320:
software of the receiver if they are not designated for the relevant direction. The ERTMS header block of 50 bits contains the ETCS version, the current number and total count of balises within a balise group (up to 8 balises), a flag whether it is a copy (up to 4 copies) that increases chances for the receiver to see the telegram of the balise in a group, a serial number flagging whether the message has changed lately, a 10-bit country identifier along with the 14-bit balise group identifier allowing for a unique ID of every balise group. The linking information informs about the distance to the next balise group (one linking packet per direction) and the required train reaction if the next balise group is missed (e.g. train stop). The movement authority packet defines a maximum speed that may be used for a given maximum distance and maximum time - setting the maximum speed to zero will force the train to stop. The gradient profile may have a variable length based on the contained pairs of section length (scalar and number in the metric system) and section gradient (uphill/downhill flag and a number in %). Similarly the international static speed profile is given in a variable count of section parts with each part denoting the section length (number in meters - the scale is only given once at the start of the packet for all sections), the maximum speed (number * 5 km/h - allowed numbers are 0-120 i.e. some spare values are left over) and a flag if the speed restriction applies to the front or rear end of the train (possibly allowing for a delay). The trailer packet only contains its packet id with no parameters where 255 equals the state of all bits set in the 8-bit packet id field (11111111).
143:
316:. If the telegram maximum of 830 bits is reached then more packets can be sent in the following balises of the same balise group - with up to 8 balises in a balise group the maximum ERTMS message per balise group can encompass 8 * 830 = 6640 bits (note that every telegram must contain a header and the trailer packet 255). A fixed balise transmits a stable message which typically can include the linking information, gradient profile, and speed profile. It may also contain track information such as route suitability data for different train types and axle load restrictions.
79:
549:
185:
identity of and distance to the following balise group or groups. By this means, the trainborne equipment is able to determine where to expect a balise and thus to identify if a balise has failed. Alternatively, in ETCS application levels 2 and 3, the "link list" may be transmitted to the trainborne equipment from the Radio Block Centre (
595:
Trasporti, CSEE Transport, SASIB Railway, Siemens, and
Westinghouse Signal) that got financial support from the European Commission. The EUROSIG formed after the initial Eurobalise/Euroloop Project 92/94 leading into the actual ERTMS/EUROSIG Project 95/98 supported by the parallel EMSET Project 96/00 (testing the Eurocab specification).
75:) have been removed from the specification. The transmission rate is sufficient to transmit at least three copies of a 'telegram' to be received by a train passing at any speed up to 500 km/h. The BTM may be integrated into the on-board antenna or a separate electronic module, according to the preference of the system vendor.
524:
512:
fully equipped with the system was operational in 1983. The adaptation of the Ebicab system in France is the KVB system. It had been developed after a crash in 1985 and it was deployed in the early 1990s on French lines. The name for the beacons: "balise" was however in use in the Ebicab system in the late 1970s.
744:
0.21m All the
Eurobalises, programmed or not, along the track (from Firenze Campo di Marte to Arezzo) were detected by the on-board equipment. A great number of runs were performed at different speeds and no telegram decoding errors occurred. All the Eurobalises rightly programmed have been decoded.
