoo-roller)
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2977:Cathartiformes
2963:
2957:
2949:
2948:Psittaciformes
2941:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:Pelecaniformes
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2850:Eurypygiformes
2843:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2653:Pterocliformes
2646:
2638:
2589:
2578:
2565:
2550:
2474:
2433:
2371:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2295:
2268:
2245:
2238:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:Casuariiformes
2084:
2083:Apterygiformes
2076:
2068:
2060:
2037:
2022:
1993:Lists by region
1961:
1871:
1864:
1805:Chaoyangiformes
1790:Jeholornithidae
1764:
1728:Origin of birds
1714:
1695:Brood parasites
1641:
1571:
1558:
1548:
1511:
1509:
1503:"Eurotrochilus"
1501:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1335:10.2307/4015151
1320:
1319:
1310:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1218:
1217:
1190:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1153:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1098:
1097:
1072:
1018:
1017:
968:
963:
942:E. inexpectatus
905:Canarina eminii
902:. Flowers like
885:
869:marine sediment
865:E. inexpectatus
824:
791:and Louchart's
789:E. inexpectatus
785:E. inexpectatus
735:E. inexpectatus
731:E. inexpectatus
660:E. inexpectatus
640:
620:carpometacarpus
604:
525:
482:
417:
405:E. inexpectatus
379:
302:E. inexpectatus
246:E. inexpectatus
228:
226:E. inexpectatus
207:
199:
112:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
31:Early Oligocene
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5578:
5576:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5503:
5490:
5477:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5407:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5388:Schoutedenapus
5384:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5245:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5192:Scaniacypselus
5185:
5182:Procypseloides
5175:
5164:
5162:
5160:incertae sedis
5152:
5151:
5148:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4304:Anthracothorax
4300:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4178:
4176:
4174:incertae sedis
4166:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4081:Jungornithidae
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:Cypseloramphus
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3903:
3901:incertae sedis
3894:
3892:Daedalornithes
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3874:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3783:Batrachostomus
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3763:Quercypodargus
3756:
3745:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3660:Parapreficinae
3650:
3641:
3639:Nyctibiiformes
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3564:
3553:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3494:
3492:Eurostopodinae
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3412:Phalaenoptilus
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3033:Coraciiformes
3030:
3022:
3014:
3009:Trogoniformes
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:Passeriformes
2953:
2945:
2940:Falconiformes
2937:
2932:Cariamiformes
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2895:Ciconiiformes
2892:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2805:Cursorimorphae
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2666:Mirandornithes
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2637:Columbiformes
2633:
2631:
2629:Columbimorphae
2622:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2564:Meleagridinae
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2480:Odontophoridae
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:Stictonettinae
2256:
2254:Dendrocygninae
2251:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2188:
2175:
2132:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:Notable birds
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1957:Egg collecting
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:Hesperornithes
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Ambiortiformes
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Enantiornithes
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1480:
1467:
1466:External links
1464:
1461:
1460:
1418:
1391:
1372:(3): 387–395.
1348:
1308:
1289:(1): 105–111.
1254:
1227:(2): 171–175.
1188:
1151:
1145:978-3540896272
1144:
1126:
1107:(2): 211–216.
1070:
965:
964:
962:
959:
956:Eurotrochilus.
896:Ornithophilous
884:
881:
823:
820:
727:synapomorphies
639:
636:
603:
600:
570:The humeri of
524:
521:
502:rhynchokinesis
481:
478:
462:from flowers.
