261:, that these groups of people were expected to be impacted differently from the European economic integration based on their history and socioeconomic status. For the generation following war, their expectation from this integration was lifelong democracy and peace. The generation from Europe who experienced the falling of the Berlin Wall during their youth were assured they would have greater opportunities and freedom in their life. The other collective of people to be affected by the European integration were European workers impacted by increased global competition and changes in technology. These people were guaranteed there would be both social and economic security to protect them from the increased production worldwide. The third promise is yet to be fulfilled, as since this integration began there have been high levels of unemployment, in particular youth unemployment. Although, the European economic integration following the EMA has led to various developments and continues to be updated under the
229:, and demonstrates a high level of cooperation and integration between the member countries. This existence of a common currency and central bank was contributed to by the EMA. This enabled price stability and social protection for the citizens of Europe under a common law. Other than economic integration, the EMA also contributed to an improved level of political unity. This was through the higher level of cooperation it established between governments, particularly with government trade policies. Governments of the member countries were able to cooperate in all trade deals made with non-member countries. Although, this political unity which arose from the high level of integration meant that the individual governments lost policies such as monetary policy as instruments of their own individual economic policy.
210:. The policy changes made through the EMA established greater currency convertibility for members of the agreement. This enabled currencies of countries within the agreement to be exchanged freely. The impact of currency convertibility was due to the removal of many exchange restrictions as well as the removal of limits on imports. These actions meant that less barriers to trade were in place. This enabled the countries in the agreement to trade with greater freedom, further improving the degree of economic integration across Europe. Due to the economic stability achieved through this level of currency convertibility, high levels of employment and economic growth were achieved both domestically across the member countries, as well as across the overall economy of this agreement.
194:
164:, of which the European Monetary Agreement was a small part, was instigated due to a range of political motivations and historical views. With the decisions and policies implemented, both prior to and during the EMA, there was debate around whether these were inspired by political or economic objectives. The idea of a common institutional framework required the cooperation of individual economic policies as well as the political policies of member governments. This meant that political rivalry across the European countries was lessened, in order to achieve mutual economic cooperation, which also led to increased political integration.
104:
between countries automatic. There was trade discrimination which still occurred with these features of the
European Payments Union, and this resulted in the increased stagnation of intra-European trade. The EMA was implemented following this to boost the trade and economic growth of the member states. This was done in order to rebuild the individual economies within Europe, so that the overall European economy could recover from this situation which had been created by the prior agreements and organisations. One difference that was noticed in the EMA compared with the European Payments Union was greater coordination of individual
141:
hoped this would be achieved through the changes made when moving from the
European Payments Union to the EMA. The EMA was a short-term phase as part of a long-term plan for the economic integration of Europe. It followed previous agreements which were all created to boost the growth and development of the European economy. This was done particularly through trade liberalisation and increased production, following the effects of the Second World War. It was hoped that a high level of trade liberalisation could be maintained between the member countries of the
92:
152:. The EMA was a framework arranged to further progress the work of the European Payments Union, which was responsible for the cooperation of exchange of goods and services between countries. In doing this, the EMA hoped to assist the European Economic Community. It hoped to do this by achieving a fixed exchange rate system, consistent economic policy, and a union where factors of production such as capital and particularly labour were free to move around.
132:. Currency convertibility was then eventually achieved through the EMA. Prior to the EMA, countries feared they would lose financial reserves if currency convertibility was implemented, and thus this formed part of the debate around the European multilateral convertibility. There was potential for loss of financial reserves as these are used to influence the rate of exchange, which would not have been necessary once currency convertibility was in place.
249:. These also impacted the European economy, in particular through promoting trade and building on the financial credit system developed by the EMA. There continues to be policies and arrangements implemented to continue the development of economic integration within Europe, even though the outcomes of many of the prior policies have already been achieved.
185:). The formation of free trade areas such as EFTA showcased the divide in views between the member nations of the EMA. EFTA also portrayed how each country had different motivations in terms of what they believed was required to achieve economic growth and economic development through integration.
