637:
1291:
379:
1052:, six main Directives protect basic equality rights in EU law. The rules are not consolidated, and on gender pay potentially limited in not enabling a hypothetical comparator, or comparators in outsourced business. Equality rules do not yet apply to child care rights, which only give women substantial time off, and consequently hinder equality in men and women caring for children after birth, and pursuing their careers.
295:(2005) C-397/01, "the worker must be regarded as the weaker party to the employment contract and it is therefore necessary to prevent the employer being in a position to disregard the intentions of the other party to the contract or to impose on that party a restriction of his rights without him having expressly given his consent in that regard."
338:
912:
1122:
prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief, age, race and gender. As well as "direct discrimination", there is a prohibition on "indirect discrimination" where employers apply a neutral rule to everybody, but this has a disproportionate impact on the protected
745:
Theoretically, only the
European Court of Human Rights should have competence to decide issues related to collective bargaining and industrial action, as the European Union treaties do not confer competence on the EU to legislate on such issues. The ECHR's scope extends to collective bargaining given
132:. What is conspicuously not included is unjust dismissal of workers, and according to article 153(5) "pay, the right of association, the right to strike or the right to impose lock-outs". As it says, "the Union shall support and complement the activities of the Member States in the following fields:"
491:
requires that pension benefits are protected through a national insurance fund, that information is provided to beneficiaries, and minimum standards of governance are observed. These include protecting the "pension promise" of employers in the event of business trouble, and require minimum standards
1688:
art 7, referring to "four weeks" and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of "weekly" as meaning a "seven-day period". The choice to phrase time off as "weeks" was interpreted by the UK Supreme Court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time, rather than separate days in the UK
1322:
Article 9, "In defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall take into account requirements linked to the promotion of a high level of employment, the guarantee of adequate social protection, the fight against social exclusion, and a high level of education, training and
418:
creates a bare minimum of four months of parental leave (to be used by parents/legal guardians and to be taken before the child reaches a specified age, up to the age of eight, as determined by each Member State) of which al least two months are non-transferable and are paid at a level that is
460:
requires basic requirements to prevent and insure against workplace risks, with employee consultation and participation, and this is complemented by specialised
Directives, ranging from work equipment to dangerous industries. In almost all cases, all member states go significantly beyond this
108:
of 1956 recommended that labour standards did not need to be harmonised, although a general principle of anti-discrimination between men and women was included in the early
Treaties. Increasingly, the absence of labour rights was seen as inadequate given the capacity for a
410:
requires a minimum of 4 weeks (totalling 28 days) paid holidays each year, a minimum of 20-minute paid rest breaks for 6-hour work shifts, limits on night work or time spent on dangerous work, and a maximum 48-hour working week unless a worker individually consents.
1327:
1302:
article 147 to contribute to a "high level of employment by encouraging cooperation between Member States". This has not resulted in legislation, which usually requires taxation and fiscal stimulus for significant change, while the
287:(1986) C-66/85, 'the essential feature of an employment relationship ... is that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration.'
2289:
1315:. The EU undertakes ad hoc initiatives to combat unemployment, but only indirectly through better regulation. It does not have any specific fiscal stimulus programme, outside funds used for general regional development.
1169:
generally require that people who do not have ordinary full-time, permanent contracts are treated no less favourably than their colleagues. However, the scope of the protected worker is left to member state law, and the
238:
A first group of
Directives create a range of individual rights in EU employment relationships. The objective of transnational regulation is to progressively raise the minimum floor in line with economic development.
1101:
Article 10, "In defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall aim to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation."
30:. In setting regulatory floors to competition for job-creating investment within the Union, and in promoting a degree of employee consultation in the workplace, European labour law is viewed as a pillar of the "
81:
1845:
488:
341:
state that workers have the right to move freely and work anywhere in the EU, without discrimination on grounds of nationality, subject to exceptions to preserve public policy, security and health.