416:
413:
378:
375:
271:
270:
269:
268:
254:
237:
236:
230:
229:
222:
221:
215:
214:
197:
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192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
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172:
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106:
105:
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92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5577:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5457:Eurotrochilus
5454:
5450:
5445:
5421:
5420:
5419:Streptoprocne
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5403:Cypseloidinae
5400:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
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5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
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5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5203:Hemiprocnidae
5200:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5142:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5073:
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5070:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
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5049:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4935:Lampornithini
4932:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:Chlorostilbon
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:Campylopterus
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:Oreotrochilus
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4186:Eurotrochilus
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Podargiformes
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Podargiformes
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:Euronyctibius
3555:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3340:Caprimulginae
3337:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Caprimulgidae
3310:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:Archaeotrogon
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:Archaeodromus
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:Strigiformes
2991:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2844:(tropicbirds)
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2766:Podargiformes
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:Cuculiformes
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:Macrocephalon
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2301:Anseranatidae
2298:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:Tinamiformes
2073:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2051:Palaeognathae
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Pigeon racing
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:Archaeopteryx
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1473:Eurotrochilus
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Eurotrochilus
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
967:
960:
958:
957:
952:
951:Eurotrochilus
947:
946:Eurotrochilus
943:
938:
936:
935:Eurotrochilus
932:
931:Eurotrochilus
927:
926:Eurotrochilus
922:
920:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
897:
889:
882:
880:
877:
876:Eurotrochilus
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
856:E. noniewiczi
853:
848:
845:
844:Eurotrochilus
841:
837:
833:
832:Eurotrochilus
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
793:Eurotrochilus
790:
786:
782:
781:E. noniewiczi
778:
777:Eurotrochilus
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Eurotrochilus
757:
755:
754:Eurotrochilus
751:
750:Eurotrochilus
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
722:
719:
715:
710:
708:
707:Eurotrochilus
704:
700:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
671:
670:Eurotrochilus
667:
665:
664:E. noniewiczi
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Eurotrochilus
637:
635:
633:
632:Eurotrochilus
629:
628:Eurotrochilus
625:
621:
617:
616:Eurotrochilus
613:
612:Eurotrochilus
609:
608:Eurotrochilus
601:
599:
597:
592:
590:
586:
585:Eurotrochilus
582:
581:Eurotrochilus
578:
573:
572:Eurotrochilus
568:
566:
562:
561:Eurotrochilus
558:
554:
550:
549:Eurotrochilus
546:
545:Eurotrochilus
542:
538:
534:
533:Eurotrochilus
529:
522:
520:
518:
517:Eurotrochilus
513:
511:
507:
506:Eurotrochilus
503:
499:
498:Eurotrochilus
494:
491:
490:Eurotrochilus
487:
486:Eurotrochilus
479:
477:
475:
471:
470:Eurotrochilus
467:
465:
464:Eurotrochilus
461:
457:
453:
452:Eurotrochilus
449:
448:Eurotrochilus
445:
441:
437:
436:Eurotrochilus
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Eurotrochilus
414:
412:
410:
409:E. noniewiczi
406:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
383:Eurotrochilus
376:
374:
372:
371:Eurotrochilus
368:
364:
360:
359:Eurotrochilus
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Eurotrochilus
331:
329:
328:Eurotrochilus
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Eurotrochilus
309:
307:
306:E. noniewiczi
303:
299:
