2323:
renewed since 2001) In accordance with
Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right, in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, to apply Article 9 only in relation to the estates of the father and mother of a child born out of wedlock. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1996) The Convention shall extend to the Isle of Man with effect from 1 January 1986. Article 6, paragraph 1, of the Convention shall not apply to the Isle of Man. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1991) In accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right not to apply Article 6, paragraph 1 of the Convention in relation to England and Wales. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1991) In accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right not to apply Article 6, paragraph 1 of the Convention in relation to Northern Ireland. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1996) In accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right not to apply Article 6, paragraph 2 in relation to Scotland. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1991)
2333:
Article 13, paragraph 2, of the
Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom hereby declares that the Convention shall extend to the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Herm and Jethou. In accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom hereby declares that Article 9 shall apply in Guernsey, Herm and Jethou only in relation to the testate succession in the estate of a father or mother of a child born out of wedlock. (This reservation has not been renewed since 2006) The Government of the United Kingdom also wish to declare their understanding that neither Article 9 nor Article 10 of the Convention is to be interpreted as conferring upon a child born out of wedlock any right of succession to the Crown or a title of honour or any right of inheritance to an entailed interest. (This reservation has not been renewed since 2006)
2003:
2313:
Council of Europe, signed/ratified by
Ukraine, as well as to inform about the impossibility to guarantee the implementation by the Ukrainian Side in full of its obligations under the above mentioned international treaties of Ukraine for the period of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine, until full termination of the infringement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of borders of Ukraine.
728:
705:
844:
2120:
1591:
1568:
1311:
1841:
1545:
1405:
682:
1358:
1910:
1887:
1732:
751:
2073:
1779:
1475:
1186:
1155:
1132:
1015:
961:
938:
891:
774:
635:
612:
589:
542:
2050:
1864:
1638:
1522:
1264:
1085:
797:
2247:
succession to children born out of wedlock as to children born in wedlock, are reserved. (Reservation withdrawn in 1998) The
Principality of Liechtenstein declares that Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall not be interpreted in such a way as to grant to a child born out of wedlock a right to ascend the throne. This right can only be transmitted to a specific category of heirs.
1452:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2035:
2025:
2015:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1803:
1793:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1245:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1167:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1047:
1037:
1027:
996:
923:
913:
903:
876:
866:
856:
829:
819:
809:
667:
657:
647:
574:
564:
554:
1062:
1956:
1818:
1685:
984:
200:
1933:
1233:
2281:
date from 1953 and are included in the Family Code. They satisfy a fundamental principle governing the regulations on the legal and social status of children as a whole, explicitly recognised in
Article 44 (3) of the Constitution which specifies that "illegitimate children enjoy equality with legitimate children under the law".
505:
have been fulfilled. It was understood that the
Convention does not forbid a Contracting Party from providing, by its internal law, a single legal status for all children and also does not forbid this party from taking special measures of protection for those children who do not live with their parents.
2236:
The provisions of
Article 4 of the Convention shall not preclude the application of different domestic Italian rules governing the subject. As regards Article 8 of the Convention, the right of access may not be granted to a person who no longer has parental authority over the minor as a result of the
2207:
In pursuance of
Article 14 § 1 of the Convention, the Republic of Austria reserves the right not to accord to a child born out of wedlock, as provided for in Article 9 of the Convention, the same right of succession in the estate of its father and of a member of its father’s family, as if it had been
478:
Where the affiliation to both parents has been established, parental authority may not be attributed automatically only to the father. This provision does not prevent the parental authority from being attributed jointly, or to a third party, or to take away parental authority from one of the parents.
371:
In 1970, the question of legal status was discussed by the
Committee of Ministers in the Intergovernmental Work Programme of the Council of Europe. This was recommended by the European Committee on Legal Co-operation (CCJ), and noted improvements in legislation. The Committee adopted Resolution (70)
2312:
The
Permanent Representation of Ukraine to the Council of Europe presents its compliments to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe and has the honour to convey hereby, on behalf of the Government of Ukraine, the list of international treaties concerning international cooperation within the
2175:
The court determined in the case of Inze v. Austria, in 1987, that the applicant, who is a child born out of wedlock, must be legally heir to his mother's farm, on which he had worked until the age of 23. A violation of Article 14 of the EconvHR, and Article 1 of the Additional Protocols was found.