116:
As a continuation from the
European Payments Union, the EMA similarly had a managing board which regularly monitored the developments of the member countries. This was done particularly through individual consultations about their exchange rate policies and balance of payments. From the impact of the
112:
and allowed a smaller amount of interim finance, a form of short-term borrowing, to be taken between countries in comparison to the
European Payments Union. The loan granting as well as the multilateral settlements imposed by the EMA were not automatic or mandatory, which was a new aspect compared to
167:
The increased integration formed by the EMA also resulted in a loss of national autonomy and sovereignty for the member governments and their nations. The individual governments within the EMA were required to give up their autonomous use of certain policies, in particular fiscal policy and monetary
176:
Although, following the economic and political integration that had been implemented within the EMA, there were some countries which preferred a system of only economic integration. In the 1950s following the establishment of the EMA, these countries, including
Denmark, the United Kingdom, Sweden,
140:
There were various goals which were set out to be achieved through the implementation of the
European Monetary Agreement, however there was one main aim. The aim of the EMA was to reduce the short-term credit, a form of loans, that was received between the member countries from one another. It was
213:
However, complete currency convertibility within Europe was not achieved until the late 1980s. The EMA was one part of the
European Economic Community’s plan, which was to achieve overall economic integration in the long run. The EMA contributed to this through the currency convertibility which
172:
and
Germany’s recovery from war, Europeans became satisfied with the idea of economic integration in Europe. The European countries were motivated by the prospect of economic recovery following the war. This led to stability and a high degree of coordination of the political policies across the
103:
was the agreement in place. This was an organisation which was bilateral in nature, and enabled trade between the
European countries through an automatic credit system. The credit system within the framework of the European Payments Union was imposed to make transfers and recognition of credit
1623:
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policy. This element of political integration was required in order for the EMA to achieve unity across the exchange rates and trade policies within Europe. Through the views of economic stakeholders and politicians, as well as events such as the
252:
Overtime, economic integration within Europe, including the impacts of the EMA as well as its predecessors and successors, has been referred to as a project which promised different outcomes to three specific generations. It was stated by
177:
Finland and
Austria chose to form their own external free trade areas. These free trade areas were not focused on political integration, rather solely on achieving the economic objectives and policies of the countries. One example was the
173:
member countries within Europe. There were concerns about the political nature of this integration, and through agreements such as the EMA, the accelerated globalisation and economic growth which could be achieved became clear.
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oversaw the EMA aiming to achieve a greater level of economic integration within Europe. The European Economic Community was the legal successor at the time, however it has advanced and is now referred to as the
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35:). The OECD did this to achieve economic integration by coordinating the exchange rates of the 17 member countries. This allowed the countries to directly convert their currencies and integrate their
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124:, currency convertibility was not an immediate option for most countries as there was a significant imbalance across the global economy. This imbalance was primarily created from the deficit in the
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European Payments Union, the trade deficit across Europe had recovered and overall trade increased within member countries. As a result of this, the countries also had greater financial stability.
27:(EMA) was an economic arrangement signed by 17 European countries in Paris on the 5th of August 1955. It replaced the European Payments Union which ended in 1958. The EMA was administered by the
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of Europe following the War. This meant the feat of currency convertibility had to be slowly worked towards over the long-term, as the balance of payments in Europe was impacted by the
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held by each country for monthly settlements. This was instead of using a single exchange rate to cover all countries for settlements. Additionally, the EMA was a
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Da Costa Cabral, Nazaré, Herausgeber. Gonçalves, José Renato, Herausgeber. Cunha Rodrigues, Nuno, Herausgeber. (30 November 2016).
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prior organisations. These changes were implemented to achieve currency convertibility and the overarching aim of the EMA.
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290:"The European Payments Union - Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2014) - CVCE Website"
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All financial transactions which occurred as a result of the European Monetary Agreement were managed by the
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Jones, Dallas (1957). "The European Monetary Agreement, the European Payments Union, and Convertibility".
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1553:†= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.
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Brou, Daniel; Ruta, Michele (2011-08-24). "Economic Integration, Political Integration or Both?".
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The EMA had short-term impacts, however it also played a role in the final establishment of the
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Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
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The Euro and the Crisis : Perspectives for the Eurozone as a Monetary and Budgetary Union
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536:"European monetary agreement comes under U.S. reappraisal: U.S. reappraises a monetary pact"
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225:. The European Union is the current monetary union which possesses a common currency, the
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444:"European Monetary Agreement: guide to the new convertible currencies how scheme works"
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There have been various successors to the European Monetary Agreement, including the
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826:"Introduction to Special Issue: Globalisation and Economic Integration in East Asia"
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accounts, which promoted free trade. Due to advanced facilities offered by the
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2008:
Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (
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EUropean Monetary System: Developments & Perspectives, Occ. Paper No. 73
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A concise history of European monetary integration : from EPU to EMU
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694:"Political Aspects of European Monetary Integration After World War II"
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945:. Occasional Papers. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
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Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development
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established a pathway to a European common currency and a common
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
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886:"The political dimension of European economic integration"
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European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
1965:
Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
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145:, even if they did not yet have convertible currencies.