255:
1586:
it is possible to extend legal rules, which are appropriate to the social phenomenon for which they were originally developed, to other social phenomena, thereby concealing the exercise of social
2753:
1228:
require that staff retain all contractual rights, unless there is an independent economic, technical or organisational reason, if their workplace is sold from one company to another. Last, the
2743:
972:
830:
785:
2284:
1060:
The principle of equality regardless of status is a fundamental value in all
European member states, and constitutes a core principle that pervades the objectives of every institution.
278:
is that an employee is generally to be defined according to the fact that he or she is invariably the weaker party in an employment contract, and works under the direction of another.
2603:
2188:
515:, the EU created a network of transnational financial regulators in an attempt to prevent the undercutting of standards by countries competing on low regulation. One of these is the
516:
1785:
1954:
1242:
affirmed that member states which fail to implement the minimum standards in EU Directives are liable to pay compensation to employees who should have rights under them.
503:
1691:
2722:
2117:
1976:
890:
121:
42:
1918:
526:
789:. These decisions suggested the fundamental right of workers to take collective action was subordinate to business freedom to establish and provide services.
34:". Despite wide variation in employment protection and related welfare provision between member states, a contrast is typically drawn with conditions in the
2181:
1936:
874:
688:
2085:
1378:
get a minimum wage, access to sick pay, holidays and general employment rights. The announcement sent stock prices of gig economy brands lower, including
2299:
1095:
1363:
1079:
1070:
999:
636:
1174:
only applies to "basic working conditions" (mostly pay, working hours and participation rights) and enabled member states to have a qualifying period.
523:
318:
200:
The objectives draw, according to TFEU article 151, inspiration from a number of other treaties and sources, which in turn draw inspiration from the
1815:
1449:
1225:
839:
2097:
1358:
283:
1615:
1543:
80:
so that people may earn a living to fully participate in a democratic society. The EU's competences generally follow principles codified in the
2304:
2264:
2174:
1239:
1221:
1065:
733:
721:
549:
1574:. All these abstractions contain within them socially opposed and contradictory phenomena: property used for production and property used for
1212:
rights are provided by three
Directives. There are further norms in the Treaties which aspire to create a high level of employment in the EU.
2335:
2294:
1659:
961:
925:
696:
399:
492:
of funding. Most member states go far beyond these requirements, particularly by requiring a vote for employees in who manages their money.
2748:
2664:
1639:
1229:
1166:
949:
1832:
465:
590:
2325:
1967:
1566:(1981) 103, 'The technique of bourgeois society and its law is to cover social facts and factors of social existence with abstractions:
1194:
704:
645:
243:
27:
1882:
2833:
2789:
2528:
1232:
requires that employees' wage claims are protected in the event that their employer falls insolvent. This last
Directive gave rise to
799:
748:
271:
requires that every employee (however defined by member state law) has the right to a written statement of their employment contract.
1950:
2226:
1728:
1483:
1459:
1348:
1115:
352:
There is also an old
Directive concerning posted workers which has recently become highly contentious given decisions by the ECJ in
201:
1429:
766:
held "the right to bargain collectively with the employer has, in principle, become one of the essential elements" of article 11.
1224:
specifies that minimum periods of notice and consultation occur if more than a set number of jobs in a workplace are at risk. The
711:. In total, the requirement to inform and consult the workforce (negotiate with a view to agreement) is found in four directives.
555:
2709:
2659:
2399:
715:
657:
291:
1883:"Directive 2018/957 amending Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services"
1260:
595:
311:
302:
867:
496:
424:
65:. In virtually all cases, the EU follows the principle that member states can always create rights more beneficial to workers.
1914:
1754:
state "5.6 weeks" is needed, although this is also 28 days, as a "week" was originally taken to refer to a 5-day working week.