622:
which were to take over the finalisation of the standard. The first baseline specification has been tested by six railways since 1999 as part of the
European Rail Traffic Management System The railway companies defined some extended requirements that were added to ETCS including telegram packet types
531:
The Ebicab technology did already use the 27 MHz carrier frequency as well as putting the beacons in the center of the track. With Ebicab a single balise transmission had only 12 bit but it allowed for 2 to 5 balises in a balise group providing 24 to 80 bit of signalling information. Most of the
511:
The direct predecessor of
Eurobalises are the balises of the Ebicab train protection system. The Ebicab system was developed in Sweden (and Norway) by LMEricson and SRT. The Ebicab system was developed after a crash in Norway in 1975 (Tretten). Trial runs started in 1979, and in Norway the first line
184:
ETCS and other applications using
Eurobalise technology typically include protection against failure and theft of balises. Balises identify themselves to the trainborne equipment as being "linked" or "unlinked". Linked balises may send data (the "link list") to the trainborne equipment containing the
743:
The whole antenna power consumption is approximately 65W and the maximum distance from the EVC, that provides the 24V power supply, should be 30m. both the
Eurobalise antennas are installed on the bogie respectively 2.40m and 6.86m far from the free buffers. The height from the top of the rails is
594:
The
Eurobalise FFFIS (Form Fit Function Interface Specification) was introduced to the ERMTS range of specifications as SUBSET-036. Its foreword describes the specification to be based on the results of EUROSIG consortium (ACEC Transport, Adtranz Signal, Alcatel SEL, GE C Alsthom Transport, Ansaldo
175:
cable being up to 1000 metres long. The
Euroloop cable is always connected with a balise at its end which serves as the end-of-loop marker (EOLM). The telegram structure is the same as for the balise it is connected to. Originally the Euroloop used the same frequency as the Eurobalises but that was
98:
in the center of the track. For ETCS they are typically spaced three metres apart. With the balises being numbered the train will know whether it travels in nominal (1→2) or reverse direction (2→1). Singular balises exist only when linked to a previous balise group or when their function is reduced
400:
Eurobalises are not only used in the ETCS/ERTMS train protection system. There are alternative implementations that pick up on the telegram structure to encode only some packet types and adding additional specific information. ETCS trains may decode the telegrams possibly translating them like any
319:
Almost all packet types contain a parameter flagging whether its information is relevant for the "nominal" or "reverse" direction (or both). If a train sees balise 1 before balise 2 then it passes over the group in the nominal direction. Consequently, some packets may be dropped by the application
586:
Siemens published a report showing the advantages of the balise technology for railway operations in 1992 and in the fall of 1995 they delivered prototypes of
Siemens type S21 Eurobalise. ABB, Alsthom and Ansaldo did also cooperate in the development and the S21 balise along with other Eurobalise
192:
Balises also provide a set of fixed position references to the ETCS onboard equipment, allowing the latter to correct its odometry system for cumulative errors accrued during travel from one balise group to the next and maintain accurate tracking of its position relative to the end point of the
556:
Another source for the technology comes from the
Siemens ZUB 100 family where they used coupling coils at the side of the tracks to augment the existing train protection system with additional signalling. The first ZUB 111 beacon did just allow for 21 states (using 2 out of 7 frequencies). The
243:
Each pair of balises usually consists of a switchable balise and a fixed balise. A balise transmits a 'telegram' of either 1023 bits (93*11) or 341 bits (31*11) in the channel encoding with 11 bit per symbol. The user data block is cut into 10-bit user symbols before the scrambling and shaping
134:, such as curves and gradients; and any speed restrictions. The programming is performed using a wireless programming device. Thus a fixed balise can notify a train of its exact location, and the distance to the next signal, and can warn of any permanent speed restrictions.
189:). The reaction that the trainborne equipment shall apply in case of a missing or failed balise is itself defined by data transmitted with the link list and could typically be to make an enforced brake application or to display a message to the train driver.
401:
other Class-B signalling information. It is also possible that a balise transmits telegrams for different systems allowing for a transitional phase from one variant to another as typically used when switching from a national train protection system to ETCS.
17:
356:. The group has ensured that Eurobalises may be made by several different companies; while the balises may vary in the details, they are manufactured to meet the same standards. The principal manufacturers of Eurobalises belong to a group of seven firms (
1478:
273:, and a checksum is added for validity checks. Since the checksum is computed after the symbol substitution the telegram contains extra shaping bits to allow the resulting checksum bits to be filled up in a way that only valid symbols of the chosen
762:
503:) from Siemens had used specific coupling coils in 1992 (ZUB 122) and it was switched to Eurobalises in 2005 (ZUB 262). The additional telegram packet types for tilting trains have been added to the Baseline 3 series of ETCS.
544:
also becoming a second supplier for the balise type to other railways. These balise types were later collectively named KER balises from their usage in KVB, Ebicab and RSDD (Ripetizione Segnali Discontinua Digitale).
150:
A transparent data balise is connected to a lineside electronics unit (LEU), which transmits dynamic data to the train, such as signal indications and temporary speed restrictions. Balises forming part of an
268:
The telegram is broadcast in a cyclic manner as the train passes over the balise. To avoid transmission errors the payload is scrambled (avoiding burst errors), substituted with a symbol code of different
1676:
515:
About the same time the idea came up to develop a common train protection system for Europe leading to the 91/440/EEC as of 29 July 1991. Since 1993 the organizational framework was in place to publish
215:
with 3.951 MHz for a logical '0' and 4.516 MHz for a logical '1'. The data rate of 564.48 kbit/s is enough to transmit three copies of a telegram to a train passing at 500 km/h.