916:"Addressing Europe's economic and political challenges"
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Dinan, Desmond (2014), "The Limits of European Union",
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International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
29:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
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James, Harold; Draghi, Mario; Caruana, Jaime (2012).
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European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
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European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
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European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
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2135:Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space
1812:Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department
245:which started operating in 1987, as well as the
4889:Largest cities by population within city limits
2648:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
1655:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
99:Prior to the European Monetary Agreement, the
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3498:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
3453:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
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2871:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
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369:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (2012).
95:Europe during the Second World War: 1941-1942
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3471:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
788:Journal of the European Economic Association
620:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
502:, Macmillan Education UK, pp. 305–351,
328:"The case for European Monetary Integration"
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197:Current member states of the European Union
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1994:
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467:"European Monetary Agreement Organisation"
54:
2673:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
830:International Journal of Business Studies
824:De Grauwe, Paul; Zhang, Zhaoyong (2011).
4626:European Structural and Investment Funds
4548:European System of Financial Supervision
3413:Western European Union (1954–2011)
2638:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
2018:Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
2010:Military Planning and Conduct Capability
337:: 1–27 – via Princeton University.
2411:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000
1880:Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
1840:Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee
1002:Foreign relations of the European Union
274:
257:, Member of the Executive Board of the
4090:European Economic and Social Committee
3899:Court of Justice of the European Union
3423:European Communities (1967–2009)
2886:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
2094:Committee of Permanent Representatives
1720:EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative
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779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
717:
706:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
613:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
351:
340:
202:Economic & Political Repercussions
4727:Stabilisation and Association Process
4424:Area of freedom, security and justice
1740:Stabilisation and Association Process
1516:Overseas territories of member states
735:
733:
731:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
80:Currency convertibility across Europe
7:
5738:International economic organizations
4722:European Union Association Agreement
3458:European Community (1993–2009)
939:International Monetary Fund (1990).
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
530:
528:
526:
493:
491:
489:
487:
461:
459:
457:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
321:
319:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
284:
282:
280:
278:
5692:History of the Mediterranean region
4051:European Data Protection Supervisor
3354:Ideas of European unity before 1948
2752:European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
2735:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
4747:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
4487:Common Security and Defence Policy
4482:Common Foreign and Security Policy
2881:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
2658:European Political Community (EPC)
1970:Chairman of the Military Committee
1937:Common Security and Defence Policy
1845:Foreign Policy Instruments Service
1700:Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
742:Making the European Monetary Union
417:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1957.tb04142.x
208:Bank for International Settlements
156:Economic vs. Political Motivations
14:
4516:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
4113:European Union Military Committee
4085:European Committee of the Regions
2028:Intelligence and Situation Centre
1410:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
43:, the EMA was ended in 1972. The
5677:Bibliography of European history
5272:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
4492:Permanent Structured Cooperation
4108:Political and Security Committee
3995:European Atomic Energy Community
2366:Bibliography of European history
2247:Permanent Structured Cooperation
2099:Political and Security Committee
800:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01037.x
564:Coffey, P; Presley, J.R (1971).
5702:History of Western civilization
5305:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4894:National parties by affiliation
4737:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
4717:Economic Partnership Agreements
3408:Western Union (1948–1954)
3033:Social (and financial) rankings
2835:Financial (and social) rankings
2745:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
2022:Joint Support Coordination Cell
1715:Economic Partnership Agreements
179:European Free Trade Association
5546:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5489:Christianity in the modern era
5260:Christianity in late antiquity
4899:Presidents of the institutions
4695:European Higher Education Area
4273:International status and usage
4067:Agencies of the European Union
3800:European political foundations
2653:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
2068:Institute for Security Studies
2043:Security & Defence College
1705:Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
1:
5697:History of the European Union
5054:Complete economic integration
4980:Forms of economic integration
4690:European Common Aviation Area
4145:Charter of Fundamental Rights
4118:European Union Military Staff
4018:European University Institute
3807:Council of the European Union
2876:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)
2204:Secure Software-defined Radio
1690:European Common Aviation Area
566:European Monetary Integration
371:"European Monetary Agreement"
72:European economic integration
5096:Economic integration effects
4685:European Political Community
4531:European Banking Supervision
4023:European Stability Mechanism
2730:European Economic Area (EEA)
744:. Harvard University Press.
