331:
Brazilian government to organise immigration. Tensions arose between the governmental bureaucracy, that was concerned in populating the country with immigrants deemed easily adaptable to
Brazilian culture and compatible with the racial prejudices of the time, and the coffee planters, eager for cheap labour force of whatever origin; government concerns predominated while Italian and Spanish immigration was sufficient to meet the demand, but as early as 1892 pressure from the planters forced the government to abandon restrictions against Asian immigrants, although a serious crisis in the coffee culture by the end of the century postponed any practical initiatives concerning this until 1908.
435:
463:
of the "White race". On the other hand, Brazilian latifundiaries had been using slave manpower for centuries, with no complaints about the quality of this workforce, and there were not important changes in
Brazilian economy or work processes that could justify such sudden preoccupation with the "race" of the labourers. Their embracing of those new, racist, ideas, moreover, proved quite flexible, even opportunist: with the slow down of Italian immigration since 1902 and the Prinetti Decree, Japanese immigration started in 1908, with any qualms about their non-Whiteness being quickly forgotten.
272:
451:
315:
287:
307:
the problem of work force. Consequently, while immigration until 1872 was focused on establishing communities of landowners, during this period, while this older process continued, immigrants were more and more attracted to the coffee plantations of São Paulo, where they became employees or were allowed to cultivate small tracts of land in exchange for their work in the coffee crop.
802:
377:
in the
Brazilian Congress; however, attempts to organise Black American immigration to Brazil also failed due to administrative action by the Brazilian consulates in the United States, that systematically denied visa to Black applicants, on confidential orders by the Brazilian Foreign Affairs Ministry.
470:
Another factor, also usually neglected, is the fact that, regardless of the racial notions of the
Brazilian elite, European populations were emigrating in great numbers - to the United States, to Argentina, to Uruguay - which African populations certainly weren't doing, at that time. In this respect,
462:
There seems to be no easy explanation of why slaves were not employed as wage workers at the abolition of slavery. One possibility is the influence of race-based ideas from the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, which were based in the pseudo-scientific belief of the superiority
310:
During this period, immigration was much more intense: large numbers of
Europeans, especially Italians, 1.1 million (of a total of almost 2 million from 1870 to 1940), were brought to the country to work in the harvest of coffee, their travel being paid by Brazilian government. 1872 to 1903, almost
306:
In the last quarter of the 19th century, the entry of immigrants in Brazil grew strongly. On one hand, Europe underwent a serious demographic crisis, which resulted in increased immigration; on the other hand, the final crisis of
Brazilian slavery prompted Brazilian authorities to find solutions for
497:
The influence of racist pseudo-scientific ideologies, then prevalent among the educated elites in the
Western World, may have caused the Brazilian government to believe that the Brazilian national identity could only be built in the base of European immigration. However, other factors were possibly
478:
The collapse of slavery was the economic result of three conjugated movements: a) the end of the first industrial revolution (1760-1840) and the beginning of the so-called second industrial revolution (1880-1920); b) the lowering of the reproduction costs of the White man in Europe (1760-1860), due
376:
people. Both subgroups included a number of Jewish immigrants, who arrived in the 1920s. Overall, European immigration remained clearly majoritary during the period, though
Japanese immigration grew, and attempts to restrict immigration to Europeans, on racist bases, in 1921 and 1923, were defeated
466:
An important, and usually ignored, part of this equation was the political situation in Brazil, during the final crisis of slavery. According to Petrônio
Domingues, by 1887 the slave struggles pointed to a real possibility of widespread insurrection. It was as a response to such situation that, on
407:
Immigration also became a more urban phenomenon; most immigrants came for the cities, and even the descendants of the immigrants of the previous periods were moving intensely from the countryside. In the 1950s, Brazil started a program of immigration to provide workers for
Brazilian industries. In
330:
By the beginning of the 1870s, the alternative of the interprovincial slave trade was exhausted, while the demand for workforce in the coffee plantations continued to expand. Thus the paulista oligarchy sought to attract new workers from abroad, by passing provincial legislation and pressuring the
343:
of 1902, that forbade subsidised emigration to Brazil, Italian immigration had, at this stage, a drastic reduction: their average annual entries from 1887 to 1903 was 58,000. In this period they were only 19,000 annually. As a consequence, immigration of non-Europeans was organised, with Japanese
267:
together did not reach 6%. The total number of immigrants per year averaged 6,000. Portuguese immigrants generally were sought after for the cities as they were established in commerce and peddling; others, particularly the Germans, were brought to settle in rural communities as small landowners.