766:
987:
1045:
1062:
1988: BBC und ASEA schließen sich zusammen zur ABB / 1996: Zusammenschluss der Bahnaktivitäten von ABB und Daimler-Benz zur Adtranz / 2001: Übernahme durch Bombardier Transportation
244:
operation - the effective payload of signalling information is 830 bit (83*10) for the long telegram and 210 bit (21*10) for the short telegram. The final telegram consists of
598:
When the EUROSIG project had ended the ETCS was still not ready for real world application. So 1998 saw the formation of UNISIG (Union of Signalling Industry), including
146:
Two Eurobalises with the upper one being a transparent data balise (with cable to the lineside electronic unit, the grey box on a post), the lower one a fixed-data balise
130:
A fixed-data balise is programmed to transmit the same data to every train. Information transmitted by a fixed balise typically includes: the location of the balise; the
696:
1005:
36:. The balises are pre-programmed and contain information that is read by train antennas. One of their many functions is to allow a train to determine its location.
196:
Balise designs usually include multiple redundant electronic circuitry, allowing them to continue providing normal service for many years despite partial failure.
873:
520:. This allowed for the first drafts of the new technology and since 1996 the elements were tested by six railway operators which had joined the ERTMS user group.
486:
517:
1343:
721:"Alstom and Italian Railway (Ferrovie dello Stato) experience with regard to the ERTMS/ETCS level 2 on Italian trial site, focusing on the train-borne aspects"
142:
1433:
1128:
388:
federation of railway suppliers. This group cooperated in developing the specifications for Eurobalises. Specifications for Eurobalises are governed by the
1423:
1368:
500:
466:
193:
current movement authority. These errors typically result from slippage and sliding of the train wheels on damp rails, or from controlled-creep traction.
155:
Level 1 signalling system employ this capability. The LEU integrates with the conventional (national) signal system either by connecting to the lineside
828:
672:
44:
A balise typically needs no wayside power source. Coupling between the balise and the vehicle-mounted antenna is by magnetic induction, similar to a
1696:
1333:
281:
891:
221:
In a practical setup the BTM requires 65 watts to power the Eurobalises and to receive the telegrams with the BTM mounted 21 centimetres (
1049:
991:
1691:
1650:
720:
623:
for RBC-Handover and track profile information - the resulting Class 1 Version 2.0.0 specification of ETCS was then published in April 2000.
472:
332:
has seen the formation of UNISIG (Union of Signalling Industry) in 1998 to promote the development of the system. The founding members were
1226:
204:
The downlink uses an amplitude modulation on the 27.095 MHz frequency. This frequency is used to power the passive balises (it is the
1493:
1488:
1438:
1408:
1681:
1413:
1168:
1838:
1787:
1782:
1671:
901:
1383:
176:
changed for specification 2.0.1 in September 2004. Euroloops had been used in Switzerland which completed the change in July 2010.
52:, it is not a radio system. In response to "telepowering" by means of a 27 MHz, CW-modulated magnetic field transmitted by a
1640:
1458:
1121:
1706:
1686:
1279:
852:
1508:
1473:
1269:
541:
460:
454:
1087:
703:
1737:
1722:
1178:
1016:
408:
329:
33:
579:
for Denmark since 1992. The telegram types of these systems are compatible with the ORE A46 specification for the German
1398:
1188:
641:
557:
successor ZUB 122 switched to a digital telegram modulated on an 850 kHz carrier. The latter was used first in the
414:
1792:
1163:
1114:
1099:
218:
The Euroloop frequency was moved to a centre of 13.54750 MHz (exactly half of the Eurobalise power frequency).
171:
A balise transmits telegrams at a specific site. To allow a continuous transmission the telegrams may be sent along
1802:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1363:
1193:
588:
532:
patents on that encoding are held by GEC Alsthom. It was then up to ABB to extend the telegram size from 12 bit in
1797:
1752:
1655:
1513:
1358:
1310:
1158:
1153:
611:
365:
341:
53:
1807:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1453:
1378:
1284:
1246:
63:(BTM and its associated antenna) mounted under a passing train, the balise transmits information to the train (
1645:
122:
refers to the information transmitted by the balise, not to its physical location; all balises are immobile.)