508:10.1007/978-1-137-43645-0_10
5656:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5267:Crisis of the Third Century
5049:Economic and monetary union
4757:Union for the Mediterranean
4536:Single Resolution Mechanism
4475:Vehicle registration plates
4429:Migration and asylum policy
4408:Potential superpower status
2602:International organisations
2429:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1796:Security and Defence Policy
1773:Foreign and Security Policy
1762:Administration and policies
568:. Macmillan. pp. 1–22.
56:European Monetary Agreement
45:European Economic Community
41:International Monetary Fund
25:European Monetary Agreement
5769:
5712:Military history of Europe
5707:Maritime history of Europe
5044:Customs and monetary union
4700:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
4398:Differentiated integration
3964:European Court of Auditors
3795:European political parties
2993:Electricity use per capita
2500:Largest metropolitan areas
247:Common Agricultural Policy
170:falling of the Berlin Wall
15:
5682:Genetic history of Europe
5111:Theory of the second best
4996:Preferential trading area
4917:
4817:House of European History
4805:
4439:European Judicial Network
4309:Health expense per person
4238:
3956:Supreme audit institution
3650:
3466:
3448:
3430:
3254:
3018:
2978:Health expense per capita
2825:
2821:
2592:
2588:
2478:
2199:Galileo navigation system
1905:
1901:
1767:
1756:
1582:
1577:relations and initiatives
1568:
1549:
1026:
1022:
1008:
951:10.5089/9781557751720.084
241:which began in 1979, the
4008:European Investment Fund
4003:European Investment Bank
3208:Childhood population (%)
2943:GNI (nominal) per capita
2425:hybrid variant (2020-22)
1541:European Union Sanctions
1526:Largest trading partners
650:Ungerer, Horst. (1997).
448:South China Morning Post
239:European Monetary System
18:European Monetary System
16:Not to be confused with
5687:History of Christianity
4712:European Peace Facility
3939:System of Central Banks
2643:Council of Europe (CoE)
2622:Transatlantic relations
2104:Politico-Military Group
2000:External Action Service
1980:Foreign Affairs Council
1864:Special Representatives
1827:Foreign Affairs Council
1822:External Action Service
692:Ungerer, Horst (1995).
101:European Payments Union
5511:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4822:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
4668:European Economic Area
4526:European banking union
4403:Privileged partnership
4258:Government procurement
1695:European Economic Area
1531:Association Agreements
1440:Accession negotiations
1426:Accession negotiations
1361:Accession negotiations
1331:Accession negotiations
1315:Bosnia and Herzegovina
914:Cœuré, Benoît (2016).
884:Cœuré, Benoît (2013).
860:"A timeline of the EU"
716:Cite journal requires
405:The Journal of Finance
350:Cite journal requires
198:
96:
5591:Industrial Revolution
4767:Free trade agreements
4609:Health Insurance Card
4543:Capital Markets Union
4393:Democratic legitimacy
4363:Optimum currency area
4184:Legislative procedure
3929:European Central Bank
2983:Military spending (%)
2973:Unemployment rate (%)
2718:free trade agreements
2483:Areas and populations
2284:Berlin Plus agreement
2231:Monitor mission medal
1536:Free trade agreements
920:European Central Bank
890:European Central Bank
259:European Central Bank
196:
94:
5646:European debt crisis
5641:European integration
5581:Age of Enlightenment
5421:Republic of Florence
5106:Harmonisation of law
5101:Friction of distance
5006:Economic partnership
4879:Books on the subject
4742:EU Gateway Programme
4705:EU/ESA Space Council
4663:Neighbourhood Policy
4621:Regional development
4587:Environmental policy
4577:Educational policies
4504:Neighbourhood Policy
4348:Intergovernmentalism
4338:European integration
4253:Community preference
4204:Enhanced cooperation
4189:Citizens' Initiative
4028:Unified Patent Court
3879:Directorates-General
3670:Environmental issues
2988:Urban population (%)
2948:GNI (PPP) per capita
2493:European microstates