512:
2838:
2768:
2353:
1579:
1162:
1119:
763:
753:
668:
621:
471:
2654:
1802:
1290:
268:
2488:
2363:
2197:
1751:
1158:
445:
415:
1098:) "In all its activities, the Union shall aim to eliminate inequalities, and to promote equality, between men and women."
664:
laws. This is practically important as a majority of EU member states require employee representation on company boards.
45:, article 153(1) is able to use the ordinary legislation procedure on a list of labour law fields. This notably excludes
2763:
2669:
2618:
2241:
2027:
1892:
1732:
1671:
1587:
1353:
1333:
1273:
1127:
1111:
727:
383:
1819:
2639:
1932:
1197:
1178:
937:
676:
407:
387:
101:
1674:
579:
519:, which replaced a committee known as the "Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors".
2558:
2320:
2010:
860:
806:
758:
641:
439:
2071:
1255:
317:
The
European Court of Justice expressly rules that there are generally no exemptions from the term "employee" for
1790:
1780:
1766:
1747:
1399:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1084:
434:
345:
275:
1146:
671:
561:
2794:
2649:
2279:
2274:
1848:
1414:
901:
507:(2007) C-278/05, the member state pension guarantee institution must reimburse at much more than 20% of pension
366:
97:
73:
1715:(1930) arguing a 15-hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared.
2695:
2330:
1631:
1575:
1404:
1135:
325:
249:
233:
58:
2758:
2211:
1285:
842:
779:
625:
431:
1835:
extends these protections to people who do not have typical, full-time or permanent employment contracts.
1424:
2812:
2548:
2384:
2269:
1304:
617:
611:
50:
31:
2690:
2059:
1655:
583:
386:
art 2(1) requires "the working week to be progressively reduced" with "increase of productivity". The
2623:
2543:
1612:
1343:
1028:
1019:
1010:
660:, employees are entitled to no less favourable representation than under the member state's existing
567:
457:
85:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2473:
1643:
1247:
162:
155:
114:
1251:(2005) C-188/03, the Collective Redundancies Directive 1998 ‘imposes an obligation to negotiate’.
644:, which protect employees' right to vote for a corporation's management. This is reflected in the
2727:
2644:
2573:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2345:
1234:
814:
756:
held that any detriment for membership of a trade union was incompatible with article 11, and in
708:
649:
537:
178:(h) the integration of persons excluded from the labour market, without prejudice to Article 166;
110:
1531:, conference in the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 11–12 April 2002.
168:(f) representation and collective defence of the interests of workers and employers, including
2593:
2563:
2538:
2518:
2508:
2483:
2389:
2137:
1860:
1635:
1455:
1409:
1383:
1281:
321:, which would allow member states to restrict employee protection on non-executive-employees.
229:
225:
205:
137:
104:
agreement, the development of
European labour law has been a gradual process. Originally, the
175:(g) conditions of employment for third-country nationals legally residing in Union territory;
2807:
2685:
2588:
2553:
2533:
2432:
378:
189:
169:
125:
328:
has been proposed to recognise platforms as employers, and regulate algorithmic management.
2216:
2102:
1619:
1559:
1312:
1308:
1061:
793:
770:
661:
607:
484:
419:
determined by the Member State; ten days of paternity leave paid at least at the level of
403:
217:
182:
148:
46:
2437:
61:, (3) rights to information, consultation, and participation at work, and (4) rights to
2784:
987:
427:
creates a right for mothers to a minimum of 14 weeks' paid leave to care for children.
185:
between men and women with regard to labour market opportunities and treatment at work;
23:
2827:
2447:
2412:
2407:
2379:
2014:
1555:
1387:
700:
692:
221:
77:
54:
35:
22:
regulates basic transnational standards of employment and partnership at work in the
1374:
In December 2021, the European Commission published new draft legislation to ensure
773:
in all democratic member states, has been seen as lying in tension with some of the
2442:
2422:
2417:
2231:
1971:
1695:
1571:
1209:
691:
requires that workplaces with over 20 or 50 staff have the right to set up elected
105:
62:
1980:
195:(k) the modernisation of social protection systems without prejudice to point (c).