835:
679:
58:
1812:
1610:
1595:
1353:
1325:
1145:
1012:
389:
1590:
1580:
1529:
1448:
1443:
1173:
580:
212:
71:-modulated magnetic field. The original provisions for Eurobalises to receive information from the train (
1078:
1817:
1251:
1241:
1203:
1198:
934:
491:- an improved protection system for narrow-gauge railways in Switzerland built on top of ETCS hardware
1373:
603:
337:
963:
918:
1600:
1483:
789:
377:
369:
249:
205:
727:
1213:
1137:
425:
160:
540:
in Spain. In that time Ansaldo adopted the balise type for the digital evolution of the Italian
1635:
1539:
1315:
968:
922:
897:
801:
437:
481:
1701:
1630:
1605:
1585:
1403:
270:
947:
814:
495:
Eurobalises have also been used in Germany to transmit tilting instructions for curves to
83:
1428:
1274:
1261:
431:
156:
131:
1832:
1615:
1503:
1305:
917:
Ulrich Lehmann (1996). "Aktivitäten von Siemens zur Einführung der EURO-Balise S21".
496:
476:
99:
to provide only the exact position. There may be up to 8 balises in a balise group.
1549:
1393:
1300:
1231:
1183:
1043:
ABB rail was merged into Adtranz in 1996 which was sold to Bombardier in 2001, see
619:
381:
353:
274:
172:
95:
1575:
280:
The payload data consists of a header followed by multiple packets defined in the
78:
16:
1236:
442:
420:
361:
45:
1625:
1498:
1463:
1221:
972:
926:
648:
1534:
961:
Jens-Peter Bauer (1997). "EURO-Balise S21 von Siemens fĂĽr den Fernverkehr".
1083:. Description of various telegram / packet types that Eurobalises can send.
548:
404:
The following automatic train protection systems are based on Eurobalises:
591:
and the Austrian railways test lab (Forschungs- und PrĂĽfzentrum Arsenal).
1620:
1544:
615:
499:
while keeping the traditional train protection system. The original GNT (
345:
1565:
1468:
607:
574:
569:
563:
558:
448:
373:
349:
87:
32:
installed between the rails of a railway. Eurobalises are part of the
1570:
1418:
1388:
1106:
874:"State of the art in train to track transmission (CROMATICA TR 1016)"
599:
533:
357:
333:
29:
1348:
893:
Electromagnetic Compatibility in Railways: Analysis and Management
547:
523:
522:
417:
versions CTCS-2 and CTCS-3, used on high speed rail lines in China
385:
141:
77:
49:
15:
536:
to 180 bit in EBICAB 900 (after encoding 255 bit) as used in the
1338:
1100:"Set of specifications #1: ETCS baseline 2 and GSM-R baseline 1"
790:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150627053808/http://www.ertms.com/
152:
1110:
990:. IRSE Technical Meeting "All About ATP" Sydney. Archived from
765:. IRSE Technical Meeting "All About ATP" Sydney. Archived from
537:
186:
68:
587:
prototypes were tested from July to October 1996 at the
793:
1715:
1664:
1558:
1522:
1324:
1293:
1260:
1212:
1144:
277:are in the telegram where each symbol has 11 bits.
118:, transmitting variable data. (Note that the word
1102:. European Union Agency for Railways. 2016-07-01.
1093:. European Union Agency for Railways. 2016-06-15.
1081:. European Union Agency for Railways. 2016-06-15.
469:– the system to control tilting trains in Germany
94:Eurobalises are typically placed in pairs on two
890:Ogunsola, Ade; Mariscotti, Andrea (2012-08-14).
304:Many applications include optional packets like
248:shaped data (913 bit or 231 bit) containing the
106:, transmitting the same data to every train, or
853:"Technical specifications for interoperability"
48:- although operating at frequencies typical of
1079:"SUBSET-026: System Requirement Specification"
986:Warren Kaiser, Stein Nielson (14 March 2008).
779:Free registration required to access document.
761:Warren Kaiser, Stein Nielson (14 March 2008).
463:1+ – a train protection system used in Belgium
297:Packet 27 - International Static Speed Profile
1122:
475:– a new rapid transit control system for the
8:
1434:Interoperable Communications Based Signaling
667:
665:
663:
661:
1369:Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom)
1088:"SUBSET-036: Specification for Eurobalises"
527:EBICAB balise in the Mediterranean Corridor
411:– the European-wide train protection system
102:Balises are differentiated as being either
1129:
1115:
1107:
756:
754:
752:
868:
866:
501:GeschwindigkeitsĂĽberwachung Neigetechnik
235: in) above top of rail on a bogie.