504:
The marriage between the father and mother of a child born out of wedlock shall confer on the child the legal status of a child born in wedlock. It was agreed that this assimilation need not be automatic but could be subject to a judicial or administrative authority establishing that the conditions
231:
deal with the legal protection of children, in part or in full: Committee of Experts on Family Law (CJ-FA) – the most relevant – Convention Committee on the Custody Convention (T-CC), and the Committee of Experts on Nationality (CJ-NA) Other bodies of the Council concerned with this area of the law
2280:
On 16 September 1992, the date on which, by virtue of Act No. 101, Romania acceded to the European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock, domestic Romanian legislation contained no regulations at variance with the provisions of the Convention. The main legal rules in force
419:
The maternal affiliation of every child born out of wedlock shall be based solely on the fact of the birth of the child. Where the mother is unknown, the maternal affiliation would only come into full effect when the identity becomes known. In some States, maternal affiliation is established when
2332:
In accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right to apply Article 9 only in relation to the estates of the father and mother of a child born out of wedlock. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1991) In accordance with
2322:
In accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1 of the said Convention, the Government of the United Kingdom reserves the right, in relation to England and Wales, to apply Article 9 only in relation to the estates of the father and mother of a child born out of wedlock.(This reservation has not been
403:
However, Article 14 provides for a system of reservations similar to the European Convention on Adoption, requiring reservations to be re-examined every five years, for States who cannot immediately implement certain provisions. The convention also does not cover all questions, such as whether
367:
recognised no legal bond between an unmarried woman and her child from the mere fact of the birth. Article 8 of the EConvHR makes no distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children. This confirmed that that the protection of family life out of marriage had to be extended so as to give
2256:
In pursuance of Article 14, paragraph 1, the Luxembourg Government reserves the right to apply Article 2 of the Convention in such a way that maternal affiliation follows automatically only from indication of the mother's name on the child's birth certificate, provided however that maternal
2246:
The laws of Liechtenstein, which do not exclude the making of objections to voluntary recognition by a person who is the biological father, are reserved. (Reservation withdrawn in 1998) The laws of Liechtenstein, which do not grant in every case, with regard to the spouse, the same right of
2217:
In accordance with Article 1 of the European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock, done in Strasbourg on 15 October 1975, the Czech Republic states that the Czech Law governing the legal status of children born out of wedlock fully conforms to the provisions of the
259:(ECHR), and the legislative work of the council. This occurred concurrently with national reforms intended to reduce or eliminate inequalities between children born out of wedlock and children born in wedlock, and to abolish the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children.
487:
Where a parent does not have parental authority over or the custody of the child, that parent may obtain a right of access to the child in appropriate cases. The exercise of this right to access would be granted or refused by a judicial or administrative authority.
372:
15 on 15 May 1970, on the social protection of unmarried mothers and their children, which touched upon some legal aspects of the protection of children born out of wedlock. The Committee opened the convention to signature at their 249th meeting, of October 1975.
269:
in 1969, or Non-marriage Law, for short. The Law on Family Matters of 16 December 1997 further enhanced the legal protections, but a disadvantage remained with regard to illegitimate children born before 1949. Even if recognized, those children could not be their
2266:
In accordance with Article 13, paragraph 1, of the Convention, the Republic of Moldova declares that it will not be bound by the provisions of the Convention with respect to the territory actually controlled by the local authorities of the self-proclaimed
2184:
The 6th Conference on Family Law took place in Strasbourg on 14 and 15 October 2002 on the theme of “The legal protection of the family in matters of succession”. The legal protection is important due to various reservations made by States to Article 9.
285:, which allows mothers to recognise children born out of wedlock, although it required a legal formality. Only in the 21st century was the principle of equality fully upheld (through Act no. 2002-305 of 4 March 2002, removing mention of illegitimacy –
469:
The parents of a child born out of wedlock shall have the same obligation to maintain the child. The content, the extent, the duration, of this obligation are left to the internal law establishing the rules likewise for children born in wedlock.
2257:
affiliation may nevertheless be established judicially by means of a maternal affiliation suit if it is proved by due legal process that the child concerned is the one to whom the alleged mother gave birth.(At the time of signature)
2303:. On 15 March, Russia announced the start of the process of withdrawal from the organization. On 16 March the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe decided to immediately expel Russia for armed aggression against Ukraine.
