House mouse - Knowledge (XXG)

1220:. Females who mate with multiple males tend to produce both pups in greater numbers, and with higher survival rates, increasing female fitness. Sperm competition that arises from polygamy favors males with faster, more motile sperm in higher numbers, increasing male fitness. The competitive aspect of insemination increases the frequency of polyandrous events and fertilizations. Polyandry has evolved to increase reproductive success. Male mating behavior is also affected in response to the practice of polygamous behavior. Compared to monogamous house mice, polygamous house mice mate for longer periods of time. This behaviour allows for an increase in both the transfer of sperm and paternity success, which in turn increases male fitness. 982:. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less female-female aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Male-male aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory. The high level of male-male aggression, with a low female-female aggression level is common in 1659: 1314: 86: 1670:, with humans, their ease in maintenance and handling, and their high rate of reproduction. Laboratory mice typically belong to standardized inbred strains selected for the stability or clarity of specific harmful mutations. This allows research with laboratory mice to easily restrict genetic and biological variables, making them very useful model organisms in genetic and medicinal research.Mice have been used in scientific research since the 1650s. 365: 668: 61: 268: 1489: 934:; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other's 1412:, and later they spread to the eastern Mediterranean about 13,000 BC, only spreading into the rest of Europe around 1000 BC. This time lag is thought to be because the mice require agrarian human settlements above a certain size. The house mouse first arrived in the Americas in the early sixteenth century. It was carried aboard on the ships of Spanish explorers and 1123: 1576:, is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics. The U.S. CDC currently does not mention rickettsialpox or murine typhus on its website about diseases directly transmitted by rodents (in general). 911: 5364: 1115: 1288:

and inbreeding avoidance. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP haplotypes than would be expected if there were random mating. Another mechanism for avoiding inbreeding is evident when a female house mouse mates with multiple males. In such a case, there appears to be egg-driven sperm

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occurs in 30% of all wild populations of house mice. Litters from multiple sires tend to be more genetically diverse than litters of single sires. Multiple paternity is also more common in larger populations than smaller populations, because there is a larger number of mates and more diverse mates to

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The pups are born blind and without fur or ears. The ears are fully developed by the fourth day, fur begins to appear at about six days and the eyes open around 13 days after birth; the pups are weaned at around 21 days. Females reach sexual maturity at about six weeks of age and males at about eight

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which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free-living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in

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When infesting homes, house mice may pose a risk of damaging and compromising the structure of furniture and the building itself. They gnaw various materials to file down their growing teeth and keep the length under control. Common damage includes gnawed electrical wires, marks on wooden furniture

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organisms, and one of the most common rodents to infest human buildings. They commonly forage outdoors during the spring and summer, but retreat into buildings through the autumn and winter to seek warmth and food. They typically feed on unattended food, leftovers and garden produce. Their foraging

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of all tissues studied in mice. Thus it was suggested that oxidative DNA damages that arise from normal cellular metabolism could be highly relevant to aging and the diseases of aging. In another study, two types of DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine and DNA-protein crosslinks) were found to

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than do females, leaving less time for paternal care. Polygamous male house mice spend less time alone with pups. They are also less likely and slower to retrieve lost pups than males of monogamous mice. In contrast, the maternal investment is similar between female mice that have mated once versus

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period is about 19–21 days, and they give birth to a litter of 3–14 young (average six to eight). One female can have 5 to 10 litters per year, so the mouse population can increase very quickly. Breeding occurs throughout the year. (However, animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder

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calls in the 30 kHz–110 kHz range. The calls are most frequent during courtship when the male is sniffing and following the female; however, the calls continue after mating has begun, at which time the calls are coincident with mounting behaviour. Males can be induced to emit these calls

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to increase the temperature of the skin on the tail by as much as 10 °C (10 K; 18 °F) to lose body heat. Tail length varies according to the environmental temperature of the mouse during postnatal development, so mice living in colder regions tend to have shorter tails. The tail is

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Many studies have been done on mouse phylogenies to reconstruct early human movements. For example, one study suggests the possibility of a previously unsuspected early link between Northern Europe and Madeira on the basis of the origin of Madeiran mice. House mice were thought to be the primary

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House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behavior known as "tripoding". Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be

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New Zealand had no land mammals other than two species of bat prior to human occupation, and the house mouse is one of many species that have been introduced. Mice are responsible for a reduction in native bird species since they eat some of the same foods as birds. They are also known to kill

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Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents. House mice show a

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populations. The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive

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In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Female-female aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally

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The social behavior of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into species-specific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment

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is a competition to breed or engineer extremely long-lived laboratory mice. As of 2005, the record holder was a genetically engineered mouse that lived for 1,819 days (7 days short of 5 years). Another record holder that was kept in an enriched environment but did not receive any genetic,

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attributed to free-ranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great.

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coloured), but domesticated fancy mice and laboratory mice are produced in many colors ranging from white to champagne to black. They have short hair and some, but not all, sub-species have a light belly. The ears and tail have little hair. The hind feet are short compared to

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choose from. Within a population, males and females show different levels of multiple mating. Females show bias toward unrelated males rather than related males during sexual selection, resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression.

1036:-sensitive cones than other areas of the retina, although the biological significance of this structure is unknown. In 2007, mice genetically engineered to produce the third type of cone were shown to be able to distinguish a range of colors similar to that perceived by 427: in), though they can jump vertically up to 45 cm (18 in). The voice is a high-pitched squeak. House mice thrive under a variety of conditions; they are found in and around homes and commercial structures, as well as in open fields and agricultural lands. 42: 4954:

in the state of Georgia; however, no PCR-positive mice were detected in our study. Eruptions of mouse populations in the absence of rats have been implicated in several outbreaks of murine typhus; however, these observations were not supported by laboratory data."

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As opposed to polygyny, polyandrous behavior in females is the act of breeding with several males in the same season. Variation in number of males that females mate with occurs among a population. Polyandrous behavior is a common mating pattern in the subspecies

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about four to six days long, with estrus itself lasting less than a day. If several females are held together under crowded conditions, they will often not have an estrus at all. If they are then exposed to male urine, they will come into estrus after 72 hours.

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Due to polyandry, males can be confused by the identity of new offspring. Multiple mating by females and paternity confusion can decrease rates of infanticide. If the males are uncertain if the offspring are theirs, they are less likely to kill the offspring.

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which prevents further copulation. The plug is not necessary for pregnancy initiation, as this will also occur without the plug. The presence or absence of the plug will not affect litter size either. This plug stays in place for some 24 hours. The

1543:(LCMV) can be transmitted by mice, but is not a commonly reported infection in humans, though most infections are mild and are often never diagnosed. Some concern exists that women should not be infected with LCMV during pregnancy. 1582:

is carried by a variety of wild and domestic animals including dogs, rats, swine, cattle, mice in general, and can be transmitted by the urine of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is still moist.

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breed so successfully, every three years or so they reach plague proportions, achieving densities of 1000 per hectare and causing massive disruption to communities, and losses to agriculture of A$ 36 million annually.

329:, the house mouse has benefited significantly from associating with human habitation to the point that truly wild populations are significantly less common than the semi-tame populations near human activity. 4693:

Courtney Jones, Stephanie K.; Byrne, Phillip G. (December 2017). "What role does heritability play in transgenerational phenotypic responses to captivity? Implications for managing captive populations".

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House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as

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increases genetic incompatibilities, levels of homozygosity, and the chance of expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Polyandry has been shown to increase offspring survival compared to monandry.

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Chaichan, P.; Mercier, A.; Galal, L.; Mahittikorn, A.; Ariey, F.; Morand, S.; Boumédiène, F.; Udonsom, R.; Hamidovic, A.; Murat, J.B.; Sukthana, Y.; Dardé, M.L. (2017). "Geographical distribution of

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Gündüz I, Auffray JC, Britton-Davidian J, Catalan J, Ganem G, Ramalhinho MG, Mathias ML, Searle JB (August 2001). "Molecular studies on the colonization of the Madeiran archipelago by house mice".

