European Court of Human Rights

1180: 322: 1188: 508: 810: 440: 818: 896:, called "just satisfaction". The awards are typically small in comparison to verdicts by national courts and rarely exceed £1,000 plus legal costs. Non-pecuniary damages are more closely correlated to what the state can afford to pay than the specific harm suffered by the complainant. In some cases, repeated patterns of human rights violations lead to higher awards in an effort to punish the responsible state, but paradoxically in other cases they lead to lower awards, or the cases being struck entirely. 5229: 42: 716:, unless the matter relates to the content and scope of fundamental rights which the court has already considered. Since 2018, member states can similarly request advisory opinions on questions of principle concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention, on the basis of Protocol No. 16. This mechanism aims to foster dialogue between national courts and the ECtHR, thereby preempting Convention violations and minimizing the latter's caseload. Unlike 1219:, stated: "Our work is based on cooperation and good faith. When you don't have that, it's very difficult to have an impact. We kind of lack the tools to help countries that don't want to be helped." Russia systematically ignores ECtHR verdicts, paying compensation in most cases but refusing to fix the problem, leading to a high number of repeat cases. Russian legislation has set up a specific fund for paying the claimants in successful ECtHR verdicts. 243: 691:(IV) (no. 25781/94), judgements of 10 May 2001 on the treatment of missing persons (art. 2, 3 and 5), the right of return of Greeks who have fled to the south (art. 8, 13 and P1-1), the rights of Greeks still living in the north (art. 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, P1-1, P1-2) and trial by military courts (art. 6). A subsequent judgement of 12 May 2014 awarded €90 million in 'just satisfaction' (art. 41) 757: 1059:. Because the CJEU represents a "comparable" human rights enforcement mechanism, the ECtHR may presume "that a State has not departed from the requirements of the Convention when it does no more than implement legal obligations flowing from its membership." This presumption may be refuted in any particular instances where protections of Convention rights are "manifestly deficient." 979:, referring to the member states' rights to set moral standards within reason. Over time, the court has narrowed the margin of appreciation (to the point, according to some commentators, of a "demise" of margin of appreciation). Narrowing margin of appreciation is a target of criticism for those who believe that the ECtHR should minimize its role, especially from the United Kingdom. 5292: 5282: 341:, which aims to promote the universal recognition of rights set out therein, in order to strengthen the protection of human rights at the international level. While hugely important in setting a global standard for the first time, the declaration was essentially aspirational, and had no judicial enforcement mechanism. In 1949, the twelve member states of the newly created 592:. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the court. A committee is constituted by three judges, chambers by seven judges, and a Grand Chamber by 17 judges. 1043:

since the Treaty of Lisbon took effect on 1 December 2009, the EU is expected to sign the convention. That would mean that the Court of Justice is bound by the judicial precedents of the Court of Human Rights' case law and so is subject to its human rights law, which would avoid issues of conflicting case law between these two courts. In December 2014, the CJEU released

1325: 990:. Furthermore, critics argue that the EHCR has claimed that such consensus exists even when objectively it did not, due to the judicial activism of its judges. It has been said that in failing to distinctly define how a consensus is reached reduces its legitimacy. Furthermore, as the ECtHR grows, the consensus between the members diminishes. 1011:. Critics maintain that proportionality engenders largely subjective rulings: a judge's personal preferences and beliefs may color their perceptions of rights' relative importance. The Court has established certain formulas to ensure consistency across such decisions, but these guidelines cover only a small fraction of its case law. 539:

have a familial or professional relationship with a party. A judge can be dismissed from office only if the other judges decide, by a two-thirds majority, that the judge has ceased to fulfil the required conditions. Judges enjoy, during their term as judges, the privileges and immunities provided for in Article 40 of the

627:, or if the case cannot be proceeded with on formal grounds, such as non-exhaustion of domestic remedies, lapse of the four months from the last internal decision complained of, anonymity, substantial identity with a matter already submitted to the court, or with another procedure of international investigation. 3205: 564:

renewable period of three years. They are renowned for their morality and competence. They must be independent and there is incompatibility with other functions. They cannot be revoked by their state of origin, but only by decision of their peers, taken by a two-thirds majority and for serious reasons.

1038:

are members of the Council of Europe and so are parties of the Convention on Human Rights, there are concerns about consistency in case law between the two courts. The CJEU refers to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and treats the Convention on Human Rights as if it were part of the

833:

requires all hearings to be in public, unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying the holding of a private hearing. In practice the majority of cases are heard in private following written pleadings. In confidential proceedings the court may assist both parties in securing a settlement, in

559:

The plenary court is an assembly of all of the court's judges. It has no judicial functions. It elects the court's president, vice-president, registrar and deputy registrar. It also deals with administrative matters, discipline, working methods, reforms, the establishment of Chambers and the adoption

1340:

Between 2007 and 2017, the number of cases dealt with each year was relatively constant (between 1,280 and 1,550); two-thirds of cases were repetitive and most concerned a few countries: Turkey (2,401), Russia (2,110), Romania (1,341), and Poland (1,272). Repetitive cases indicate a pattern of human

1249:), for preventing Bosnian citizens who were not of Bosniak, Croat, or Serb ethnicity from being elected to certain state offices. As of December 2019, the discriminatory provisions have yet to be repealed or amended, despite three subsequent cases confirming their incompatibility with the Convention. 546:

The European Court of Human Rights is assisted by a registry made up of around 640 agents, of which a little less than half of lawyers divided into 31 sections. The registry carries out preparatory work for the judges., and performs the communication activities of the court, with the applicants, the

530:

from among three candidates nominated by each contracting state. Judges are elected whenever a sitting judge's term has expired or when a new state accedes to the convention. The retiring age of judges is 70, but they may continue to serve as judges until a new judge is elected or until the cases in

488:

Protocol 11 was designed to deal with the backlog of pending cases by establishing the court and its judges as a full-time institution, by simplifying the procedure and reducing the length of proceedings. However, as the workload of the court continued to increase, the contracting states agreed that

1351:

These reforms led to an increasing number of applications being declared inadmissible or bypassed a ruling under the new pilot procedure. According to Steven Greer, "large numbers of applications will not, in practice, be examined", and this situation is qualified as a "structural denial of justice

1207:

The number of non-implemented judgements rose from 2,624 in 2001 to 9,944 at the end of 2016, 48% of which had gone without implementation five years or more. In 2016, all but one of the 47 member countries of the Council of Europe had not implemented at least one ECtHR verdict in a timely fashion,

1203:

The court lacks enforcement powers. Some states have ignored ECtHR verdicts and continued practices judged to be human rights violations. Although all damages must be paid to the applicant within the time frame specified by the court (usually three months) or else will accumulate interest, there is

1050:

Despite the European Union's failure to accede to the Convention, the ECtHR has consistently held that member states are bound by ECHR guarantees even when executing and implementing EU law. Nevertheless, the Court has simultaneously sought to promote international cooperation and avoid interfering

1042:

Even though its member states are party to the convention, the European Union itself is not a party, as it did not have competence to do so under previous treaties. However, EU institutions are bound under Article 6 of the EU Treaty of Nice to respect human rights under the convention. Furthermore,

845:

The court's chamber decides both issues regarding admissibility and merits of the case. Generally, both these issues are dealt with in the same judgment. In final judgments the court makes a declaration that a contracting state has violated the convention, and may order the contracting state to pay

538:

and are prohibited from having any institutional or similar ties with the state in respect of which they were elected. To ensure the independence of the court, judges are not allowed to participate in activity that may compromise the court's independence. Judges cannot hear or decide a case if they

368:(1968). The convention charges the court with ensuring the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the convention and its protocols, that is ensuring the enforcement and implementation of the European Convention in the member states of the Council of Europe. 4191:

See Steven Greer, p. 452, citing Mahoney, The European Court of Human Rights and its Ever-Growing Caseloaed: Preserving the Mission of the Court While Ensuring the Viability of the Individual Petition, in: Flogaitis, Zwart, and Fraser (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents:

866:

Article 35 of the European Convention on Human Rights establishes as a precondition on referral to the European Court of Human Rights, the exhaustion of domestic remedies. This condition is the consequence of the subsidiary jurisdiction of the supranational court, which monitors the application of

634:

decides that the case can proceed, the case is then referred to a chamber of the court which, unless it decides that the application is inadmissible, communicates the case to the government of the state against which the application is made, asking the government to present its observations on the

563:

The president of the court, the two vice-presidents (also section presidents) and the three other section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, Section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, a formation made up of the 46 elected judges of the court. The mandate of the holders is for a

4166:

For the most recent statistical data see ECHR, The ECHR in facts & figures - 2019, p. 4ss. For a detailed analysis of this problem from various perspectives see Flogaitis, Zwart, and Fraser (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents: Turning Criticism into Strength, Edward

1067:

Most of the contracting parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have incorporated the convention into their own national legal systems, either through constitutional provision, statute or judicial decision. The ECtHR increasingly considers judicial dialogue with national courts to be a

982:

Proponents of a stronger recognition of margin of appreciation cite local conceptions of human rights, specific to the context of each country and its culture, and the risk of handing down judgements that lack local cultural and grassroots legitimacy. Critics argue that the principle of "emerging

853:

The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe is charged with supervising the execution of the court's judgments. The Committee of Ministers oversees the contracting states' changes to their national law in order that it is compatible with the convention, or individual measures taken by the

825:

After the preliminary finding of admissibility the court examines the case by hearing representations from both parties. The court may undertake any investigation it deems necessary on the facts or issues raised in the application and contracting states are required to provide the court with all

608:, or group of individuals. Although the official languages of the court are English and French, applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the contracting states. An application has to be made in writing and signed by the applicant or by the applicant's representative. 849:

The court's judgments are public and must contain reasons justifying the decision. Article 46 of the convention provides that contracting states undertake to abide by the court's final decision. On the other hand, advisory opinions are, by definition, non-binding. The court has to date decided

837:

The judgment of the Grand Chamber is final. Judgments by the chamber of the court become final three months after they are issued, unless a reference to the Grand Chamber for review or appeal has been made. If the panel of the Grand Chamber rejects the request for referral, the judgment of the