2566:"LOI n° 2009-61 du 16 janvier 2009 ratifiant l'ordonnance n° 2005-759 du 4 juillet 2005 portant réforme de la filiation et modifiant ou abrogeant diverses dispositions relatives à la filiation - Legifrance"
2435:
424:(ICCS) relating to the establishment of maternal affiliation of natural children of 12 September 1962 can only be an intermediate stage in relation to the convention. This holds the principle of
355:
was not interpreted in such a way to protect the rights of children born outside of wedlock, but this changed through landmark decisions of the Court, beginning in 1979 with the case
328:
followed suit. In time, the traditional rule concerning these children was discarded, but an unmarried father could only acquire parental rights through specific means enumerated by
392:, recognition, denial and contesting of paternity, the assignment of parental responsibilities, and children's succession rights. Under this convention, both parents have the same
177:
173:
2747:
169:
152:
of children born out of wedlock. The Council purposefully uses the term children born out of wedlock instead of illegitimate children. Historically, it is the first adopted
450:
The voluntary recognition of paternity may not be opposed or contested, unless the person seeking to recognise or having recognised the child is not the biological father.
195:, especially on matters involving children, of the Council of Europe. The convention is a part of a set of other Council Treaties on matters involving children: the
220:
216:
255:
had recognised the concept of legitimate and illegitimate children, who had different legal status, and rights. This started to change through the rulings of the
2803:
2379:
337:
368:
children born out of wedlock the same inheritance rights, between parents and child, involving other relatives, and between grandparents and grandchildren.
85:
148:. As of 2024, it has been signed by 26 countries, and ratified by 23 countries. The Convention imposes an obligation on the Member States to eliminate
2399:
442:. The internal law shall determine the form of voluntary recognition. This can be a declaration on the birth certificate or other official document.
421:
204:
2688:
2565:
145:
2176:
Austria's reservation was determined to not be relevant to the case, as it only applied to the estate of the father and the father's family.
2689:"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.085 - European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock (ETS No. 085)"
2798:
2793:
2452:
384:. However, Article 14 provides for a system of reservations enabling gradual implementation. The convention's main provisions relate to
201:
European Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions Concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody of Children
165:
2754:
185:
196:
2674:
233:
2227:
In conformity with the provisions of Article 13, paragraph 1, the Convention shall not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
321:
317:
208:
256:
438:
The paternal affiliation of every child born out of wedlock may be evidenced or established by voluntary recognition or by
2353:
237:
228:
224:
2300:
2188:
In 2011, a Draft Recommendation on the rights and legal status of children and parental responsibilities was written.
266:
305:
2538:
2472:
420:
further information is included about the mother in the relevant documents, and they may make reservations. The
241:
2636:
2501:
411:
The Convention sets off some basic principles dealing with the establishment of children's status, as follows:
325:
164:
The status of children born outside of wedlock is, indirectly, or directly, also treated in provisions of the
2480:
2808:
439:
396:
their children as if these children were born in wedlock. Children have the same right of succession in the
181:
133:
2499:
Lasok, Dominik (1978). "Children Born out of Wedlock: Their Legal Status Dominik Lasok Law & Justice".
2517:
733:
426:
2436:"Gesetz zur Reform des Kindschaftsrechts (Kindschaftsrechtsreformgesetz – KindRG) vom 16. Dezember 1997"
496:
A child born out of wedlock shall have the same right of succession, as if it had been born in wedlock.
458:
364:
404:
retrospective effect should be applied after the establishment of parental affiliation, or the child's
294:
275:
213:
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
2610:
2586:
298:
2734:"6th European Conference on Family Law "The legal protection of the family in matters of succession""
2702:
381:
267:
Law on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock/Children Born outside Marriage (Legal Status)
212:
2661:"Explanatory Report to the European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock"
2299:
On 25 February 2022 the Council of Europe suspended Russia's membership in the organization due to
1191:
389:
297:
by the ECHR to change several laws that were deemed discriminatory, and in 2013 the Court ruled in
153:
2748:"Draft Recommendation on the rights and legal status of children and parental responsibilities"
1020:
341:
333:
329:
129:
2779:
Council of Europe Achievements in the Field of Law: Family Law and the Protection of Children
400:
of their parents and a member of their parent's family as if they had been born in wedlock.