1632:). Until house mice arrived on the island in the 19th century with sailors, the birds did not have any mammalian predators. The mice have since grown unusually large and have learned to attack 938:

and normally enter another's territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.

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Frynta, Daniel; Slábová, Markéta; Váchová, Hana; Volfová, Radka; Munclinger, Pavel (2005). "Aggression and commensalism in house mouse: A comparative study across Europe and the near east".

1106:. If mice are blind from birth, super-normal growth of the vibrissae occurs presumably as a compensatory response. Conversely, if the vibrissae are absent, the use of vision is intensified. 2653:

Suzuki, H.; Nunome, M.; Kinoshita, G.; Aplin, K. P.; Vogel, P.; Kryukov, A. P.; Jin, M-L; Han, S-H; Maryanto, I.; Tsuchiya, K.; Ikeda, H.; Shiroishi, T.; Yonekawa, H.; Moriwaki, K. (2013).

1550:) because they have fewer infestations with fleas than do rats, and because the fleas which house mice normally carry exhibit little tendency to bite humans rather than their natural host. 5719: 1082:

Odours from adult males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females and synchronise reproductive cycles in mature females (i.e. the

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along with—to a lesser extent—the hairless parts of the paws and ears. Blood flow to the tail can be precisely controlled in response to changes in ambient temperature using a system of

1480:. The effects of domestication can be rapid, with captive-reared mice differing in boldness and activity patterns compared to wild-caught mice after 4–5 generations in recent research. 372:

House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 centimetres (3–4 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2–4 in). The weight is typically 11–30 g (

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Chamero P, Marton TF, Logan DW, Flanagan K, Cruz JR, Saghatelian A, Cravatt BF, Stowers L (December 2007). "Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour".

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Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (August 2005). "Interim guidance for minimizing risk for human lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection associated with rodents".

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Izzotti A, Cartiglia C, Taningher M, De Flora S, Balansky R (December 1999). "Age-related increases of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA-protein crosslinks in mouse organs".

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in a female mouse. Offspring fertilized by multiple males can compete more strongly for mother's resources and can lead to a decrease in body size and variation in body size.

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Gerlach, Gabriele (1996). "Emigration mechanisms in feral house mice - a laboratory investigation of the influence of social structure, population density, and aggression".

1416:. About one hundred years later, it arrived in North America with French fur traders and English colonists. They have since been spread to all parts of the globe by humans. 1264:

Intrauterine insemination causes an evolutionary consequence resulting from polyandrous behavior. When multiple males mate with one female, there are multiple sets of sperm

1566:, is spread by mice in general, but is very rare and generally mild and resolves within two or three weeks if untreated. No known deaths have resulted from the disease. 3787:

Patris B, Baudoin C (October 2000). "A comparative study of parental care between two rodent species: implications for the mating system of the mound-building mouse

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Boursot P, Din W, Anand R, Darviche D, Dod B, von Deimling F, Talwar GP, Bonhomme F (1996). "Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny".

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are often found to hybridize. However, male hybrid mice typically experience hybrid sterility, which maintains reproductive separation between the two subspecies.

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Klemme, Ines; Firman, Renée Claire (April 2013). "Male house mice that have evolved with sperm competition have increased mating duration and paternity success".

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Importance of mice as a house and agricultural pest resulted in a development of a variety of mouse-related rituals and stories in world's cultures. The

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of 16 genes - 550kb - in this region produced a normal phenotype, excluding these genes in particular from the dysfunction being pursued in that study.

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Dobson, F Stephen; Jacquot Catherine (June 2002). "Experimental tests of spatial association and kinship in monogamous mice and polygynous mice".

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Mitchell-Jones A.J.; Amori G.; Bogdanowicz W.; Kryštufek B.; Reijnders PJH; Spitzenberger F.; Stubbe M; Thissen JBM; Vohralík V.; Zima J. (1999).

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because of their complexity. While females have the capability to produce ultrasonic calls, they typically do not do so during mating behaviour.

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Kimoto H, Haga S, Sato K, Touhara K (October 2005). "Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons".

2107:"Conversion of the nipple to hair-bearing epithelia by lowering bone morphogenetic protein pathway activity at the dermal-epidermal interface" 5937: 5919: 5599: 5343: 5113: 3038:

Szenczi P, Bánszegi O, Groó Z, Altbäcker V (2012). "Development of the social behavior of two mice species with contrasting social systems".

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male-biased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are

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population in Indian subcontinent some time around 700 kya. From there, this ancestral population migrated to Iran around 360 kya to form

1204:, which is lower in polygamous mice than in mice that are monogamous. This occurs due to the fact that males spend more time involved in 458:

also used for balance when the mouse is climbing or running, or as a base when the animal stands on its hind legs (a behaviour known as

7382: 6122: 5311: 5057:"Identification of Genetic Evidence for Dobrava Virus Spillover in Rodents by Nested Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR and TaqMan RT-PCR" 3702: 1409: 5496: 315:, characteristically having a pointed snout, large rounded ears, and a long and almost hairless tail. It is one of the most abundant 5412: 4391: 3751:

Dobson, F Stephen; Jacquot Catherine; Baudoin, Claude (October 2000). "An experimental test of kin association in the house mouse".

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chicks, which can be 90 cm tall, but are largely immobile, by working in groups and gnawing on them until they bleed to death.

1421: 2442:"Genetic variation and phylogeography of central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen" 7339: 7212: 7134: 5901: 1439: 1375: 6281: 1885:

Gregory SG, Sekhon M, Schein J, Zhao S, Osoegawa K, Scott CE, et al. (August 2002). "A physical map of the mouse genome".

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Terszowski G, Müller SM, Bleul CC, Blum C, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Pasquier LD, Amagai T, Boehm T, Rodewald HR (April 2006).

1452:, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 BC version. Human domestication led to numerous strains of " 1067:

The urine of house mice, especially that of males, has a characteristic strong odor. At least 10 different compounds, such as

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Mice are the most commonly used mammalian laboratory animal, due to their relatively close relationship, and associated high

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Wolff, Robert J. (1985). "Mating behaviour and female choice: Their relation to social structure in wild caught House mice (

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Both evolutionary and behavioral consequences result from the polygamous nature of the house mouse. One consequence is the

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provides a list with diseases transmitted by rodents, only a few of the diseases are transmitted through the house mouse.

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The tail, which is used for balance, has only a thin covering of hair as it is the main peripheral organ of heat loss in

6272: 1540: 1075:, etc., are detectable in the urine. Among them, five compounds are specific to males, namely 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, 7331: 7225: 7173: 7043: 7007: 3076:

Dobson, F Stephen; Baudoin, Claude (2002). "Experimental tests of spatial association and kinship in monogamous mice (

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Verhaegh EM, Moudrous W, Buiting AG, van der Eijk AA, Tijssen CC (2014). "" [Meningitis after a mouse bite].

965:, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species. 7100: 5530: 469:

organ in the chest, house mice have a second functional pinhead-sized thymus organ in the neck next to the trachea.

7407: 7025: 6028: 4889:"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underrecognized cause of neurologic disease in the fetus, child, and adult" 3210:

Calderone JB, Jacobs GH (2009). "Regional variations in the relative sensitivity to UV light in the mouse retina".

2491:"Genome-wide mapping in a house mouse hybrid zone reveals hybrid sterility loci and Dobzhansky-Muller interactions" 1347: 1024:

and have three. This means that mice do not perceive some of the colors in the human visual spectrum. However, the

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of the five subspecies. Some populations are hybrids of different subspecies, including the Japanese house mouse (

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Eremeeva ME, Warashina WR, Sturgeon MM, Buchholz AE, Olmsted GK, Park SY, Effler PV, Karpathy SE (October 2008).