298:Eurotrochilus
294:
293:Eurotrochilus
290:
286:
283:
279:
278:
277:Eurotrochilus
265:
261:
260:E. noniewiczi
255:
251:
247:
241:
240:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
211:
206:
205:
204:Eurotrochilus
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
25:Eurotrochilus
22:
19:
5535:Hummingbirds
5456:
5417:
5410:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:Collocaliini
5345:
5340:Telacanthura
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5285:Tachymarptis
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5210:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5159:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5062:Microstilbon
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5034:Chaetocercus
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4896:Taphrospilus
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4826:Orthorhyncus
4824:
4817:
4812:Leucochloris
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4700:Anthocephala
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4648:
4626:Taphrolesbia
4624:
4617:
4610:
4605:Ramphomicron
4603:
4596:
4591:Phlogophilus
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4563:Opisthoprora
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4521:Chalcostigma
4519:
4514:Aglaiocercus
4512:
4505:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4438:Haplophaedia
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4410:Boissonneaua
4408:
4401:
4394:Heliantheini
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4325:Chrysolampis
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4220:
4213:
4206:Florisuginae
4185:
4184:
4173:
4162:Trochiloidea
4101:Trochiloidea
4088:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:Cypselavidae
4027:
4020:
4013:
3989:
3958:
3951:Aegothelidae
3940:Quipollornis
3938:
3911:
3900:
3879:
3872:Eocypselidae
3857:Apodimorphae
3816:Apodimorphae
3795:
3788:
3781:
3761:
3751:
3696:Phyllaemulor
3694:
3687:
3667:
3622:
3602:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3506:
3501:Eurostopodus
3499:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:Chordeilinae
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3398:Nyctiphrynus
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3363:Eleothreptus
3361:
3354:
3347:
3327:
3299:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3179:hummingbirds
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3003:(mousebirds)
3001:Coliiformes
2871:Gaviiformes
2863:Aequornithes
2771:Apodiformes
2732:Otidiformes
2708:Otidimorphae
2655:(sandgrouse)
2577:Phasianinae
2543:
2536:
2529:
2524:Odontophorus
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2362:Oreophasinae
2308:
2288:
2281:
2186:(waterfowls)
2182:Anseriformes
1932:Cockfighting
1917:Conservation
1912:Bird feeding
1900:Birdwatching
1890:Ornithomancy
1830:Gansuiformes
1777:
1770:Fossil birds
1660:Intelligence
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1492:. Retrieved
1490:. 2004-05-06
1487:
1472:
1438:
1434:
1412:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1326:
1323:Science News
1322:
1286:
1282:
1224:
1220:
1182:
1178:
1135:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1024:
1020:
955:
950:
945:
941:
939:
934:
930:
925:
923:
915:
909:
903:
894:
875:
873:
864:
855:
849:
843:
831:
825:
808:Frauenweiler
799:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
743:
734:
730:
723:
717:
713:
711:
706:
693:
691:
686:
669:
668:
663:
659:
643:
641:
631:
627:
615:
611:
607:
605:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
560:
557:Eurotrochilu
556:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:The ulna of
530:
526:
516:
514:
505:
497:
495:
489:
485:
483:
473:
469:
468:
463:
455:
451:
447:
444:synapomorphy
439:
435:
431:
419:
418:
408:
404:
394:
386:
382:
380:
370:
358:
334:
332:
327:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
292:
285:hummingbirds
276:
275:
274:
259:
245:
225:
219:Type species
203:
202:
163:
24:
18:
5412:Cypseloides
5111:Thaumastura
5104:Selasphorus
5006:Archilochus
4997:Mellisugini
4986:Sternoclyta
4972:Lamprolaima
4951:Heliomaster
4882:Stephanoxis
4875:Saucerottia
4763:Elliotomyia
4749:Chrysuronia
4661:Trochilinae
4641:Patagoninae
4619:Sephanoides
4535:Heliangelus
4473:Pterophanes
4263:Phaethornis
4197:Trochilidae
4130:See below ↓
4110:See below ↓
4067:Parargornis
4015:Aegialornis
3975:Apodiformes
3825:See below ↓
3797:Rigidipenna
3719:Letornithes
3680:Nyctibiinae
3669:Paraprefica
3648:Nyctibiidae
3481:Nyctiprogne
3426:Siphonorhis
3391:Nyctidromus
3384:Macropsalis
3377:Hydropsalis
3356:Caprimulgus
3349:Antrostomus
3131:WikiProject
3041:Piciformes
2924:Australaves
2903:Suliformes
2821:Gruiformes
2676:(flamingos)
2585:Tetraoninae
2556:Phasianidae
2545:Rhynchortyx
2510:Dactylortyx
2377:Megapodidae
2367:Penelopinae
2325:Galliformes
2067:Rheiformes
2061:(ostriches)
2011:individuals
1885:Ornithology
1872:interaction
1627:Preen gland
1441:: 238–260.
1362:Palaeotodus
1329:(19): 292.
