966:
is 2 to 6 white smooth glossy eggs that measure 35 mm Ă 28 mm (1.4 in Ă 1.1 in). They are laid at intervals of two or occasionally three days. They are incubated by both sexes but mainly by the female starting before the clutch is completed. They hatch after 17 to 19 days. The young are cared for by both parents but usually the male passes food to the female. The nestlings fledge after 26 to 27 days. Only a single brood is raised each year, but a replacement clutch is laid if the first is lost. European rollers generally first breed when they are two years old.
870:
917:, appears to be important for European rollers from many populations as an autumn re-fuelling site, and Latvian and other north and north-eastern populations migrate northwards via the Arabian Peninsula in spring. Individuals from different breeding populations use distinct but overlapping winter sites; there is a correlation between the longitude of individual breeding and non-breeding sites, suggesting parallel migration. In the east, the northernmost breeders from Latvia tend to winter south of the southernmost breeders from Cyprus, indicating a pattern of 'leap-frog' migration.
810:
893:, providing new information on the non-breeding sites used by European rollers from different breeding populations. Individuals from south-west European populations migrate to Angola, Namibia and Botswana; French and north Spanish birds take a direct southerly route across the Sahara, while Portuguese and south Spanish birds take a more westerly route around the west African coast. European rollers from eastern European populations also spend the winter period in southern Africa, but further east in
225:
80:
31:
958:
791:
55:
799:
965:
The nest site is usually in a natural cavity in a tree or in a hole excavated by a woodpecker. It is typically located 5â10 m (16â33 ft) above the ground. Pairs sometimes use a cavity in rocks or buildings and may occasionally excavate a hole in a sandy bank. The hole is unlined. The clutch
999:
The
Eurasian roller has an extensive distribution in Europe and western Asia, and its European breeding population is estimated at 159,000 to 330,000 birds. When Asian breeders are added, this gives a global total population of 277,000 to 660,000 individuals. There have been fairly rapid population
880:
It is a bird of warm, dry, open country with scattered trees, preferring lowlands, but occurs up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe and 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in
Morocco. Oak and pine woodlands with open areas are prime breeding habitat, but farms, orchards and similar areas with mixed
1020:
Threats include hunting while on migration around the
Mediterranean, and large numbers, possibly in the thousands, are killed for food in Oman. Agricultural practices have led to the loss of trees and hedges which provide potential nest sites and perches for hunting, and
1012:
in 2015, as population development was judged to not meet the criteria for a more urgent rating at this time. The
European population declined by 25% between 1990 and 2000. The northern areas of the breeding range have fared worst, with numbers in the
1025:
have reduced the availability of insect food. At locations where foraging resources are abundant, providing nest boxes can be a useful short-term conservation solution; however, in other locations foraging habitat restoration is more important.
841:
The
European roller is a bird of warmer regions. The nominate subspecies breeds in northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, in southern and east-central Europe, and eastwards through northwestern Iran to southwestern Siberia. The subspecies
824:
The
European roller is striking in its strong direct flight, with the brilliant blue contrasting with black flight feathers. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult. The display of this bird is like that of a
1464:
Catry, InĂȘs; Catry, Teresa; Granadeiro, JosĂ© Pedro; Franco, Aldina M. A.; Moreira, Francisco (25 June 2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of
European rollers using light-level geolocators".
280:, West Asia and Central Asia. It winters in southern Africa, primarily in dry wooded savanna and bushy plains. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, but avoids treeless plains. It usually nests in tree holes.
2181:
854:. The European range was formerly more extensive, but there has been a long-term decline in the north and west, with extinction as a nesting bird in Sweden and Germany. The European roller is a long-distance
881:
vegetation are also used. In Africa, a similarly wide range of dry, open land with trees is used. It winters primarily in dry, wooded savanna and bushy plains, where it typically nests in tree holes.
1421:
Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a
Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
1215:
Johansson, U. S.; Irestedt, M.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2018). "Phylogenetic relationships of rollers (Coraciidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and fifteen nuclear genes".
1539:
Catry, I.; Catry, T.; Granadeiro, J. P.; Franco, A. M. A.; Moreira, F. (2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of
European rollers using light-level geolocators".