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Schwarz & Schwarz, 1943) in the Western Mediterranean: A zooarchaeological revision of subfossil occurrences"

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and exposure to harsh environments. In protected environments, however, they often live two to three years. The

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Gray, Samantha J; Hurst, Jane L (1997). "Behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial dispersion of commensal

6416: 4731:"Effects of captivity on house mice behaviour in a novel environment: Implications for conservation practices" 4730: 382:–1 oz). In the wild they vary in color from grey and light brown to black (individual hairs are actually 5186: 1257:

The fitness of females increases in polyandrous lines due to more genetic diversity and greater litter size.

249: 228: 6740: 6731: 6341: 6328: 6290: 5663: 1390:. Dietary restriction was found to significantly reduce the age-related accumulation of 8-oxo-dG levels in 1177: 983: 892: 880: 756: 719: 353: 242: 235: 4236:

Firman RC, Simmons LW (September 2015). "Gametic interactions promote inbreeding avoidance in house mice".

898: 442:; males have no nipples. When sexually mature, the most striking and obvious difference is the presence of 256: 7392: 6947: 6704: 6070: 5656: 5055:

Weidmann, Manfred; Schmidt, P.; Vackova, M.; Krivanec, K.; Munclinger, P.; Hufert, F. T. (February 2005).

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in the South Atlantic is used by 20 species of seabirds for breeding, including almost all of the world's

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Sherborne AL, Thom MD, Paterson S, Jury F, Ollier WE, Stockley P, Beynon RJ, Hurst JL (December 2007).

1284:) gene cluster provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity that appears to underlie 1143:

by female pheromones. The vocalizations appear to differ between individuals and have been compared to

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in males is about double that of the female. From the age of about 10 days, females have five pairs of

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Hamilton ML, Van Remmen H, Drake JA, Yang H, Guo ZM, Kewitt K, Walter CA, Richardson A (August 2001).

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Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge

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House mice can sometimes transmit diseases, contaminate food, and damage food packaging. Although the

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Achiraman S, Archunan G (December 2002). "Characterization of urinary volatiles in Swiss male mice (

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Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, et al. (December 2002).

1801: 1658: 1313: 750:) (southwestern and Central Asia). However, due to significant genetic similarity observed between ( 6793: 6686: 6677: 6579: 6527: 5852: 5670: 5649: 5474: 4337: 4279:

Garfield, Natasha; Karaplis, Andrew C. (2001). "Genetics and animal models of hypoparathyroidism".

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on the males. These are large compared to the rest of the body and can be retracted into the body.

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Yokoyama S, Shi Y (December 2000). "Genetics and evolution of ultraviolet vision in vertebrates".

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Horn CC, Kimball BA, Wang H, Kaus J, Dienel S, Nagy A, Gathright GR, Yates BJ, Andrews PL (2013).

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risks the contamination and degradation of food supplies, and can also spread other pests such as

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House mice usually live in proximity to humans, in or around houses or fields. They are native to

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on islands to where they have spread during the period of European exploration and colonisation.

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The visual apparatus of mice is basically similar to that of humans but differs in that they are

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success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from non-related females.

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Moro, Dorian; Morris, Keith (2000). "Movements and refugia of Lakeland Downs short-tailed mice,

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pharmacological, or dietary treatment lived for 1,551 days (4 years, 90 days).

1217: 1213: 1144: 1061: 832: 4563: 3498:"Crossmodal changes in the somatosensory vibrissa/barrel system of visually deprived animals" 6695: 6536: 6407: 6216: 5768: 5686: 5331: 5252: 5242: 5150: 5142: 5076: 5068: 5027: 5019: 4978: 4970: 4908: 4900: 4861: 4742: 4703: 4619: 4582: 4533: 4481: 4444: 4436: 4294: 4253: 4208: 4200: 4159: 4115: 4107: 4053: 4009: 4001: 3945: 3905: 3897: 3847: 3800: 3760: 3733: 3674: 3609: 3599: 3535: 3517: 3462: 3415: 3364: 3313: 3270: 3219: 3174: 3120: 3093: 3047: 3017: 2978: 2936: 2896: 2813: 2803: 2743: 2718: 2692: 2676: 2672: 2612: 2559: 2522: 2512: 2502: 2461: 2453: 2343: 2236: 2209: 2163: 2126: 2118: 1957: 1902: 1857: 1847: 1796: 1693:

had a traditional annual "Mouse Day" celebration. In the eastern Balkans (most of Bulgaria,

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in that males are highly territorial and protective of their mates, while females are less

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Many more subspecies' names have been given to house mice, but these are now regarded as

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Buck, CW, Tolman N, Tolman, W (November 1925). "The Tail as a Balancing Organ in Mice".

1953: 1898: 1843: 1188:. The communal nursing groups that result from these behaviors lead to lower numbers of 7108: 7095: 6749: 6713: 6570: 6450: 5681: 5578: 5155: 5130: 5032: 5007: 4983: 4958: 4913: 4888: 4537: 4213: 4180: 4120: 4095: 4014: 3977: 3910: 3873: 3614: 3587: 3021: 2818: 2783: 2697: 2654: 2527: 2490: 2466: 2441: 2131: 2106: 1862: 1828:"Taxonomic assessment of two wild house mouse subspecies using whole-genome sequencing" 1827: 1752: 1553: 1547: 1302: 1280:

is detrimental, it tends to be avoided. In the house mouse, the major urinary protein (

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of both sexes. The tear fluid and urine of male mice also contains pheromones, such as

864: 852: 345: 169: 41: 5081: 5056: 4485: 4298: 3804: 3317: 3274: 1778: 1079:(3-amino-s-triazole), 4-ethyl phenol, 3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl octane and 1-iodoundecane. 667: 7361: 7199: 6999: 6659: 6555: 6518: 6509: 6425: 4623: 4587: 4449: 4424: 4058: 4041: 3901: 3679: 3662: 3540: 3497: 3196: 2563: 1787: 1579: 1567: 1413: 1201: 1076: 1037: 692: 612: 568: 459: 435: 333: 208: 70: 65: 7012: 5546: 4639: 4545: 4322: 4075: 3957: 3820: 3290: 3239: 3148: 2990: 2714: 2365: 1346:

In several different mouse strains, a significant increase was observed with age in

1317:

In both agricultural and urban environments house mice are often preyed upon by the

7061: 6632: 6561: 6482: 6037: 5593: 5487: 5468: 4763: 4746: 3482: 3435: 3384: 3333: 2640: 1922: 1613: 1453: 1176:

Although house mice can be either monogamous or polygamous, they are most commonly

1087: 979: 931: 886: 17: 5072: 3949: 2070:

Hotchkiss AK, Vandenbergh JG (July 2005). "The anogenital distance index of mice (

2022: 7139: 3604: 2808: 2616: 2457: 2262:

Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW (December 2001). "Animal models of nociception".

1378:

was attributed to an age related increase in the sensitivity of these tissues to

7256: 7238: 7217: 7147: 6979: 6641: 6360: 6085: 5978: 5613: 2600: 1746: 1690: 1591: 1461: 1457: 1433: 1391: 1322: 1161: 1151: 1103: 1033: 1021: 946: 920: 724: 616: 337: 326: 321: 267: 157: 5297: 5247: 4959:"Rickettsia typhi and R. felis in rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), Oahu, Hawaii" 4904: 4865: 4783:. Iowa State University Center for Food Security and Public Health. March 2010. 3502:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2122: 1852: 1329:

House mice usually live less than one year in the wild, due to a high level of

368:

The house mouse is best identified by the sharp notch in its upper front teeth.

6614: 6194: 4290: 4204: 3633:"Researchers add mice to list of creatures that sing in the presence of mates" 3304:

Neitz M, Neitz J (May 2001). "The uncommon retina of the common house mouse".

3223: 2764: 2748: 2735: 2419:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. 1730: 1563: 1488: 1139: 1017: 1013: 962: 804: 703: 684: 542: 520: 4729:

Courtney Jones, Stephanie K.; Munn, Adam J.; Byrne, Phillip G. (April 2017).