656:
If a company transforms from a member state corporation to incorporate under the
2221:
2166:
1583:
1375:
1277:
822:
620:, although the EU, with all member states, is bound by the jurisprudence of the
354:
2259:
2236:
1806:(1998) C-411/96 requires pay be at least the same level as statutory sick pay.
1419:
420:
136::(a) improvement in particular of the working environment to protect workers'
129:
69:
1933:"EU Posted Workers Directive: impact on employers posting workers to Belgium"
2717:
1708:
1379:
1171:
117:
if corporations can shift jobs and production to countries with low wages.
1777:
1763:
1744:
1685:
1595:
1592:
Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labour Law in Europe
1567:
1338:
391:
128:) lists in article 2(1) the European Union's competence in the field of
1887:
533:
76:
justifies substitution of rules in property and contract with positive
2161:
852:
1951:"The EU approved the Directive n. 2018-957 on the posting of workers"
1049:
1038:
834:
IRLR 160 (C-319/05, see also (C-319/06), on free movement of services
1970:
art 11. This codified traditions in democratic member states before
1451:
United in Diversity?: Comparing Social Models in Europe and America
1289:
635:
390:
requires at least four paid weeks of holiday a year. With two-day
377:
82:
Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 1989
1846:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
524:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority Regulation
489:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
2427:
2082:
1724:
1540:
1319:
1299:
2170:
2098:"Gig economy workers to get employee rights under EU proposals"
856:
2118:"Gig economy stocks plunge amid EU regulatory crackdown fears"
774:
536:
for cross-border worker (UE and extra-UE) is regulated by the
1630:
Initially the UK had opted-out, because of opposition by the
769:
This approach, which includes affirmation of the fundamental
707:
requires representation of workers on company boards in some
256:
Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers
394:, most people in the EU work two-thirds of the year or less.
640:
A majority of EU countries have legislation, including the
57:
of labour rights include (1) individual labour rights, (2)
1578:, agreements between equal parties and agreements between
2162:
EU homepage on Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion
1517:
831:
Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet
786:
Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet
746:
the right to freedom of association under article 11. In
550:
Equal Treatment in Occupational Social Security Directive
1514:
Globalisation and the Reform of European Social Models
517:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
308:
Holterman Ferho Exploitatie BV v Spies Von Büllesheim
1833:
Health and Safety of Atypical Workers Directive 1991
1786:
Pfeiffer v Deutsches Kreuz, Kreisverband Waldshut eV
1529:
Let Social Policy Models Compete and Europe Will Win
818:(2017) (C-566/15), scope of free movement of workers
466:
Health and Safety of Atypical Workers Directive 1991
2777:
2736:
2708:
2678:
2632:
2611:
2602:
2456:
2398:
2372:
2344:
2313:
2250:
2204:
591:
RegioPost GmbH & Co v Stadt Landau in der Pfalz
1090:This is reflected in a number of TFEU provisions.
1330:, on coordinated strategies to promote employment
504:Robins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
1692:Russell v Transocean International Resources Ltd
1516:, Bruegel, Bruselas. Accessible por internet en
826:IRLR 143 (C-438/05), on freedom of establishment
1977:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch
616:The EU is formally not enabled to legislate on
134:
122:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
43:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1915:"Impact posting of workers Directive 2018-957"
1564:Labour Law and Politics in the Weimar Republic
2182:
868:
8:
1048:Beyond the general principle of equality in
556:Equal Treatment in Social Security Directive
84:, introduced in the "social chapter" of the
2285:Economic and Financial Affairs Commissioner
1713:Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren
689:Information and Consultation Directive 2002
2608:
2189:
2175:
2167:
1656:Employment Information Directive 2019/1152
1311:has been acutely controversial during the
875:
861:
853:
1816:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
1294:US and EU unemployment rates, 1993–2009.