866:
mountains) to Congo and south to South Africa. Some populations migrate to Africa through India. A collision with an aircraft over the
Arabian Sea has been recorded.
2298:
1005:
2350:
2469:
1574:
RodrĂguez-Ruiz, J.; De la Puente, J.; Parejo, D.; Valera, F.; Calero-Torralbo, M. A.; Reyes-GonzĂĄlez, J. M.; ZajkovĂĄ, Z.; Bermejo, A.; AvilĂ©s, J. M. (2014).
693:
are medium-sized Old World birds of open woodland habitats. They have brightly coloured plumage and a hooked bill. Most species are found south of the
2028:
2272:
2311:
2494:
1999:
1980:
1429:
1402:
1196:
1161:
2504:
821:
at 29â32 cm (11â13 in) in length with a 52â58 cm (20â23 in) wingspan. It is mainly blue with an orange-brown back.
2220:
764:
1102:
Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
941:, whilst watching for the large insects, small reptiles, rodents and frogs that they eat. The diet of adult rollers is dominated by
2499:
2415:
1640:
Finch, T.; Saunders, P.; Avilés, J. M.; Bermejo, A.; Catry, I.; de la Puente, J.; Emmenegger, T.; Mardega, I.; Mayet, P. (2015).
2233:
297:
194:
2479:
1724:
Nascimento, F. S.; Parejo, D.; AvilĂ©s, J. M.; Peña, A.; SĂĄnchez, L.; Ruano, F.; Zamora-Muñoz, C.; MartĂn-Vivaldi, M. (2013).
2316:
869:
1673:
Finch, T.; Dunning, J.; Kiss, O.; RaÄinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Sniauksta, L.; Szekeres, O.; Tokody, B.; Franco, A. (2017).
2337:
1927:
Finch, T.; Branston, C.; Clewlow, H.; Dunning, J.; Franco, A. M. A.; RaÄinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Butler, S. J. (2019).
1785:"Combining stable isotope analysis and conventional techniques to improve knowledge of the diet of the European Roller
2484:
2145:
809:
2407:
2355:
2251:
2037:
1286:
859:
703:
contains eight species of sit-and-wait hunters. The European roller is similar in appearance and behaviour to the
2264:
79:
2489:
2446:
1500:
Emmenegger, T.; Mayet, P.; Duriez, O.; Hahn, S. (2013). "Directional shifts in migration pattern of rollers (
889:
The advent of sufficiently lightweight tracking technology has facilitated several recent studies of roller
326:
314:
2132:
2049:
356:
2087:
1179:
2389:
2150:
1642:"A pan-European, multipopulation assessment of migratory connectivity in a near-threatened migrant bird"
1134:
987:
862:
in two distinct regions, from Senegal east to Cameroon and from Ethiopia west (with observations in the
708:
581:
307:
174:
1074:
744:. Found in north-western Africa, southern Europe and east through north-western Iran to south-western
2420:
2114:
2096:
1973:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1737:
1591:
537:
450:
398:
289:
44:
1576:"Disentangling Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Iberian Near-Threatened European Rollers
1811:
1556:
1521:
1482:
1240:
518:
74:
2394:
224:
2303:
1321:
929:
onto itself to deter a predator. The smell also warns the parents on their return to the nest.
2474:
2376:
2329:
2168:
1995:
1976:
1894:
1765:
1706:
1619:
1425:
1398:
1232:
1192:
1157:
803:
760:
704:
607:
360:
322:
30:
1445:
Satheesan, S M (1990). "Bird-aircraft collision at an altitude of 2424 m over the sea".
336:
and means 'chattering' in reference to the birdâs calls. Alternate English names include the
2381:
1940:
1884:
1803:
1755:
1745:
1696:
1686:
1653:
1609:
1599:
1548:
1513:
1474:
1290:
1224:
1105:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 107.
1069:
890:
826:
2402:
2137:
2022:
790:
2363:
2101:
1841:
1001:
302:
1975:. Vol. IV: Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 764â776.
1051:
829:, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name. The call is a harsh
1741:
1595:
2259:
2246:
1760:
1725:
1701:
1674:
1614:
1575:
982:
855:
359:
study published in 2018 found that the European roller was most closely related to the
1191:. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 373.