1004:

governs much of the Court's jurisprudence. The guarantees of ECHR Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 are subject to whatever limitations may be "necessary in a democratic society," citing factors including national security, public safety, health and morals, and the rights and freedoms of others. Such

875:

Rule 39 of the Rules of the Court permits the ECtHR to "indicate to the parties any interim measure which they consider should be adopted in the interests of the parties or of the proper conduct of the proceedings." Interim measures are binding and afford litigants temporary protections on an

720:

under EU law, advisory opinions may only be solicited by the "highest courts and tribunals" of a member state. Although Article 5 of Protocol No. 16 states that "Advisory opinions shall not be binding," they nonetheless enter the ECtHR's case law and may be enforced through later individual

476:

In 1999, 8,400 applications were allocated to be heard. In 2003, 27,200 cases were filed and the number pending rose to approximately 65,000. In 2005, the court opened 45,500 case files. In 2009, 57,200 applications were allocated, with 119,300 pending. At the time, more than 90 per cent of

638:

The chamber of the court then deliberates and judges the case on its admissibility and its merits. Cases that raise serious questions of interpretation and application of the European Convention on Human Rights, a serious issue of general importance, or which may depart from previous

838:

chamber of the court becomes final. The Grand Chamber is made up of 17 judges: the court's president and vice-presidents, the section presidents and the national judge, together with other judges selected by drawing of lots. Grand Chambers include a public hearing, which is

297:. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 867:

the convention and seeks to eradicate human rights violations. The applicant must establish the inability of the national courts to remedy the breaches, by exercising the appropriate remedies effective and adequate, and in substance alleging a violation of the Convention.

349:, drawing inspiration from the rights already set out in the Declaration, but with the crucial difference that—for the European countries which chose to sign up to it—there would be a judicial mechanism to ensure that they respected the basic rights of their citizens. 1336:

where there is less trust in the court system. In 2009, the court had a backlog of 120,000 cases which would have required 46 years to process at the previous rate, leading to reforms. According to the BBC, the court began "to be seen as a victim of its own success".

493:. Protocol 14 was drafted with the aim of reducing the workload of the court and that of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, which supervises the execution of judgments, so that the court could focus on cases that raise important human rights issues. 738:

effects (that is, they are potentially binding on all member states), because the court "determines issues on public-policy grounds in the common interest, thereby extending human rights jurisprudence throughout the community of European Convention States", although

1304:(2009) as well as any future cases following that pattern, handing them to the Department of Execution at the Council of Europe for enforcement. These cases all involved complainants not being paid money they were due under Ukrainian law. In the eight years between 3169: 1204:

no formal deadline for any more complex compliance required by the judgement. However, by leaving a judgement unimplemented for a long period of time, brings into question the state's commitment to addressing human rights violations in a timely fashion.

1025: 983:

consensus" of the member states on which the ECtHR operates is fundamentally flawed, because such a consensus often relies on trends, and historically in many instances social and political consensus was retrospectively acknowledged to have been wrong.

1208:

although most non-implemented verdicts concern a few countries: Italy (2,219), Russia (1,540), Turkey (1,342), and Ukraine (1,172). More than 3,200 non-implemented judgements "concerned violations by security forces and poor detention conditions".

857:

Chambers decide cases by a majority. Any judge who has heard the case can attach to the judgment a separate opinion. This opinion can concur or dissent with the decision of the court. In case of a tie in voting, the president has the casting vote.

1598: 1071:

In 2015, Russia adopted a law declaring it legal to overrule judgements from the ECtHR, codifying an earlier Russian Constitutional Court decision which ruled that Russia could refuse to recognize an ECtHR decision if it conflicted with the

1068:"high priority", especially when it comes to implementation of judgements. According to a 2012 study, the ECTtHR tends to justify its decisions with citations to its own case law in order to convince national courts to accept its rulings. 1312:, Ukraine made no effort to resolve these cases, leading the ECtHR to "effectively up on trying to incentivize Ukraine to comply with its judgments". As of 2020, the money owed to the complainants in these cases remains unpaid. 643:

can be heard in the Grand Chamber if all parties to the case agree to the chamber of the court relinquishing jurisdiction to the Grand Chamber. A panel of five judges decides whether the Grand Chamber accepts the referral.

4192:

Turning Criticism into Strength, Edward Elgar: Cheltenham 2013, 26 and Cameron, The Court and the Member States: Procedural Aspects, in: Follesdal, Petes, and Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe, CUP: Cambridge 2013, 43.

312:

International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.

6016: 5828: 957:(2015). Although defenders argue that living instrument doctrine is necessary for the court to stay relevant and its rulings to adapt to the actual conditions, such interpretations are labeled overreach or 6143: 2157: 5907: 1199:(10%) and the highest Luxembourg, Monaco, and Estonia (100%) and Czechia (96%). (Belarus appears white here because it is excluded from the map: it is not a member state and does not implement rulings.) 924:(2008), the court emphasized that it "upholds individual rights as practical and effective, rather than theoretical and illusory protections". Another key part of the Court's interpretation is the 1969 1332:

The caseload of the court expanded rapidly after the fall of the Soviet Union, growing from fewer than 8,400 cases filed in 1999 to 57,000 in 2009. Most of these cases concern nationals of the former

1179: 1191:

Implementation of leading cases from the last 10 years as of August 2021. No implementation is coloured black while 100% implementation is white. Average implementation is 53%, with the lowest being

656:

can sue another contracting state in the court for alleged breaches of the convention, although in practice this is very rare. As of 2021, five interstate cases have been decided by the court:

6041: 1341:

rights violations in a given country. The 2010 Interlaken Declaration stated that the court would reduce its caseload by cutting back on the number of repetitive cases it dealt with.

5192: 880:

or expulsion to countries with inadequate human rights guarantees, whereas requests to prevent potentially damaging publications or property seizures seldom elicit similar responses.

5821: 1526: 490: 1507: 1489: 5996: 5897: 1467: 1444: 1430: 1416: 1402: 1385: 1368: 502: 3647: 6001: 191: 993:

However, the margin of appreciation doctrine has also come under sharp criticism from jurists and academics who say that it undermines the universal nature of human rights.

473:

in 1989 led to a sharp increase in applications filed in the court. The efficiency of the court was threatened seriously by the large accumulation of pending applications.

5938: 5465: 2796: 1183:

Compliance with all compliance-relevant judgments of the European Court of Human Rights as of 10 March 2017. At that date, the oldest non-complied judgement was from 1996.

697:(no. 13255/07), judgement of 3 July 2014 on the collective expulsion of Georgians from Russia (art. 3, 5, 13, 38, P4-4) and Russia not cooperating with the court (art. 38) 376:

The European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, is the best known body of the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe (CoE) (

6189: 5814: 5460: 1232:(2005), and several subsequent cases, the court found that a blanket deprivation of suffrage to British prisoners violated Article 3 of Protocol 1, which guarantees the 6046: 1603: 876:

expedited basis, although the ECtHR has chosen to only impose them in cases concerning imminent danger to life and limb. Such measures are often deployed to prevent

854:

contracting state to redress violations. Judgments by the court are binding on the respondent states concerned and states usually comply with the Court's judgments.

5440: 5435: 774: 527: 408:. Founded in 1949, it now has 46 member states, covering a population of approximately 700 million, and operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million 357: 169: 5764: 1348:" was created to handle repetitive cases without a formal finding for each one. Pending applications peaked at 151,600 in 2011 and were reduced to 59,800 by 2019. 1266:. In 2012, Russian courts banned the event for the next 100 years. The ECtHR confirmed its ruling that bans on pride parades violate freedom of assembly rights in 321: 6011: 2152: 1088:.) Other countries have also moved to restrict the binding nature of the ECtHR judgments, subject to the countries' own constitutional principles. In 2004, the 5943: 1581: 1245: 515:

Judges are elected for a non-renewable nine-year term. The number of full-time judges sitting in the court is equal to the number of contracting states to the

3298:

Motoc, Iulia; Volikas, Markos (17 February 2019). "The Dialogue between the ECHR and the Italian Constitutional Court: The Saga of 'Giem and Others V Italy".

1187: 133: 55: 3789:

Johnson, P. (2011). "Homosexuality, Freedom of Assembly and the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights: Alekseyev v Russia".

477:

applications were declared to be inadmissible, and the majority of cases decided—around 60 per cent of the decisions by the court—related to what is termed

6199: 5407: 2536:

Letsas, George (23 May 2013). "The ECHR as a living instrument: its meaning and legitimacy". In Føllesdal, Andreas; Peters, Birgit; Ulfstein, Geir (eds.).

947:. In addition, with the proliferation of alternative family arrangements, the court has expanded its definition of family under Article 8, for example to 6179: 6076: 6036: 5430: 5271: 1167:

International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. According to Michael Goldhaber in

1328:

The backlog of pending cases has gone down from a peak of 151,600 in 2011, in part to streamlined rejection of applications at the admissibility stage.

6100: 6061: 5963: 2694:"How far can the European Court of Human Rights go in the fight against discrimination? Defining new standards in its nondiscrimination jurisprudence" 1034:(CJEU) is not institutionally related to the European Court of Human Rights: the two courts are related to distinct organizations. However, since all 428: 2058: 6138: 925: 6164: 5958: 519:, currently 46. The convention requires that judges be of "high moral character" and have qualifications suitable for high judicial office, or be 246: 615:, who can make a final decision on whether the case is inadmissible. A case may be inadmissible when it is incompatible with the requirements of 6184: 6169: 5485: 4732:

Bratic, Catherine (2012–2013). "A Comparative Approach to Understanding Developments in Privacy Rights in the European Court of Human Rights".

2221: 1739:"The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights vs. The Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - A Comparison" 1240: 1077: 1031: 850:

consistently that under the convention it has no jurisdiction to annul domestic laws or administrative practices which violate the convention.

577: 455: 443: 298: 20: 4098:

Vogiatzis, Nikos (2016). "The Admissibility Criterion Under Article 35(3)(b) ECHR: a 'Significant Disadvantage' to Human Rights Protection?".