502:
migration to Argentina was certainly a concern), implying the necessity of bringing immigrant families instead of lone individuals, and considerations about language, religion, and other cultural issues. Nevertheless, these government positions were never unopposed among the ruling landed class,
231:
Immigration properly started with the opening of the Brazilian ports, in 1808. The government began to stimulate the arrival of Europeans to occupy plots of land and become small farmers. After independence from Portugal, the Brazilian Empire focused on the occupation of the provinces of
356:, the entry of immigrants of all nationalities decreased. After the War, the immigration of people of "other nationalities" redressed faster than that of Portuguese, Spaniards, Germans and Italians. Part of this category was composed of immigrants from
510:, which contributed to the erosion of the political foundations of the monarchy. After a few months of parliamentary crises, the Emperor was deposed by the military on November 15, 1889, and a Republican government established.
248:. Immigration stalled in 1830, due to legislation forbidding government spending with the settlement of immigrants. Besides, Rio Grande do Sul, the main target of immigration, was convulsed with civil war from 1835 to 1845.
222:
During the first two periods, immigration to Brazil was almost exclusively of European origin, and it remained the majority during all four, in spite of the increasing importance of Japanese immigration.
790:
479:
to the sanitary and pharmacological impact of the first industrial revolution; c) the raising costs of African Black slaves, due to the increasing reproduction costs of Black men in Africa.
1151:
467:
May 13, 1888, slavery was abolished, as a means to restore order and the control of the ruling class, in a situation in which the slave system was almost completely disorganised.
368:- whose emigration was prompted by the collapse of the Russian and Austrian-Hungarian Empires in the aftermath of the First World War - but part by non-Europeans, mainly
783:
183:
According to the 2022 census, 88.8% (180 million) of Brazilians are of European descent. 43.46% (88 million) are of European descent only and identify as
776:
527:
209:
1. 1820-1876: small number of immigrants (about 6,000 per year), predominance of Portuguese (45.73%), with significant numbers of Germans (12.97%);
385:
From 1931 to 1963, 1,106,404 immigrants entered Brazil, at an annual rate of 33,500. The participation of Europeans decreased, while that of
747:
726:
707:
688:
1730:
1108:
200:
768:
491:
1116:
1284:
471:
what was new in "immigration to Brazil" was not the "immigration", but the "to Brazil" part. As Wilson do Nascimento Barbosa puts it,
1322:
763:
1332:
1141:
1131:
1121:
400:, the Revolution of 1930 and the consequent rise of a nationalist government, immigration to Brazil was significantly reduced. The
1274:
434:
1510:
1179:
1301:
1199:
1126:
1000:
1735:
1536:
1269:
1189:
1136:
978:
271:
1184:
450:
1406:
1353:
995:
409:
349:
339:
From 1904 to 1930, 2,142,781 immigrants came to Brazil - making an annual average of 79,000 people. In consequence of the
264:
81:
1194:
1327:
835:
806:
1296:
553:
Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) p. 52.
187:. 45.34% (92 million) are descendants of Europeans mixed with Africans or indigenous people and declare themselves as
1054:
648:
565:
561:
559:
396:
With the radicalisation of the political situation in Europe, the end of the demographic crisis, the decadence of
1649:
577:
Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)
218:
4. 1931-1963: declining number of immigrants (about 33,500 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (38.45%).
1551:
1337:
1037:
498:
at work here, such as the necessity of bringing permanent immigrants (avoiding a phenomenon similar to the
1677:
215:
3. 1904-1930: large number of immigrants (about 79,000 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (36.97%);
161:
205:
Maria Stella Ferreira Levy suggests the following periodisation of the process of immigration to Brazil:
1692:
1687:
1592:
1546:
1389:
1209:
503:
which often pressed for a more lax policy on immigration, particularly when there was labour shortage.
294:
1587:
719:
O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade
1567:
1520:
1484:
1204:
1159:
1083:
1075:
840:
401:
345:
252:
212:
2. 1877-1903: large number of immigrants (about 71,000 per year), predominance of Italians (58.49%);
1628:
1597:
1572:
1469:
1384:
1369:
1306:
1279:
1174:
1164:
1061:
1032:
173:
137:
101:
72:
1704:
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1618:
1602:
1582:
1515:
1379:
1264:
1169:
1098:
1066:
647:
Thomas Skidmore. Racial ideas and social policies in Brazil, 1870-1940. In Richard Graham et al.