957:
2463:
2324:
1964:
1096:
1060:
1014:
1009:
913:
savannah region immediately south of the Sahara Desert, particularly the area around
863:
735:
492:
431:
293:
190:
131:
64:
59:
1815:
1783:
Catry, I.; Sampaio, A.; Silva, M.C.; Moreira, F.; Franco, A.M.A.; Catry, T. (2019).
1560:
1525:
1486:
1117:
2433:
2186:
2173:
1784:
1244:
970:
818:
2160:
1100:
2238:
2029:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1750:
1604:
1419:
2342:
2285:
2081:
1228:
2016:
1873:(Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology"
1726:"Armed Rollers: Does nestling's vomit function as a defence against predators?"
1259:
1258:
Hoyo, J. del; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.). "Coraciidae".
1122:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 242.
2428:
1691:
1552:
1517:
1478:
1294:
946:
937:
Rollers often perch prominently on trees, posts or overhead wires, like giant
798:
741:
719:
712:
690:
273:
141:
2072:
1911:
376:
species are shown below, from the molecular study by Johansson et al. (2018)
2207:
1022:
914:
91:
1898:
1769:
1710:
1623:
1236:
2225:
2066:
1889:
1864:
1675:"Insights into the migration of the European Roller from ring recoveries"
902:
898:
851:
778:
699:
384:
372:
151:
111:
2124:
2441:
2368:
2277:
2109:
1017:
and northern Russia collapsing, and no birds left breeding in Estonia.
942:
847:
774:
745:
277:
1945:
1929:"Contextâdependent conservation of the cavityânesting European Roller"
1928:
1807:
1658:
1641:
938:
926:
894:
694:
101:
2290:
2199:
2043:
2033:
1000:
declines across much of its range, so it was formerly classified as
2212:
2194:
1869:
sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog,
956:
910:
906:
868:
808:
797:
789:
333:
1320:
Del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.).
1914:
830:
121:
2047:
1863:
Amin, O. M.; Heckmann, R. A.; Osama, M.; Evans, R. P. (2016).
1139:
A history of British birds : the figures engraved on wood
833:-like sound. It gives a raucous series of calls when nervous.
1141:. Newcastle: Edward Walker, for T. Bewick. pp. 116â117.
925:
The European roller chick will vomit a foul-smelling orange
1366:
Loudon, H. v. F.; Von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. (1902). "
973:
data is 9 years and 2 months for a bird shot in Poland.
1397:(Second ed.). London: HarperCollins. p. 240.
276:
family breeding in Europe. Its range extends into the
1393:
Svensson, L.; Mullarney, K.; Zetterström, D. (2009).
1187:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
817:
The European roller is a stocky bird, the size of a
2056:
2017:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1635:
1633:
1178:
1075:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22682860A154424974.en
1990:Fry, C Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992).
773:and lives in Iraq and southern Iran east through
846:breeds from Iraq and southern Iran east through
1156:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 117, 171.
317:is Sweden. The generic name derives from Greek
1006:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1865:"Morphological and molecular descriptions of
1447:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1418:Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019).
1210:
1208:
1008:in 2005; it has, however, been downlisted to
8:
1154:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
961:A European roller bringing food to her nest
2044:
2034:Photos, audio and video of European roller
949:, such as grasshoppers and bush crickets.
905:. Some population migrate through western
223:
53:
29:
20:
1944:
1888:
1759:
1749:
1700:
1690:
1657:
1613:
1603:
1073:
370:The phylogenetic relationships among the
321:referring to a type of crow, perhaps the
1326:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1261:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1504:) from a western European population".
1035:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1295:"Rollers, ground rollers, kingfishers"
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1828:
1301:. International Ornithologists' Union
1217:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
981:The European roller is a host of the
794:At Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, Jamnagar
7:
2447:0417A62F-9DF5-4724-898D-1D2244E65029
2265:cb2eb312-9be5-45c6-a56a-72d569444501
232:Distribution of the European roller
2470:IUCN Red List least concern species
1992:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers
1061:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
600:
574:
511:
485:
478:
424:
417:
391:
379:
1189:Handbook of the Birds of the World
14:
1264:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions
1299:IOC World Bird List Version 11.1
1119:Check-List of Birds of the World
78:
1912:Coracias garrulusLinnaeus, 1758
1050:BirdLife International (2019).