3621: 5948: 5912: 5151: 5016: 4884: 4830: 4662: 4608: 4554: 4401: 4366: 4312: 4003: 3882: 3659: 3536: 3326: 3152: 2857: 2822: 2610: 2573: 2545: 2520: 1834: 1774: 1659: 1634: 338: 3764: 1344:

As a result of Protocol 14 reforms to reduce caseload, single judges were empowered to reject applications as inadmissible and a system of "

364:, abolished in 1998. The court kept a low profile during its first years and did not accumulate much case law, first finding a violation in 6066: 5968: 5892: 5196: 1592: 481:: where the court has already delivered judgment finding a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights or where well established 4383: 5917: 5513: 1192: 830: 713: 653: 601: 516: 466: 459: 393: 361: 353: 346: 273: 179: 2403: 1051:

in internal Union affairs. It has balanced the conflicting aims of fostering European harmony and avoiding ECHR circumvention via the "

5841: 3939:"Certiorari through the Back Door? The Judgment by the European Court of Human Rights in Burmych and Others v. Ukraine in Perspective" 3272: 1797: 1454: 507: 19:

This article is about the international court of the Council of Europe (not of the European Union). For the EU's judicial branch, see

2511:

Lemmens, Koen (2016). "Criticising the European Court of Human Rights or Misunderstanding the Dynamics of Human Rights Protection?".

6071: 6021: 5869: 5845: 5445: 4074: 3319:

Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System : Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level

2415: 2009: 796: 2757: 2088: 834:

which case the court monitors the compliance of the agreement with the convention. However, in many cases, a hearing is not held.

5503: 3986:

Szklanna, Agnieszka (2018). "Delays in the Implementation of ECtHR Judgments: The Example of Cases Concerning Electoral Issues".

3379:"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime" 3342:

Remezaite, Ramute (2019). "Challenging the Unconditional: Partial Compliance with ECtHR Judgments in the South Caucasus States".

1827:

The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: From Its Inception to the Creation of a Permanent Court of Human Rights

1703:"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime" 540: 3016:

Roffee, J. A. (2014). "No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights".

6006: 5922: 5785: 5578: 5400: 5303: 5244: 1196: 1085: 1007: 809: 3701:

Celiksoy, Ergul (2020). "Execution of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in Prisoners' Right to Vote Cases".

2513:

Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System: Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level

6051: 5264: 5093: 3412:"Russia's Relations with the European Court of Human Rights in the Aftermath of the Markin Decision: Debating the "Backlash"" 2985:"Consensus and Contestability: The ECtHR and the Combined Potential of European Consensus and Procedural Rationality Control" 2952:"Consensus and Contestability: The ECtHR and the Combined Potential of European Consensus and Procedural Rationality Control" 778: 666: 4931:"Freedom of Speech as Related to Journalists in the ECtHR, IACtHR and the Human Rights Committee – a Study of Fragmentation" 712:

The Committee of Ministers may, by majority vote, ask the court to deliver an advisory opinion on the interpretation of the

2636:"Is the 'Living Instrument' Approach of the European Court of Human Rights Compatible with the ECHR and International Law?" 2262: 427:. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official 6087: 5455: 1920: 1228: 1212: 605: 3054: 6174: 5902: 3519:

Abdelgawad, Élisabeth Lambert (2017). "The Enforcement of ECtHR Judgments". In Jakab, András; Kochenov, Dimitry (eds.).

1093: 1089: 126: 4516: 1364:

ECtHR rulings have expanded the protection of human rights in every signatory country. Notable rights secured include:

4417: 4133:

Bowring, Bill (2010). "The Russian Federation, Protocol No. 14 (and 14bis), and the Battle for the Soul of the ECHR".

1081: 5063:"New label no progress: institutional racism and the persistent segregation of Romani students in the Czech Republic" 846:

material and/or moral damages and the legal expenses incurred in domestic courts and the court in bringing the case.

4961: 839: 5393: 5364: 4305:

Shaping Rights in the ECHR: The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Determining the Scope of Human Rights

1279: 1274: 909: 817: 439: 385: 306: 5167: 4624: 4601:

Liberty and Security in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-trial Precautionary Measures in Criminal Proceedings

767: 6194: 6026: 5257: 1738: 953: 280:

enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The court is based in

24: 5369: 4846: 4055:"A Decade of Violations of the European Convention on Human Rights: Exploring Patterns of Repetitive Violations" 600:

Applications by individuals against contracting states, alleging that the state violated their rights under the

6110: 4707: 3170:"Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights" 1462:, including ending child custody regimes which discriminated against men, LGBT people, and religious minorities 3227: 2442:"Non-pecuniary damages before the European Court of Human Rights: Forget the victim; it's all about the state" 1652:

Strategies of Compliance with the European Court of Human Rights: Rational Choice Within Normative Constraints

1159:

to be openly hostile. In 2019, south Caucasus states were judged partially compliant in a law review article.

226: 5249: 4978: 5864: 5806: 4547:

When Humans Become Migrants: Study of the European Court of Human Rights with an Inter-American Counterpoint

4445: 3130: 2025: 1479: 986:

Such an approach is accused of risking to stigmatize and coerce the few dissenting countries, encouraging a

905: 470: 302: 4900: 2919:"A Defence of the Margin of Appreciation and an Argument for ITS Application by the Human Rights Committee" 2051: 1005:

conditions require the balancing of individual rights and community interests, as first articulated in the

5523: 1587: 1511: 1073: 976: 970: 932: 3095: 2197: 931:

One area that the living instrument doctrine has changed ECtHR jurisprudence over time is with regard to

6095: 5795: 2815:

The Legitimacy of Family Rights in Strasbourg Case Law: 'Living Instrument' or Extinguished Sovereignty?

2375: 1493: 1471: 1441:, limiting the length of judicial proceedings to avoid unfair delays, and securing judicial impartiality 1434: 1052: 1001: 41: 4328: 1850: 1092:

of Germany ruled that judgements handed down by the ECtHR are not always binding on German courts. The

276:(ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the 2388: 1345: 5374: 5234: 3445:"The European Court of Human Rights and minority religions: messages generated and messages received" 2210: 2137: 1576: 1530: 1459: 1438: 1397: 489:

further reforms were necessary and in May 2004, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers adopted

4678: 4570: 5593: 4877:

The European Court of Human Rights and Minority Religions: Messages Generated and Messages Received

1560: 1556: 1475: 1263: 1254: 1080:

stipulating that the Russian Constitution supersedes international law. (In March 2022, due to the

676: 535: 265: 5110: 5032: 3528: 2538:

Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context

2177: 242: 6130: 6115: 6105: 5859: 5085: 4953: 4385:

Between Forbearance and Audacity: The European Court of Human Rights and the Norm against Torture

4155: 4115: 4080: 4009: 3968: 3919: 3745: 3585: 3464: 3359: 3197: 2883:"Margin of Appreciation and Incrementalism in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights" 2863: 2839: 2788: 2616: 2347: 1543:, including restoration of property illegally confiscated by the state and fair compensation for 1424: 1376: 940: 717: 293: 4751: 2590: 1679:. International Conference: Effectiveness of the European System of Protection of Human Rights. 1500:

that prohibited expressing unflattering opinions or imposed excessive penalties, protection for

419:(EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original 916:

of the Convention "must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions" rather than the

5991: 5790: 5568: 5470: 5416: 5147: 5139: 5118: 5040: 5012: 4986: 4908: 4880: 4854: 4826: 4803: 4759: 4719: 4713: 4686: 4658: 4632: 4604: 4578: 4550: 4524: 4498: 4480: 4425: 4397: 4362: 4336: 4308: 4282: 4278: 4070: 3999: 3878: 3655: 3532: 3322: 3303: 3299: 3189: 3148: 2853: 2818: 2780: 2738: 2606: 2569: 2541: 2516: 2411: 2282: 2248:"Protocol No. 16 to the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms" 2005: 1961: 1830: 1770: 1655: 1630: 1564: 1515: 1410: 1380: 1353: 1283: 1216: 958: 342: 269: 108: 2327: 1624: 5874: 5339: 5334: 5318: 5077: 4945: 4793: 4488: 4470: 4389: 4258: 4225: 4215: 4138: 4107: 4062: 3991: 3958: 3950: 3911: 3870: 3842: 3832: 3798: 3737: 3710: 3575: 3565: 3524: 3456: 3423: 3390: 3351: 3276: 3181: 3143:

Glas, Lize R. (2018). "The Boundaries to Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights".

3120: 3025: 2996: 2963: 2930: 2894: 2845: 2772: 2705: 2674: 2647: 2598: 2486: 2453: 2339: 2274: 2247: 1951: 1790: 1764: 1714: 1680: 1450: 1393: 948: 687: 631: 612: 424: 5648: 5344: 2161: 1698: 1540: 1497: 660: 548: 377: 186: 5239: 2635: 1907: 1894: 2364: 5986: 5780: 5718: 5543: 5475: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5308: 5228: 5193:"Greek nomination of the European Court of Human Rights for the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize" 4493: 4458: 3124: 2726: 1881: 1501: 1290: 1152: 1108: 1039:

EU's legal system since it forms part of the legal principles of the EU member states.

987: 944: 462:, which used to decide on admissibility of applications, was abolished by Protocol 11. 420: 416: 334: 3865:

Bartenev, Dmitri (2017). "LGBT rights in Russia and European human rights standards".

1626:

European Court of Human Rights: Implementing Strasbourg's Judgments on Domestic Policy

1486:, undue burdens on exercise of religion, state interference in religious organizations 6158: 5759: 5608: 5089: 4957: 4119: 4084: 4054: 4013: 3972: 3923: 3749: 3589: 3468: 3363: 2867: 2620: 2351: 2328:"International Courts as Agents of Legal Change: Evidence from LGBT Rights in Europe" 1677:

Understanding the Binding Effect of the Case-Law of the ECtHR in Domestic Legal Order

1544: 1534: 1519: 1372: 1233: 1026:

Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights

401: 4247:"Legal aid for intervenors in proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights" 3741: 3228:"Putin signs law allowing Russia to overturn rulings of international rights courts" 3201: 2792: 2263:"Advisory opinions under Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights" 5838: 5329: 5062: 1406: 1333: 1293:, whose imprisonment the ECtHR ruled illegal in 2014; he was still in jail in 2017. 1259: 1044: 680: 581: 573: 520: 389: 277: 5081: 4142: 3837: 3820: 3460: 2776: 309:, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions. 4949: 4027: 3253: 1999: 1352:

for certain categories of meritorious applicants whose cases cannot be handled".