1334:Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System
1031:
632:
1039:
1037:
1035:
943:
932:
810:
799:
314:Packet 136 - Infill Location Reference
1494:Train Protection & Warning System
921:. Tetzlaff Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.
7:
1227:Integrated Electronic Control Centre
988:"The Core of ATP – Data Engineering"
829:"Test Specification for Eurobalises"
763:"The Core of ATP - Data Engineering"
457:– an Italian train protection system
206:intermediate channel 11A in CB radio
34:European train control system (ETCS)
1489:Train automatic stopping controller
1409:Continuous Automatic Warning System
1169:Communications-based train control
857:European Union Agency for Railways
647:. ERTMS Factsheets. Archived from
310:Packet 41 - Level Transition Order
14:
447:– a variant of the earlier Swiss
430:– a variant of the earlier Swiss
284:protocols. Typical packets are:
261:extra shaping bits (Esb, 10 bit)
1651:Westinghouse Brake & Signal
1414:ContrĂ´le de vitesse par balises
1280:North American railroad signals
967:. Tetzlaff Verlag GmbH Co. KG.
673:"Specification for Eurobalises"
568:for Switzerland since 1992 and
300:Packet 255 - End of information
67:) by means of a 4.234 MHz
20:A Siemens Eurobalise in Germany
1509:Transmission balise-locomotive
1474:Sistema Controllo Marcia Treno
1384:Automatische treinbeĂŻnvloeding
1270:Application of railway signals
291:Packet 12 - Movement Authority
1:
1459:Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung
1179:European Train Control System
1399:Chinese Train Control System
1189:Radio Electronic Token Block
415:Chinese Train Control System
294:Packet 21 - Gradient Profile
264:checksum (CheckBits, 85 bit)
258:scrambling bits (Sb, 12 bit)
1164:Centralized traffic control
726:. UIC. 2001. Archived from
1855:
1364:Automatic train protection
589:Velim railway test circuit
306:Packet 3 - National Values
54:Balise Transmission Module
1656:Westinghouse Rail Systems
1514:Transmission Voie-Machine
1359:Automatic train operation
1311:Track circuit interrupter
1159:Automatic block signaling
1154:Absolute block signalling
1839:Train protection systems
1454:Pulse code cab signaling
1379:Automatic Warning System
1285:Railway semaphore signal
1247:Solid State Interlocking
255:control bits (Cb, 3 bit)
28:is a specific type of a
1354:Automatic train control
1013:European Railway Agency
1006:"ERTMS in 10 questions"
451:train protection system
434:train protection system
390:European Railway Agency
138:Transparent data balise
82:Balises on the Orivesi–
1530:Level crossing signals
1449:Positive Train Control
1444:Linienzugbeeinflussung
1174:Direct traffic control
942:Cite journal requires
553:
538:Mediterranean Corridor
528:
213:frequency-shift keying
147:
91:
21:
1252:Westlock Interlocking
1242:Rail operating centre
1204:Train order operation
1199:Track Warrant Control
1046:"Bombardier Mannheim"
552:ZUB 123 coupling coil
551:
526:
180:Safety Considerations
145:
81:
19:
1374:Automatic train stop
1022:on 15 February 2010.
697:"FFFIS for Euroloop"
132:geometry of the line
769:on 22 December 2017
1214:Signalling control
1138:Railway signalling
654:on 13 August 2011.
554:
529:
288:Packet 5 - Linking
161:signalling control
148:
92:
22:
1826:
1825:
1636:Smith and Yardley
809:Missing or empty
796:on June 27, 2015.
583:(about 83 bits).
126:Fixed-data balise
1846:
1702:Transport Canada
1586:General Electric
1523:Crossing signals
1404:Cityflo 650 CBTC
1326:Train protection
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1082:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1048:. Archived from
1041:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1015:. Archived from
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
983:
977:
976:
958:
952:
951:
945:
940:
938:
930:
914:
908:
907:
887:
881:
880:
878:
870:
861:
860:
849:
843:
842:
841:on 6 March 2016.
840:
834:. Archived from
833:
825:
819:
818:
812:
807:
805:
797:
792:. Archived from
786:
780:
778:
776:
774:
758:
747:
746:
740:
738:
733:on 14 March 2016
732:
725:
717:
711:
710:
709:on 6 March 2016.