945:, whereas nestlings mostly eat
909:during August to November. The
1356:Fry et al. (1992) pp. 298â300.
969:The maximum age recorded from
1:
2495:Least concern biota of Europe
711:have been considered to form
1842:"European Longevity Records"
1751:10.1371/journal.pone.0068862
1605:10.1371/journal.pone.0115615
272:) is the only member of the
38:European roller at Jamnagar
2505:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1646:Diversity and Distributions
1229:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.030
850:and southern Kazakhstan to
777:and southern Kazakhstan to
2521:
2038:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1368:Coracias garrulus semenowi
860:Africa south of the Sahara
707:. These two birds and the
292:by the Swedish naturalist
1692:10.1007/s10336-016-1374-y
1553:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x
1518:10.1007/s10336-013-1023-7
1479:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x
1376:Ornithologisches Jahrbuch
1068:: e.T22682860A154424974.
624:
605:
598:
579:
572:
535:
516:
509:
490:
483:
476:
448:
429:
422:
415:
396:
389:
231:
222:
206:
201:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
837:Distribution and habitat
288:The European roller was
284:Taxonomy and systematics
2500:Birds described in 1758
1871:Paraechinus aethiopicus
1339:(subscription required)
1275:(subscription required)
1152:Jobling, J. A. (2010).
752:Eastern European roller
727:Western European roller
1679:Journal of Ornithology
1541:Journal of Ornithology
1506:Journal of Ornithology
1467:Journal of Ornithology
1116:Peters, J. L. (1945).
962:
877:
814:
806:
795:
357:molecular phylogenetic
306:under its current the
2480:Birds of Central Asia
2390:Paleobiology Database
1370:Loudon & Tschusi
988:Moniliformis gracilis
960:
921:Behaviour and ecology
872:
812:
801:
793:
709:lilac-breasted roller
582:Lilac-breasted roller
2260:Fauna Europaea (new)
1890:10.14411/fp.2016.014
1877:Folia Parasitologica
985:intestinal parasite
769:: It is also called
538:Purple-winged roller
451:Racket-tailed roller
365:Coracias abyssinicus
2040:'s Macaulay Library
1742:2013PLoSO...868862P
1596:2014PLoSO...9k5615R
1133:Bewick, T. (1809).
995:Conservation status
742:nominate subspecies
399:Blue-bellied roller
45:Conservation status
2485:Birds of West Asia
2015:European roller -
1867:Moniliformis saudi
1424:. SpringerNature.
1395:Collins Bird Guide
1180:"European Roller (
963:
878:
815:
813:In flight, Hungary
807:
796:
519:Indochinese roller
290:formally described
2457:
2456:
2434:Coracias-garrulus
2377:Open Tree of Life
2187:coracias-garrulus
2102:Coracias_garrulus
2088:Coracias garrulus
2058:Coracias garrulus
2050:Taxon identifiers
2001:978-0-7136-8028-7
1982:978-0-19-857507-8
1969:Coracias garrulus
1946:10.1111/ibi.12650
1808:10.1111/ibi.12625
1787:Coracias garrulus
1659:10.1111/ddi.12345
1578:Coracias garrulus
1502:Coracias garrulus
1431:978-3-030-04954-6
1404:978-0-00-726814-6
1322:"European Roller"
1198:978-84-87334-30-6
1182:Coracius garrulus
1163:978-1-4081-2501-4
1054:Coracias garrulus
875:Coracias garrulus
804:Hesaraghatta Lake
781:in western China.
768:
739:
705:Abyssinian roller
686:
685:
677:
676:
668:
667:
659:
658:
650:
649:
641:
640:
608:Abyssinian roller
561:
560:
552:
551:
465:
464:
361:Abyssinian roller
323:red-billed chough
311:Coracias garrulus
269:Coracias garrulus
260:
259:
184:Coracias garrulus
68:
2512:
2450:
2449:
2437:
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2411:
2410:
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2343:NHMSYS0000530311
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2115:7451A628C39538C5
2105:
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2092:
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2090:
2077:
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2075:
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2005:
1994:. London: Helm.