386:
290:
93:
314:
1401:
661:
1639:
1541:
1489:
1479:
1394:
1291:
1093:
743:
722:
703:
684:
636:
607:
528:"Censo Demográfi co 2010 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo"
455:
439:
429:
413:
279:
260:
245:
141:
121:
1709:
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1494:
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1444:
1238:
1223:
858:
608:
Café atrai imigrante europeu para o Brasil - 22 February 2005 - Resumos | História do Brasil
256:
188:
184:
105:
60:
21:
1088:
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340:
286:
233:
177:
89:
77:
56:
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241:
879:
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97:
85:
619:
595:
1724:
737:
125:
1043:
893:
566:
O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)
424:
The role of European immigration in the transition from slave labour to wage labour
487:
323:
900:
507:
353:
251:
Between 1820 and 1871, 350,117 immigrants entered Brazil. Of these, 45.73% were
129:
953:
845:
829:
1049:
149:
145:
919:
576:
550:
873:
157:
959:
909:
866:
851:
365:
153:
133:
109:
810:
443:
361:
357:
275:
17:
408:
São Paulo, for example, between 1957 and 1961, more than 30% of the
591:
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587:
585:
886:
449:
433:
390:
369:
313:
285:
270:
742:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
702:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
268:
They received land, seed, livestock and other items to develop.
772:
681:
Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825–1891
311:
two million immigrants arrived, at a rate of 71,000 per year
739:
As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos
55: Entire country; highest percents found in
1670:
1611:
1560:
1529:
1503:
1462:
1453:
1437:
1428:
1362:
1346:
1315:
1257:
1248:
1231:
1222:
1150:
1107:
1074:
1026:
1019:
987:
970:
940:
931:
821:
240:started to populate what is nowadays the region of
115:
66:
49:
35:
404:remained the most significant group, with 39.35%.
352:with 22% and Germans. From 1914 to 1918, due to
420:immigrants were brought to work in factories.
176:to Brazil. It should not be confused with the
784:
389:increased. From 1932 to 1935 immigrants from
8:
649:The Idea of race in Latin America, 1870-1940
30:
721:(in Portuguese). Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
44:43.4% of Brazilians identify as being white
1459:
1434:
1254:
1228:
1023:
937:
818:
791:
777:
769:
255:, 35.74% of "other nationalities," 12.97%
29:
662:"www.soleis.adv.br -- Divulgue este site"
551:http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v8s0/03.pdf
348:constituted 38% of entries, followed by
683:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
519:
506:The Lei Áurea set off a reaction among
344:immigrants arriving from 1908 on. The
293:working in a coffee plantation in the
393:constituted 30% of total admissions.
7:
201:European immigration to the Americas
50:Regions with significant populations
20:population of European origins, see
92:. Other smaller minorities include
637:Start of the immigration to Brazil
180:of the country by the Portuguese.
14:
764:European immigration to Argentina
596:Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil
800:
736:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998).
486:Slavery was abolished by law (
170:European immigration to Brazil
31:European immigration to Brazil
1:
606:Eliane Yambanis Obersteiner.
236:. From 1824, immigrants from
679:Barman, Roderick J. (1999).
1731:European diaspora in Brazil
618:Maria Stella Ferreira Levy
174:movement of European people
1752:
427:
318:Italian immigrants in the
198:
82:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch
76:minorities speak assorted
15:
817:
698:Besouchet, Lídia (1993).
320:Hospedaria dos Imigrantes
120:
71:
54:
40:
1033:American (United States)
381:Fourth Period: 1931-1964
302:Second Period: 1872-1903
700:Pedro II e o Século XIX
335:Third period: 1904-1930
227:First period: 1820-1872
1678:Demographics of Brazil
807:Ancestry and ethnicity
717:Janotti, Aldo (1990).
492:Regent Princess Isabel
459:
458:arriving in São Paulo.
447:
327:
298:
283:
162:Japanese new religions
1736:Immigration to Brazil
1055:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
453:
437:
317:
289:
274:
244:, in the province of
291:European immigrants
32:
836:Indigenous peoples
494:) on 13 May 1888.