4681: 4306: 3632: 3188: 3140: 2688: 2624: 2183: 413: in) long; the normal gait is a run with a stride of about 4.5 cm ( 7082: 6467: 6253: 6185: 6176: 6011: 5676: 5509: 4164: 4147: 4111: 3852: 3835: 3522: 2507: 2348: 2323: 2213: 1633: 1473: 1330: 1156: 1099: 1049: 878:

A recent study using 89 whole-genome sequences revealed that the modern day

800: 688: 555: 97: 7178: 6970: 5266: 5164: 5146: 5090: 5041: 4992: 4974: 4922: 4873: 4834: 4807: 4715: 4631: 4493: 4458: 4440: 4314: 4265: 4222: 4129: 4096:"Socially mediated polyandry: a new benefit of communal nesting in mammals" 4067: 4023: 3919: 3812: 3688: 3623: 3474: 3427: 3376: 3325: 3282: 3059: 2982: 2827: 2706: 2632: 2536: 2357: 2275: 2140: 2087: 1971: 1914: 1871: 1777:

Musser, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G. (2021) .

1460:. Domestic varieties of the house mouse are bred as a food source for some 430:

Newborn males and females can be distinguished on close examination as the

5536: 3572: 3549: 3231: 3179: 3166: 3124: 2571: 2475: 1122: 683:, which means they are amongst the closest relatives of humans other than 7292: 7035: 6964: 6599: 6384: 6052: 5961: 5824: 5756: 5582: 4042:"Polyandry facilitates postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 1442:

Fancy mice may be of colours and/or have markings not found in wild mice.

1072: 950: 942: 783:). A notable region of hybridization is a region in general Europe where 696: 443: 389: 117: 5457: 5023: 3419: 3368: 2680: 1962: 1937: 1906: 953:

in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.

7126: 6778: 6137: 5780: 5729: 5451: 5443: 5336:

Handbook of Mouse Auditory Research: From Behavior to Molecular Biology

3531: 3466: 3132: 2248: 2200:

Siegel, Michael I. (1970). "The tail, locomotion and balance in mice".

2175: 1729:), the Mouse Day would usually be celebrated in the spring, during the 1726: 1639:

In the grain belt of southeastern Australia, the introduced subspecies

1465: 1068: 1025: 910: 604: 316: 147: 4707: 4257: 1114: 1086:). Odours of unfamiliar male mice may terminate pregnancies, i.e. the 7152: 7020: 5774: 5762: 5750: 4850:"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an emerging obstetric pathogen?" 4005: 3051: 2940: 2659:

clarified by more extensive geographic sampling of mitochondrial DNA"

1722: 1702: 1387: 1371: 1363: 1265: 1192:

since more females are able to protect greater numbers of offspring.

1131: 1029: 581: 504: 466: 439: 312: 308: 137: 127: 107: 6941: 4849: 4657: 3764: 3737: 3707:

University of Carolina, Irvine, Transgenic Mouse Facility Guidelines

3097: 2900: 2240: 2167: 1438: 7087: 5393:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

923:, i.e. usually attempt to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. 5636: 5129:

Wanless RM, Angel A, Cuthbert RJ, Hilton GM, Ryan PG (June 2007).

3976:

Thonhauser KE, Thoß M, Musolf K, Klaus T, Penn DJ (January 2014).

1657: 1514: 1487: 1437: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1312: 1121: 1113: 909: 872: 856: 848: 731:(Western Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Oceania) 680: 666: 363: 5296:

Plotnikova, Anna Arkadievna (Анна Аркадьевна Плотникова) (2004).

2858:"Experimental colonisation of contrasting habitats by house mice" 2416:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1938:"Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome" 4148:"Polyandry, sperm competition, and reproductive success in mice" 3836:"Polyandry, sperm competition, and reproductive success in mice" 2736:"Ancestral variation and its impact on wild house mouse genomes" 1757: 1734: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1477: 1469: 1448: 7074: 6945: 5701: 5550: 4950:"A previous study reported house mice naturally infected with 2765:"Rattus Biologicus: Coprophagy: Healthy Behavior For Your Rats" 2414: 1590:

has been found in house mice. This is the most serious type of

1446:

The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the

5357: 5008:"Leptospirosis in the family dog: a public health perspective" 2550:

Forejt, Jiří (October 1996). "Hybrid sterility in the mouse".

1662:

An individually ventilated and sealed cage for laboratory mice

1318: 957: 742:

Two additional subspecies have been recognized more recently:

1052:

for social communication, some of which are produced by the

5431: 5131:"Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions?" 4848:

Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP, Bell M, Rasmussen SA (June 2006).

2856:

Tattersall, Françoise H.; Smith, R. H.; Nowell, F. (1997).

2655:"Evolutionary and dispersal history of Eurasian house mice 2295:

Contribuciones mastozoológicas en homenaje a Bernardo Villa

2293:. In Víctor, Sánchez-Cordero; Medellin, Rodrigo A. (eds.). 1386:

is known to increase the lifespan of rodents and to retard

4656:. American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. Archived from 1525:

and construction supporting elements, and textile damage.

1150:

Following copulation, female mice will normally develop a

5531:

Comprehensive house mouse information, including pictures

4181:"The genetic basis of inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 1138:

Male house mice court females by emitting characteristic

807:. Within Western Europe there are numerous populations – 3982:): effects on offspring genetic diversity and body mass" 2589:

genotypes in Asia: A link with neighboring continents".

5382: 5377:

may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

1456:" or hobby mice with a variety of colours and a docile 1126:

A two-week-old fancy mouse, just about to open its eyes

1064:(Jacobson's organ), located at the bottom of the nose. 5527:

with information on habits, habitat and health threats

4508:

Museum Notes, Volume 36, Issue 1 – Volume 46, Issue 33

3496:

Rauschecker JP, Tian B, Korte M, Egert U (June 1992).

2158:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1570:(also called endemic typhus), caused by the bacterium 1301:

is associated with thyroid function in mice. However,

1212:

The polygamous behavior of female house mice promotes

1180:. They generally show characteristics of mate-defense 706:

are increasingly treated as distinct species by some:

4046:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

4040:

Firman RC, Simmons LW (March 2008). Snook, R. (ed.).

3667:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

2404: 2402: 2400: 1546:

House mice are not usually a vector of human plague (

1168:

weeks, but both can copulate as early as five weeks.

1098:

Mice can sense surfaces and air movements with their

275:

House mouse range (note: distribution is incomplete)

5488:

Pictures, movies and applets showing the anatomy of

5306:] (in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 64–68. 6954: 6358: 6326: 6316: 6251: 6229: 6207: 6174: 6163: 6135: 6083: 6050: 6009: 5959: 5880: 5869: 5822: 5800: 5789: 2489:Turner, Leslie M; Harr, Bettina (9 December 2014). 2154:Greene, Eunice Chace (1935). "Anatomy of the Rat". 1610:lizards and have a large effect on native insects. 941:House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are 4557: 4555: 4364:"Oldest mouse in captivity wins top science award" 3867: 3865: 3863: 3563:Sokolov VE, Tikhonova GN, Tikhonov IA (1996). "". 5533:, by the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 5304:Ethnolinguistic Geography of the South Slav Lands 4425:"Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age?" 4094:Auclair Y, König B, Lindholm AK (November 2014). 2324:"Evidence for a functional second thymus in mice" 2291:"Use of the tail for communication in house mice" 2057:Mammals of Britain Their Tracks, Trails and Signs 2023:"Rodent-Proof Construction and Exclusion Methods" 4938:A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles 3872:Dean, M.D.; Ardlie, K.G.; Nachman, M.W. (2006). 2076:Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 3565:Izvestiia Akademii Nauk. Seriia Biologicheskaia 2413:. In Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). 1802:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T13972A197519724.en 1325:, seen here playing with a mouse it has caught. 896:and then to Afghanistan around 260 kya to form 835:and identifies 5 subspecies and their origins: 811:– with a reduced chromosome count arising from 2025:. 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American Philosophical Society: iii–370. 1985: 1983: 1981: 1586:In Central Europe, the Dobriva sequence of 1494:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe 6942: 6374: 6334: 6323: 6171: 5877: 5797: 5720: 5706: 5698: 5569: 5555: 5547: 5299:Этнолингвистическая география Южной Славии 4764:"Diseases directly transmitted by rodents" 4758: 4756: 4512:The house mouse originally came from India 3033: 3031: 1535:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 266: 59: 40: 31: 6114:Nolthenius's long-tailed climbing mouse ( 5413:Learn how and when to remove this message 5256: 5246: 5154: 5080: 5031: 4982: 4940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. 4912: 4586: 4575:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4448: 4212: 4163: 4119: 4057: 4013: 3909: 3851: 3678: 3613: 3603: 3539: 3521: 3178: 3071: 3069: 3008:) housed in a semi-natural environment". 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2817: 2807: 2747: 2696: 2526: 2516: 2506: 2465: 2347: 2202:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2195: 2193: 2130: 2027:Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage 1961: 1861: 1851: 1800: 1196:Evolutionary and behavioural consequences 1060:. Mice detect pheromones mainly with the 961:areas where other small mammals, such as 4282:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 3978:"Multiple paternity in wild house mice ( 3709:. University of Carolina. Archived from 1992:"The natural history of the house mouse" 1821: 1819: 1492:Infestation of mice. Taxidermy display, 771:) (the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar) 5938:Gray-bellied pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5209:"MGI — Biology of the Laboratory Mouse" 4796:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 4562:Cucchi T, Vigne JD, Auffray JC (2005). 4394:. Methuselah Foundation. Archived from 3167:"Mice made to see a rainbow of colours" 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 1769: 855:, a previously unknown subspecies from 5911:Indomalayan pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 4564:"First occurrence of the house mouse ( 3834:Firman RC, Simmons LW (7 March 2008). 3453:): bioassay of identified compounds". 1350:(8-oxo-dG) levels in nuclear DNA from 5332:"Auditory Communication among Adults" 5284:Tiergeschichten aus dem Pharaonenland 5006:Brown K, Prescott J (February 2008). 4141: 4139: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4035: 4033: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3931: 3929: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 2021:Baker RO, Bodman GR, Timm RM (1994). 1713:) was celebrated on October 9 of the 1216:, which affects both male and female 465:In addition to the regular pea-sized 344:, which is one of the most important 7: 7280:434b353c-0b45-4431-a70e-5f5c568ae97e 7114:a225ae4c-f49f-484f-9d10-f51d290668c0 6123:Asiatic long-tailed climbing mouse ( 5920:Koopman's pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5525:National Pest Management Association 5235:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 738:) (Eastern Europe and northern Asia) 7368:IUCN Red List least concern species 5106:The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals 4342:Andrzej Bartke Mprize for Longevity 3113:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1788:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 597: 574: 548: 497: 487: 477: 5902:Palawan pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5282:, sourced to: Emma Brunner-Traut, 4538:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.9040391.x 3661:Firman RC, Simmons LW (May 2010). 3637:Washington University in St. Louis 3631:Michael Purdy (October 31, 2005). 3022:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04914.x 2835:Charles Q. Choi (April 16, 2013). 2734:Lawal, R.A.; Dumont, B.L. (2023). 714:) (southern and southeastern Asia) 25: 4682:the Rat and Mouse Club of America 4362:Connor, Steve (31 October 2004). 2592:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2111:The American Journal of Pathology 2101:Mayer JA, Foley J, De La Cruz D, 2029:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 1826:Lawal, R.A.; et al. (2022). 949:to acquire nutrients produced by 760:, the subspecies designation for 6105:Nilgiri long-tailed tree mouse ( 5947:Small pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5929:Large pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5362: 5061:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4735:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 4624:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01346.x 4588:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00445.x 4146:Firman, R.; Simmons, L. 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(ed.). 4778:"Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis" 4747:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.007 2862:Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 2837:"Why Woodchucks Don't Upchuck" 2518:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-5B29-0 2105:, Widelitz R (November 2008). 2055:Lawrence MJ, Brown RW (1974). 1032:has a much greater density of 734:Eastern European house mouse ( 717:Western European house mouse ( 1: 5515:Biology of Laboratory Rodents 5073:10.1128/JCM.43.2.808-812.2005 4936:Shrewsbury, J. F. D. (1970). 4486:10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00189-8 4299:10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00435-0 3950:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.016 3805:10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00117-0 3318:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01773-2 3275:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02269-9 2381:The Atlas of European Mammals 956:Mice are generally afraid of 5728:Extant species of subfamily 5537:Some information on muricide 5338:. CRC Press. pp. 3–18. 5104:King, Caroline, ed. 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In the western Balkans ( 1651: 1556:, caused by the bacterium 1431: 1130:Female house mice have an 884:emerged from an ancestral 702:The three widely accepted 393:mice, only 15–19 mm ( 7383:Mammals described in 1758 6841: 6771: 6592: 6460: 6438: 6403: 6377: 6342:Ethiopian striped mouse ( 6337: 6291:Kondana soft-furred rat ( 6029:Delacour's marmoset rat ( 5745: 5589: 5510:Nature Mouse Special 2002 4205:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041 3224:10.1017/s0952523800008361 2749:10.1101/2023.11.09.566486 2383:. T. & A. D. Poyser. 1710: 1253:Evolutionary consequences 602: 595: 579: 572: 553: 546: 518: 502: 495: 485: 455:arteriovenous anastomoses 332:The house mouse has been 286: 279: 274: 265: 224: 219: 198: 191: 81:Scientific classification 79: 57: 48: 39: 34: 6705:Free State pygmy mouse ( 6071:Eurasian harvest mouse ( 5499:Photographs. Short text. 5493:, from www.digimorph.org 4429:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1594:that can infect humans. 1233:as well as its relative 1048:House mice also rely on 1003:Senses and communication 764:has now been questioned. 