5703: 5643: 5313: 4655:

Criminal Fair Trial Rights: Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights

3494: 2602: 2323: 1599:

List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies

1483: 1144: 1136: 917: 877: 756: 326: 4359:

Lethal Force, the Right to Life and the ECHR: Narratives of Death and Democracy

3554:"The European Court of Human Rights supervising the execution of its judgments" 3428: 3411: 3043: 352:

The court was established on 21 January 1959 on the basis of Article 19 of the

5673: 5638: 5618: 4475: 4263: 4246: 4111: 4066: 3995: 3954: 3899: 3874: 3355: 3185: 2935: 2918: 2849: 2727:"Judicial Activism in the European Court of Justice – The Case of LGBT Rights" 2458: 2441: 2343: 2278: 1956: 1939: 913: 889: 734: 281: 118: 4484: 4220: 4203: 3570: 3553: 3193: 2742: 2475:"Changing State Behaviour: Damages before the European Court of Human Rights" 2286: 1965: 1504:

and journalists who exposed political corruption or criticized the government

813:

A chart showing how cases progress through the European Court of Human Rights

148: 135: 70: 57: 5613: 5291: 5281: 4798: 4781: 3273:"Germany: Binding Effect of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights" 2678: 2665:

Mowbray, A. (2005). "The Creativity of the European Court of Human Rights".

2089:"Protocol no.14 Factsheet: The reform of the European Court of Human Rights" 1868: 1035: 936: 397: 4807: 4502: 3714: 2784: 2113: 4930: 4393: 3802: 3395: 3378: 3029: 3001: 2984: 2968: 2951: 2899: 2882: 2758:"The Case for Same-Sex Marriage Before the European Court of Human Rights" 2710: 2693: 2491: 2474: 1719: 1702: 1324: 5739: 5688: 5683: 5663: 5528: 5245:

The European Union's accession to the European Convention on Human Rights

4782:"Surrogacy and the ECtHR: Reflections on Paradiso and Campanelli v Italy" 3765:"Bosnia Constitution Still 'Outrageously' Violates Minority Rights – HRW" 3728:

Milanovic, Marko (2010). "Sejdić & Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina".

2591:"Governance of Religious Diversity at the European Court of Human Rights" 2154:

Lo statuto del Greffe e il suo ruolo nel processo decisionale della Corte

1684: 640: 482: 446:. In addition, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) applies in 3915: 3521:

The Enforcement of EU Law and Values: Ensuring Member States' Compliance

301:

are contracting parties to the convention. The court's primary means of

291:

The court was established in 1959 and decided its first case in 1960 in

6144:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

5713: 5668: 5628: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5533: 5518: 5508: 5498: 5493: 4230: 3963: 3847: 3821:"The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights" 3675: 3580: 2841:

Judicial Activism and the Democratic Rule of Law: Selected Case Studies

1420: 1389: 1132: 1112: 1104: 1100: 893: 781: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 743:

effect "is not regarded by all States Parties as a legal requirement".

585: 458:. On 1 November 1998, the court became a full-time institution and the 3410:

Nelaeva, Galina A.; Khabarova, Elena A.; Sidorova, Natalia V. (2020).

2651: 1356:

may also be de facto impeded the lack of legal aid and other factors.

1300:(2017), the ECtHR dismissed all 12,143 cases following the pattern of 6056: 6031: 5754: 5744: 5734: 5708: 5698: 5678: 5658: 5653: 5633: 5603: 5563: 5538: 4204:"Access to justice in the European Convention on Human Rights system" 2566:

A Theory of Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights

1156: 1148: 1140: 1128: 1124: 1120: 589: 447: 405: 285: 5385: 3938: 3867:

Russia and the European Court of Human Rights: The Strasbourg Effect

3444: 3126:

A Europe of Rights: The Impact of the ECHR on National Legal Systems

3096:"Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland" 454:

The jurisdiction of the court has been recognized to date by all 46

5749: 5693: 5623: 5598: 3317:

Popelier, Patricia; Lambrecht, Sarah; Lemmens, Koen, eds. (2016).

1116: 2311:. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53, 61–62, 96–97, 133–134. 1084:

and a history of disregard for the principles of the Convention,

1057:

Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi v Ireland

409: 6017:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)

5908:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

5810: 5389: 5253: 23:. For the supreme court of the EU in matters of Union law, see 1379:, and effective investigation of deaths in custody and due to 750: 6032:

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

4179:

Daniel Moeckli et al. (Eds.), International Human Rights Law

3943:

The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals

2052:"Protocol No. 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights" 1563:. In 2020, the Greek government nominated the court for the 1529:: right to equal treatment, such as ruling against forms of 210: 6002:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

5997:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

5222: 3622:"Europe's human rights court struggles to lay down the law" 551:

and the deputy registrar are elected by the Plenary Court.

2114:"Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights" 1405:: Article 4 cases have resulted in the criminalization of 611:

Once registered with the court, the case is assigned to a

580:

which includes almost every country in Europe except for

423:

created by the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the

2178:

Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights

1766:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

1169:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

16:

Supranational court established by the Council of Europe

1732: 1730: 1316:

Another issue is delayed implementation of judgements.

1171:, "Scholars invariably describe it with superlatives". 943:, which it is increasingly likely to label unjustified 821:

The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights

683:

regarding a Danish national detained in Turkey (art. 3)

360:. Initially, access to the court was restricted by the 675:(no. 34382/97), judgement of 5 April 2000 ratifying a 491:

Protocol 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights

6042:

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

5009:

The Right to Freedom of Assembly: A Comparative Study

2597:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 59–72. 2376:

GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICEIN RESPECT OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES

2168:

a cura di Francesco Buffa e Maria Giuliana Civinini).

1096:

also restricts the applicability of ECtHR decisions.

5898:

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1998:

Smith, Rhona K.M.; van der Anker, Christien (2005).

1396:

and excessively poor conditions in prisons, banning

1282:

and related laws, which the court judged to abridge

1055:", a policy of conditional deference articulated in 503:

List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights

6124: 6085: 5977: 5931: 5883: 5852: 5773: 5727: 5484: 5423: 4279:"Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights" 2050:Joint Committee on Human Rights (1 December 2004). 842:. After the public hearing, the judges deliberate. 232: 222: 217: 205: 197: 192:

Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights

185: 175: 164: 125: 114: 103: 86: 34: 450:as a result of domestic incorporation of the ECHR. 6072:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) 5115:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 5037:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4983:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4905:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4875:Fokas, Effie; Richardson, James T., eds. (2020). 4851:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4756:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4683:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4629:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4575:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4521:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4459:"Forced sterilization of women as discrimination" 4422:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 4333:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights 1940:"Kosovo's Quest for Council of Europe Membership" 1427:that resulted in innocent people jailed for years 5959:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture 5287:Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights 3900:"Alekseyev and Others v. Russia (Eur. Ct. H.R.)" 3869:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–352. 1604:Category:European Court of Human Rights case law 415:The organisation is distinct from the 27-nation 201:46 judges, one from each of the 46 member states 6139:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 5939:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 5235:Court judgments, decisions and case law website 5144:Constitutionalism and the Enlargement of Europe 2725:de Waele, Henri; Vleuten, Anna van der (2011). 2595:Religious Diversity and Interreligious Dialogue 2198:ECHR Press Unit, Q & A on Inter-State Cases 2118:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1654:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. 1453:, which has included limits on wiretapping and 1236:. A minimal compromise was implemented in 2017. 665:(no. 5310/71), judgement of 18 January 1978 on 528:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 511:Courtroom of the European Court of Human Rights 358:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 170:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 2408:Oxford Reference - A Dictionary of Law (9 ed.) 2387:European Court of Human Rights (3 June 2022). 1243:was first ruled to be discriminatory in 2009 ( 1086:Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe 526:Each judge is elected by majority vote in the 329:in front of the European Court of Human Rights 168:Appointed by member states and elected by the 5822: 5401: 5265: 3990:(1 ed.). Intersentia. pp. 445–464. 3814: 3812: 3654:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–25. 3652:Russia and the European Court of Human Rights 2912: 2910: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1829:. Oxford University Press. pp. 179–180. 8: 5168:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards" 4821:Choudhry, Shazia; Herring, Jonathan (2010). 3937:Ulfstein, Geir; Zimmermann, Andreas (2018). 1222:Notable non-implemented judgements include: 703:(no. 38263/08), judgement of 21 January 2021 6077:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) 4303:Brems, Eva; Gerards, Janneke, eds. (2014). 4202:Gerards, Janneke H.; Glas, Lize R. (2017). 4100:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 3860: 3858: 3443:Fokas, Effie; Richardson, James T. (2017). 3081:Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte 2923:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 2698:International Journal of Constitutional Law 2164:, Questione giustizia, speciale n. 1/2019 ( 1851:"BBC News - Profile: The Council of Europe" 1758: 1756: 1127:to be mostly friendly to ECtHR judgements; 356:when its first members were elected by the 5944:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 5829: 5815: 5807: 5408: 5394: 5386: 5272: 5258: 5250: 5227: 4245:Gruodytė, Edita; Kirchner, Stefan (2016). 3676:"Prisoner voting rights compromise struck" 3602: 3481: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2261:Paprocka, Ada; Ziółkowski, Michał (2015). 2083: 2081: 2079: 1629:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 27. 1582:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 1246:Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina 40: 6012:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 5964:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 5466:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 4797: 4492: 4474: 4262: 4229: 4219: 4053:Reichel, David; Grimheden, Jonas (2018). 4028:"Profile: European Court of Human Rights" 3962: 3846: 3836: 3825:The International Journal of Human Rights 3615: 3613: 3611: 3579: 3569: 3529:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.001.0001 3427: 3394: 3083:. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. pp. 172–173. 3000: 2967: 2934: 2898: 2709: 2559: 2557: 2490: 2457: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 1955: 1718: 840:transmitted as a webcast on the ECHR site 797:Learn how and when to remove this message 6190:Courts and tribunals established in 1959 5461:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 2094:. Council of Europe. May 2010. p. 1 1737:Emmert, Frank; Carney, Chandler (2017). 1323: 1186: 1178: 926:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 816: 808: 506: 438: 320: 241: 6047:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) 6037:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 6022:International Labour Organization (ILO) 4251:International Comparative Jurisprudence 4135:Goettingen Journal of International Law 2731:Michigan State International Law Review 1944:Review of Central and East European Law 1820: 1818: 1769:. Rutgers University Press. p. 2. 1615: 1423:and security, such as ending excessive 1047:rejecting accession to the Convention. 826:necessary assistance for this purpose. 247:European Court of Human Rights building 6062:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 4059:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 3988:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 3145:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 2983:Kleinlein, Thomas (13 November 2017). 2950:Kleinlein, Thomas (13 November 2017). 1241:Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1032:Court of Justice of the European Union 578:member states of the Council of Europe 456:member states of the Council of Europe 444:Member states of the Council of Europe 31: 21:Court of Justice of the European Union 6007:Organisation of American States (OAS) 4208:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 3730:American Journal of International Law 3558:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 3383:European Journal of International Law 2989:European Journal of International Law 2956:European Journal of International Law 2479:European Journal of International Law 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 1707:European Journal of International Law 339:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7: 5969:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 5893:Committee on the Rights of the Child 5099:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4967:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4823:European Human Rights and Family Law 3763:Zivanovic, Maja (13 December 2019). 3620:Hervey, Ginger (20 September 2017). 3174:British Journal of Political Science 3168:Lupu, Yonatan; Voeten, Erik (2012). 2802:from the original on 9 October 2022. 1595:– regional court established in 1979 1593:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 1584:– regional court established in 2006 779:adding citations to reliable sources 531:which they sit have come to an end. 5875:Truth and reconciliation commission 3275:. Council of Europe. Archived from 3208:from the original on 20 August 2022 3060:from the original on 9 October 2022 2446:Leiden Journal of International Law 2227:from the original on 9 October 2022 2064:from the original on 9 October 2022 1803:from the original on 9 October 2022 1496:protections, including quashing of 831:European Convention on Human Rights 714:European Convention on Human Rights 654:European Convention on Human Rights 602:European Convention on Human Rights 517:European Convention on Human Rights 467:European Convention on Human Rights 465:The accession of new states to the 460:European Commission of Human Rights 372:As a court of the Council of Europe 362:European Commission of Human Rights 354:European Convention on Human Rights 347:European Convention on Human Rights 274:European Convention on Human Rights 180:European Convention on Human Rights 6200:International courts and tribunals 3254:"Russia may overrule European law" 2365:European Conventionon Human Rights 2309:The European Court of Human Rights 2267:European Constitutional Law Review 1796:. European Court of Human Rights. 1455:decriminalization of homosexuality 1289:Azerbaijani opposition politician 701:Georgia v. Russian Federation (II) 534:Judges perform their duties in an 14: 6180:Organizations based in Strasbourg 5796:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 4545:Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte (2015). 3271:Thorsten Ader (14 October 2004). 3147:. Intersentia. pp. 287–318. 1921:"Intergovernmental Organizations" 1743:Fordham International Law Journal 1623:Anagnostou, Dia (30 April 2013). 695:Georgia v. Russian Federation (I) 5290: 5280: 4734:Columbia Journal of European Law 3094:European Court of Human Rights. 1555:In 2010, the court received the 1518:, such as the right to organize 922:Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey 755: 555:Plenary court and administration 541:Statute of the Council of Europe 6067:UN Development Programme (UNDP) 6027:World Health Organization (WHO) 4517:"Slavery and Human Trafficking" 3742:10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.4.0636 3499:European Implementation Network 2515:. Intersentia. pp. 23–40. 1151:to be moderately critical; the 975:The Court uses the doctrine of 862:Exhaustion of domestic remedies 766:needs additional citations for 667:inhuman and degrading treatment 6165:European Court of Human Rights 5954:European Court of Human Rights 4938:Nordic Journal of Human Rights 4599:Ruggeri, Stefano, ed. (2012). 4388:. Cambridge University Press. 4307:. Cambridge University Press. 2540:. Cambridge University Press. 2188:Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. 2004:. Hodder Arnold. p. 115. 