699:nectarivory
674:Gerald Mayr
622:and distal
510:hyoid bones
401:Trochilidae
367:nectarivory
361:suggest an
337:fossils in
289:crown group
190:Trochilidae
180:Apodiformes
36:34–28
5529:Categories
5381:Hydrochous
5374:Collocalia
5367:Aerodramus
5333:Rhaphidura
5312:Hirundapus
5296:Chaeturini
5250:Aeronautes
5212:Hemiprocne
5020:Calothorax
5013:Calliphlox
4958:Hylonympha
4924:Uranomitra
4910:Thaumasius
4903:Thalurania
4889:Talaphorus
4861:Ramosomyia
4847:Phaeoptila
4840:Phaeochroa
4819:Microchera
4791:Hylocharis
4770:Eupetomena
4735:Chlorestes
4728:Chionomesa
4670:Trochilini
4598:Polyonymus
4570:Oreonympha
4459:Loddigesia
4452:Lafresnaya
4424:Eriocnemis
4403:Aglaeactis
4385:Polytminae
4360:Heliothryx
4318:Avocettula
4288:Polytminae
4060:Cypselavus
4029:Procuculus
3960:Aegotheles
3913:Palescyvus
3881:Eocypselus
3774:Podargidae
3624:Steatornis
3536:Sedentaves
3527:Vanescaves
3467:Chordeiles
3433:Systellura
3405:Nyctipolus
3329:Ventivorus
3173:Genera of
2881:(penguins)
2734:(bustards)
2572:Perdicinae
2517:Dendrortyx
2489:Callipepla
2421:Megapodius
2386:Aepypodius
2264:Tadorninae
2246:true geese
2077:(tinamous)
2036:Neornithes
1947:Pheasantry
1922:Aviculture
1690:Incubation
1680:Lek mating
1512:2024-03-10
1494:2021-06-27
961:References
852:Paratethys
767:, east of
610:, showing
282:stem group
5347:Zoonavena
5326:Neafrapus
5278:Tachornis
5271:Panyptila
5264:Cypsiurus
5172:Laputavis
5118:Tilmatura
5090:Philodice
5083:Nesophlox
5055:Mellisuga
4965:Lampornis
4917:Trochilus
4868:Riccordia
4854:Polyerata
4805:Leucippus
4784:Goldmania
4777:Eupherusa
4756:Cynanthus
4721:Chalybura
4707:Basilinna
4556:Metallura
4549:Lophornis
4528:Discosura
4507:Adelomyia
4487:Urosticte
4445:Heliodoxa
4417:Coeligena
4353:Heliactin
4277:Threnetes
4270:Ramphodon
4249:Eutoxeres
4215:Florisuga
4090:Jungornis
3689:Nyctibius
3508:Lyncornis
3474:Lurocalis
3440:Uropsalis
3419:Setopagis
3370:Gactornis
3273:Hassiavis
3235:Strisores
3220:Strisores
3194:Kingdom:
3175:nightjars
2950:(parrots)
2794:(hoatzin)
2745:Strisores
2726:(turacos)
2718:(cuckoos)
2647:(mesites)
2566:(turkeys)
2538:Philortyx
2455:Agelastes
2448:Acryllium
2439:Numididae
2428:Talegalla
2338:gamebirds
2331:landfowls
2310:Anseranas
2274:Anhimidae
2233:Anserinae
2016:fictional
1738:dinosaurs
1733:Theropoda
1720:Evolution
1665:Migration
1647:Behaviour
1179:Biologist
900:Old World
863:present.
840:Oligocene
624:phalanges
589:Jungornis
577:Jungornis
541:Jungornis
537:Jungornis
474:Jungornis
456:Jungornis
440:Jungornis
432:Jungornis
396:Trochilus
377:Etymology
363:Old World
355:New World
324:Paleogene
320:Oligocene
264:Bochenski
170:Strisores
133:Kingdom:
127:Eukaryota
5472:Q5413866
5466:Wikidata
5319:Mearnsia
5305:Chaetura
5232:Apodinae
5223:Apodidae
5097:Rhodopis
4979:Panterpe
4693:Amazilis
4686:Amazilia
4679:Abeillia
4650:Patagona
4584:Oxypogon
4498:Lesbiini
4480:Urochroa
4466:Ocreatus
4431:Ensifera
4374:Schistes
4367:Polytmus
4346:Eulampis
4339:Doryfera
4311:Augastes
4297:Androdon
4242:Anopetia
4121:Apodidae
4053:Argornis
4022:Primapus
3790:Podargus
3214:Passerea
3202:Chordata
3200:Phylum:
3196:Animalia
3095:Category
2969:Afroaves
2897:(storks)
2699:Passerea
2684:(grebes)
2620:Columbea
2531:Oreortyx
2503:Cyrtonyx
2393:Alectura
2357:Cracinae
2349:Cracidae
2226:Oxyurini
2216:Aythyini
2211:Anatinae
2195:Anatidae
1942:Falconry
1905:big year
1760:Seabirds
1670:Foraging
1617:Feathers
1488:BBC News
1386:85106724
1303:11821178
1249:24147647
1241:17898977
1185:(1): 16.