1226:Transfers of Undertakings Directive 2001
840:Collective Bargaining and Wage Directive
458:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
2290:Taxation and Customs Union Commissioner
1957:from the original on 18 September 2020.
1939:from the original on 18 September 2020.
1921:from the original on 18 September 2020.
1440:
472:Minimum Workplace Safety Directive 1989
2305:European Economic and Social Committee
1803:Boyle v Equal Opportunities Commission
1222:Collective Redundancies Directive 1998
722:Information and Consultation Directive
154:(d) protection of workers where their
1660:Employment Information Directive 1991
1364:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
1080:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
1074:to be a general principle of EU law.
1071:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
1000:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
975:R (Seymour-Smith) v SS for Employment
962:Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist
926:Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz
697:European Works Council Directive 2009
400:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
269:Employment Information Directive 2019
7:
2754:Third-country economic relationships
1454:. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Onlin.
1230:Insolvency Protection Directive 2008
1167:Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008
950:Marschall v Land Nordrhein Westfalen
695:with a range of binding rights, the
284:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg
274:The consistent jurisprudence of the
1484:"NAFTA and the EC Social Dimension"
1448:Alber, Jens; Gilbert, Neil (2010).
1195:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
705:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
646:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
423:; five days carers’ leave; and the
244:European Convention on Human Rights
28:European Convention on Human Rights
2790:European Trade Union Confederation
1359:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
1334:European Union Labour Force Survey
800:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
749:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
398:Reflecting basic standards in the
14:
2227:2008 European Union stimulus plan
1729:Holidays with Pay Convention 1970
1590:behind a veil of law'. A Supiot,
1582:, capitalist and worker. Through
1349:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
1116:Equality Framework Directive 2000
734:Collective Redundancies Directive
202:International Labour Organization
151:and social protection of workers;
1298:Today, the EU is required under
938:Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange
716:European Works Council Directive
658:European Company Regulation 2001
292:Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz
580:Public Contracts Directive 2014
497:Insolvency Protection Directive
425:Pregnant Workers Directive 1992
59:anti-discrimination regulations
2769:Transatlantic Economic Council
2031:(2009) Application No 68959/01
1891:. 28 June 2018. Archived from
1750:. In the UK, the implementing
1634:, but was acceded to when the
1163:Fixed-term Work Directive 1999
1120:Equal Treatment Directive 2006
777:'s previous case law, notably
669:Employee Involvement Directive
622:European Court of Human Rights
41:The European Union, under the
26:and countries adhering to the
1:
2198:Economy of the European Union
2049:(2007) C-319/05, and C-319/06
1752:Working Time Regulations 1998
1159:Part-time Work Directive 1997
446:Parental Leave Directive 2019
416:Parental Leave Directive 2019
319:executives under European Law
68:The fundamental principle of
2242:European Employment Strategy
2028:Enerji Yapi-Yol Sen v Turkey
1733:European Social Charter 1961
1672:European Social Charter 1961
1600:The Law of the Labour Market
1430:Work–life balance in Germany
1354:Greek government-debt crisis
1323:protection of human health."
1274:European Employment Strategy
1256:USDAW v WW Realisation 1 Ltd
1128:Equality Framework Directive
1112:Race Equality Directive 2000
728:Business Transfers Directive
683:Information and consultation
586:) arts 18, 69-71 and Annex X
384:European Social Charter 1961
1179:Part-time Workers Directive
1094:Article 8 (ex Article 3(2)
677:European Company Regulation
408:Working Time Directive 2003
388:Working Time Directive 2003
374:Working time and child care
246:articles 4, 6, 9, 10 and 11
102:European Economic Community
2855:
2144:(3rd edn Oxford, OUP 2006)
2011:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
1731:(no 132) and see also the
1482:McDowell, Manfred (1995).