397:
356:
105:
281:
Less expansive measures were also introduced by the Law of January 3, 1972 on Filiation in
1596:
137:
110:
2716:
2125:
849:
262:
149:
2787:
1316:
393:
385:
282:
252:
380:
The Convention seeks to assimilate the status of children, and to contribute to the
2268:
405:
360:
2773:
517:
Status of European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock
293:; and through Law no. 2009-61 of 16 January 2009). In 2001, France was forced in
2371:
2008:
1573:
332:. These means were, basically, marriage or a court order.6 Eventually, with the
271:
2421:
144:, in the relevant legislation of the Contracting Parties. Accession is open to
1846:
1550:
1410:
687:
309:
192:
43:
1363:
141:
351:
Originally, because of the stigma related to birth outside of wedlock, the
2473:"Children Born Out of Wedlock: The End of an Anachronistic Discrimination"
1915:
1892:
1737:
756:
345:
312:
progressed for a long time. Under English law, the child was considered
2078:
1784:
1480:
1160:
1137:
1067:
966:
943:
896:
779:
710:
640:
617:
594:
547:
461:
which may help to establish or disprove paternity shall be admissible.
122:
European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock
20:
European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock
2733:
301:
that these changes must also be applied to children born before 2001.
2055:
1961:
1869:
1823:
1690:
1643:
1527:
1269:
1090:
989:
802:
513:
As of 2024, these are the Parties to the convention within the CoE:
2237:
adoption of the latter by a third party. (At the time of signature)
2208:
born in wedlock. (This reservation has not been renewed since 1990)
2400:"A Critique of the Emerging Convention on the Rights of the Child"
1938:
1457:
1238:
308:, discriminating treatment regarding illegitimate children by the
2778:
2660:
2372:"Activities of the Council of Europe in the Field of Family Law"
191:
The convention is one of the early, significant instruments in
340:
was given to all those unmarried fathers who registered the
359:. The illegitimate child was Alexandra Marckx, daughter of
352:
2271:
until the final settlement of the conflict in this region.
205:
European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights
2675:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 085"
2774:
International Conventions in the Field of Family Law
2634:"A Historical and Comparative Study of Bastardry".
99:
91:
81:
73:
65:
57:
49:
39:
24:
128:No. 85) adopted in 1975 under the auspices of the
2422:"BeschluĂź des Ersten Senats vom 29. Januar 1969"
221:Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
217:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
197:European Convention on the Adoption of Children
125:
2171:Rulings of the European Court of Human Rights
8:
2380:California Western International Law Journal
19:
278:in 2009, which overturned this inequality.
234:Conference of European Ministers of Justice
2203:
2201:
86:Secretary General of the Council of Europe
18:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
209:Convention on Contact concerning Children
515:
422:International Commission of Civil Status
2345:
2197:
2717:"Discrimination on the Basis of Birth"
240:. Additionally, some of the council's
2655:
2653:
2651:
2398:Bennett Jr, Walter H. (Winter 1987).
7:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2365:
2363:
344:of their children on the basis of a
2804:Treaties entered into force in 1978
166:European Convention on Human Rights
186:European Convention on Nationality
14:
2518:"Autorité parentale - Définition"
244:have been devoted to family law.
238:European Conference on Family Law
132:to harmonise the legal status of
2150:
2140:
2130:
2118:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2071:
2048:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2001:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1954:
1931:
1908:
1885:
1862:
1839:
1816:
1801:
1791:
1777:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1730:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1683:
1668:
1658:
1648:
1636:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1589:
1566:
1543:
1520:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1473:
1450:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1403:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1356:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1309:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1262:
1243:
1231:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1184:
1165:
1153:
1130:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1083:
1060:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1013:
994:
982:
959:
936:
921:
911:
901:
889:
874:
864:
854:
842:
827:
817:
807:
795:
772:
749:
726:
703:
680:
665:
655:
645:
633:
610:
587:
572:
562:
552:
540:
316:, that is, noone's child, and a
184:(Articles 16, 17), the and the
534:Reservations and declarations
257:European Court of Human Rights
223:, have also adopted a slew of
1:
2453:} "Case of Brauer v. Germany"
16:1975 Council of Europe treaty
2301:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
134:children born out of wedlock
2703:} "Case of Inze v. Austria"
2587:"Case of Mazurek v. France"
2825:
2799:Treaties concluded in 1975
2794:Council of Europe treaties
2611:"Case of Fabris v. France"
2354:"Details of Treaty No.085"
242:Colloquies on European law
2637:Anglo-American Law Review
2539:"National Report: France"
2471:Valongo, Alessia (2015).
382:harmonisation of the laws
376:Core normative provisions
28:15 October 1975
2502:The Christian Law Review
150:discriminatory treatment
142:children born in wedlock
2481:The Italian Law Journal
2370:Requena, Marta (2000).