460:
448:
412:, over 50% of the
328:
299:
295:State of São Paulo
284:
1718:
1717:
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1008:
749:978-85-7164-837-1
728:978-85-319-0512-4
709:978-85-209-0494-7
690:978-0-8047-3510-0
533:. 8 November 2011
440:Slavery in Brazil
430:Slavery in Brazil
246:Rio Grande do Sul
167:
166:
142:Jehovah Witnesses
122:Roman Catholicism
45:
1743:
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1024:
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61:southeast states
43:
36:Total population
33:
22:White Brazilians
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988:Central Africa
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432:
426:
416:and 70% of the
383:
341:Prinetti Decree
337:
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234:Southern Brazil
229:
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197:
78:German dialects
75:
57:southern states
42:
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25:
12:
11:
5:
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1671:Related topics
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238:Central Europe
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126:Protestantism
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34:
23:
19:
1697:
1683:Colonization
1552:Scandinavian
1438:By ethnicity
1429:
1328:East Indians
1285:in São Paulo
1241:(East Asian)
1232:By ethnicity
1044:Confederados
1042:
971:West Africa
952:
941:By ethnicity
918:
910:
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894:
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828:
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546:
535:. Retrieved
522:
508:slave owners
505:
499:
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490:, signed by
485:
477:
469:
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406:
395:
384:
338:
329:
319:
309:
305:
250:
242:São Leopoldo
230:
221:
204:
182:
178:colonisation
169:
168:
27:Ethnic group
1698:from Europe
1693:Immigration
1688:Slave trade
1454:By country
1390:Palestinian
1323:Bangladeshi
1249:By country
1117:Costa Rican
954:quilombolas
673:Works cited
354:World War I
130:Agnosticism
1725:Categories
1705:Emigration
1593:Portuguese
1588:Macedonian
1547:Lithuanian
1511:Belarusian
1307:Vietnamese
1275:Indonesian
1210:Venezuelan
1200:Surinamese
1190:Paraguayan
1180:Ecuadorian
1142:Salvadoran
1137:Panamanian
1132:Nicaraguan
1122:Guatemalan
841:Mixed-race
830:Brazilians
537:2014-07-12
514:References
500:golondrina
402:Portuguese
346:Portuguese
253:Portuguese
199:See also:
102:Lithuanian
73:Portuguese
41:88.252.121
1623:British (
1568:Bulgarian
1521:Ukrainian
1485:Hungarian
1456:or region
1333:Pakistani
1297:Malaysian
1251:or region
1205:Uruguayan
1175:Colombian
1160:Argentine
1084:Barbadian
1076:Caribbean
1050:New Texas
1038:Americana
1001:Congolese
874:mamelucos
651:p. 23-25.
488:Lei Áurea
454:Group of
350:Spaniards
324:São Paulo
278:house in
150:Orthodoxy
146:Mormonism
138:Spiritism
94:Ukrainian
80:, mainly
67:Languages
1629:Scottish
1598:Romanian
1573:Croatian
1561:Southern
1537:Estonian
1530:Northern
1470:Austrian
1385:Lebanese
1370:Armenian
1316:Southern
1280:Japanese
1270:Filipino
1195:Peruvian
1185:Guyanese
1165:Bolivian
1127:Honduran
1099:Jamaican
1062:Canadian
1020:Americas
979:Nigerian
902:caiçaras
867:caboclos
846:mestiços
758:See also
456:Italians
387:Japanese
374:Lebanese
261:Italians
259:, while
158:Buddhism
116:Religion
1625:English
1619:Belgian
1612:Western
1603:Spanish
1583:Italian
1542:Latvian
1516:Russian
1504:Eastern
1463:Central
1412:Turkish
1402:Iranian
1363:Western
1347:Central
1265:Chinese
1258:Eastern
1170:Chilean
1094:Haitian
1067:Mexican
996:Angolan
960:Kalunga
920:sararás
911:mulatos
895:juçaras
888:cafuzos
853:ainokos
414:Italian
410:Spanish
366:Romania
265:Spanish
257:Germans
195:History
154:Judaism
134:Atheism
110:Yiddish
106:Russian
1710:Racism
1640:French
1490:Polish
1480:German
1430:Europe
1407:Jewish
1395:Syrian
1354:Afghan
1338:Romani
1292:Korean
1239:Yellow
933:Africa
860:pardos
822:Brazil
811:Brazil
746:
725:
706:
687:
621:. p.51
444:Debret
442:," by
370:Syrian
362:Russia
358:Poland
280:Paraná
276:Polish
90:Polish
86:Talian
18:Brazil
1645:Irish
1635:Dutch
1578:Greek
1495:Swiss
1475:Czech
1445:White
1380:Iraqi
1089:Cuban
948:Black
579:p.51.
531:(PDF)
418:Greek
391:Japan
322:, in
189:Pardo
185:White
98:Dutch
1627:and
1375:Arab
1302:Thai
1224:Asia
744:ISBN
723:ISBN
704:ISBN
685:ISBN
372:and
364:and
263:and
160:and
88:and
59:and
16:For
843:or
809:in
156:,
1727::
584:^
558:^
360:,
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1631:)
792:e
785:t
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752:.
731:.
712:.
693:.
664:.
540:.
446:.
438:"
326:.
297:.
282:.
24:.
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