2001:The essentials of Human Rights 1268:Alekseyev and Others v. Russia 1015:Relationship with other courts 904:The court's primary method of 254:European Court of Human Rights 236:2016 (judge), 2024 (President) 35:European Court of Human Rights 1: 6185:1959 establishments in Europe 6170:1998 establishments in France 5456:Commissioner for Human Rights 5082:10.1080/13613324.2016.1191698 4143:10.3249/1868-1581-2-2-Bowring 3904:International Legal Materials 3838:10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961 3461:10.1080/09637494.2017.1399577 2777:10.1080/00918369.2017.1380991 2307:Nussberger, Angelika (2020). 1298:Burmych and Others v. Ukraine 1213:Commissioner for Human Rights 1155:to be strongly critical; and 652:Any contracting state to the 606:non-governmental organisation 604:, can be made by any person, 5903:International Criminal Court 5070:Race Ethnicity and Education 4950:10.1080/18918131.2014.897797 3819:Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2020). 2917:McGoldrick, Dominic (2016). 1650:von Staden, Andreas (2018). 1522:and political demonstrations 1094:Italian Constitutional Court 1090:Federal Constitutional Court 669:in Northern Ireland (art. 3) 6057:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) 5197:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5146:. Oxford University Press. 4549:. Oxford University Press. 4418:"Torture and Ill-treatment" 4156:Analysis of statistics 2019 3523:. Oxford University Press. 3449:Religion, State and Society 2603:10.1007/978-3-030-31856-7_5 2568:. Oxford University Press. 2410:. Oxford University Press. 2402:Law, Jonathan, ed. (2018). 2211:"Inter-States applications" 1763:Goldhaber, Michael (2008). 1375:including the abolition of 1082:Russian invasion of Ukraine 721:complaints if contravened. 596:Applications by individuals 6218: 6052:UN Population Fund (UNFPA) 5781:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 5365:Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos 5323:Giorgio Balladore Pallieri 4780:Iliadou, Marianna (2019). 3429:10.1007/s12142-019-00577-7 2756:Hamilton, Frances (2018). 2332:International Organization 2246:Council of Europe (2013). 2026:"Details of Treaty No.155" 1938:Istrefi, Kushtrim (2018). 1910:. Retrieved: 18 April 2016 1871:, Retrieved: 21 April 2016 1392:and ill-treatment, ending 1280:Russian gay propaganda law 1275:Bayev and Others v. Russia 1099:A 2016 book characterizes 1076:, and in 2020 Russia made 1023: 968: 910:living instrument doctrine 547:public and the press. The 523:of recognised competence. 500: 485:exists on a similar case. 386:international organisation 307:living instrument doctrine 18: 5913:UN Human Rights Committee 5870:Human rights institutions 5299: 5011:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4825:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4657:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4603:. V&R unipress GmbH. 4476:10.1186/s40985-017-0060-9 4361:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4357:Skinner, Stephen (2019). 4264:10.1016/j.icj.2016.04.001 4177:Greer, Steven. "Europe". 4112:10.1017/S0020589315000573 4067:10.1017/9781780688008.012 3996:10.1017/9781780688008.019 3955:10.1163/15718034-12341381 3875:10.1017/9781108235075.013 3356:10.1017/S0021223719000049 3186:10.1017/S0007123411000433 2936:10.1017/S0020589315000457 2881:Gerards, Janneke (2018). 2850:10.1007/978-3-030-35085-7 2838:Grover, Sonja C. (2020). 2817:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2813:Draghici, Carmen (2017). 2589:Koenig, Matthias (2020). 2473:Fikfak, Veronika (2018). 2459:10.1017/S0922156520000035 2440:Fikfak, Veronika (2020). 2344:10.1017/S0020818313000398 2279:10.1017/S1574019615000176 1957:10.1163/15730352-04303002 1897:. Retrieved 18 April 2016 1884:. Retrieved 18 April 2016 1078:constitutional amendments 1020:European Court of Justice 954:Oliari and Others v Italy 662:Ireland v. United Kingdom 333:On 10 December 1948, the 52: 48: 39: 25:European Court of Justice 6125:ICRC – organization with 5949:African Court of Justice 5240:Rules of the court (PDF) 4929:Ajevski, Marjan (2014). 4708:Dudgeon v United Kingdom 4221:10.1177/0924051917693988 3898:Cannoot, Pieter (2019). 3571:10.1177/0924051919861844 2765:Journal of Homosexuality 1278:(2017), relating to the 1002:Proportionality analysis 997:Proportionality analysis 107:46 member states of the 5918:UN Human Rights Council 5865:Human rights commission 5791:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 5441:Parliamentary Assembly 5436:Committee of Ministers 5061:Cashman, Laura (2017). 5007:Salát, Orsolya (2015). 4625:"Right to a Fair Trial" 4167:Elgar: Cheltenham 2013. 3791:Human Rights Law Review 3703:Human Rights Law Review 3646:Mälksoo, Lauri (2017). 3131:Oxford University Press 3079:Brummer, Klaus (2008). 3018:Human Rights Law Review 2887:Human Rights Law Review 2667:Human Rights Law Review 2564:Letsas, George (2007). 1908:"How to Distinguish Us" 1539:Protocol 1, Article 1: 1480:conscientious objection 1229:Hirst v. United Kingdom 1008:Belgian Linguistic Case 939:, gender, religion, or 906:judicial interpretation 900:Judicial interpretation 747:Procedure and decisions 560:of the Rules of Court. 471:fall of the Berlin Wall 429:United Nations observer 388:founded in the wake of 303:judicial interpretation 5524:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3552:Glas, Lize R. (2019). 3377:Helfer, L. R. (2008). 2634:Theil, Stefan (2017). 2166:La Corte di Strasburgo 1588:Human rights in Europe 1512:freedom of association 1329: 1262:was judged to violate 1200: 1184: 1074:Constitution of Russia 977:margin of appreciation 971:margin of appreciation 965:Margin of appreciation 933:differential treatment 822: 814: 718:preliminary references 512: 451: 381: 330: 249: 6096:Amnesty International 5451:Court of Human Rights 4979:"Freedom of Assembly" 4847:"Freedom of Religion" 4799:10.1093/medlaw/fwy002 4463:Public Health Reviews 4457:Patel, Priti (2017). 4394:10.1017/9781009103862 4382:Yildiz, Ezgi (2023). 2679:10.1093/hrlrev/ngi003 2322:Helfer, Laurence R.; 2160:30 April 2019 at the 1895:"The European anthem" 1675:Ľalík, Tomáš (2011). 1494:freedom of expression 1472:freedom of conscience 1437:, including quashing 1435:right to a fair trial 1327: 1190: 1182: 1053:Bosphorus Presumption 935:exclusively based on 918:intent of its framers 820: 812: 510: 501:Further information: 442: 324: 317:History and structure 272:which interprets the 260:), also known as the 245: 6127:special status based 5319:Sir Humphrey Waldock 4446:Strasbourg Observers 3715:10.1093/hrlr/ngaa027 1791:"The court in brief" 1685:10.2139/ssrn.1951830 1577:Strasbourg Observers 1531:institutional racism 1460:Right to family life 1439:wrongful convictions 1413:in several countries 1398:forced sterilization 888:The court may award 775:improve this article 366:Neumeister v Austria 149:48.59667°N 7.77417°E 71:48.59667°N 7.77417°E 6175:Human rights courts 5923:UN Security Council 5370:Róbert Ragnar Spanó 5172:Roosevelt Institute 4901:"Freedom of speech" 4653:Goss, Ryan (2014). 3916:10.1017/ilm.2019.53 3803:10.1093/hrlr/ngr020 3416:Human Rights Review 3396:10.1093/ejil/chn004 3030:10.1093/hrlr/ngu023 3002:10.1093/ejil/chx055 2969:10.1093/ejil/chx055 2900:10.1093/hrlr/ngy017 2844:. Springer Nature. 2711:10.1093/icon/mor044 2692:Danisi, C. (2011). 2640:European Public Law 2492:10.1093/ejil/chy064 2404:"Just satisfaction" 2151:Federico Di Salvo, 2138:How the Court works 1906:Council of Europe. 1893:Council of Europe. 1882:"The European flag" 1880:Council of Europe. 1867:Council of Europe, 1720:10.1093/ejil/chn004 1561:Roosevelt Institute 1264:freedom of assembly 1258:(2010), the ban on 1255:Alekseyev v. Russia 912:, meaning that the 732:ECtHR rulings have 677:friendly settlement 536:individual capacity 382:Conseil de l'Europe 266:international court 198:Number of positions 145: / 67: / 6131:Geneva Conventions 6116:Human Rights First 6106:Human Rights Watch 5860:Human rights group 5786:Russia (1996–2022) 5140:Sadurski, Wojciech 4786:Medical Law Review 3605:, pp. 22, 24. 3279:on 15 October 2009 3234:. 15 December 2015 3051:www.corteidh.or.cr 1825:Bates, Ed (2010). 1551:Honours and awards 1425:pretrial detention 1377:capital punishment 1330: 1211:Council of Europe 1201: 1185: 941:sexual orientation 823: 815: 513: 452: 345:began work on the 331: 294:Lawless v. Ireland 250: 165:Composition method 6152: 6151: 5992:Council of Europe 5804: 5803: 5471:Venice Commission 5431:Secretary General 5417:Council of Europe 5383: 5382: 5153:978-0-19-163108-5 5119:Council of Europe 5041:Council of Europe 5018:978-1-78225-986-2 4987:Council of Europe 4909:Council of Europe 4886:978-0-429-95440-5 4855:Council of Europe 4832:978-1-84731-744-5 4760:Council of Europe 4720:Norris v. Ireland 4714:Modinos v. Cyprus 4687:Council of Europe 4664:978-1-78225-496-6 4633:Council of Europe 4610:978-3-89971-967-3 4579:Council of Europe 4556:978-0-19-966784-0 4525:Council of Europe 4426:Council of Europe 4403:978-1-009-10004-5 4368:978-1-5099-2954-2 4337:Council of Europe 4314:978-1-107-72969-8 4283:Council of Europe 4034:. 5 February 2015 4005:978-1-78068-800-8 3884:978-1-108-25687-2 3831:(10): 1681–1700. 3682:. 7 December 2017 3661:978-1-108-23507-5 3538:978-0-19-180848-7 3344:Israel Law Review 3328:978-1-78068-401-7 3154:978-1-78068-800-8 3119:Helen Keller and 2859:978-3-030-35085-7 2824:978-1-5099-0526-3 2771:(12): 1582–1606. 2652:10.17863/CAM.8478 2612:978-3-030-31856-7 2575:978-0-19-920343-7 2547:978-1-107-06743-1 2522:978-1-78068-517-5 2030:Council of Europe 1836:978-0-19-920799-2 1776:978-0-8135-4461-8 1661:978-0-8122-5028-2 1636:978-0-7486-7058-1 1565:Nobel Peace Prize 1516:peaceful assembly 1411:human trafficking 1381:domestic violence 1354:Access to justice 1302:Ivanov v. Ukraine 1284:freedom of speech 959:judicial activism 892:or non-pecuniary 884:Just satisfaction 807: 806: 799: 673:Denmark v. Turkey 343:Council of Europe 325:A segment of the 270:Council of Europe 240: 239: 154:48.59667; 7.77417 109:Council of Europe 76:48.59667; 7.77417 6207: 6195:Courts in France 5831: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5340:Luzius Wildhaber 5335:Rudolf Bernhardt 5294: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5251: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5223:Official website 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4729: 4723: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4478: 4454: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4223: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4181:: 441–464 (452). 4174: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3910:(6): 1251–1280. 3895: 3889: 3888: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3573: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3455:(3–4): 166–173. 