2269:Trans-Dniester Republic
338:parental responsibility
274:. This led to the case
182:European Social Charter
734:Bosnia and Herzegovina
427:mater semper certa est
394:obligation to maintain
253:European jurisdictions
322:United States, Canada
2180:Further developments
390:maternal affiliation
136:, and promote their
2760:on 13 October 2011.
2404:Rights of the Child
518:
459:Scientific evidence
320:. As a result, the
154:multilateral treaty
21:
516:
365:Belgian Civil Code
291:filiation naturell
287:filiation légitime
2163:
2162:
440:judicial decision
357:Marckx v. Belgium
348:with the mother.
334:Children Act 2004
330:Children Act 1989
295:Mazurek v. France
276:Brauer v. Germany
188:(Articles 5, 6).
146:CoE Member States
130:Council of Europe
118:
117:
2816:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2753:. Archived from
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
986:
985:
965:
963:
962:
942:
940:
939:
928:
925:
924:
918:
915:
914:
908:
905:
904:
895:
893:
892:
881:
878:
877:
871:
868:
867:
861:
858:
857:
848:
846:
845:
834:
831:
830:
824:
821:
820:
814:
811:
810:
801:
799:
798:
778:
776:
775:
755:
753:
752:
732:
730:
729:
709:
707:
706:
686:
684:
683:
672:
669:
668:
662:
659:
658:
652:
649:
648:
639:
637:
636:
616:
614:
613:
593:
591:
590:
579:
576:
575:
569:
566:
565:
559:
556:
555:
546:
544:
543:
519:
430:to be absolute.
354:
346:formal agreement
299:Fabris v. France
127:
35:
33:
22:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2784:
2783:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2516:Braudo, Serge.
2515:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2072:
2070:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1953:
1932:
1930:
1909:
1907:
1886:
1884:
1863:
1861:
1840:
1838:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1597:North Macedonia
1590:
1588:
1567:
1565:
1544:
1542:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1472:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1263:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1185:
1183:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1152:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1082:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1012:
999:
995:
983:
981:
960:
958:
937:
935:
926:
922:
916:
912:
906:
902:
890:
888:
879:
875:
869:
865:
859:
855:
843:
841:
832:
828:
822:
818:
812:
808:
796:
794:
773:
771:
750:
748:
727:
725:
704:
702:
681:
679:
670:
666:
660:
656:
650:
646:
634:
632:
611:
609:
588:
586:
577:
573:
567:
563:
557:
553:
541:
539:
511:
502:
494:
485:
476:
467:
456:
448:
436:
417:
378:
272:statutory heirs
250:
225:recommendations
162:
61:3 ratifications
31:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2809:Legitimacy law
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2768:External links
2766:
2764:
2763:
2739:
2725:
2708:
2694:
2680:
2666:
2647:
2626:
2602:
2578:
2557:
2546:Ceflonline.net
2530:
2508:
2491:
2458:
2444:
2427:
2413:
2390:
2359:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2283:
2273:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2220:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2126:United Kingdom
2114:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
992:
978:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
955:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
932:
931:
929:
919:
909:
899:
885:
884:
882:
872:
862:
852:
850:Czech Republic
838:
837:
835:
825:
815:
805:
791:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
768:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
745:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
722:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
699:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
676:
675:
673:
663:
653:
643:
629:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
606:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
583:
582:
580:
570:
560:
550:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
510:
507:
501:
498:
493:
490:
484:
481:
475:
472:
466:
463:
455:
452:
447:
444:
435:
432:
416:
413:
377:
374:
314:filius nullius
306:United Kingdom
249:
246:
161:
158:
156:of this type.
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
53:11 August 1978
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2821:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1317:Liechtenstein
1307:
1306:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1003:
993:
991:
980:
979:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
957:
956:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
934:
933:
930:
920:
910:
900:
898:
887:
886:
883:
873:
863:
853:
851:
840:
839:
836:
826:
816:
806:
804:
793:
792:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
770:
769:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
747:
746:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
724:
723:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
701:
700:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
678:
677:
674:
664:
654:
644:
642:
631:
630:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
608:
607:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
585:
584:
581:
571:
561:
551:
549:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
514:
508:
506:
499:
497:
491:
489:
482:
480:
473:
471:
464:
462:
460:
453:
451:
445:
443:
441:
433:
431:
429:
428:
423:
414:
412:
409:
408:by marriage.
407:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
258:
254:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
124:is a treaty (
123:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
27:
23:
2755:the original
2742:
2728:
2711:
2697:
2683:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2605:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2511:
2505:. 56/57: 41.