1986:
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1652:(9): 1051â1062.
1637:
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1571:
1565:
1564:
1547:(4): 1071â1075.
1536:
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1473:(4): 1071â1075.
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1454:
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1409:
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1390:
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1383:
1382:(3, 4): 148â150.
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1177:Fry, H. (2001).
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1123:
1113:
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1106:
1093:
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1047:
933:Food and feeding
759:
734:
722:are recognised:
601:
575:
512:
486:
479:
425:
418:
392:
380:
327:specific epithet
254:
245:
236:
227:
186:
166:C. garrulus
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
24:European roller
21:
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2515:
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2490:Birds of Europe
2460:
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2364:Observation.org
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2086:
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2080:
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2052:
2012:
2002:
1989:
1983:
1967:, ed. (1985). "
1963:
1960:
1955:
1954:
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1667:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1590:(12): e115615.
1573:
1572:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1328:. Lynx Edicions
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:, eds. (2021).
1289:; Donsker, D.;
1285:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1049:
1048:
1037:
1032:
1002:near threatened
997:
983:Acanthocephalan
979:
955:
935:
923:
887:
858:, wintering in
839:
788:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
627:European roller
562:
553:
497:C. benghalensis
466:
346:Eurasian roller
303:Systema Naturae
296:in 1758 in the
286:
264:European roller
256:
252:
250:
243:
241:
234:
197:
188:
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2247:Fauna Europaea
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2078:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2010:External links
2008:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1965:Cramp, Stanley
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1939:(3): 573â589.
1919:
1904:
1855:
1833:
1831:, p. 764.
1821:
1802:(2): 272â285.
1775:
1716:
1665:
1629:
1566:
1531:
1512:(2): 427â433.
1492:
1456:
1437:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1385:
1358:
1342:
1312:
1278:
1250:
1204:
1197:
1169:
1162:
1144:
1125:
1108:
1088:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
996:
993:
978:
975:
954:
951:
934:
931:
922:
919:
886:
883:
844:C. g. semenowi
838:
835:
787:
784:
783:
782:
771:Kashmir roller
756:C. g. semenowi
749:
731:C. g. garrulus
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
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671:
670:
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652:
648:
647:
644:
643:
639:
638:
635:
634:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:C. abyssinicus
604:
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403:C. cyanogaster
395:
390:
388:
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285:
282:
258:
257:
251:
248:C. g. semenowi
242:
239:C. g. garrulus
233:
229:
228:
220:
219:
218:
217:
215:C. g. semenowi
212:
210:C. g. garrulus
204:
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1736:(7): e68862.
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1457:
1453:(1): 145â148.
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:(in German).
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Rasmussen, P.
1288:
1282:
1279:
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1262:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
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1042:
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1036:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1015:Baltic states
1011:
1010:least concern
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
990:
989:
984:
976:
974:
972:
971:ring-recovery
967:
959:
952:
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948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
876:
871:
867:
865:
864:Degua Tembien
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
834:
832:
828:
822:
820:
811:
805:
800:
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776:
772:
766:
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747:
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724:
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682:
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664:
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621:
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595:
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587:
583:
577:
576:
570:
569:
566:
565:
557:
556:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:C. temminckii
539:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
520:
514:
513:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:Indian roller
488:
487:
481:
480:
474:
473:
470:
469:
461:
460:
457:
456:
455:C. spatulatus
452:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:Purple roller
427:
426:
420:
419:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
400:
394:
393:
387:
386:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
342:common roller
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:type locality
312:
309:
308:binomial name
305:
304:
299:
298:tenth edition
295:
294:Carl Linnaeus
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
249:
246: summer
240:
237: summer
230:
226:
221:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
205:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Coraciiformes
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2057:
1991:
1972:
1968:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1907:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1685:(1): 83â90.
1682:
1678:
1668:
1649:
1645:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1281:
1268:10 September
1266:. Retrieved
1260:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1135:"The Roller"
1128:
1118:
1111:
1101:
1097:Linnaeus, C.