523:(rabbits, hares, pikas) 6417:Gairdner's shrewmouse ( 5988:Minahassa ranee mouse ( 5844:Long-tailed shrew rat ( 5473:genome assembly in the 5183:Biotechnology Australia 4566:Mus musculus domesticus 4344:. Methuselah Foundation 4338:"Latest Mprize Winners" 3523:10.1073/pnas.89.11.5063 3306:Trends in Neurosciences 3082:Mus musculus domesticus 3080:) and polygynous mice ( 2881:Leggadina lakedownensis 2769:Rat & Mouse Gazette 2508:10.7554/eLife.02504.001 2349:10.1126/science.1123497 2264:Pharmacological Reviews 2214:10.1002/ajpa.1330330113 2072:Mus musculus domesticus 1641:Mus musculus domesticus 1348:8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine 1235:Mus musculus domesticus 893:Mus musculus domesticus 769:Mus musculus gentilulus 762:Mus musculus bactrianus 752:Mus musculus bactrianus 748:Mus musculus bactrianus 720:Mus musculus domesticus 671:Japanese fancy mouse ( 473:Taxonomy and subspecies 250:Mus musculus gentilulus 243:Mus musculus domesticus 229:Mus musculus bactrianus 6741:Thomas's pygmy mouse ( 6732:Setzer's pygmy mouse ( 5810:Sulawesian shrew rat ( 5521:House Mouse Fact Sheet 5330:Nyby, John G. (2001). 5286:, Mainz, Zabern, 2000. 5147:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0120 4975:10.3201/eid1410.080571 4441:10.1073/pnas.171202698 3455:Journal of Biosciences 2983:10.1006/anbe.1996.0301 2411:"Superfamily Muroidea" 1795:: e.T13972A197519724. 1663: 1497: 1443: 1335:Methuselah Mouse Prize 1326: 1127: 1119: 1058:major urinary proteins 999:rather than seasonal. 997:opportunistic breeders 915: 881:Mus musculus castaneus 757:Mus musculus castaneus 712:Mus musculus castaneus 676: 673:Mus musculus molssinus 369: 236:Mus musculus castaneus 7314:Paleobiology Database 6678:African pygmy mouse ( 6580:Earth-colored mouse ( 6528:Sheath-tailed mouse ( 5517:by David G. Besselsen 5211:. Informatics.jax.org 4165:10.1093/beheco/arm158 4112:10.1093/beheco/aru143 3986:Ecology and Evolution 3980:Mus musculus musculus 3853:10.1093/beheco/arm158 3793:Behavioural Processes 3180:10.1038/news070319-12 3125:10.1007/s002650050277 2040:Lyneborg, L. (1971). 1733:week or early in the 1661: 1491: 1441: 1422:domestication of cats 1316: 1246:Inbreeding depression 1231:Mus musculus musculus 1125: 1117: 913: 899:Mus musculus musculus 799:The standard species 736:Mus musculus musculus 670: 367: 257:Mus musculus musculus 7378:Cosmopolitan mammals 7109:Fauna Europaea (new) 6821:Shortridge's mouse ( 6785:Ceylon spiny mouse ( 6651:Desert pygmy mouse ( 6624:Callewaert's mouse ( 6492:Fawn-colored mouse ( 6147:Red climbing mouse ( 5997:Lesser ranee mouse ( 5383:improve this article 5179:"Mice: a case study" 2229:Journal of Mammalogy 1990:Berry, R.J. (1970). 1705:), the "Mouse Day" ( 1602:Mice have become an 1500:Mice are widespread 1374:. This increase in 1303:mice with a knockout 1272:Inbreeding avoidance 1218:evolutionary fitness 947:eat their own faeces 6812:Rock-loving mouse ( 6803:Flat-haired mouse ( 5832:(Greater Sulawesian 5650:Medicago truncatula 5475:UCSC Genome Browser 5395:footnote references 5280:The mouse as vizier 5024:10.1503/cmaj.071097 4616:2001MolEc..10.2023G 4336:Gobel, D. (2013) . 4250:2015EcolL..18..937F 4197:2007CBio...17.2061S 3998:2014EcoEv...4..200T 3894:2006MolEc..15.4141D 3514:1992PNAS...89.5063R 3420:10.1038/nature05997 3412:2007Natur.450..899C 3369:10.1038/nature04033 3361:2005Natur.437..898K 3267:2000FEBSL.486..167Y 3212:Visual Neuroscience 3040:Aggressive Behavior 2929:Aggressive Behavior 2800:2013PLoSO...860537H 2681:10.1038/hdy.2013.60 2609:2017InfGE..53..227C 2340:2006Sci...312..284T 1963:10.1038/nature01262 1954:2002Natur.420..520W 1907:10.1038/nature00957 1899:2002Natur.418..743G 1844:2022NatSR..1220866L 1711:Миши ден, Мишин ден 1648:As a model organism 1384:Dietary restriction 1299:mouse chromosome 16 1202:paternal investment 1020:whereas humans are 813:Robertsonian fusion 767:pygmy house mouse ( 432:anogenital distance 51:Conservation status 18:Eurasian house mice 6794:Phillips's mouse ( 6687:Temminck's mouse ( 6537:Macedonian mouse ( 5853:Tate's shrew rat ( 4152:Behavioral Ecology 4100:Behavioral Ecology 3840:Behavioral Ecology 3467:10.1007/BF02708376 3010:Journal of Zoology 2883:, and house mice, 2552:Trends in Genetics 2059:. Blandford Press. 2044:. Blandford Press. 1832:Scientific Reports 1664: 1630:Pterodroma incerta 1622:Diomedea dabbenena 1498: 1444: 1327: 1206:sexual competition 1128: 1120: 1028:area of the mouse 916: 803:is composed of 40 677: 370: 7408:Mammals of Europe 7355: 7354: 6948:Taxon identifiers 6939: 6938: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6669:Matthey's mouse ( 6354: 6353: 6312: 6311: 6300:Soft-furred rat ( 6263:soft-furred rats) 6159: 6158: 5969:(Pygmy tree mice) 5865: 5864: 5855:T. rhinogradoides 5695: 5694: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5345:978-1-4200-3873-6 5115:978-0-19-558320-5 4708:10.1002/zoo.21389 4660:on 5 October 2009 4604:Molecular Ecology 4258:10.1111/ele.12471 3888:(13): 4141–4151. 3882:Molecular Ecology 3759:(10): 1807–1812. 3406:(7171): 899–902. 3355:(7060): 898–901. 2889:Wildlife Research 2587:Toxoplasma gondii 2426:978-0-8018-8221-0 2390:978-0-85661-130-8 2308:978-970-32-2603-0 2074:): an analysis". 2042:Mammals of Europe 1680:Ancient Egyptians 1618:Tristan albatross 1529:Mice and diseases 1214:sperm competition 1062:vomeronasal organ 833:Southwestern Asia 809:chromosomal races 795:Chromosomal races 664: 663: 655: 654: 646: 645: 637: 636: 628: 627: 532: 531: 295: 294: 74: 27:Species of mammal 16:(Redirected from 7415: 7348: 7347: 7335: 7334: 7322: 7321: 7309: 7308: 7296: 7295: 7283: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7260: 7259: 7257:NBNSYS0000005121 7247: 7246: 7234: 7233: 7221: 7220: 7208: 7207: 7195: 7194: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7168: 7156: 7155: 7143: 7142: 7130: 7129: 7117: 7116: 7104: 7103: 7091: 7090: 7078: 7077: 7065: 7064: 7052: 7051: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7028: 7016: 7015: 7003: 7002: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6943: 6750:Delicate mouse ( 6723:Peters's mouse ( 6714:Oubangui mouse ( 6606:Baoule's mouse ( 6571:Algerian mouse ( 6393:M. crociduroides 6375: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6335: 6324: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6239:Blanford's rat ( 6172: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6040:H. longicaudatus 6022: 6021: 6020: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5904:C. calamianensis 5895: 5894: 5893: 5878: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5798: 5769:Euarchontoglires 5722: 5715: 5708: 5699: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5548: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5349: 5318: 5317: 5293: 5287: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5250: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5189:on April 4, 2015 5175: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4690: 4684: 4679: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4572: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4435:(18): 10469–74. 4420: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4392:"Reversal Prize" 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4106:(6): 1467–1473. 4091: 4080: 4079: 4061: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4006:10.1002/ece3.920 3973: 3962: 3961: 3938:Animal Behaviour 3933: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3869: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3784: 3769: 3768: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3713:on July 4, 2007. 3699: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3658: 3643: 3640: 3627: 3617: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3525: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3182: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3052:10.1002/ab.21431 3035: 3026: 3025: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2971:Animal Behaviour 2958: 2945: 2944: 2941:10.1002/ab.15555 2924: 2905: 2904: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2831: 2821: 2811: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2719:Genetics Society 2700: 2673:Nature Portfolio 2644: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2520: 2510: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2469: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2406: 2395: 2394: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2351: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1987: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1948:(6915): 520–62. 1933: 1927: 1926: 1893:(6899): 743–50. 1882: 1876: 1875: 1865: 1855: 1838:(20866): 20866. 