708:
702:. Archived from
701:
693:
687:
686:
685:on 6 March 2012.
684:
678:. Archived from
677:
669:
656:
655:
653:
646:
637:
578:
567:
490:
446:
429:
271:Hamming distance
252:(830 or 210 bit)
234:
233:
229:
226:
211:The uplink uses
108:transparent data
62:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1711:
1660:
1554:
1518:
1320:
1294:Train detection
1289:
1256:
1208:
1140:
1135:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1052:on 4 March 2016
1044:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
985:
984:
980:
960:
959:
955:
941:
931:
916:
915:
911:
904:
889:
888:
884:
876:
872:
871:
864:
851:
850:
846:
838:
831:
827:
826:
822:
808:
798:
788:
787:
783:
772:
770:
760:
759:
750:
736:
734:
730:
723:
719:
718:
714:
706:
699:
695:
694:
690:
682:
675:
671:
670:
659:
651:
644:
639:
638:
634:
629:
572:
561:
509:
484:
440:
423:
398:
330:history of ETCS
326:
241:
231:
227:
224:
222:
202:
182:
169:
140:
128:
56:
42:
12:
11:
5:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1818:United Kingdom
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
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1646:Union Switch
1550:Wayside horn
1394:Catch points
1301:Axle counter
1232:Interlocking
1184:Moving block
1061:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1017:the original
1000:
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981:
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935:cite journal
912:
896:. Springer.
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1808:Switzerland
1783:New Zealand
1778:Netherlands
1484:Slide fence
1237:Lever frame
773:21 December
737:28 February
573: [
562: [
485: [
441: [
424: [
421:Euro-Signum
362:Ansaldo STS
324:Manufacture
86:railway in
57: [
46:transformer
1716:By country
1499:Train stop
1464:RS4 Codici
1222:Block post
627:References
612:Bombardier
534:EBICAB 700
366:Bombardier
342:Bombardier
200:Modulation
159:or to the
112:switchable
104:fixed-data
26:Eurobalise
1723:Australia
1576:AŽD Praha
1535:Crossbuck
1439:Crocodile
973:0037-4997
927:0037-4997
90:, Finland
84:Jyväskylä
1833:Category
1813:Thailand
1621:Safetran
1611:Magnetic
1596:Griswold
1545:E-signal
1095:(1.12MB)
802:cite web
616:Invensys
438:Euro-ZUB
370:Invensys
346:Invensys
239:Encoding
167:Euroloop
96:sleepers
73:downlink
40:Overview
1758:Germany
1748:Finland
1733:Belgium
1728:Bavaria
1631:Siemens
1606:Hitachi
1581:Federal
1566:Adtranz
1469:SelTrac
1316:Treadle
1262:Signals
1056:2 March
608:Siemens
604:Ansaldo
570:ZUB 123
559:ZUB 121
507:History
482:ZSI-127
449:ZUB 121
374:Siemens
350:Siemens
338:Ansaldo
250:payload
230:⁄
163:tower.
88:Muurame
1803:Sweden
1798:Poland
1793:Norway
1763:Greece
1753:France
1738:Canada
1641:Thales
1571:Alstom
1540:Wigwag
1419:EBICAB
1389:Balise
971:
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620:Thales
600:Alstom
382:Thales
358:Alstom
354:Thales
334:Alstom
312:, and
65:uplink
30:balise
1773:Japan
1768:Italy
1743:China
1677:AREMA
1626:Saxby
1479:SACEM
1424:IIATS
1349:ATACS
1194:Token
1091:(PDF)
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877:(PDF)
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832:(PDF)
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707:(PDF)
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683:(PDF)
676:(PDF)
652:(PDF)
645:(PDF)
577:]
566:]
489:]
445:]
428:]
396:Usage
386:UNIFE
282:ERTMS
120:fixed
114:, or
61:]
50:radio
1697:IRSE
1692:HMRI
1601:Hall
1344:ASFA
1339:ALSN
1058:2016
969:ISSN
948:help
923:ISSN
898:ISBN
815:help
775:2017
739:2016
618:and
542:SCMT
455:SCMT
409:ETCS
352:and
328:The
153:ETCS
1707:UIC
1687:FRA
1682:ERA
1672:AAR
1591:GRS
473:ZBS
467:GNT
461:TBL
208:).
187:RBC
69:FSK
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