1271:
807:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
759:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
642:Oxford University Act 1854
605:
564:1408/71/EC and 883/2004/EC
562:Social Security Regulation
513:2007–2008 financial crisis
440:Pregnant Workers Directive
215:
2834:European Union labour law
2803:
2665:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1903:– via Eumonitor.eu.
1400:United Kingdom labour law
1187:Fixed-term Work Directive
1144:Equal Treatment Directive
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
996:
984:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
888:
703:transnationally, and the
602:Collective representation
346:Citizens Rights Directive
276:European Court of Justice
172:, subject to paragraph 5;
100:was central to the first
16:EU employment legislation
2795:Euro Banking Association
2744:Largest trading partners
2149:A Casebook on Labour Law
1618:16 November 2013 at the
1415:International labour law
902:Defrenne v Sabena (No 2)
632:Participatory governance
367:Posted Workers Directive
299:Danosa v LKB Līzings SIA
161:(e) the information and
98:free movement of workers
74:unequal bargaining power
1405:United States labor law
1370:Gig economy legislation
1136:Race Equality Directive
914:Handels-og KF v Danfoss
326:Platform Work Directive
250:European Social Charter
234:United States labor law
212:Labour and human rights
144:(b) working conditions;
2759:European Economic Area
2212:European Single Market
1295:
1286:Unemployment in the UK
1216:Business restructuring
780:ITWF v Viking Line ABP
653:
626:freedom of association
432:Working Time Directive
395:
198:
53:. Four main fields of
2839:Labour law by country
2813:European Union Portal
2749:Free trade agreements
2385:London Stock Exchange
1640:1997 general election
1488:Labor Studies Journal
1305:European Central Bank
1293:
741:Collective bargaining
639:
618:collective bargaining
612:Collective bargaining
381:
188:(j) the combating of
51:collective bargaining
32:European social model
2336:Regional development
1953:. 5 September 2018.
1895:on 18 September 2020
1344:European debt crisis
1064:was affirmed by the
1029:Directive 2000/78/EC
1020:Directive 2000/43/EC
1011:Directive 2006/54/EC
718:2009/38/EC art 6(3)
568:Directive 2005/36/EC
499:2008/94/EC article 8
263:Employment contracts
86:Treaty of Maastricht
1644:Treaty of Amsterdam
883:EU equality sources
724:2002/14/EC art 4(2)
662:board participation
156:employment contract
124:(deriving from the
115:international trade
72:is that employees'
20:European labour law
2728:Knowledge triangle
2679:of the Netherlands
2321:Agricultural (CAP)
2124:. 6 December 2021.
2106:. 9 December 2021.
1974:. See for example
1632:Conservative Party
1611:See the Charter's
1527:Boeri, T. (2002):
1512:Sapir, A. (2005):
1296:
1235:Francovich v Italy
941:(1990) Case 262/88
843:COM/2020/682 final
815:Erzberger v TUI AG
709:European Companies
654:
650:European Companies
574:Public procurement
483:While there is no
396:
111:race to the bottom
2821:
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2670:Wallis and Futuna
2142:EC Employment Law
2138:Catherine Barnard
1861:Pensions Act 2004
1849:arts 11–12, 17–18
1767:arts 2–5 and 8–13
1598:and F Wilkinson,
1425:Work–life balance
1410:German labour law
1384:Just Eat Takeaway
1282:Economy of the EU
1106:Protected grounds
1056:General principle
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452:Health and safety
230:French labour law
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190:social exclusion
170:co-determination
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36:United States
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2778:Associations
2696:Sint Maarten
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2604:Dependencies
2443:Romanian leu
2438:Polish złoty
2423:Danish krone
2418:Czech koruna
2358:
2270:Central Bank
2251:Institutions
2232:Sapir Report
2148:
2141:
2121:
2112:
2101:
2092:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2026:
2025:See further
2021:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1975:
1972:World War II
1963:
1945:
1927:
1909:
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2237:Aho report
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