1849:Diplomatic missions
1786:Neighbourhood Policy
1725:Neighbourhood Policy
1521:European microstates
162:economic integration
5743:Commercial treaties
5611:Revolutions of 1848
5541:Early modern France
5322:Anglo-Saxon England
5227:Classical antiquity
4904:Terrorist incidents
4732:Eastern Partnership
4673:EEA Joint Committee
4592:European Green Deal
4562:Agricultural policy
4368:Supranational union
3859:European Commission
3817:General Secretariat
3753:European Parliament
3708:Special territories
3508:Financial stability
2968:Press Freedom Index
2895:Sovereign states by
2740:Eastern Partnership
2376:Classical antiquity
2275:Kortenberg building
2269:Intelligence School
2178:Everything but Arms
2125:European Commission
2086:preparatory bodies
1955:High Representative
1832:High Representative
1735:Mediterranean Union
1675:Eastern Partnership
1660:Asia–Europe Meeting
243:Single European Act
110:multilateral system
57:
37:balance of payments
5717:Crusading movement
5621:Russian Revolution
5456:Hundred Years' War
5352:Maritime republics
5255:Early Christianity
5245:Hellenistic period
5202:Paleolithic Europe
5011:Passport-free zone
4752:Northern Dimension
4499:Enlargement Policy
4441:(criminal matters)
4353:Multi-speed Europe
4046:European Ombudsman
3702:(first-level NUTS)
3685:Larger urban zones
3107:Capital of Culture
2958:Internet users (%)
2850:Telecommunications
2617:Post-Soviet Europe
2455:predecessor states
2253:Headline Goal 2010
2109:Military Committee
1730:Northern Dimension
858:BBC (2007-03-12).
375:www.infoplease.com
326:Ingram, J (1973).
199:
97:
5725:
5724:
5651:COVID-19 pandemic
5596:French Revolution
5571:Habsburg monarchy
5551:Cossack Hetmanate
5531:Portuguese Empire
5521:Absolute monarchy
5516:Thirty Years' War
5411:Holy Roman Empire
5336:Bulgarian Empire
5295:Early Middle Ages
5212:Bronze Age Europe
5186:History of Europe
5152:
5151:
4946:
4945:
4865:
4864:
4852:Telephone numbers
4792:
4791:
4567:Cultural policies
4317:
4316:
4304:Unemployment rate
4126:
4125:
3986:international-law
3979:
3978:
3969:Secretary-General
3721:
3720:
3680:Geographic centre
3637:
3636:
3537:
3536:
3479:
3478:
3295:
3294:
3250:
3249:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2864:Intergovernmental
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2762:Foreign relations
2663:GUAM Organization
2631:Intergovernmental
2575:
2574:
2488:Countries by area
2465:
2464:
2416:COVID-19 pandemic
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2288:Joint Declaration
2263:Military Mobility
2173:Security Strategy
2161:
2160:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1604:Council of Europe
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1442:
1428:
1363:
1333:
1106:
960:978-1-55775-172-0
751:978-0-674-06683-0
599:978-3-319-45710-9
517:978-1-137-43644-3
84:
83:
5760:
5586:Great Divergence
5501:Age of Discovery
5446:Late Middle Ages
5416:High Middle Ages
5327:Byzantine Empire
5310:Christianization
5300:Migration Period
5235:Classical Greece
5207:Neolithic Europe
5179:
5172:
5165:
5156:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4926:
4803:
4680:Energy Community
4599:Fisheries policy
4358:Neofunctionalism
4328:
4236:
4178:Official Journal
4165:Citizens' Rights
3904:Court of Justice
3842:European Council
3790:Political groups
3741:
3732:
3703:
3648:
3428:
3396:
3343:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3270:
3263:
3016:
2840:Free trade areas
2823:
2819:
2590:
2586:
2476:
2356:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2258:Military Erasmus
2073:Satellite Centre
1995:
1975:European Council
1930:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1769:
1758:
1680:Energy Community
1584:
1570:
1484:Papua New Guinea
1438:
1424:
1359:
1329:
1102:
1024:
1010:
995:
988:
981:
972:
965:
964:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
911:
900:
899:
897:
896:
881:
870:
869:
867:
866:
855:
838:
837:
821:
812:
811:
794:(6): 1143–1167.
783:
764:
763:
737:
726:
725:
719:
714:
712:
704:
698:
689:
674:
673:
654:. Quorum Books.