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3134: 3121:Alec Stone Sweet 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2914: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2762: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2704:(3–4): 793–807. 2689: 2683: 2682: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2508: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2485:(4): 1091–1125. 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2437: 2422: 2421: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389:"Rules of Court" 2384: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2291: 2290: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2022: 2016: 2015: 1995: 1970: 1969: 1959: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1620: 1451:Right to privacy 1394:police brutality 1346:pilot judgements 949:same-sex couples 871:Interim measures 802: 795: 791: 788: 782: 759: 751: 708:Advisory opinion 688:Cyprus v. Turkey 648:Interstate cases 632:Judge Rapporteur 625:ratione personae 621:ratione temporis 617:ratione materiae 613:Judge Rapporteur 479:repetitive cases 425:anthem of Europe 299:46 member states 262:Strasbourg Court 213: 160: 159: 157: 156: 155: 150: 146: 143: 142: 141: 138: 96:1998 (permanent) 93:1959 (initially) 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 72: 68: 65: 64: 63: 60: 44: 32: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6081: 5979: 5973: 5932:Regional bodies 5927: 5885: 5879: 5848: 5835: 5805: 5800: 5769: 5723: 5649:North Macedonia 5480: 5419: 5414: 5384: 5379: 5345:Jean-Paul Costa 5295: 5286: 5278: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4329:"Right to Life" 4327: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4077: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4006: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3609: 3603:von Staden 2018 3601: 3597: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3482:von Staden 2018 3480: 3476: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321:. Intersentia. 3316: 3315: 3311: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3260:. 14 July 2015. 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2860: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2613: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2500: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2439: 2438: 2425: 2418: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2294: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2162:Wayback Machine 2148: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2012: 1997: 1996: 1973: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1573: 1553: 1541:property rights 1525:Article 14 and 1498:defamation laws 1388:: freedom from 1362: 1322: 1177: 1165: 1137:the Netherlands 1065: 1063:National courts 1028: 1022: 1017: 999: 973: 967: 902: 886: 873: 864: 803: 792: 786: 783: 772: 760: 749: 730: 710: 650: 598: 570: 557: 505: 499: 437: 374: 319: 209: 153: 151: 147: 144: 139: 136: 134: 132: 131: 99: 75: 73: 69: 66: 61: 58: 56: 54: 53: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987:European Union 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5837:International 5836: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5774:Former members 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5719:United Kingdom 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Czech Republic 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5476:Pompidou Group 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5375:Síofra O'Leary 5372: 5367: 5362: 5360:Guido Raimondi 5357: 5355:Dean Spielmann 5352: 5350:Nicolas Bratza 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5216: 5215:External links 5213: 5210: 5209: 5184: 5159: 5152: 5131: 5102: 5076:(5): 595–608. 5053: 5024: 5017: 4999: 4970: 4944:(2): 118–139. 4921: 4892: 4885: 4867: 4838: 4831: 4813: 4792:(1): 144–154. 4772: 4743: 4724: 4699: 4670: 4663: 4645: 4616: 4609: 4591: 4562: 4555: 4537: 4508: 4449: 4438: 4409: 4402: 4374: 4367: 4349: 4320: 4313: 4295: 4270: 4237: 4194: 4184: 4169: 4159: 4148: 4125: 4106:(1): 185–211. 4090: 4075: 4045: 4019: 4004: 3978: 3949:(2): 289–308. 3929: 3890: 3883: 3854: 3808: 3797:(3): 578–593. 3781: 3769:Balkan Insight 3755: 3736:(4): 636–641. 3720: 3709:(3): 555–581. 3693: 3667: 3660: 3648:"Introduction" 3638: 3607: 3595: 3564:(3): 228–244. 3544: 3537: 3511: 3486: 3474: 3435: 3402: 3389:(1): 125–159. 3369: 3350:(2): 169–195. 3334: 3327: 3309: 3290: 3263: 3245: 3219: 3180:(2): 413–439. 3160: 3153: 3135: 3112: 3086: 3071: 3035: 3024:(3): 541–572. 3008: 2995:(3): 871–893. 2975: 2962:(3): 871–893. 2942: 2906: 2893:(3): 495–515. 2873: 2858: 2830: 2823: 2805: 2748: 2717: 2684: 2657: 2646:(3): 587–614. 2626: 2611: 2581: 2574: 2553: 2546: 2528: 2521: 2498: 2465: 2452:(2): 335–369. 2423: 2416: 2394: 2379: 2368: 2357: 2314: 2292: 2273:(2): 274–277. 2253: 2238: 2202: 2200:(October 2020) 2190: 2181: 2170: 2141: 2130: 2105: 2075: 2042: 2017: 2010: 1971: 1950:(3): 255–273. 1930: 1912: 1899: 1886: 1873: 1860: 1855:news.bbc.co.uk 1842: 1835: 1814: 1782: 1775: 1752: 1726: 1713:(1): 125–159. 1690: 1667: 1660: 1642: 1635: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1523: 1505: 1502:whistleblowers 1487: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1442: 1428: 1414: 1400: 1383: 1361: 1358: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1294: 1291:Ilgar Mammadov 1287: 1271: 1250: 1237: 1217:Nils Muižnieks 1176: 1175:Implementation 1173: 1164: 1161: 1153:United Kingdom 1064: 1061: 1024:Main article: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 998: 995: 988:pack mentality 969:Main article: 966: 963: 945:discrimination 901: 898: 885: 882: 872: 869: 863: 860: 805: 804: 763: 761: 754: 748: 745: 729: 723: 709: 706: 705: 704: 698: 692: 684: 670: 649: 646: 597: 594: 572:The court has 569: 566: 556: 553: 498: 495: 469:following the 436: 433: 421:flag of Europe 417:European Union 373: 370: 335:United Nations 318: 315: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 215: 214: 207: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 166: 162: 161: 129: 123: 122: 116: 112: 111: 105: 101: 100: 98: 97: 94: 90: 88: 84: 83: 50: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6213: 6212: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Emergency NGO 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978:Multi-lateral 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884:International 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842:organisations 5840: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:United States 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Liechtenstein 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326:Gérard Wiarda 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5304:Arnold McNair 5302: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5054: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5003: 5000: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4879:. Routledge. 4878: 4871: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4592: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4296: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4076:9781780688008 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3495:"Country Map" 3490: 3487: 3484:, p. 23. 3483: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3425: 3422:(1): 93–112. 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417:9780191840807 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338:(1): 77–110. 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2060: 2057:. p. 5. 2053: 2046: 2043: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2011:0-340-81574-4 2007: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1799: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Helfer, L. R. 1694: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:Freedom Medal 1550: 1546: 1545:expropriation 1542: 1538: 1536: 1535:Romani people 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520:pride parades 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:right to life 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234:right to vote 1231: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1181: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1163:Effectiveness 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1003: 996: 994: 991: 989: 984: 980: 978: 972: 964: 962: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 897: 895: 891: 883: 881: 879: 870: 868: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 841: 835: 832: 827: 819: 811: 801: 798: 790: 780: 776: 770: 769: 764:This section 762: 758: 753: 752: 746: 744: 742: 737: 736: 727: 724: 722: 719: 715: 707: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 689: 685: 682: 678: 674: 671: 668: 664: 663: 659: 658: 657: 655: 647: 645: 642: 636: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 595: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 567: 565: 561: 554: 552: 550: 544: 542: 537: 532: 529: 524: 522: 518: 509: 504: 496: 494: 492: 486: 484: 480: 474: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 449: 445: 441: 435:Member states 434: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384:, CdE) is an 383: 379: 371: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 328: 323: 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 248: 244: 235: 231: 228: 227:Marko Bošnjak 225: 221: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 190: 188: 184: 181: 178: 176:Authorized by 174: 171: 167: 163: 158: 130: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 95: 92: 91: 89: 85: 80: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 5953: 5886:institutions 5846:institutions 5839:human rights 5765:EU relations 5450: 5424:Institutions 5330:Rolv Ryssdal 5285: 5200:. Retrieved 5187: 5175:. Retrieved 5171: 5162: 5143: 5134: 5122:. Retrieved 5114: 5105: 5073: 5069: 5056: 5044:. Retrieved 5036: 5027: 5008: 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4982: 4973: 4941: 4937: 4924: 4912:. Retrieved 4904: 4895: 4876: 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4822: 4816: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4755: 4746: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4682: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4628: 4619: 4600: 4594: 4582:. Retrieved 4574: 4565: 4546: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4520: 4511: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4421: 4412: 4384: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4332: 4323: 4304: 4298: 4286:. Retrieved 4273: 4257:(1): 36–44. 4254: 4250: 4240: 4214:(1): 11–30. 