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1065:
1059:
1053:
1019:
998:
986:
980:
968:
964:
936:
924:
888:
879:
874:
843:
840:
823:
819:Eurasian jay
816:
770:
755:
751:
730:
726:
717:
698:
697:. The genus
688:
630:
626:
625:
611:
606:
585:
580:
541:
536:
522:
517:
496:
491:
454:
449:
435:
430:
402:
397:
383:
371:
369:
364:
354:
349:
348:, or simply
345:
341:
337:
329:
318:
310:
301:
287:
268:
267:
263:
261:
255: winter
247:
238:
214:
209:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
2286:iNaturalist
2082:Wikispecies
1958:Cited texts
1372:nov. Subsp.
1332:23 November
1081:19 November
786:Description
631:C. garrulus
586:C. caudatus
338:blue roller
202:Subspecies
2464:Categories
2429:Xeno-canto
1829:Cramp 1985
1030:References
1023:pesticides
947:Orthoptera
720:subspecies
713:subspecies
523:C. affinis
436:C. naevius
142:Coraciidae
1971:Roller".
1223:: 17â22.
915:Lake Chad
891:migration
885:Migration
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2475:Coracias
2330:22682860
2304:11253903
2138:22682860
2133:BirdLife
2122:BioLib:
2067:Wikidata
1899:27189420
1848:25 April
1844:. Euring
1816:91151546
1770:23874791
1730:PLoS One
1711:32355602
1624:25551212
1584:PLoS One
1561:17800650
1526:15263301
1487:17800650
1305:24 April
1287:Gill, F.
1237:29631051
1099:(1758).
977:Diseases
953:Breeding
903:Botswana
899:Zimbabwe
873:Eggs of
852:Xinjiang
779:Xinjiang
736:Linnaeus
700:Coracias
385:Coracias
373:Coracias
332:is from
330:garrulus
319:korakias
191:Linnaeus
153:Coracias
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2442:ZooBank
2278:2475365
2200:eurrol1
2161:eurrol1
2110:Avibase
2073:Q179367
2023:Oiseaux
1917:Estonia
1761:3707886
1738:Bibcode
1702:7175680
1615:4281181
1592:Bibcode
1245:5011292
1004:by the
943:beetles
939:shrikes
856:migrant
848:Kashmir
827:lapwing
775:Kashmir
765:Tschusi
746:Siberia
691:rollers
300:of his
278:Maghreb
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2421:212743
2395:379255
2382:372551
2356:188338
2317:554518
2234:EURING
2213:CRCIGA
2025:Photos
1998:
1979:
1897:
1814:
1768:
1758:
1709:
1699:
1622:
1612:
1559:
1524:
1485:
1428:
1401:
1243:
1235:
1195:
1160:
927:liquid
895:Zambia
767:, 1902
763:&
761:Loudon
740:: The
738:, 1758
695:Sahara
350:roller
325:. The
313:. The
274:roller
253:
244:
235:
2416:WoRMS
2299:IRMNG
2252:97087
2221:EUNIS
2195:eBird
2174:5ZZQS
2158:BOW:
2151:52565
2036:from
1812:S2CID
1792:(PDF)
1557:S2CID
1522:S2CID
1483:S2CID
1241:S2CID
911:Sahel
907:India
334:Latin
2408:4783
2351:NCBI
2325:IUCN
2312:ITIS
2291:2266
2273:GBIF
2239:8410
2208:EPPO
2146:BOLD
2125:8810
1996:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1933:Ibis
1915:GBIF
1895:PMID
1850:2021
1796:Ibis
1766:PMID
1707:PMID
1620:PMID
1426:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1334:2013
1307:2021
1270:2013
1233:PMID
1193:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1083:2021
1066:2019
901:and
831:crow
718:Two
689:The
262:The
195:1758
122:Aves
2403:TSA
2369:323
2338:NBN
2226:989
2182:CMS
2169:CoL
2097:ADW
1941:doi
1937:161
1885:doi
1804:doi
1800:161
1756:PMC
1746:doi
1697:PMC
1687:doi
1683:158
1654:doi
1610:PMC
1600:doi
1549:doi
1545:155
1514:doi
1510:155
1475:doi
1471:155
1374:".
1225:doi
1221:126
1070:doi
802:At
367:).
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2275::
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1794:.
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1648:.
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629:â
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67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