647:
626:
625:
619:
611:
585:
570:
569:
561:
544:
543:
532:
521:
520:
495:
482:
481:
479:
478:
463:
452:
451:
440:
421:
420:
400:
385:
384:
382:
381:
366:
360:
359:
353:
348:
346:
338:
332:
323:
304:
303:
301:
300:
286:
122:Second World War
58:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5660:
5626:Interwar period
5601:Napoleonic Wars
5465:
5436:Mongol invasion
5389:Crown of Aragon
5281:
5221:
5217:Iron Age Europe
5188:
5183:
5153:
5148:
5115:
5084:
5080:Political union
5063:Shared policies
5058:
5020:
5001:Free-trade area
4982:
4977:
4947:
4942:
4929:
4922:
4913:
4861:
4842:Public holidays
4788:
4762:Global Strategy
4654:
4647:
4616:Labour mobility
4509:Global Strategy
4470:Driving licence
4412:
4388:Pro-Europeanism
4313:
4225:
4150:Competition law
4122:
4100:
4094:
4077:
4071:
4055:
4038:
4032:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3950:
3915:
3885:
3869:Vice-Presidents
3828:
3763:Vice-Presidents
3717:
3701:
3695:Protected areas
3665:External border
3633:
3595:
3533:
3502:
3475:
3462:
3444:
3417:
3387:
3379:1993–2004
3374:1973–1993
3369:1958–1972
3364:1948–1957
3332:
3326:
3296:
3291:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3246:
3230:Life expectancy
3218:genetic history
3189:
3124:Classical music
3071:
3060:Bologna Process
3023:Ages of consent
2997:
2907:Budget revenues
2890:
2859:
2800:
2694:
2626:
2571:
2461:
2433:
2391:Early modernity
2345:
2336:
2306:
2293:
2235:
2209:
2187:
2157:
2139:
2118:
2077:
2047:
1984:
1943:
1934:
1889:
1868:
1800:
1781:Global Strategy
1763:
1744:
1643:
1578:
1556:
1545:
1504:
1488:
1457:
1384:Northern Cyprus
1379:North Macedonia
1278:
1151:
1086:
1035:
1018:
1004:
999:
969:
968:
961:
938:
937:
933:
924:
922:
913:
912:
903:
894:
892:
883:
882:
873:
864:
862:
857:
856:
841:
823:
822:
815:
785:
784:
767:
752:
739:
738:
729:
715:
705:
696:
691:
690:
677:
662:
649:
648:
629:
612:
600:
587:
586:
573:
563:
562:
547:
534:
533:
524:
518:
497:
496:
485:
476:
474:
471:archives.eui.eu
465:
464:
455:
442:
441:
424:
402:
401:
388:
379:
377:
368:
367:
363:
349:
339:
330:
325:
324:
307:
298:
296:
288:
287:
276:
271:
235:
204:
191:
160:The journey to
158:
138:
126:current account
89:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5766:
5764:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5730:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5576:Russian Empire
5573:
5568:
5566:British Empire
5563:
5561:Dutch Republic
5558:
5556:Swedish Empire
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5536:Spanish Empire
5533:
5528:
5526:Ottoman Empire
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5441:Serbian Empire
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5277:Late antiquity
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:Roman Republic
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Monetary union
5036:
5030:
5028:
5026:Economic union
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:Laissez-passer
4824:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4777:Current agenda
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4636:Sport policies
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:Federalisation
4380:
4375:
4373:Euroscepticism
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3783:Constituencies
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3749:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Extreme points
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3400:Defence policy
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331: articles
3329:European Union
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:film festivals
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2700:European Union
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Extreme points
2517:
2515:Climate change
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Late antiquity
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2280:NATO relations
2277:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Defence Agency
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2014:Military Staff
2005:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:European Union
1935:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1805:Administration
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:United Kingdom
1445:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
983:
975:
967:
966:
959:
931:
901:
871:
839:
813:
765:
750:
727:
718:|journal=
675:
660:
627:
598:
571:
545:
540:New York Times
522:
516:
483:
453:
422:
411:(3): 333–347.