1121:22193761
1057:15131303
917:Agapetes
861:avifauna
836:Rupelian
804:Wiesloch
773:Menilite
739:coracoid
683:holotype
679:Wiesloch
596:coracoid
391:holotype
316:Rupelian
186:Family:
147:Chordata
143:Phylum:
137:Animalia
123:Domain:
5499:1116599
5486:4849128
5241:Apodini
5048:Eulidia
5041:Doricha
5027:Calypte
4944:Eugenes
4332:Colibri
4256:Glaucis
3571:Prefica
3218:Clade:
3212:Clade:
3206:Class:
3107:Commons
2611:Neoaves
2496:Colinus
2462:Guttera
2400:Eulipoa
2221:Mergini
2085:(kiwis)
2069:(rheas)
1880:Ringing
1705:Hybrids
1700:Nesting
1655:Singing
1632:Plumage
1607:Dactyly
1577:Anatomy
1567:Outline
1557:: Aves)
1476:in the
1443:Bibcode
1343:4015151
1065:6845608
1049:3836924
1029:Bibcode
1021:Science
648:Germany
434:. Both
339:Germany
234:Species
196:Genus:
176:Order:
153:Class:
5076:Myrtis
5069:Myrmia
4612:Sappho
4542:Lesbia
4222:Topaza
3183:swifts
3119:Portal
2995:(owls)
2469:Numida
2407:Leipoa
2290:Chauna
2283:Anhima
1978:Genera
1952:Imping
1870:Human
1710:Colony
1637:Vision
1622:Flight
1384:
1341:
1301:
1247:
1239:
1142:
1119:
1063:
1055:
1047:
656:Poland
654:, and
652:France
565:fossae
460:nectar
424:humeri
351:extant
347:Poland
345:, and
343:France
266:, 2007
252:, 2004
212:, 2004
5512:91335
5494:IRMNG
5149:Apodi
4833:Pampa
4798:Klais
3447:Veles
2239:swans
2201:ducks
2171:fowls
1966:Lists
1590:Brain
1555:class
1551:Birds
1409:(PDF)
1382:S2CID
1339:JSTOR
1299:S2CID
1245:S2CID
1175:(PDF)
1117:S2CID
1061:S2CID
1045:JSTOR
769:Jaslo
553:clade
428:ulnae
164:Clade
5481:GBIF
5257:Apus
3208:Aves
1612:Eggs
1600:milk
1595:Crop
1585:Beak
1237:PMID
1140:ISBN
1053:PMID
826:The
744:The
662:and
642:Six
543:and
438:and
426:and
387:Euro
304:and
250:Mayr
210:Mayr
157:Aves
44:Preęž’
1451:doi
1439:463
1374:doi
1331:doi
1327:165
1291:doi
1287:148
1229:doi
1109:doi
1105:149
1037:doi
1025:304
919:spp
830:of
5531::
5509::
5496::
5483::
5468::
3181:,
3177:,
1505:.
1486:.
1449:.
1437:.
1421:^
1411:.
1394:^
1380:.
1370:84
1368:.
1337:.
1325:.
1311:^
1297:.
1285:.
1257:^
1243:.
1235:.
1225:95
1223:.
1191:^
1183:52
1181:.
1177:.
1154:^
1115:.
1103:.
1073:^
1059:.
1051:.
1043:.
1035:.
1023:.
969:^
937:.
779:,
756:.
666:.
650:,
579:,
341:,
308:.
300::
166::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
5188:â€
5178:â€
5168:â€
4182:â€
4078:â€
4041:â€
4032:?
4003:â€
3994:?
3987:â€
3936:â€
3909:â€
3869:â€
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