1823: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1774: 1712: 1654:Laboratory mouse 1604:invasive species 1598:Invasive species 1573:Rickettsia typhi 1559:Rickettsia akari 1380:oxidative stress 1054:preputial glands 926:Mice are mostly 841:northern Eurasia 785:M. m. domesticus 781:M. m. molossinus 729:laboratory mouse 723:); includes the 609:Plesiadapiformes 598: 584:(flying lemurs) 575: 549: 498: 488: 482:Euarchontoglires 478: 451:thermoregulation 426: 425: 421: 418: 412: 411: 407: 402: 401: 397: 381: 380: 376: 350:reference genome 342:laboratory mouse 270: 204: 184:M. musculus 89: 88: 68: 63: 62: 44: 32: 21: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7403:Mammals of Asia 7358: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7343: 7338: 7330: 7325: 7317: 7312: 7304: 7299: 7291: 7288:Observation.org 7286: 7278: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7229: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7086: 7081: 7073: 7068: 7060: 7055: 7047: 7042: 7034: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7011: 7006: 6998: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6950: 6940: 6935: 6914:Stenocephalomys 6829: 6767: 6696:Neave's mouse ( 6660:Mahomet mouse ( 6588: 6530:M. fragilicauda 6519:Servant mouse ( 6510:Cypriot mouse ( 6456: 6434: 6426:Volcano mouse ( 6408:Mayor's mouse ( 6399: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6350: 6308: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6225: 6217:Crump's mouse ( 6203: 6167: 6155: 6131: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6079: 6046: 6019:(Marmoset rats) 6018: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5955: 5922:C. karlkoopmani 5891: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5873: 5861: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5818: 5793: 5785: 5741: 5726: 5696: 5691: 5585: 5579:model organisms 5575: 5506: 5504:Further reading 5484: 5440: 5428: 5419: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5380: 5371:This section's 5367: 5363: 5356: 5346: 5329: 5326: 5324:Further reading 5321: 5314: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5278: 5274: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5135:Biology Letters 5128: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4422: 4421: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4369:The Independent 4361: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4238:Ecology Letters 4235: 4234: 4230: 4185:Current Biology 4178: 4177: 4173: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4093: 4092: 4083: 4039: 4038: 4031: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3786: 3785: 3772: 3765:10.1139/z00-100 3750: 3749: 3745: 3738:10.1139/Z02-055 3723: 3722: 3718: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3660: 3659: 3646: 3630: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3098:10.1139/z02-055 3075: 3074: 3067: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2960: 2959: 2948: 2926: 2925: 2908: 2901:10.1071/WR99016 2878: 2877: 2873: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2834: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2652: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2558:(10): 412–417. 2549: 2548: 2544: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2408: 2407: 2398: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2334:(5771): 284–7. 2321: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2241:10.2307/1373415 2226: 2225: 2221: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2168:10.2307/1005513 2153: 2152: 2148: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1743: 1719:Saint Demetrius 1715:Julian calendar 1695:North Macedonia 1676: 1674:In folk culture 1656: 1650: 1626:Atlantic petrel 1600: 1562:and similar to 1531: 1486: 1436: 1430: 1420:reason for the 1406: 1401: 1399:Mice and humans 1368:skeletal muscle 1344: 1321:, as with this 1311: 1309:Life expectancy 1295: 1286:kin recognition 1274: 1255: 1226: 1198: 1174: 1118:A newborn mouse 1112: 1096: 1046: 1010: 1005: 971: 969:Social behavior 908: 821: 797: 665: 656: 647: 638: 629: 533: 475: 423: 419: 416: 414: 409: 405: 404: 399: 395: 394: 378: 374: 373: 362: 360:Characteristics 346:model organisms 215: 206: 200: 187: 83: 75: 64: 60: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7421: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7360: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7336: 7323: 7310: 7297: 7284: 7274: 7261: 7248: 7235: 7222: 7209: 7196: 7183: 7170: 7157: 7144: 7131: 7118: 7105: 7096:Fauna Europaea 7092: 7079: 7066: 7053: 7040: 7030: 7017: 7004: 6991: 6976: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6910: 6903: 6892: 6881: 6870: 6859: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823:M. shortridgei 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6689:M. musculoides 6684: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6633:Gounda mouse ( 6630: 6626:M. callewaerti 6621: 6612: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6562:Steppe mouse ( 6559: 6552: 6543: 6539:M. macedonicus 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6501:Cook's mouse ( 6498: 6489: 6483:Ryukyu mouse ( 6480: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6378: 6372: 6368:(Typical mice) 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6332: 6321: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6169: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6095:climbing mice) 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6038:Marmoset rat ( 6035: 6025: 6023: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5981:H. margarettae 5975: 5973: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5890:(Pencil-tailed 5875: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5850: 5846:T. macrocercus 5840: 5838: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5795: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5465: 5462:genome browser 5455: 5448:genome browser 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5375:external links 5370: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5354:External links 5352: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5313:978-5857592878 5312: 5288: 5272: 5221: 5200: 5170: 5121: 5114: 5096: 5067:(2): 808–812. 5047: 5018:(4): 399–401. 4998: 4969:(10): 1613–5. 4943: 4928: 4879: 4840: 4813: 4786: 4769: 4752: 4721: 4702:(6): 397–406. 4685: 4671: 4645: 4594: 4551: 4532:(4): 391–415. 4516: 4499: 4464: 4408: 4383: 4354: 4328: 4271: 4228: 4191:(23): 2061–6. 4171: 4158:(4): 695–702. 4135: 4081: 4029: 3963: 3944:(4): 751–758. 3925: 3876:Mus domesticus 3859: 3846:(4): 695–702. 3826: 3799:(1–3): 35–43. 3789:Mus spicilegus 3770: 3743: 3732:(6): 980–986. 3716: 3694: 3673:(5): 1245–56. 3644: 3642: 3641: 3578: 3555: 3508:(11): 5063–7. 3488: 3441: 3390: 3339: 3296: 3245: 3202: 3154: 3103: 3078:Mus spicilegus 3065: 3027: 2996: 2965:and grassland 2963:Mus domesticus 2946: 2906: 2885:Mus domesticus 2871: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2774: 2755: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2650: 2648: 2577: 2542: 2481: 2432: 2425: 2396: 2389: 2371: 2314: 2307: 2281: 2270:(4): 597–652. 2254: 2219: 2189: 2146: 2117:(5): 1339–48. 2093: 2062: 2047: 2032: 2013: 1977: 1928: 1877: 1815: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1753:Myobia musculi 1749: 1742: 1739: 1675: 1672: 1649: 1646: 1599: 1596: 1554:Rickettsialpox 1548:bubonic plague 1530: 1527: 1485: 1482: 1429: 1426: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1343: 1340: 1310: 1307: 1294: 1291: 1273: 1270: 1254: 1251: 1225: 1222: 1197: 1194: 1173: 1170: 1111: 1108: 1095: 1092: 1084:Whitten effect 1045: 1042: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 970: 967: 907: 904: 865:western Europe 853:Southeast Asia 831:originates in 820: 817: 796: 793: 789:M. m. musculus 773: 772: 765: 740: 739: 732: 715: 662: 661: 658: 657: 653: 652: 649: 648: 644: 643: 640: 639: 635: 634: 631: 630: 626: 625: 622: 621: 601: 596: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 578: 573: 571: 565: 564: 561: 560: 552: 547: 545: 539: 538: 535: 534: 530: 529: 526: 525: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 501: 496: 494: 486: 484: 476: 474: 471: 436:mammary glands 361: 358: 336:as the pet or 293: 292: 284: 283: 277: 276: 272: 271: 263: 262: 261: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 222: 221: 217: 216: 207: 196: 195: 189: 188: 181: 179: 175: 174: 167: 163: 162: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 77: 76: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7420: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Storage pests 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6805:M. platythrix 6801: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6787:M. fernandoni 6782: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6680:M. minutoides 6676: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6642:Hausa mouse ( 6640: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6582:M. terricolor 6578: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6564:M. spicilegus 6560: 6558: 6557: 6556:Mus nitidulus 6553: 6551: 6549: 6546:House mouse ( 6544: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6494:M. cervicolor 6490: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6451:M. lepidoides 6447: 6445: 6444:M. lepidoides 6441: 6440: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6284:M. kathleenae 6280: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6107:V. nilagirica 6103: 6102: 6100: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6064:M. erythrotis 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5990:H. minahassae 5986: 5984: 5982: 5979:Ranee mouse ( 5977: 5976: 5974: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625:Fission yeast 5623: 5621: 5620:Budding yeast 5618: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607:Chlamydomonas 5604: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5414: 5406: 5396: 5392: 5391:inappropriate 5388: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5222: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4860:(6): 1532–6. 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4829:(30): 747–9. 