386:
361:
352:|journal=
305:
273:
272:
270:
267:
263:European Union
234:
231:
223:European Union
203:
200:
190:
187:
157:
154:
150:monetary union
137:
134:
106:exchange rates
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
50:European Union
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5765:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Art of Europe
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5471:Modern period
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5145:
5144:North America
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:Latin America
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Customs union
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5016:Single market
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Media freedom
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Energy policy
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Customs Union
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:Single market
4555:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:identity card
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Schengen Area
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Copyright law
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:EIB Institute
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3909:General Court
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Commissioners
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Member states
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:Ethnic groups
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:GDP (nominal)
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:Schengen Area
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:by population
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Service medal
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:Annual Review
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:Club de Berne
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1886:
1885:Global Europe
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Josep Borrell
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Customs Union
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:Organisations
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Liechtenstein
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Faroe Islands
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:United States
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
977:
976:
973:
962:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
935:
932:
921:
917:
910:
908:
906:
902:
891:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
861:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
747:
743:
736:
734:
732:
728:
723:
710:
702:
695:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
661:0-89930-981-X
657:
653:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
628:
623:
617:
609:
605:
601:
595:
591:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
572:
567:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
546:
541:
537:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Europe Recast
494:
492:
490:
488:
484:
472:
468:
462:
460:
458:
454:
449:
445:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
387:
376:
372:
365:
362:
357:
344:
336:
329:
322:
320:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
306:
295:
291:
285:
283:
281:
279:
275:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
232:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
211:
209:
201:
195:
188:
186:
184:
180:
174:
171:
165:
163:
155:
153:
151:
146:
144:
135:
133:
131:
130:trade deficit
127:
123:
118:
114:
111:
107:
102:
93:
86:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:17 years
63:
59:
53:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
19:
5631:World War II
5484:Early modern
5461:Kalmar Union
5332:Papal States
5250:Roman Empire
5075:Social union
5070:Fiscal union
4809:
4631:Space policy
4299:Average wage
4294:Minimum wage
4177:
3921:Central bank
3736:Institutions
3660:Demographics
3543:Enlargements
3526:
3517:
3485:Central bank
3392:Predecessors
3195:Demographics
3154:Christianity
3102:Architecture
3055:Universities
2963:Minimum wage
2902:Average wage
2406:Pax Europaea
2401:World War II
2153:Defence Fund
2144:
2123:
2082:
2052:
1998:
1575:Multilateral
1453:Vatican City
1072:South Africa
1028:
941:
934:
923:. Retrieved
919:
893:. Retrieved
889:
863:. Retrieved
833:
829:
791:
787:
741:
709:cite journal
700:
651:
592:. Springer.
589:
565:
539:
499:
475:. Retrieved
470:
447:
408:
404:
378:. Retrieved
374:
364:
343:cite journal
334:
297:. Retrieved
293:
255:Benoît Cœuré
251:
236:
220:
216:central bank
212:
205:
175:
166:
159:
147:
139:
119:
115:
98:
24:
22:
5748:Trade blocs
5616:World War I
5606:Nationalism
5494:Reformation
5479:Renaissance
5451:Black Death
5384:Kievan Rus'
5287:Middle Ages
5139:Middle East
4909:Urban areas
4772:Enlargement
4450:Citizenship
4199:LGBT rights
4037:Independent
3852:Euro summit
3768:Secretariat
3745:Legislature
3601:Withdrawals
3225:Immigration
2789:Visa policy
2772:enlargement
2668:Open Balkan
2607:Integration
2450:Sovereignty
2396:World War I
2386:Middle Ages
2214:Decorations
2012:within the
1855:ambassadors
1791:Enlargement
1648:Initiatives
1594:Arab League
1479:New Zealand
1415:Switzerland
1254:South Korea
1249:Philippines
1233:North Korea
760:j.ctt2jbx5b
294:www.cvce.eu
120:Due to the
5732:Categories
5379:Viking Age
5194:Prehistory
4988:Trade bloc
4884:Directives
4782:Statistics
4604:Healthcare
4343:Eurosphere
4248:Currencies
4219:Withdrawal
4194:Regulation
3999:EIB Group
3944:Eurosystem
3812:Presidency
3773:Committees
3713:Statistics
3384:Since 2004
3242:Retirement
3144:Philosophy
3139:Literature
3043:endangered
2936:per capita
2924:per capita
2912:per capita
2796:Statistics
2683:statistics
2597:Eurosphere
2371:Prehistory
2359:Chronology
1948:Leadership
1500:Yugoslavia
1474:Micronesia
1400:San Marino
1374:Montenegro
1305:Azerbaijan
1213:Kazakhstan
1168:Bangladesh
1052:Cape Verde
925:2020-05-26
895:2020-05-26
865:2020-05-28
477:2020-05-26
380:2020-05-28
299:2020-05-25
269:References
233:Successors
5426:Feudalism
5397:Catalonia
4832:Languages
4811:Douzelage
4655:relations
4455:passports
4378:Euromyths
4282:Transport
4160:Directive
3988:EU bodies
3934:President
3891:Judiciary
3864:President
3847:President
3834:Executive
3822:Eurogroup
3778:Elections
3758:President
3655:Geography
3643:Geography
3235:by region
3095:sculpture
3050:Tattooing
3038:Languages
3028:Etiquette
2931:GDP (PPP)
2855:Transport
2725:Education
2713:relations
2540:Mountains
2471:Geography
2192:Equipment
1990:Structure
1859:to the EU
1851:of the EU
1665:CARIFORUM
1469:Australia
1243:Palestine
1183:Indonesia
1127:Greenland
1098:Argentina
1017:relations
1015:Bilateral
836:(4): 1–5.