4211: 4207: 4197: 4187: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4151: 4134: 4128: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4058: 4048: 4036:. Retrieved 4031: 4022: 3987: 3981: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3866: 3828: 3824: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3768: 3758: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3686:14 September 3684:. Retrieved 3679: 3670: 3651: 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3625: 3598: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3520: 3514: 3504:25 September 3502:. Retrieved 3498: 3489: 3477: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3318: 3312: 3293: 3281:. Retrieved 3277:the original 3266: 3257: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3231: 3222: 3210:. Retrieved 3177: 3173: 3163: 3144: 3138: 3125: 3115: 3103:. Retrieved 3099: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3050: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2929:(1): 21–60. 2926: 2922: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2840: 2833: 2814: 2808: 2768: 2764: 2751: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2673:(1): 57–79. 2670: 2666: 2660: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2594: 2584: 2565: 2537: 2531: 2512: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2449: 2445: 2407: 2397: 2382: 2371: 2360: 2335: 2331: 2324:Voeten, Erik 2317: 2308: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2241: 2229:. Retrieved 2218:ECHR.coe.int 2217: 2205: 2193: 2184: 2173: 2165: 2153: 2149:(in Italian) 2144: 2133: 2121:. Retrieved 2117: 2108: 2098:25 September 2096:. Retrieved 2066:. Retrieved 2045: 2033:. Retrieved 2029: 2020: 2000: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1826: 1805:. Retrieved 1785: 1765: 1746: 1742: 1710: 1706: 1693: 1676: 1670: 1651: 1645: 1625: 1618: 1554: 1407:forced labor 1363: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1334:Eastern Bloc 1331: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1273: 1267: 1260:Moscow Pride 1253: 1244: 1227: 1221: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1168: 1166: 1098: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1049: 1045:Opinion 2/13 1041: 1029: 1006: 1000: 992: 985: 981: 974: 961:by critics. 952: 930: 921: 903: 887: 874: 865: 856: 852: 848: 844: 836: 828: 824: 793: 787:October 2018 784: 773:Please help 768:verification 765: 740: 733: 731: 725: 711: 700: 694: 686: 672: 661: 651: 637: 629: 624: 620: 616: 610: 599: 582:Vatican City 576:amongst the 574:jurisdiction 571: 568:Jurisdiction 562: 558: 545: 533: 525: 514: 487: 478: 475: 464: 453: 414: 394:human rights 390:World War II 375: 365: 351: 337:adopted the 332: 311: 292: 290: 278:human rights 261: 257: 253: 251: 211:echr.coe.int 104:Jurisdiction 29: 5704:Switzerland 5644:Netherlands 5314:Henri Rolin 5309:René Cassin 5202:4 September 5177:4 September 5124:4 September 5046:4 September 4992:4 September 4914:4 September 4860:4 September 4765:4 September 4692:4 September 4638:4 September 4584:4 September 4530:4 September 4431:4 September 4342:4 September 4288:4 September 4231:2066/175364 4061:: 267–286. 3964:10852/67292 3848:10852/83580 3774:4 September 3631:4 September 3581:2066/206988 3238:19 February 3044:"StackPath" 2737:(3): 639–. 1807:11 February 1527:Protocol 12 1484:proselytize 1482:, right to 1145:Switzerland 878:extradition 679:of 450,000 402:rule of law 327:Berlin Wall 152: / 127:Coordinates 87:Established 74: / 6159:Categories 5674:San Marino 5639:Montenegro 5619:Luxembourg 5514:Azerbaijan 5111:"Property" 5033:"Equality" 2035:31 October 1925:www.un.org 1610:References 1508:Article 11 1490:Article 10 1478:including 1296:Following 1193:Azerbaijan 741:erga omnes 735:erga omnes 726:Erga omnes 392:to uphold 282:Strasbourg 187:Appeals to 140:07°46′27″E 137:48°35′48″N 119:Strasbourg 62:07°46′27″E 59:48°35′48″N 5728:Observers 5614:Lithuania 5090:148370419 4958:146169905 4679:"Privacy" 4571:"Liberty" 4485:0301-0422 4120:146428992 4085:159227980 4038:29 August 4014:189722427 3973:149916470 3924:212883311 3750:155306157 3590:198671225 3469:148706667 3364:210381634 3212:20 August 3194:1469-2112 2868:213018800 2743:2328-3068 2621:227044337 2352:232254690 2287:1574-0196 1966:1573-0352 1559:from the 1468:Article 9 1445:Article 8 1431:Article 6 1417:Article 5 1403:Article 4 1386:Article 3 1369:Article 2 1195:(4%) and 1036:EU states 937:ethnicity 890:pecuniary 549:registrar 398:democracy 223:Currently 218:President 5740:Holy See 5689:Slovenia 5684:Slovakia 5664:Portugal 5529:Bulgaria 5446:Congress 5142:(2012). 5094:Archived 4962:Archived 4808:29481609 4752:"Family" 4503:29450087 4032:BBC News 3680:BBC News 3626:POLITICO 3258:BBC News 3206:Archived 3202:14120365 3133:, 2008). 3055:Archived 2797:Archived 2793:27052577 2785:28949813 2326:(2014). 2222:Archived 2220:. 2019. 2158:Archived 2059:Archived 1798:Archived 1701:(2008). 1571:See also 1533:against 1476:religion 1320:Caseload 951:, as in 641:case law 483:case law 400:and the 264:, is an 121:, France 115:Location 5714:Ukraine 5669:Romania 5629:Moldova 5594:Ireland 5589:Iceland 5584:Hungary 5574:Germany 5569:Georgia 5559:Finland 5554:Estonia 5549:Denmark 5534:Croatia 5519:Belgium 5509:Austria 5504:Armenia 5499:Andorra 5494:Albania 5486:Members 4494:5809857 3304:3336144 3232:Reuters 1421:liberty 1390:torture 1310:Burmych 1270:(2018). 1133:Hungary 1113:Germany 1109:Czechia 1105:Belgium 1101:Austria 894:damages 728:effects 630:If the 586:Belarus 521:jurists 305:is the 268:of the 206:Website 6086:Major 5980:bodies 5755:Mexico 5745:Israel 5735:Canada 5709:Turkey 5699:Sweden 5679:Serbia 5659:Poland 5654:Norway 5634:Monaco 5604:Latvia 5579:Greece 5564:France 5539:Cyprus 5150: 5088: 5015: 4956: 4883: 4829: 4806: 4740:: 341. 4661: 4607: 4553: 4501: 4491: 4483: 4469:: 15. 4400: 4365: 4311: 4118: 4083: 4073: 4012: 4002: 3971: 3922: 3881: 3748: 3658: 3588: 3535: 3467: 3362: 3325: 3302: 3283:23 May 3200: 3192: 3151: 3105:15 May 3064:5 June 2866: 2856: 2821: 2791: 2783: 2741: 2619: 2609: 2572: 2544: 2519: 2414: 2350: 2285: 2231:23 May 2123:23 May 2068:9 June 2008: 1964: 1869:Budget 1833: 1773: 1658: 1633: 1360:Impact 1306:Ivanov 1197:Russia 1157:Russia 1149:Turkey 1147:, and 1141:Norway 1129:France 1125:Sweden 1123:, and 1121:Poland 635:case. 590:Russia 497:Judges 448:Kosovo 406:Europe 378:French 286:France 5853:Types 5750:Japan 5694:Spain 5624:Malta 5599:Italy 5097:(PDF) 5086:S2CID 5066:(PDF) 4965:(PDF) 4954:S2CID 4934:(PDF) 4116:S2CID 4081:S2CID 4010:S2CID 3969:S2CID 3920:S2CID 3746:S2CID 3586:S2CID 3465:S2CID 3360:S2CID 3198:S2CID 3100:HUDOC 3058:(PDF) 3047:(PDF) 2864:S2CID 2800:(PDF) 2789:S2CID 2761:(PDF) 2617:S2CID 2348:S2CID 2225:(PDF) 2214:(PDF) 2092:(PDF) 2062:(PDF) 2055:(PDF) 1801:(PDF) 1794:(PDF) 1117:Italy 920:. In 410:euros 258:ECtHR 233:Since 6101:FIDH 6088:NGOs 5844:and 5204:2020 5179:2020 5148:ISBN 5126:2020 5048:2020 5013:ISBN 4994:2020 4916:2020 4881:ISBN 4862:2020 4827:ISBN 4804:PMID 4767:2020 4694:2020 4659:ISBN 4640:2020 4605:ISBN 4586:2020 4551:ISBN 4532:2020 4499:PMID 4481:ISSN 4433:2020 4398:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4344:2020 4309:ISBN 4290:2020 4071:ISBN 4040:2020 4000:ISBN 3879:ISBN 3776:2020 3688:2020 3656:ISBN 3633:2020 3533:ISBN 3506:2021 3323:ISBN 3300:SSRN 3285:2019 3240:2021 3214:2022 3190:ISSN 3149:ISBN 3107:2024 3066:2021 2854:ISBN 2819:ISBN 2781:PMID 2739:ISSN 2607:ISBN 2570:ISBN 2542:ISBN 2517:ISBN 2412:ISBN 2283:ISSN 2233:2019 2125:2019 2100:2011 2070:2022 2037:2017 2006:ISBN 1962:ISSN 1831:ISBN 1809:2013 1771:ISBN 1749:(4). 1656:ISBN 1631:ISBN 1514:and 1474:and 1409:and 1308:and 1239:The 1030:The 914:text 829:The 588:and 252:The 6129:on 5078:doi 4946:doi 4794:doi 4489:PMC 4471:doi 4390:doi 4259:doi 4226:hdl 4216:doi 4139:doi 4108:doi 4063:doi 3992:doi 3959:hdl 3951:doi 3912:doi 3871:doi 3843:hdl 3833:doi 3799:doi 3738:doi 3734:104 3711:doi 3576:hdl 3566:doi 3525:doi 3457:doi 3424:doi 3391:doi 3352:doi 3182:doi 3026:doi 2997:doi 2964:doi 2931:doi 2895:doi 2846:doi 2773:doi 2706:doi 2675:doi 2648:doi 2599:doi 2487:doi 2454:doi 2340:doi 2275:doi 1952:doi 1715:doi 1681:doi 1252:In 1226:In 928:. 908:is 777:by 681:DKK 623:or 404:in 6161:: 5195:. 5170:. 5117:. 5113:. 5092:. 5084:. 5074:20 5072:. 5068:. 5039:. 5035:. 4985:. 4981:. 4960:. 4952:. 4942:32 4940:. 4936:. 4907:. 4903:. 4853:. 4849:. 4802:. 4790:27 4788:. 4784:. 4758:. 4754:. 4738:19 4736:. 4717:, 4711:, 4685:. 4681:. 4631:. 4627:. 4577:. 4573:. 4523:. 4519:. 4497:. 4487:. 4479:. 4467:38 4465:. 4461:. 4424:. 4420:. 4396:. 4335:. 4331:. 4281:. 4253:. 4249:. 4224:. 4212:35 4210:. 4206:. 4137:. 4114:. 4104:65 4102:. 4079:. 4069:. 4057:. 4030:. 4008:. 3998:. 3967:. 3957:. 3947:17 3945:. 3941:. 3918:. 3908:58 3906:. 3902:. 3877:. 3857:^ 3841:. 3829:24 3827:. 3823:. 3811:^ 3795:11 3793:. 3767:. 3744:. 3732:. 3707:20 3705:. 3678:. 3650:. 3624:. 3610:^ 3584:. 3574:. 3562:37 3560:. 3556:. 3531:. 3497:. 3463:. 3453:45 3451:. 3447:. 3420:21 3418:. 3414:. 3387:19 3385:. 3381:. 3358:. 3348:52 3346:. 3256:. 3230:. 3204:. 3196:. 3188:. 3178:42 3176:. 3172:. 3123:, 3098:. 3053:. 3049:. 3022:14 3020:. 2993:28 2991:. 2987:. 2960:28 2958:. 2954:. 2927:65 2925:. 2921:. 2909:^ 2891:18 2889:. 2885:. 2862:. 2852:. 2795:. 2787:. 2779:. 2769:65 2767:. 2763:. 2735:19 2733:. 2729:. 2700:. 2696:. 2669:. 2644:23 2642:. 2638:. 2615:. 2605:. 2593:. 2556:^ 2501:^ 2483:29 2481:. 2477:. 2450:33 2448:. 2444:. 2426:^ 2406:. 2346:. 2336:68 2334:. 2330:. 2295:^ 2281:. 2271:11 2269:. 2265:. 2216:. 2116:. 2078:^ 2028:. 1974:^ 1960:. 1948:43 1946:. 1942:. 1923:. 1853:. 1817:^ 1755:^ 1747:40 1745:. 1741:. 1729:^ 1711:19 1709:. 1705:. 1567:. 1510:: 1492:: 1470:: 1447:: 1433:: 1419:: 1371:: 1215:, 1143:, 1139:, 1135:, 1131:, 1119:, 1115:, 1111:, 1107:, 1103:, 619:, 584:, 543:. 431:. 412:. 396:, 380:: 288:. 284:, 5830:e 5823:t 5816:v 5409:e 5402:t 5395:v 5273:e 5266:t 5259:v 5206:. 5181:. 5156:. 5128:. 5080:: 5050:. 5021:. 4996:. 4948:: 4918:. 4889:. 4864:. 4835:. 4810:. 4796:: 4769:. 4696:. 4667:. 4642:. 4613:. 4588:. 4559:. 4534:. 4505:. 4473:: 4435:. 4406:. 4392:: 4371:. 4346:. 4317:. 4292:. 4267:. 4261:: 4255:2 4234:. 4228:: 4218:: 4145:. 4141:: 4122:. 4110:: 4087:. 4065:: 4042:. 4016:. 3994:: 3975:. 3961:: 3953:: 3926:. 3914:: 3887:. 3873:: 3851:. 3845:: 3835:: 3805:. 3801:: 3778:. 3752:. 3740:: 3717:. 3713:: 3690:. 3664:. 3635:. 3592:. 3578:: 3568:: 3541:. 3527:: 3508:. 3471:. 3459:: 3432:. 3426:: 3399:. 3393:: 3366:. 3354:: 3331:. 3306:. 3287:. 3242:. 3216:. 3184:: 3157:. 3129:( 3109:. 3068:. 3032:. 3028:: 3005:. 2999:: 2972:. 2966:: 2939:. 2933:: 2903:. 2897:: 2870:. 2848:: 2827:. 2775:: 2745:. 2714:. 2708:: 2702:9 2681:. 2677:: 2671:5 2654:. 2650:: 2623:. 2601:: 2578:. 2550:. 2525:. 2495:. 2489:: 2462:. 2456:: 2420:. 2391:. 2354:. 2342:: 2289:. 2277:: 2250:. 2235:. 2127:. 2102:. 2072:. 2039:. 2014:. 1968:. 1954:: 1927:. 1857:. 1839:. 1811:. 1779:. 1723:. 1717:: 1687:. 1683:: 1664:. 1639:. 1286:. 800:) 794:( 789:) 785:( 771:. 256:( 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

European Court of Human Rights

Index