4828: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4610:(8): 2023–9. 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4584: 4581:(3): 429–45. 4580: 4576: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4480:(2): 215–23. 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4398:on 2008-08-30 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244:(9): 937–43. 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4052:(3): 603–11. 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461:(7): 679–86. 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312:(5): 248–50. 3311: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3261:(2): 167–72. 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119:(3): 159–70. 3118: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046:(4): 288–97. 3045: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2977:(3): 511–24. 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2935:(3): 283–93. 2934: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2794:(4): e60537. 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452:(2): 835–61. 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235:(4): 267–71. 2234: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2001: 1997: 1996:Field Studies 1993: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1701:districts of 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1580:Leptospirosis 1577: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568:Murine typhus 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1484:Mice as pests 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1440: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1414:Conquistadors 1411: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1132:estrous cycle 1124: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1077:aminotriazole 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1038:tetrachromats 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1002: 1000: 998: 992: 988: 985: 981: 975: 968: 966: 964: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 912: 905: 903: 901: 900: 895: 894: 889: 888: 883: 882: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 818: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 794: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 766: 763: 759: 758: 753: 749: 745: 744: 743: 737: 733: 730: 726: 722: 721: 716: 713: 709: 708: 707: 705: 700: 698: 694: 693:flying lemurs 690: 686: 682: 674: 669: 660: 659: 651: 650: 642: 641: 633: 632: 624: 623: 620: 618: 614: 613:Strepsirrhini 610: 606: 600: 599: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 583: 577: 576: 570: 569:Primatomorpha 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558:(treeshrews) 557: 551: 550: 544: 541: 540: 537: 536: 528: 527: 524: 522: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 506: 500: 499: 493: 490: 489: 483: 480: 479: 472: 470: 468: 463: 461: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 392: 391: 385: 366: 359: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 340:, and as the 339: 335: 330: 328: 325:. Although a 324: 323: 319:of the genus 318: 314: 311:of the order 310: 307:) is a small 306: 305: 300: 291: 290: 285: 282: 278: 273: 269: 264: 259: 258: 254: 252: 251: 247: 245: 244: 240: 238: 237: 233: 231: 230: 226: 225: 223: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 197: 194: 193:Binomial name 190: 186: 185: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 87: 82: 78: 72: 67: 66:Least Concern 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7388:Mus (rodent) 7026:mus-musculus 7013:Mus_musculus 7000:Mus_musculus 6986:Mus musculus 6956:Mus musculus 6955: 6924: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6851: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6796:M. phillipsi 6795: 6786: 6777: 6775: 6760: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6725:M. setulosus 6724: 6716:M. oubanguii 6715: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6679: 6670: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6615:Toad mouse ( 6607: 6598: 6596: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6547: 6545: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6512:M. cypriacus 6511: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6359: 6343: 6327: 6317: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6252: 6241:M. blanfordi 6240: 6230: 6218: 6208: 6196: 6195:Elvira rat ( 6188:C. cutchicus 6187: 6175: 6164: 6148: 6136: 6124: 6116:V. nolthenii 6115: 6106: 6093:(Long-tailed 6084: 6072: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6031:H. delacouri 6030: 6010: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5960: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5913:C. gliroides 5912: 5903: 5883:Chiropodomys 5881: 5870: 5854: 5845: 5823: 5811: 5802:Melasmothrix 5801: 5791:Melasmothrix 5790: 5767:Superorder: 5737: 5734:Melasmothrix 5733: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5629: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5594:Lambda phage 5490:Mus musculus 5489: 5469: 5460:Mus musculus 5459: 5446:Mus musculus 5445: 5432:findmice.org 5409: 5403:January 2017 5400: 5385:by removing 5372: 5335: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5213:. Retrieved 5203: 5191:. Retrieved 5187:the original 5182: 5173: 5141:(3): 241–4. 5138: 5134: 5124: 5105: 5099: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4966: 4962: 4951: 4946: 4937: 4931: 4899:(3): 89–95. 4896: 4892: 4882: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4799: 4798:(in Dutch). 4795: 4789: 4772: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4662:. Retrieved 4658:the original 4648: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4432: 4428: 4400:. Retrieved 4396:the original 4386: 4374:. Retrieved 4367: 4357: 4346:. Retrieved 4341: 4331: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4155: 4151: 4103: 4099: 4049: 4045: 3992:(2): 200–9. 3989: 3985: 3979: 3941: 3937: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3711:the original 3706: 3697: 3670: 3666: 3636: 3598:(12): e386. 3595: 3592:PLOS Biology 3591: 3581: 3564: 3558: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3458: 3454: 3451:Mus musculus 3450: 3444: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3258: 3255:FEBS Letters 3254: 3248: 3218:(3): 463–8. 3215: 3211: 3205: 3170: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3092:(6): 980–6. 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3043: 3039: 3013: 3009: 3006:Mus musculus 3005: 2999: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2932: 2928: 2895:(1): 11–20. 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2841:Live Science 2840: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2768: 2758: 2739: 2729: 2668: 2662: 2657:Mus musculus 2656: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2415: 2380: 2374: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2205: 2201: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2114: 2110: 2096: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2016: 2004:. Retrieved 1999: 1995: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1835: 1831: 1806:. Retrieved 1792: 1786: 1781:Mus musculus 1780: 1772: 1751: 1688: 1677: 1665: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1621: 1614:Gough Island 1612: 1608: 1601: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1523: 1499: 1447: 1445: 1418: 1407: 1345: 1328: 1319:domestic cat 1297:A region of 1296: 1275: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1211: 1199: 1175: 1166: 1149: 1137: 1129: 1097: 1088:Bruce effect 1081: 1066: 1047: 1011: 993: 989: 976: 972: 955: 940: 925: 921:thigmotactic 917: 897: 891: 887:Mus musculus 885: 879: 877: 868: 860: 844: 836: 828: 824: 822: 798: 788: 784: 780: 774: 768: 761: 755: 751: 747: 741: 735: 718: 711: 701: 678: 672: 603: 580: 554: 519: 503: 491: 464: 448: 429: 388: 371: 334:domesticated 331: 320: 304:Mus musculus 303: 302: 298: 296: 288: 287: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 202:Mus musculus 201: 199: 183: 182: 170: 158: 35:House mouse 29: 7373:House mouse 7306:house-mouse 7239:NatureServe 7148:iNaturalist 6980:Wikispecies 6814:M. saxicola 6752:M. tenellus 6707:M. orangiae 6671:M. mattheyi 6548:M. musculus 6344:M. imberbis 6275:M. gleadowi 6186:Cutch rat ( 6125:V. oleracea 6086:Vandeleuria 5999:H. pusillus 5949:C. pusillus 5940:C. muroides 5834:shrew rats) 5643:Arabidopsis 5614:Tetrahymena 5450:, from the 5241:: 1431310. 4696:Zoo Biology 4293:: 288–294. 3171:News@nature 2967:Mus spretus 2868:(6): 350–8. 2675:: 375–390. 2603:: 227–238. 2601:Elsevier BV 2082:(4): 46–8. 2006:18 December 1808:17 February 1747:Mouse brain 1691:South Slavs 1462:carnivorous 1458:temperament 1434:Fancy mouse 1392:nuclear DNA 1190:infanticide 1152:mating plug 1104:thigmotaxis 1034:ultraviolet 1022:trichromats 974:buildings. 936:territories 928:crepuscular 829:M. musculus 805:chromosomes 725:fancy mouse 617:Haplorrhini 338:fancy mouse 327:wild animal 299:house mouse 289:Mus abbotti 220:Subspecies 7362:Categories 6889:Pithecheir 6743:M. sorella 6734:M. setzeri 6662:M. mahomet 6653:M. indutus 6635:M. goundae 6608:M. baoulei 6573:M. spretus 6521:M. famulus 6476:M. booduga 6428:M. vulcani 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