808:1542-4766
616:cite book
608:967786653
5665:See also
5636:Cold War
5431:Crusades
5401:Valencia
4933:Category
4847:Religion
4653:Foreign
4641:VAT Area
4521:Eurozone
4417:Policies
4331:Concepts
4323:Politics
4263:Eurozone
4214:opt-outs
4209:Treaties
4099:Military
4076:Advisory
4060:Agencies
3700:Regions
3359:Founders
3347:Timeline
3277:Category
3180:Armorial
3149:Religion
3090:painting
2779:Politics
2757:Eurozone
2581:Politics
2567:Villages
2445:Military
2438:By topic
2343:articles
2166:Policies
2054:Agencies
1710:Euronest
1629:Mercosur
1238:Pakistan
1223:Malaysia
1091:Americas
1029:See also
670:36051244
61:Duration
5506:Baroque
5405:Majorca
5317:Francia
5121:Regions
4924:Outline
4857:Symbols
4798:Culture
4287:TRACECA
4231:Economy
4039:offices
3338:History
3261:Outline
3176:Symbols
3164:Judaism
3129:Cuisine
3077:Culture
3065:Erasmus
3011:Society
2830:History
2814:Economy
2767:Members
2708:Economy
2545:Regions
2530:Islands
2525:Geology
2510:Climate
2351:History
2271:(PESCO)
2265:(PESCO)
2249:(PESCO)
2240:Related
2206:(PESCO)
2145:Funding
2084:Council
1939:of the
1873:Funding
1509:General
1462:Oceania
1434:Ukraine
1355:Moldova
1339:Iceland
1325:Georgia
1310:Belarus
1300:Armenia
1295:Andorra
1290:Albania
1269:Vietnam
1218:Lebanon
1163:Bahrain
1147:Uruguay
1082:Tunisia
1067:Morocco
1047:Algeria
542:. 1971.
450:. 1959.
189:Impacts
87:History
77:Outcome
5393:Aragon
5372:Amalfi
5357:Venice
5345:Second
5129:Europe
5089:Theory
4938:Portal
4243:Budget
4140:Acquis
4101:bodies
4078:bodies
3727:Bodies
3282:Portal
3203:Ageing
3112:Cinema
2845:Energy
2550:Rivers
2505:Cities
2341:
2339:Europe
2127:bodies
1493:Former
1420:Turkey
1405:Serbia
1395:Russia
1390:Norway
1369:Monaco
1344:Kosovo
1283:Europe
1264:Taiwan
1208:Jordan
1198:Israel
1132:Mexico
1117:Canada
1112:Brazil
1040:Africa
957:
806:
758:
748:
668:
658:
606:
596:
514:
473:. 2013
69:Motive
5362:Genoa
5340:First
4871:Lists
3984:Other
3268:Index
3184:Flags
3171:Sport
3159:Islam
3134:Dance
2535:Lakes
2420:Delta
1599:ASEAN
1274:Yemen
1259:Syria
1228:Nepal
1203:Japan
1178:India
1173:China
1104:trade
1077:Sudan
1062:Libya
1057:Egypt
756:JSTOR
697:(PDF)
331:(PDF)
5753:Euro
5367:Pisa
4464:list
4268:Euro
3629:2020
3624:2012
3619:1985
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