2500:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2447:
2430:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2348:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2276:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2006:
512:
503:
495:
486:
477:
468:
457:
449:
437:
425:
418:
410:
406:legitimation
402:
379:
370:
361:Paula Marckx
350:
313:
303:
290:
286:
280:
265:adopted the
261:
251:
190:
163:
121:
119:
2218:Convention.
2009:Switzerland
1574:Netherlands
2788:Categories
2620:2023-02-11
2596:2023-02-11
2551:2017-03-26
2341:References
1847:San Marino
1551:Montenegro
1411:Luxembourg
688:Azerbaijan
522:Signatory
500:Article 10
310:common law
236:, and the
229:committees
219:, and the
193:family law
168:(Articles
160:Background
82:Depositary
44:Strasbourg
32:1975-10-15
1364:Lithuania
531:In force
528:Ratified
492:Article 9
483:Article 8
474:Article 7
465:Article 6
454:Article 5
446:Article 4
434:Article 3
415:Article 2
326:Australia
100:Languages
92:Citations
74:Ratifiers
58:Condition
50:Effective
2571:20 April
2523:20 April
2410:(1): 28.
1916:Slovenia
1893:Slovakia
1738:Portugal
757:Bulgaria
386:paternal
232:are the
227:. Three
138:equality
40:Location
2079:Ukraine
1785:Romania
1481:Moldova
1192:Ireland
1161:Iceland
1138:Hungary
1068:Germany
1021:Georgia
967:Finland
944:Estonia
897:Denmark
780:Croatia
711:Belgium
641:Austria
618:Armenia
595:Andorra
548:Albania
525:Signed
353:EConvHR
318:bastard
304:In the
263:Germany
248:History
180:), the
106:English
66:Parties
30: (
2166:Impact
2123:
2076:
2056:Turkey
2053:
1962:Sweden
1959:
1936:
1913:
1890:
1870:Serbia
1867:
1844:
1824:Russia
1821:
1782:
1735:
1691:Poland
1688:
1644:Norway
1641:
1594:
1571:
1548:
1528:Monaco
1525:
1478:
1455:
1408:
1361:
1314:
1270:Latvia
1267:
1236:
1189:
1158:
1135:
1091:Greece
1088:
1065:
1018:
990:France
987:
964:
941:
894:
847:
803:Cyprus
800:
777:
754:
731:
708:
685:
638:
615:
592:
545:
509:Status
398:estate
363:. The
283:France
215:. The
211:, the
207:, the
203:, the
199:, the
126:E.T.S.
111:French
95:ETS 85
25:Signed
2758:(PDF)
2751:(PDF)
2720:(PDF)
2615:HUDOC
2591:HUDOC
2542:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2439:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
2192:Notes
1939:Spain
1458:Malta
1239:Italy
342:birth
140:with
2644:(3).
2573:2016
2525:2016
2488:(1).
388:and
324:and
289:and
176:and
120:The
2790::
2650:^
2640:.
2613:.
2589:.
2544:.
2484:.
2478:.
2461:^
2408:20
2406:.
2402:.
2385:31
2383:.
2377:.
2362:^
2286:^
2200:^
336:,
178:14
174:12
172:,
77:23
69:26
2736:.
2722:.
2705:.
2691:.
2677:.
2663:.
2642:2
2623:.
2599:.
2575:.
2554:.
2527:.
2486:1
2455:.
2441:.
2424:.
2387:.
2356:.
2156:Y
2146:Y
2136:Y
2109:Y
2099:Y
2089:Y
2039:Y
2029:Y
2019:Y
1992:Y
1982:Y
1972:Y
1807:Y
1797:Y
1768:Y
1758:Y
1748:Y
1721:Y
1711:Y
1701:Y
1674:Y
1664:Y
1654:Y
1627:Y
1617:Y
1607:Y
1511:Y
1501:Y
1491:Y
1441:Y
1431:Y
1421:Y
1394:Y
1384:Y
1374:Y
1347:Y
1337:Y
1327:Y
1300:Y
1290:Y
1280:Y
1249:Y
1222:Y
1212:Y
1202:Y
1171:Y
1121:Y
1111:Y
1101:Y
1051:Y
1041:Y
1031:Y
1000:Y
927:Y
917:Y
907:Y
880:Y
870:Y
860:Y
833:Y
823:Y
813:Y
671:Y
661:Y
651:Y
578:Y
568:Y
558:Y
170:8
34:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.